Frolich, Human Anatomy, Lower LImb

Lower LimbSkeleton (homologous with upper limb)Muscles--anterior, posterior compartmentsNerves--sciatic, femoralSurface anatomy

Frolich, Human Anatomy, Lower LImb

Upper-Lower Limb ComparisonSee Table M&M, Table 8.1

Frolich, Human Anatomy, Lower LImb

Frolich, Human Anatomy, Lower LImb

Tibia/fibula

Tibia--big toe sideFibula--little toe side

(no pronation/supination)

Frolich, Human Anatomy, Lower LImb

Ankle

Tarsus--forms ankle jointCalcaneus--forms heel

Frolich, Human Anatomy, Lower LImb

Foot Function:Support weightAct as lever when walking

TarsalsTalus = ankle

• Between tibia + fibula• Articulates w/both

Calcaneus = heel• Attachment for Calcaneal

tendon• Carries talus

MetatarsalsHomologous to metacarpals

PhalangesSmaller, less nimble

Frolich, Human Anatomy, Lower LImb

Joints of Lower LimbHip (femur + acetabulum)

Ball + socketMultiaxialSynovial

Knee (femur + patella)Plane Gliding of patellaSynovial

Knee (femur + tibia)HingeBiaxialSynovial

Frolich, Human Anatomy, Lower LImb

Joints of Lower Limb

Proximal Tibia + FibulaPlaneGlidingSynovial

Distal Tibia + FibulaSlight “give”Fibrous

Ankle (Tibia/Fibula + Talus)HingeUniaxialSynovial

pg 218

Frolich, Human Anatomy, Lower LImb

Lower Limb MovementsHip

Flexion/extensionAbduction/adductionLateral/medial rotation

KneeFlexion/extension

AnkleDorsiflexion/plantarflexionInversion/eversion

ToesFlexion/extension

Bending on posterior side is flexion (except hip)Bending on anterior sided is extension (except hip)

Frolich, Human Anatomy, Lower LImb

Anterior/Posterior compartments

Sciatic n.(sacral plexus)

Femoral n.(lumbar plexus)

NERVES

HamstringsGastrocs

QuadsShin

MUSCLES

FlexionExtensionMOVEMENT

POSTERIOR COMPARTMENT

ANTERIOR COMPARTMENT

Frolich, Human Anatomy, Lower LImb

Thigh movements by compartment

Frolich, Human Anatomy, Lower LImb

Posterior Thigh

Gluts (gluteal nn.)Maximus—extensor of thighMedius--pelvic tilt

Lateral rotators (spinal nn.)Piriformis syndrome

Hamstrings (sciatic n.)Biceps femorisSemimembranousSemitendinous

Frolich, Human Anatomy, Lower LImb

Anterior thigh (femoral n.)

Sartorius (Tailor’s muscle)Quads (four)

Rectus femoris(crosses hip)3 vastus mm. (vast--big)

Frolich, Human Anatomy, Lower LImb

Medial compartment (obturator n.)

Adductor musclesGracilisAdductor

• Magnus• Longus• brevis

Frolich, Human Anatomy, Lower LImb

Leg movements by compartment (in leg all nn are branches of sciatic)

Frolich, Human Anatomy, Lower LImb

Anterior Leg (deep fibular n.)

Fibularis (peroneus) longusExtensor digitorumlongusExtensor hallicuslongusTibialis anteriorus

Frolich, Human Anatomy, Lower LImb

Lateral Leg (superficial fibular n.)

Fibularisbrevis/longus

Frolich, Human Anatomy, Lower LImb

Posterior Leg (tibial n.)

Gastrocs and soleusFlexor digitorumlongusFlexor hallucuslongus

Frolich, Human Anatomy, Lower LImb

Intrinsics of foot

Frolich, Human Anatomy, Lower LImb

Lumbar plexus (femoral nerve)

Sacral plexus (sciatic nerve)

With leg out to side like quadruped, lumbar-anterior, sacral-posterior makes sense

Frolich, Human Anatomy, Lower LImb

Dermatomes show twisting of leg in development

Frolich, Human Anatomy, Lower LImb

Blood supply to lower limb

Internal IliacCranial + Caudal Gluteals= glutealsInternal Pudendal = perineum, external genitaliaObturator = adductor muscles

External IliacFemoral = lower limb

• Deep femoral = adductors, hamstrings, quadriceps

Popliteal (continuation of femoral) • Geniculars = knee• Anterior Tibial = ant. leg muscles, further

branches to feet• Posterior Tibial = flexor muscles, plantar

arch, branches to toes

Frolich, Human Anatomy, Lower LImb

Surface Anatomy: Posterior Pelvis

Iliac crestGluteus maximus = cheeksNatal/gluteal cleft = crackGluteal folds = bottom of cheek

pg 789

Frolich, Human Anatomy, Lower LImb

Surface Anatomy: Anterior Thigh + Leg

PalpatePatellaCondyles of femur

Femoral TriangleSartorius (lateral)Adductor longus (medial)Inguinal ligament (superior)Femoral a + v, lymph nodes

pg 785

pg 792

Frolich, Human Anatomy, Lower LImb

Surface Anatomy: Posterior Leg

Popliteal fossaDiamond-shape fossabehind knee

BoundariesBiceps femoris (sup-lat)Semitendinosis + semimembranosis (sup-med)Gastrocnemius heads (inf)

ContentsPopliteal a + v

Calcaneal (Achilles) tendonpg 793