Low Power Wireless Sensor Network Technologies and Standards for the Internet of Things
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Low Power Wireless Sensor Network Technologies and Standards for the Internet of Things IOP Institute of Physics Sensors & their Applications XVIII Duncan Purves Connect2 Systems [email protected] @purvesd https://uk.linkedin.com/in/duncanpurves
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Transcript of Low Power Wireless Sensor Network Technologies and Standards for the Internet of Things
Low PowerWireless Sensor Network Technologies and Standards
for theInternet of Things
IOP Institute of Physics Sensors & their Applications XVIII
Duncan PurvesConnect2 [email protected]
@purvesdhttps://uk.linkedin.com/in/duncanpurves
The IoT landscape - One size doesn’t fit all
Source: Goldman Sachs, IoT Primer, September 3, 2014; ‘Internet of Things: Making sense of the next mega-trend’
Broad variety of wireless standards, industry bodies, technologies for different types of networks:
§ Body Area Network (BAN)
§ Body Sensor Network (BSN)
§ Medical Body Area Network (MBAN)
§ Personal Area Network (PAN)
§ Home Area Network (HAN)
§ Nearby Area Network (NAN)
§ Local Area Network (LAN)
§ Wide Area Network (WAN)
§ Global Area Network (GAN)
Diversity – Industry & Standards Bodies
Layer 1/2 Wireless Network Standards§ IEEE 802.11 (WLAN)
Ø Most wireless-capable residential devices operate at a frequency of 2.4 GHz under 802.11b and 802.11g or 5 GHz under 802.11a.
Ø Some home networking devices operate in both radio-band signals and fall within the 802.11n or 802.11ac standards
§ IEEE 802.15 (WPAN)Ø Working group of Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) which specifies wireless personal area network (WPAN) standards
Ø Includes seven task groups Ø 802.15.1 (Bluetooth)Ø 802.15.3 (High Rate WPAN)Ø 802.15.4 (Low Rate WPAN)Ø 802.15.6 (WBAN)Ø 802.15.7 (Visible Light Communication)
Higher Layer Standards
The IEEE 802.15.4 technology is used for a variety of different higher layer standard e.g.:
§ ZigBee
§ Wireless Hart
§ MiWi
§ ISA100.11a
§ 6LoWPANØ IPv6 over Low power Wireless Personal Area NetworksØ Specified by Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
6LoWPAN§ Open Standard networking technology specification Developed by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
§ Every node has its own IPv6 address
§ Originally conceived to support IEEE 802.15.4 low-power wireless networks in the 2.4-GHz band
§ Now being adapted and used over a variety of other networking media including:Ø Sub-1 GHz low-power RFØ Bluetooth Smart (BLE)Ø Power Line Control (PLC)Ø Low-power Wi-Fi
§ 6LoWPAN adaptation layer provides:Ø IPv6 packet encapsulationØ IPv6 packet fragmentation and reassemblyØ IPv6 header compressionØ Link layer packet forwarding
COAP, MQTTWebsocket, etc.
IPv6 with 6LoWPAN
IEEE 802.15.4 MAC
IEEE 802.15.4 PHY
LoWPAN Adaption
TCP UDP
Application
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
6LoWPAN Stack Example
6LoWPAN Network Example
Internet
ServerCellular3G, LTEPDN
Server
Border Router
Server
Node
IPv6
IPv6 or IPv4
Linear Technologies – SmartMesh IPTM
§ Fully Redundant Wireless Mesh RoutingØ Compliant to 6LoWPAN and 802.15.4e standards (2.4 GHz radio)
§ >99.999% Data ReliabilityØ Time-synchronised + channel hopping
§ Ultra-low powerØ Devices sleep between scheduled communications, typically a duty cycle of < 1%
§ Automatic node joining and network formation§ Secure
Ø End-to-end 128 bit AES encryption, message integrity checking, and device authenticationhttp://www.linear.com/products/smartmesh_ip
Connect2 Systems Deployment Example
Wireless Sensor Node
Wireless Sensor Node
Wireless Sensor Node
Wireless Sensor Node
Connect2 SystemsLWM2M Server
Monitoring Application
Sensor Data
Wide Area Gateway
Connect2 SystemsEdge Gateway
IPv6/4 Cellular/Ethernet Interface
Wireless Sensor Network Manager
LWM2M Client
Smart Objects
MQTT Broker
Sensor Network ManagerInterface
Cellular/Ethernet Router
IoT App PlatformProtocols
FTP
802.15.4e6LoWPAN
CellularPublic/Private Data Network
CoAP MQTT/FTP
Street-based wireless sensors and parking meters collect real-time parking-space occupancy readings and payment activity
Streetline Parking Management
Streetline, Inc. is the leading provider of Smart Parking solutions to cities, garages, airports, universities and other private parking providers.
HANDBRAKE STATUS
ENGAGED
BEARING TEMPERATURE
REPLACE WHEELSET
information from the edge™
IONX Freight Rail MonitoringIONX LLC is a developer and provider of ultralow power wireless
telematics solutions for railcars, providing GPS tracking, asset status and condition monitoring
“Thread was designed with one goal in mind:
To create the very best way to connect and control products in the home”
Thread Group
Thread Design Features
§ Specification released July 14, 2015
§ Security Architecture to make it simple and secure to add and remove products
§ Designed for very low power operation
§ Uses 6LoWPAN and carries IPv6 natively
§ Runs over standard 802.15.4 radios
§ Based on a robust mesh network with no single point of failure
§ Designed to support 250+ products per network for the home
Thread
Thread
Thread defines how data is sent in network but not how to interpret it
EnOcean
§ An energy harvesting wireless technology
§ Combines micro energy converters with ultra low power electronics
§ Enables wireless communications between battery less wireless sensors, switches, controllers and gateways
§ Ratified as the international standard ISO/IEC 14543-3-10
§ Wireless range up to 300 meters in the open and up to 30 meters inside buildings
§ Data packet only 14 bytes long and are transmitted at 125 kbit/s
§ RF energy is only transmitted for the 1's of the binary data, reducing the amount of power required
§ Transmission frequencies used for the devices are 902 MHz, 928.35 MHz, 868.3 MHz and 315 MHzhttps://www.enocean.com/en/home/
EnOcean Alliance
§ EnOcean, Texas Instruments, Omnio, Sylvania, Masco, and MK Electric formed the EnOcean Alliance in April 2008 as a non-profit, mutual benefit corporation
§ Aims to internationalise this technology, and is dedicated to creating interoperability between the products of OEM partners
§ More than 250 companies currently belong to the EnOcean Alliancehttps://www.enocean-alliance.org/en/home/
ZigBee
ZigBee Alliance
§ Non-profit association established in 2002
§ Driving the development of ZigBee standards
ZigBee uses the PHY and MAC defined by 802.15.4Markets:
§ Smart Home§ Connected Lighting
§ Smart Meters - ZigBee Smart EnergyØ UK DECC announced SMETS 2 which cites ZigBee Smart Energy 1.x
§ Retail
ZigBee Stack Layers
Application Layer
Network Layer
Media Access Control Layer (MAC)
Physical Layer (PHY)
ZigBee
IEEE 802.15.4
ZigBee Device Objects
Application Support Sub Layer
Application Framework
ApplicationObject 1
ApplicationObject N
……….....
ZigBee Pro
§ Support for larger networks comprised of thousands of devices§ Global operation in 2.4 GHz Band (IEEE 802.15.4)§ Frequency agile operating over 16 channels in the 2.4GHz band§ Regional operation in the 915Mhz (Americas) and 868Mhz (Europe)§ Optional - Green Power to connect energy harvesting or self-powered devices
ZigBee Application Profiles§ ZigBee defines application-level compatibility with application profiles
§ Allows multiple OEM vendors to create interoperable products
§ Describes how various application objects connect and work together, such as lights and switches, thermostats and heating units
§ Application profiles can be public or private
§ Public Profiles:Ø ZigBee Building AutomationØ ZigBee Health CareØ ZigBee Home AutomationØ ZigBee Input DeviceØ ZigBee Network DevicesØ ZigBee Remote ControlØ ZigBee Retail ServicesØ ZigBee Smart EnergyØ ZigBee Telecom ServicesØ ZigBee 3D Sync
ZigBee 3.0
§ Unification of the Alliance’s wireless standards into a single standard
§ Initial release of ZigBee 3.0 includes:Ø ZigBee Home Automation,Ø ZigBee Light LinkØ ZigBee Building AutomationØ ZigBee Retail ServicesØ ZigBee Health CareØ ZigBee Telecommunication services
§ Currently undergoing testing
§ Enables communication and interoperability among devices
§ Uses ZigBee PRO networking
ZigBee IP, ZigBee 2030.5 and 920IP
ZigBee IP:
§ IPv6-based wireless mesh networking
§ Designed to support ZigBee 2030.5 -formerly ZigBee Smart Energy 2
Ø IP-based implementation of IEEE 2030.5-2013 for energy management in Home Area Networks (HANs)
§ Updated to include 920IP, which provides specific support for
Ø ECHONET LiteØ Japanese Home Energy Management systems
ZigBee, EnOcean & Thread Group
ZigBee and EnOcean Alliances collaborate1
§ Combining the benefits of EnOcean energy harvesting wireless solutions with ZigBee 3.0 for worldwide applications
§ Define the technical specifications required to combine standardized EnOcean Equipment Profiles (EEPs) with the ZigBee 3.0 solution
ZigBee Alliance and Thread Group collaborate2,3
§ Creating End-to-End IoT Product Development Solution§ Brings ZigBee’s Applications Library to Thread Group’s IP Network Protocol§ Roadmap for specifications, branding, and a test and certification program
1. ZigBee Press Release, Dec 2015:http://www.zigbee.org/zigbee-and-enocean-alliances-collaborate-to-combine-benefits-of-enocean-energy-harvesting-wireless-with-zigbee-3-0/2. . ZigBee Press Release, Apr 2015http://www.zigbee.org/zigbee-alliance-press-release-zigbee-alliance-and-thread-group-collaborate-to-aid-development-of-connected-home-products/3. 2. . ZigBee Press Release, Jan 2016http://www.zigbee.org/zigbee-alliance-creating-end-to-end-iot-product-development-solution-that-brings/
ZigBee – Smart Street Lighting
§ Mayflower, part of SSE, have installed 250,000 nodes across UK
§ 150,000 nodes across the Hampshire County§ Since 2010 it has reduced Hampshire’s street lighting energy consumption by 21GW/hr per annumØ Equates to a reduction of 41% - or enough electricity to power 3,500 homes for a year
Source: Mayflower Complete Lighting Control: http://www.mayflowercontrol.com/
Wireless Wide Area NetworksCellular Networks
§ GPRS, EDGE§ UMTS (3G) HSPA+§ LTE (4G) Long Term Evolution
Low-Power Wide-Area Network (LPWAN)§ Ultra Narrow Band (UNB) from Sigfox§ Weightless, from the Weightless SIG§ LoRaWAN, Long Range WAN, from the LoRa Alliance
Cellular IoT§ LTE-M LTE for M2M (1.4 MHz)§ EC-GSM Extended Coverage GSM§ Narrowband IoT
Sigfox
§ French M2M/IoT Network Operator and technology company
§ Uses UNB (Ultra Narrow Band) based radio technology to connect devices to global network
§ Seeking to develop an international presence with partners§ Seeks to differentiate itself as a low cost alternative to cellular and a low power solution
Sigfox Technology§ Uses ISM bands (license-free frequency bands)
§ Uses the most popular European ISM band on 868 MHz (as defined by ETSI and CEPT)
§ Uses ISM band 902MHz in the USA
§ Up to 140 messages per object per day
§ Payload size for each message is 12 bytes
§ European regulation governing the 868MHz band enforces a transmission duty cycle of 1%
Ø A unique device is therefore not allowed to emit more than 1% of the time each hour
Ø Since emission of a message can take up to ~6 seconds, this allows up to 6 messages per hour
§ Long range 30-50km in rural areas
§ Range reduced to between 3 and 10km in urban areas
§ Communication with buried, underground equipment possible
Sigfox Networks Operators
Vodafone, Huawei Trial Pre-Standard NB-IoT
Sigfox UK Partner Arqiva Coverage
§ Birmingham§ Bristol§ Edinburgh§ Glasgow
§ Leeds
§ Leicester§ Liverpool§ London§ Manchester
§ Sheffield
Weightless
Weightless is both the name of a group, the Weightless Special Interest Group (SIG), and the technology
Weightless SIG is a non-profit global standards organisation
Delivers wireless connectivity for low power, wide area networks (LPWAN)
Weightless Architectural overview
Internet
Network Manager Base station
interface
Air interface
Synchronisation database
Client information / management system
Three Open Standards – Weightless-W, -N, -P
Weightless-W Weightless-N Weightless-P
Frequency Band TV White Space License-exempt ISM spectrum
License-exempt sub-GHz ISM/SRD
470MHz–790MHz 868MHz and 915MHz 169/433/470/780/868/915/923 MHz
Data Rate 1 Kbps to 10Mbps Up to 500 bps Adaptive data rate – 200 bps to 100 kbps
Range 5km+ 5Km+ 2Km+
Battery Life 3- 5 years 10 Years 3-8 Years
Directionality 2-way 1-way 2-way
Support for over-the-air firmware upgrade and security key negotiation or
replacement
Nwave - Weightless-N Network Deployments
§ Copenhagen & EsbjergØ Smart City network
§ LondonØ Has been deployed in conjunction with the Digital Catapult
LoRa, LoRaWAN and the LoRa Alliance
§ LoRa® is the physical layer (OSI Layer 1) or the wireless modulation utilized to create the long range communication link
§ LoRa® is Proprietary technology based on chirp spread spectrum modulationØ Patents/IP is owned and licensed by Semtech
§ LoRaWAN defines the MAC communication protocol and system architecture for the network that the LoRa Alliance is standardizing for Low Power Wide Area Networks (LPWAN)
Source: https://www.lora-alliance.org/portals/0/documents/whitepapers/LoRaWAN101.pdf
Physical Layer(PHY)
LoRaWAN & LoRa Alliance
§ LoRa Alliance an open, non-profit association of members
§ Founded in March 2015 at Mobile World Congress
§ Standardising the LoRaWAN specification
§ Intended for wireless battery operated ‘Things’ in regional, national or global network
§ Allows long range, low bit rate communication to and from connected objects
LoRa Alliance
§ An open, non-profit association of members
§ Founded in March 2015 at Mobile World Congress
LoRaWAN
Ø Secure bi-directional communicationØ Data rates range from 0.3 kbps to 50 kbps
Ø Network architecture is typically laid out in a star-of-stars topologyØ Gateways are a transparent bridge relaying messages between end-devices and a central
network server in the back-endSource: https://www.lora-alliance.org/portals/0/documents/whitepapers/LoRaWAN101.pdf
Device Classes – Not All Nodes Are Created Equal
Source: https://www.lora-alliance.org/portals/0/documents/whitepapers/LoRaWAN101.pdf
LoRaWAN in the UK
§ Glasgow - covering 12km2 of the city§ Collaborative project involving Stream Technologies, Semtech Inc, Boston Networks and CENSIS
§ Working with Glasgow University, Strathclyde University and Glasgow Caledonian University
http://www.scotsman.com/news/glasgow-universities-pioneer-internet-of-things-network-1-4169807
The Things Network – based on LoRaWAN
The Things Network Oxford & Flood Network
Source: Ben Ward, TTN Oxford and Flood Network:http://thethingsnetwork.org/c/oxfordhttp://flood.network/
Cellular IoT
Three tracks have been standardized in 3GPP for Cellular IoT:
§ LTE MTC Cat M1 an evolution of LTE optimized for IoT
§ EC-GSM-IoT Extended Coverage GSMØ Evolutionary approach being standardized in GSM Edge Radio Access Network (GERAN) Rel. 13
§ NB-IoT Cat M2 Narrowband IoT Ø Part of 3GPP RAN Rel. 13
3GPP NB-IoT Modes of Operation
NB-IoT supports 3 different modes of operation: § ‘Stand-alone operation’ utilizing for example the spectrum currently being used by GERAN systems as a replacement of one or more GSM carriers
§ ‘Guard band operation’ utilizing the unused resource blocks within a LTE carrier’s guard-band § ‘In-band operation’ utilizing resource blocks within a normal LTE carrier
Image source: https://www.ericsson.com/research-blog/lte/narrowband-iot-cloud/
3GPP User Equipment Category Comparison
3GPP Release 8 12 13 13
Cat 1 Cat 0 Cat M1 Cat M2
Downlink peak rate (Mbs) 10 1 1 ~ 0.2Uplink Peak rate 5 1 1 ~ 0.2Duplex Mode Full Half Half or Full Half
UE receive bandwidth 20 20 1.4 0.18
UE Transmit power (dBm) 23 20 or 23 20 23
Relative Modem Complexity 100% 50% 20- 25% 10%
Source: https://www.ericsson.com/research-blog/internet-of-things/cellular-iot-alphabet-soup/
3GPP Cellular NB-IoT Features
Source: http://www.telecomasia.net/pdf/Huawei/Huawei_13_NarrowBand_IoT_Wide_Range_Opportunities.pdf
Cellular NB-IoT Proof of Concept
From – “Vodafone and NB-IoT”:http://www.gsma.com/connectedliving/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/Presentation-3_Vodafone-keynote-v5.pdf
Cellular NB-IoT Proof of Concept
From – “Vodafone and NB-IoT”:http://www.gsma.com/connectedliving/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/Presentation-3_Vodafone-keynote-v5.pdf
NB-IoT - Vodafone Timeline
From – “Vodafone and NB-IoT”:http://www.gsma.com/connectedliving/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/Presentation-3_Vodafone-keynote-v5.pdf
Summary
There are many competing technologies and standards!
One Size does Not fit All
Duncan PurvesConnect2 Systems
[email protected]@purvesdhttps://uk.linkedin.com/in/duncanpurves
