Low power, Short Range Devices (SRDs)

Low power, Short Range Devices (SRDs).

Suresh Kondapalli

TUV Rhienland of North America

10/22/2012 TÜV Rheinland. Wireless certification 2

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Part 1 Practice and procedure

Part 2 General rules

Part 15 RF devices; unintentional and

unlicensed

Subpart A: general requirements

Subpart B: unintentional radiators

Subpart C: intentional radiators

Subpart D: UPCS (1.92-2.0 GHz)

Subpart E: U-NII (5.25, 5.6, 5.8 GHz)

Subpart F: UWB Ultra Wide Band radio

Parts 22-101 Licensed radio services

FCC Rules CFR 47

US: FCC Canada: Certification and Engineering Bureau


FCC classification:

Unlicensed or short-range (SRD) devices:

Output power in mill watts (usually ~ 1 W max) or field strength

In microvolts/meter or dBµV/m.

Licensed devices:

Output power from hundreds of milliwatts to kilowatts.

10/22/2012 TÜV Rheinland. Wireless certification

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ETSI

What are Short Range Devices?

Short Range Devices (SRD) are essentially low power radio communications

systems. SRD technologies can include wireless links for example, data, audio,

video or telemetry, sensors & actuators through to low power radar systems.

Typically, the range of an SRD is a few cm up to 100 meters.

Car key fobs and wireless alarms are examples of SRDs, as are Bluetooth and

WiFi devices. RFID systems are also SRDs.

Generally SRDs operate license free in Europe. To be allowed this freedom of use,

SRDs must inherently be devices that have a low capacity to cause interference

to other radio communications. This is ensured by conformance to the relevant

ETSI standards.

The low capacity to cause interference allows SRDs to coexist with other radio

communications services. Consequently, SRD are permitted to operate in a

number of bands across the radio spectrum.


Short Range Devices

SRDs can be mass market devices or highly specialized

technologies.

There is a high degree of spectrum harmonization across

Europe for these devices.

In most cases, once conformance with the standard has

been demonstrated, a device can be used freely throughout

Europe, with no need for an end user license or any

paperwork.

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SRDs

• Non-specific Short Range Devices Tracking, Tracing and Data Acquisition

• Wideband Data Transmission systems; Railway applications

• Road Transport and Traffic Telematics (RTTT); Radio determination applications

• Alarms; Inductive applications

• Radio microphones and Assistive Listening Devices

• Radio frequency identification applications

• Active Medical Implants and their associated peripherals

• Wireless Audio Applications

10/22/2012 TÜV Rheinland. Wireless certification

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European Regulations

Current standardization activities

Standards are subject to amendment over time as technologies evolve.

There are both Generic standards for SRD and some quite specific

standards for the more specialized technologies.

There are four generic (non-specific) standards covering different sectors of

the radio spectrum:

• 9 kHz to 30 MHz EN 300 330

• 25 MHz to 1000 MHz EN 300 220

• 1 GHz to 40 GHz EN 300 440

• 40 GHz to 246 GHz EN 305 550 and

• Ultra Wideband (Communication) EN 302 065


Specific SRD standards include:

• EN 300 328 Wideband Transmission Systems

• EN 300 422 Wireless Microphones in the 25 MHz to 3 GHz

frequency band

• EN 302 510 Ultra Low Power Active Medical Membrane

Implants and Accessories

• EN 302 195 Ultra Low Power Active Medical Implants 9 – 315

kHz

• EN 302 536 Inductive applications in the 315-600 kHz range

for animal implant communication.

10/22/2012 TÜV Rheinland. Wireless Certification. 9

• EN 302 066 Ultra Wideband (Ground- and Wall-Probing Radar)

• EN 302 208 Radio Frequency Identification

• EN 302 372 Tank Level Probing Radar

• EN 302 858 Narrowband Short Range Radar (24 GHz)

• EN 302 288 UWB Short Range Radar (24 GHz)

• EN 302 264 UWB Short Range Radar (79 GHz)

• EN 301 091 Long Range Radar (76 GHz)

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FCC Equipment Rules – 47 CFR:

Part 5 Experimental radio Part 11 Emergency alarm Part 15 RF devices Part 18 ISM devices Part 21 Domestic public fixed radio services Part 22 Public mobile services (cellular etc.) Part 24 Personal communication services (PCS cellular) Part 25 Satellite communications Part 27 Misc. wireless communication services Part 68 Telephone terminal equipment Part 74 Broadcast auxiliary services Part 80 Maritime services Part 87 Aviation services Part 90 Private land mobile radio services Part 95 Personal radio services (R/C, FRS, MIC, WMTS…) Part 97 Amateur radio service Part 101 Fixed microwave services

North America

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Unlicensed (Part 15) or

low power or short range (SRD)

certified equipment

no site license

no frequency coordination (except 15D, 95H WMTS)

RF exposure evaluation not required where limits are given in µV/m.

•. Unlicensed radio: RSS-210. Similar to FCC Part 15, contains some rules

from FCC Part 95, and a few differences in technical requirements. Some

restricted bands are different.

•FCC test reports are accepted for IC certification, but they must contain a

cross-reference to IC requirements.

FCC Authorization Requirements

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NA Radio Approvals

Part 15 Subpart C:

15.201(b) certification required

15.203 integral antenna or special connector

15.205 restricted frequency bands

15.207 line conducted emissions

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NA Radio Approvals

15.209 General limits, 9 kHz and up

15.217 Operation in the band 160-190 kHz metal locators

15.219 Operation in the band 510-1705 kHz local AM radio

15.223 Operation in the band 1.705-10 MHz perimeter protection

15.225 Operation in the band 13.11-14.01 MHz RFID etc. ISM Band

15.227 Operation in the band 26.96-27.28 MHz toy control

15.229 Operation in the band 40.66-40.7 MHz

15.231 Periodic operation remote controls

15.233 Operation in the band 43.71…50 MHz legacy portable phones

15.235 Operation in the band 49.82-49.9 MHz remote control, baby

monitors

15.237 Operation in the band 72…76 MHz auditory assistance

15.239 Operation in the band 88-108 MHz local FM radio

15.240 Operation in the band 433.5-434.5 MHz RFID

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NA Radio Approvals

15.241 Operation in the band 174-216 MHz biomedical telemetry

15.243 Operation in the band 890-940 MHz material parameters

15.245 Bands 915 MHz, 2.45 GHz, 5.8 GHz field disturbance;

10.5 GHz, 24 GHz door openers

15.247 Bands 915 MHz, 2.45 GHz, 5.8 GHz spread spectrum

15.249 Bands 915 MHz, 2.45 GHz, 5.8 GHz, wireless audio/video

24GHz

15.251 Operation in the 3 GHz band vehicle ID

15.253 Operation in 47 and 77 GHz bands vehicle radar

15.255 Operation in the band 57-64 GHz wireless data

15.257 Operation in the band 92-95 GHz wireless data

15.301 U-PCS, 1.9 GHz and 2.4 GHz bands wireless data

15.401 U-NII, 5.25 GHz and 5 GHz bands wireless data

15.501 UWB, < 960 MHz to > 24 GHz data and radar

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NA Radio Approvals

Types of spread spectrum:

1) direct sequence

2) frequency-hopping

3) hybrid [combination of (1) and (2)]

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Types of Spread Spectrum Transmission

2Rc Rc

fc

Direct Sequence

Frequency Hopping

Channel used at time

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Direct Sequence System

Carrier

OSC

Balanced

modulator

Pseudo noise

generator

IF

BPE

Pseudo noise

generator

Mixer

Balanced

modulator

Carrier

+

If

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Frequency Hopping System

Pseudo noise

generator Frequency

synthesizer IF

BPE

Mixer

Frequency

synthesizer

Pseudo noise

generator

1 2 3 4

1 + IF 2 + IF 3 + IF 4 + IF

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15.247 covers:

frequency hopping:

direct sequence:

hybrid:

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Wi=Fi

Bluetooth 802.11b 802.11a 802.11g

US freq. 2402-2480 2412-2462 5180-5240 5260-5320 5745-5805 2412-2462

Max pwr. 1/10/100mW 1 W 40 mW 200 mW 800 mW 1 W

Rate, Mb < 1 1 – 11 6 – 54 1 – 54

15.247 15.247

Rule or 15.247 15.401 15.401 or 15.247

15.249 15.401

FCC DSS DTS NII NII DTS/NII DTS

Code

This slide does not cover 802.11n mode i.e HT20 & HT40 modes

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10/22/2012 TÜV Rheinland. Wireless Certification. 21

The Transmitter Tests

Unlicensed

field strength

output power by substitution (EU)

spurious emissions

AC line conducted emissions


The basic transmitter tests - field strength

-Setup per ANSI C63.4.

-Resolution bandwidth (RBW) 120 kHz below 1 GHz, 1 MHz above.

-Unless otherwise specified, QP detector below 1 GHz, average detector

above. NOTE: there is a peak limit 20 dB above the average limit, in most

cases.

-To determine occupied band, use RBWs for intentional radiators in ANSI.


The basic transmitter tests – spurious emissions

-Setup per ANSI C63.10.

-Resolution bandwidth (RBW) 120 kHz below 1 GHz, 1 MHz above.

-Unless otherwise specified, QP detector below 1 GHz, average detector

above. NOTE: there is a peak limit 20 dB above the average limit, in most

cases.

-Measure up to lower of 10th harmonic or 40 GHz, for operation < 10 GHz.

-Measure up to lower of 5th harmonic or 100 GHz, for operation 10-30 GHz.

-Measure up to lower of 5th harmonic or 200 GHz, for operation > 30 GHz.


AC line conducted emissions

•Measure per ANSI C63.10, but to CISPR 22 limits (both QP and average).

•Must use CISPR 22 limits

•Class B limits for transmitters regardless of operating environment.


15.247 Operation within the bands 902-928 MHz,

2400-2483.5 MHz, and 5725-5850 MHz

(a) Operation is limited to frequency hopping and digitally modulated intentional radiators

only:

(b) The minimum 6 dB bandwidth shall be at least 500 kHz.

(c ) The maximum peak conducted output power hopping systems employing at least 75

non-overlapping channels 1 watt;

For all other frequency hopping systems : 0.125 watts.

(d) Systems using digital modulation 1 Watt.

As an alternative to a peak power measurement, compliance with the one Watt limit

can be based on a measurement of the maximum conducted output power.

Conducted Output Power is defined as the total transmit power delivered to all

Antennas when the transmitter is operating at its maximum power control level.

Power must be summed across all antennas and antenna elements. The average

must not include any time intervals during which the transmitter is off or is

transmitting at a reduced power level. If multiple modes of operation are possible

(e.g., alternative modulation methods), the maximum conducted output power is the

highest total transmit power occurring in any mode.


(e) The conducted power spectral density shall not be greater than 8 dBm in any 3

kHz band during any time interval of continuous transmission.

(f) Systems operating shall be operated in a manner that ensures that the public is

not exposed to radio frequency energy levels in excess of the Commission's

guidelines and section 1.1307(b)(1) of CFR 47.

(g) Hybrid systems are those that employ a combination of both frequency

hopping and digital modulation techniques.

The frequency hopping operation of the hybrid system, with the direct sequence

or digital modulation operation turned off, shall meet the requirements Hopping

system.

The digital modulation operation of the hybrid system, with the frequency

hopping operation turned off, shall comply with the power density requirements of

paragraph (d) of this section.

15.247 Operation within the bands 902-928 MHz, 2400-

2483.5 MHz, and 5725-5850 MHz


Unlicensed transmitter certification


NA Radio Approvals

All applications for unlicensed transmitter certification must be filed

electronically (either with FCC or TCB) and must contain the following

exhibits: CFR 47 Rule Part Item 2.1033(a) Form 731 2.932, 2.1043 Cover letter, for confidentiality or Permissive Change 2.1033(b)(10)-(11) Attestation statements to specific requirements 2.1033(b)(3) User’s Manual 2.1033(b)(4) Operational Description 2.1033(b)(5) Block Diagram 2.1033(b)(6) Schematics 2.1033(b)(6)-(8) Test Report 2.1033(b)(6) Test Setup Photos 2.1033(b)(7) External Product Photos 2.1033(b)(7) FCC ID Label and Location 2.1033(b)(7) Internal Product Photos 2.1033(b)(12), 2.1091/93 RF Exposure Information, only for some products

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NA Radio Approvals

Canadian radio rules for Bluetooth and Wi-Fi are identical

To FCC Part 15:

Part 15 Industry Canada RSS-210

15.247 spread spectrum RSS-210 6.2.2(o)

15.401 U-NII RSS-210 6.2.2(q1)*

*Note: DFS and TPC requirements have not yet been added to RSS-210

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Certification filing (TCB) As per data presented by FCC Oct 09, 2012 95% of the all certifications are filed

by TCBs.

TUV Rheinland of North America is a TCB with full scope for FCC

Scope 1 – License-exempt Radio Frequency Devices;

Scope 2 – Licensed Personal Mobile Radio Services;

Scope 3 – Licensed General Mobile and Fixed Radio Services;

Scope 4 – Licensed Maritime and Aviation Radio Services;

Scope 5 – Licensed Fixed Microwave Radio Services

(a) Unlicensed Radio Frequency Devices (A1, A2, A3, A4);

(b) Licensed Radio Frequency Devices (B1, B2, B3, B4);

IC Scopes

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http://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-

bin/textidx?sid=88bc8e7f14ab89cacc7744d5448cc444&c=ecfr&tpl=/ecfrbrowse/Title47

/47tab_02.tpl

References and links

KDB 178919 What are the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) guidelines

for permissive changes?

KDB 996369 What is the FCC guidance for equipment authorization of transmitter

module devices, and equipment that incorporates transmitter modules?

KDB 784748 What are the labeling and user information requirements for Part 15 and

Part 18 devices?

KDB 997198 What are the FCC requirements for importation of radio frequency

devices into the United States?

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KDB 447498 What are the RF exposure requirements and procedures for mobile and

portable devices?

KDB 248227 Are there any additional SAR measurement procedures that

specifically address 802.11 a/b/g devices?

KDB 680106 What rules regulate short distance wireless inductive coupled charging

pads or charging devices?

KDB 648474 What are the test procedures for SAR evaluation for handsets that

contain multiple transmitters and antennas or wireless charging battery covers?

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Questions and Answers

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My contact info

Suresh Kondapalli

[email protected]

Thank you…..

Questions and Answers

Low power, Short Range Devices (SRDs)

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