LOW COST SAFETY - Cali Tribal Transp Safety Summit Safety Audit Training/Low Cost Safety... · Adam...
Transcript of LOW COST SAFETY - Cali Tribal Transp Safety Summit Safety Audit Training/Low Cost Safety... · Adam...
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Adam LarsenTribal CoordinatorTribal Coordinator
Federal Highway Administration
360‐619‐7751360‐619‐[email protected]
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Road Safety ToolsCrashCrash Data
Strategic Highway Safety Plans (SHSP)(SHSP)
Safety Efforts Countermeasures Education CampaignsR d S f t A dit (RSA)
Safety Efforts
Road Safety Audits (RSA) Targeted Enforcement EMS improvements etc…
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PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION
WARNING: DO NOT Assume!WARNING: DO NOT Assume!
Do NotAssume
1. First ID Problems & Risks
2 Then develop solutions1 2
2. Then, develop solutions
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Mitigate Safety Issues
For each safety issue, the audit team may provide suggestions or possible solutions to reduce collision frequency and/or severity.
Suggestions should be:address the safety issueaddress the safety issue appropriate for stage of auditappropriate for all road usersappropriate for all road usersmay range between low and high cost
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Low‐Cost Countermeasures
Crash Reduction Factor (CRF):
Represent the quantitative results from research studies indicating the percentage reduction instudies, indicating the percentage reduction in crashes that can be expected after implementation of the treatmentimplementation of the treatment
The following slides show low cost countermeasures with CRFs
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Resources
• AASHTO Roadside Design Guide
CRFW h• CRFWarehouse.org
• NCHRP 500 Series
• Highway Safety Manual
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CRASH CAUSE
HUMANHUMAN93%93%CAUSE
FACTORS 57%93%93%
3% 27%
57%ROADROAD34%34% 3% 27%
1
34%34%
1 3%
2% 6%
VEHICLEVEHICLEVEHICLEVEHICLE12%12%
1/2 at night 2/3 on 2-lane rural roads
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Fatal Crash Types
Lane DepartureLane Departure
20%20%IntersectionsIntersections53%53%
12%12% % of Total Fatal Crashes
PedestriansPedestrians12%12%
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Lane Departure Crash –Lane Departure Crash A non‐intersection crash in which a vehicle leaves the travel lane to the left or rightthe travel lane to the left or right.
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Lane Departure
Lane Departure 53% of all Road Fatalities Nationwide
48% i C lif i 48% in California
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Roadway Departure Percent of Fatal CrashesPercent of Fatal Crashes
4358
2006‐2008 Averages76
5142
58
4865
48
62
59
66
6474
64
68
4852
53 36
6651
48
4852
5631 4743
5853
566359 67
74
4771
51DC
54
60
6164
63
67
43 6643 60
36
DC=17
51
50
3851
58
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Why do drivers leave the road?• Road Conditionoad Co d t o
• Collision Avoidance
• Vehicle Component Failure
• Driver Error
• Driver ImpairmentDriver Impairment
• Human Factors Violations
1‐15
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Countermeasures
NCHRP 500Volume 6
Guide for Addressing
Volume 6
Guide for Addressing
Run‐Off‐Road Collisions
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Addressing Risk FactorsEnforcement/EducationEnforcement/Education
actions to keep vehicles
on roadway:– Change driver behavior
(DUI, speeding, fatigue, distractions)
– Spot enforcement
– Targeted education efforts
1‐19
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Addressing Risk FactorsAddressing Risk Factors
• Engineering Strategies for Road Departure• Engineering Strategies for Road Departure
• Keep on Road• Keep on Road
• Lessen Severity After Departure• Lessen Severity After Departure
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K V hi l R d Hi h C tKeep Vehicles on Road – Higher Cost– High friction overlays
– Wider travel lanes
– Paved shoulders
– Provide new super elevation
– Oil & Chip Gravel Roads
– Widen shouldersWiden shoulders
– Flatten curves (increase radius)
– Maintenance of Superelevation– Maintenance of Superelevation
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P M ki
Keep vehicles on Road – Low Cost• Pavement Markings• Pavement Rumble Strip(e)s
f d• Safety Edge
• Signs• Delineators• Adequate sight distance for alignment changes• Curves: delineation, warning, super‐elevation• Clear Zones
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Percent Curve Crashes
4235
54
1727
2941
24
29
39
35
4026
44
37
36
22 22
4623
1813
2629 20
30
3516
32
40
2544
4627
DC
30
21
35
3517 43
24 3921 27
DC=836
34
22
1840
32
30
21
25
18
2006‐2008 Average3‐23
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Friction Treatment
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Curve/Hill Combinations
• Combination of vertical/horizontal alignmentalignment
• Horizontal curve after miles of tangent
DelineationWarning Signsg gWideningRealignmentRealignment
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Low Cost: Signs & Delineation
http://MUTCD.FHWA.DOT.GOV
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2009 MUTCD on Curves2009 MUTCD on Curves
• Compliance Date 12/31/2019Compliance Date 12/31/2019
• 2009 MUTCD Table 2C‐5
i d f d i h 00• Not required for roads with <400 ADT
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Fluorescent Sign Colors
2009 MUTCD Option for fluorescent colorsp– Florescent Yellow Chevrons on high risk curves
– 20% reduction in crashes (Iowa DOT)20% reduction in crashes (Iowa DOT)
Standard yellow
Fluorescent yellow
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Rumble Strips
• Injury crash reductionInjury crash reduction – 18% on rural two‐lane highwayshighways.
– 17% on rural multi‐lane divided highways.divided highways.
• Reduction in run‐off‐road• Reduction in run‐off‐road crashes of 38% on freeways.
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LANE DEPARTURE
Night + RainNight + RainConditions
Edge Rumble Stripes
30
Edge Rumble Stripes
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‐Off
Drop
dge D
Ed
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Safety EdgeOvercorrecting – a fatal mistake
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Safety Edge
• Saves LivesSaves Lives
• Improves Compaction
• Reduces Maintenance ExpenseReduces Maintenance Expense
• Adds Less than 1% to Pavement Resurfacing
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“Safety Edge”
FHWA Loaner Shoe
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However some drivers will still leave theHowever, some drivers will still leave the road and…
…the consequences can be severe.…the consequences can be severe.1‐36
…the consequences can be severe.…the consequences can be severe.
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Aft D tAfter DepartureStrategy to minimize severity:Strategy to minimize severity:
1 Remove / Redesign1. Remove / Redesign
2. Relocate Hazards
3 P t t / R d S it
Effective
3. Protect / Reduce Severity
4. Delineate Hazards
eness
1‐37
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Clear Zone10 t 35 f t i i10 to 35 feet minimum
depending on speed and slope.(See AASHTO Roadside Design Guide)
BEFOREAFTER
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Remove Hazards
• Slopes & Embankments
• Recoverable: <= 4H:1V
• Traversable: 4H:1V to 3H:1V
• Unrecoverable: > 3H:1V
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Remove HazardsRemove Hazards• Fixed Objects
C ttl G to Cattle Grates
o Trees / Vegetation ( 4” di )o (>4” diam.)
o Non‐breakaway posts
F i ll i h ilo Fences, especially with top rail
o Non‐crashworthy barrier
o Drainage structures
o Boulders
o Monument Mailboxes
40% reduction in Fatal/Inj crashes
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G d il/
Roadside Hazard FatalitiesGuardrail/
Barrier14% Sign Post
6%Other10%
Fence4%Tree
28%
Drainage Features
Embankment19%
Utility Pole
Embankment10%
42
Utility Pole9%
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“Crashworthy”
Crashworthy –
Term to describeTerm to describe device that have passed crash testingpassed crash testing standards.
Crash Test Standards –
NCHRP‐350
MASH
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Relocate
– Moving hazards out of the “clear zone” lessens the likely hood that they will be involved in a crash.hood that they will be involved in a crash.
– Crashes outside the clear zone are likely to be less severeCrashes outside the clear zone are likely to be less severe than if the object was right off the shoulder.
1‐44
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/Protect /ShieldShield
• Protect objects
Slopes– Slopes
– Fixed objects
• Grading to lessen severity
– Drainage structures
– Crossroads & Driveways
1‐45
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Guardrail Basics
• Crashworthy–NCHRP 350–NCHRP 350
–MASH
• Deflection
• End Treatments
ll d d• Installation Standards
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Longitudinal Barriers
RigidRigid SemiSemi--RigidRigid
TL 3 62 h 820k C 2000k Pi kTL-3 62 mph 820kg Car; 2000kg Pickup
47FlexibleFlexible
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Guardrail Deflection
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Crashworthy End Terminals
49
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Dangerous Guardrail Endsl d lBlunt Ends Turn Down Terminals
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Installation Standardsl d d l l• CalTrans Standard Plans Online
• Manufacturer/Supplier Installation Guides
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D li tDelineate – Last Resort• Objects
• Adverse / unexpected alignment
• Non‐traversable slopesp
1‐52
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Review: Road Departure
Prevent Lane Departure:
‐ Combat Distracted, Drowsy, Impaired Driving, y, p g
‐ Correct Geometric Deficiencies
After Roadway Departure:
1 Remo e1. Remove
2. Relocate
3 P / Shi ld
Effective
3. Protect / Shield
4. Delineate
eness
1‐53
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Intersection Safety Facts
Angle crashes account for over 40% of fatalfor over 40% of fatal crashes at i t tiintersections
• Click Here
54
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Intersection Safety Facts
Angle crashes account for over 40% of fatalfor over 40% of fatal crashes at i t tiintersections
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Intersection Safety Facts
Left turn crashes account for over 20% of fatal crashes atfatal crashes at intersections
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Intersection Safety Facts
Ped/Bike crashes account for 25% of fatal crashes at signalizedcrashes at signalized intersections
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Keys to Intersection Safety
• Manage conflict points
d h d• Adequate sight distance
• Provide advance warning & navigation
• Increase intersection conspicuity
• Minimize road user delayMinimize road user delay
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Intersection Conflict Points
Eliminate conflict points Separate conflicts in space or timeSeparate conflicts in space or time Control the type/severity of conflict
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Conventional vs. Roundabout
Conflict Points: Conventional Intersection 32
Roundabouts 8
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Public OutreachLegal issuesPlanningOperationsSafetyDesignConstruction
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J-Turn Intersection
S t fli tSeparate conflicts
Can provide sight distanceCa p o de s g d s a ce
Works for large vehicles
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Jug Handle Intersection
Separate conflictsSeparate conflicts
Improves signal operations by eliminating left turns
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Access Control
Consolidate Conflict Points with Access Control.
Improve safety, operations of road.
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Install Traffic Signal
Magic Bullet?g
IncreaseIncrease Rear end crashes by 50%
DecreaseAngle crashes by 65%
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INTERSECTIONS
Change Permissive LT Phase to Protected‐Only LT Phase:CRF 97% (Left Turning Crashes)CRF 97% (Left‐Turning Crashes)
ITE/FHWA Intersection Toolbox of Safety Countermeasures, Briefing Sheet #8
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Flashing Yellow ArrowFlashing yellow arrow for permissive turnsFlashing yellow arrow for permissive turns
~20% CRF for Fatal & Injury Crashes
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INTERSECTIONS
Enhance Traffic Signal Visibility:Replace Post‐mounted w/ Mast Arms:Replace Post mounted w/ Mast Arms:
CRF 25% to 32% (All Crashes)1
Increase Head Diameter from 8” to 12”:CRF 33% to 47% (Angle Crashes)2
691. Winston‐Salem NC Study2. ITE RLR Handbook (Iowa, Kansas City MO study locations)
CRF 33% to 47% (Angle Crashes)2
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INTERSECTIONS
Enhance Traffic Signal Visibility ‐ One Signal Head per Lane:CRF 22% (All Crashes) CRF 47% (Angle Crashes)
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CRF 22% (All Crashes) CRF 47% (Angle Crashes)ICBC, Winston‐Salem NC
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INTERSECTIONS
Enhance Traffic Signal Visibility – Supplemental HeadsCRF 15% (All Crashes) CRF 47% (Angle Crashes)
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CRF 15% (All Crashes) CRF 47% (Angle Crashes)
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INTERSECTIONS
Enhance Traffic Signal Visibility – Add Backplates:CRF 2% to 24% (All Crashes) CRF 32% (Angle Crashes)CRF 50% (Red Light Running Frequency)
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CRF 50% (Red Light Running Frequency)
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Enhance Traffic Signal Visibility – Retroreflectorized Border:CRF 24% (All Crashes) CRF 16% (Injury/Fatal Crashes)
• Benefits color blind individuals at nightI d f t d i t
CRF 24% (All Crashes) CRF 16% (Injury/Fatal Crashes)
• Improved safety during power outages
4D.12
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Provide & Maintain Intersection Sight DistanceIntersection Sight Distance
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Provide & Maintain Intersection Sight DistanceIntersection Sight Distance
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Intersection Sight Distance
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Provide Sight Distance
Negative 6 ft offset No offset (aligned)
78
Positive 6 ft offset Positive 12 ft offset
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Provide Sight Distance
20-26%20 26% Crash
ReductionReduction
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Positive 12 ft offset
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Offset Right‐turn Lane
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Human Factors & SigningFor correct decision making aFor correct decision making, a driver must:1. Receive a message.1. Receive a message.2. Understand the message.3. Have time to react.
Standard symbols convey .a recognized messagea recognized message
wwwMUTCD FHWA DOTGOV
FREE
www.MUTCD.FHWA.DOT.GOV
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Advance Signing
Advance Warning Signs40% Crash Reduction
MUTCD 2C 46MUTCD 2C‐46
wwwMUTCD FHWA DOTGOVwww.MUTCD.FHWA.DOT.GOV
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Increased Sign Conspicuity
MUTCD Section 2A.1512‐58% Reduction in Angle Crashes
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Increased Sign Conspicuity
E h d TCD D bl d U Si CRF 31% (All C h )Enhanced TCDs ‐ Doubled‐Up Signs: CRF 31% (All Crashes)
Winston, NC Study of Supplementary Signage
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Clear Navigation & Lane Assignment
Advance Lane Assignment Signs: CRF 15% (All Crashes)FHWA/ITE Intersection Safety Briefing Sheet #8
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Intersection Conspicuity
CRF 30%
Transverse Rumbles
CRF ~30%
In advance of STOP or YIELD SignPlace Rumbles AT the advance warning signPlace Rumbles AT the advance warning sign
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Intersection Conspicuity
LightingCRF 38%CRF 38%
for Dark lighting crashes.for Dark lighting crashes.
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INTERSECTION CONSPICUITY
Provide Stop Bars: CRF 10% to 25% (All Crashes)Provide Stop Bars: CRF 10% to 25% (All Crashes)
NCHRP 500 Volume 6 “Guide for Addressing Unsignalized Intersection Collisions”
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4 654 P d t i Kill d/ ( 12 % f ll t ffi f t liti )
Pedestrians• 4,654 Pedestrians Killed/year (~12 % of all traffic fatalities)
– 58% are adults
23% are older citizens– 23% are older citizens
– 19% are children
• A pedestrian is killed or injured every 4 minutes
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Countermeasures
NCHRP 500Volume 10
• Separate conflicts in time and space
• Reduce Pedestrian duration of• Reduce Pedestrian duration of conflicts.
• Improve sight distance – see & be seenp g
• Reduce Vehicle Speed how & when appropriate
• Improve Pedestrian Safety Awareness / Education
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Countermeasures
“with a sidewalk being a crash site was 88 percent lower risk”with a sidewalk being a crash site was 88 percent lower risk
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Pedestrian Conflict Zones
Red ce Eliminate and SeparateReduce, Eliminate, and Separate
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M l i l h h l iM l i l h h l iMultiple threat crash solutionMultiple threat crash solution
Advance stop/yield lineAdvance stop/yield line
tt f h b kf h b k11stst car stops further backcar stops further back
11stst car no longer masks 2car no longer masks 2ndnd car, which car, which can be seen by pedestriancan be seen by pedestrian
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Traffic Calming
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Ped Countermeasures
Reduce Crossing Distance
Bulb Outs
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Roundabouts & Peds
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Road Diet (Orlando FL) • Shorten Crossing Distance,Shorten Crossing Distance,
• Reduces the number of conflicts,
• & Provides opportunity for refuge.pp y g
(Also reduces rear‐end & sideswipe crashes related to turning vehicles.)
ConceptBefore
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BeforeBefore
103Designing for Pedestrian Safety – Road Diets 9‐103
Reclaiming road space creates room for ped islandsReclaiming road space creates room for ped islands
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ConceptConcept
104Designing for Pedestrian Safety – Road Diets 9‐104
Reclaiming road space creates room for ped islandsReclaiming road space creates room for ped islands
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BeforeAfterAfter
105Designing for Pedestrian Safety – Road Diets 9‐105
Reclaiming road space creates room for ped islandsReclaiming road space creates room for ped islands
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Signing
MUTCD 2C 50MUTCD 2C‐50
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Extra Signing
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Ped Activated Beacons
HAWK
RRFB
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Pedestrian/Intersection IssuesAccessibility
Obstructions / Sight Distance
Accessibility
Obstructions / Sight Distance
109
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Lighting
Night pedestrian crashesg p
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