Los 061 062 Nav Cpl_a (Prior to Npa-fcl 25)

7/30/2019 Los 061 062 Nav Cpl_a (Prior to Npa-fcl 25)

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061

GENERAL

NAVIGATION


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COMMERCIAL PILOT LICENCE (A)

(NAVIGATION)

Issue 1: Jan 2003 061-GN-2 CJAA Licensing Division

JAR-FCL

REF NO

LEARNING OBJECTIVES REMARKS

061 00 00 00 GENERAL NAVIGATION

061 01 00 00 BASICS OF NAVIGATION

061 01 01 00 The Solar System

Define the terms Declination, Hour Angle and Altitude in respect of astronomical bodies

State that the Solar System consists of the Sun, nine major planets (of which the Earth is one) andabout 2000 minor planets and asteroids

Explain that the planets revolve about the Sun in elliptical orbits, each one taking a different amount oftime

State the laws relating to the motion of planets in their orbits as evolved by Kepler

Explain in which direction the Earth rotates on its axis

Explain that the Earth revolves around the Sun along a path or orbit to which the Earths axis is inclinedat about 660

Define the terms Apparent Sun and Mean Sun and state their relationship

Define the terms Ecliptic and Plane of the Ecliptic

Describe the effect of the inclination of the Earths axis in relation to the declination of the Sun; seasons;time interval from sunrise to sunset at various latitudes and seasons

Define the terms Perihelion and Aphelion

Illustrate the position of the Earth relative to the Sun with respect to the seasons and months of the year

061 01 02 00 The Earth

State that the Earth is not a true sphere. It is flattened slightly at the Poles

State that the Earth could be described as an 'ellipsoid' or 'oblate spheroid'

Explain that, when producing maps and charts, a reduced earth model is used and the compressionfactor is so small that it can be ignored.


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Explain what is meant by the term Position Reference System

Explain how a reference system may be developed on a plain sphere

Describe the position of the Poles and Equator on the Earths surface

Explain that the Equator has its plane perpendicular to the Earth's axis and defines the East - Westdirection

Define a Great Circle in relation to the surface of a sphere

Explain the geometric properties of a great circle

Name examples of great circles on the surface of the Earth

Define a small circle in relation to the surface of a sphere

Describe the geometric properties of a small circle

Name examples of small circles on the surface of the Earth

Define latitude

Illustrate and explain the definition of latitude.

State the terms in which latitude is measured

Define Geographic/Geodetic and Geocentric Latitudes and explain their relationship

State the maximum difference between Geographic and Geocentric Latitudes.

Interpret a map/chart to locate a stated latitude

Calculate change of latitude (Ch.Lat) between two stated latitudes.

State the distance to which one degree of latitude equates

Convert Ch.Lat to distance

Define longitude.


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Illustrate and explain the definition of longitude

State the terms in which longitude is measured

State that the Greenwich meridian is also known as the Prime meridian

Explain that the Greenwich anti meridian is the maximum longitude possible - 180 E/W.

Calculate change of longitude between any two stated meridians

Describe a meridian as a semi great circle which runs North and South from Pole to Pole

Explain that the meridians and their anti meridians complete a great circle.

Interpret a map/chart to locate a stated meridian

Explain how the meridian is used as the reference datum for angular measurement

Define a Rhumb line

Explain the geometrical properties of a rhumb line

Explain the term Convergency of the Meridians

Explain that convergency between two meridians equals the angular difference between measurementson the great circle at each of these meridians

Explain how the value of convergency can be determined using either calculation or geometricalconstruction

Calculate the value of convergency between two stated meridians at a given latitude

Explain the Great circle - Rhumb line relationship

Explain the term conversion angle (CA)

Explain how the value of CA can be calculated.

Carry out calculations involving the application of the concepts of great circles; convergency; rhumbline; conversion angle


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Explain that along the Equator a difference of one degree in longitude represents a distance of 60 nm

Explain that because meridians converge towards the Poles the distance between meridians will

reduce. Explain at which latitude the maximum and minimum distance between two meridians will be.

Explain the connection between the cosine function and the calculation of Earth Distance

State that the Earth Distance (ED) along a parallel of latitude is also known as Departure.

Calculate the Earth distance between two meridians along a parallel of latitude

Using arguments of ChLonand Latitude

Explain that, with latitude being defined as North and South of the Equator and longitude being definedas East or West of Greenwich meridian, each place on the Earth's surface will have a unique referencefor its position

Interpret a map/chart to locate a position Given Latitude and longitude

061 01 03 00 Time and time conversions

Apparent time

Explain that, because the Earth rotates on it's axis from West to East, the heavenly bodies appear torevolve about the earth from East to West

Define and explain the term transit as applied to a heavenly body

Explain that the period of this apparent (real) revolution of the heavenly body is measured, the timeelapsing between two successive transits is called a "day"

Explain what is meant by the term sidereal day

State that the sidereal day is of constant duration

State that, because we measure the day by the passage of the sun, the length of the day variescontinuously.

Explain the reasons for the variation in the length of the day.


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Illustrate that, since both the direction of rotation of the Earth around its axis and its orbital rotation

around the sun are the same, the Earth must rotate through more than 360 to produce successive

transits

State that the period between two successive transits of the sun is called Apparent solar day andthat the time based on this is called Apparent Time

State that the time of orbital revolution of the Earth in one year is constant at 365 days 5 hours 48minutes 45 seconds mean time (365.24 days mean time).

Mean time

State that, in order to have a constant measurement of time which will still have the solar day as abasis, the average length of an apparent solar day is taken. This is called the Mean Solar Day. It isdivided into 24 hours of mean time

Explain the concept of the mean sun, including the plane and period of its orbit in relation to the plane

and period of the orbit of the apparent sun. State how the plane of orbit of the mean sun is related tothe plane of the Equator

State that the time between two successive transits of the mean sun over a meridian is constant.

Define the term Equation of time and state its relevance

State that the calendar year is 365 days and every 4th year is a leap year with 366 days and 3 leapyears are suppressed every 4 centuries

State that time can also be measured in arc since, in one day of mean solar time, the mean sun isimagined to travel in a complete circle round the Earth, a motion of a 360.

Illustrate the relationship between time and arc along the Equator

Deduce conversion values for arc to time and vice-versa

Local Mean Time (LMT)

State that the beginning of the day at any location is when the Mean sun is in transit with the antimeridian. This is known as midnight or 0000 hours LMT


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State that when the Mean sun is in transit with the location's meridian it is noon or 1200 hours LMTand, when in transit with the anti meridian, it is again midnight or 2400 hours LMT

State that the LMT at locations in different longitudes vary by an amount corresponding to the changein longitude

Universal Co-ordinated Time (UTC)

State that the Greenwich meridian is selected as the standard meridian from which all LMT's can bereferred

State that LMT at Greenwich meridian is called Greenwich Mean Time (GMT)

State that UTC is more accurately calculated than GMT but in practice is the same at GMT

Calculate examples of GMT/UTC and LMT conversions

Calculate examples of GMT/UTC and LMT conversions With and without arc/time

Standard Times (ST)Conversion tables

State that standard time is the set time used by a particular country (or part of a country) determinedby the government of that particular country

Explain that, in theory, standard time is based on the LMT 7.5 on either side of a regular meridiandivisible by 15.

State that, in practice, standard times do not necessarily follow the theory. The times vary indifferent countries and sometimes in different part of countries

State that Summer Time (daylight saving time) may be used

State that Standard Time corrections should be checked from documents

Extract Standard Time corrections from appropriate documents

Convert UTC to ST and ST to UTCGiven appropriate data

International Dateline


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Explain the effect, on the LMT, of approaching the 180 meridian line from either side

Explain that, when crossing the anti meridian of Greenwich, one day is gained or lost depending on

direction of travel State that the dateline is the actual place where the change is made and, although mainly at the 180

meridian, there are some slight divergences in order to avoid countries being cut out by it

State that, when calculating times, the dateline is automatically taken into account by doing allconversions via GMT/UTC

Given 'Arc to Time' tables

Calculate conversions of LMT and GMT/UTC and ST for cases involving the International dateline and lists of ST corrections

Determinations of Sunrise (SR) and Sunset (SS)

State that SR or SS is when the sun's upper edge is at the observer's horizon. State howatmospheric refraction affects this apparent sighting

State that, except in high latitudes, the times of SR and SS at any place changes only little each day.The time of occurrences at specified latitudes on the Greenwich meridian may therefore be taken asthe same for all longitudes

State that SR and SS times are tabulated against specified dates and latitudes. The times are LMT

State that at equator SR is always at 0600 and SS at 1800 LMT

Calculate examples of SR and SS in LMT, ST or UTC Given tables

Civil Twilight

Explain the meaning of the term twilight

Define the term civil twilight

State that the beginning of morning Civil twilight and the end of evening Civil twilight has beentabulated in LMT with latitude and date as the entering arguments

Define the term Duration of Civil Twilight Given astronomical tables


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Calculate examples of twilight in LMT, ST or UTC

Determine the Duration of Civil Twilight for morning and/or evening

Explain the effect of declination and latitude on the duration of twilight

061 01 04 00 Directions

True Directions

State that all meridians run in north-south direction and the true north direction is along any meridiantoward the true north pole

State that true directions are measured clockwise as an angle in degrees from true north

Magnetic Directions

State that a freely suspended compass needle will turn to the direction of the local magnetic field.

The horizontal component of this field is towards magnetic north Define the term Magnetic Meridian and name the angle contained between the true and magnetic

meridians

State the terms in which variation (VAR) is measured and annotated

Define the term Isogonal

State that the magnetic variation varies due to the movement of the magnetic north pole rotatingaround the true north pole in an easterly movement once every 960 years

Explain the term Agonic line

Define dip or inclination in relation to a freely suspended magnetic needle

Explain the terms Magnetic Equator and Aclinic Line

State the angle of inclination at the magnetic poles

State that, in polar areas, the horizontal component of the Earths field is too small to permit the useof a magnetic compass


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Compass Directions

State that, in a standby type of compass, the magnetic element will align along the magnetic fieldwhich is a resultant of the earth's magnetic field, the magnetic field of the aeroplane and the effectsof attitude and movement of the aircraft

State that the effect of the aircraft magnetism (on the compass) changes with different headings aswell as different magnetic latitudes

State that the angle between the magnetic north and compass north is called deviation (DEV) beingmeasured in degrees East (Positive) or West (Negative) of magnetic North

Convert between compass (C) magnetic (M) and true direction (T) Given appropriate values

Gridlines

Explain the purpose of a Grid datum (G) based on a suitable meridian

Explain that the gridlines or the grid meridians are drawn on the chart parallel to the Datum Meridian

Define the term Grid convergence

State that it is named east or west according to the direction of True North relative to Grid North

State that the sum of Grid Convergence and variation is called Grivation

State that a line joining points which have the same grivation is called an isogriv

Calculate examples of directions converting between Grid (G), True (T), Magnetic (M) and Compass(C)

Given appropriate values

061 01 05 00 Distance

Explain how a nautical mile at any place on the Earth's surface is measured assuming the Earth to be aperfect sphere

State that because latitude is measured along meridians, it makes it possible to calibrate the meridians

in nautical miles, i.e. 1 of latitude is one nautical mile and 1 is 60 nm


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Explain that a nautical mile varies a little because the Earth's shape is an oblate spheroid

Explain how altitude affects the Arc/Distance relationship

Define the terms Nautical Mile; Statute Mile; Kilometre; Metre; Yard; Foot

State that when dealing with heights and altitudes we use metres or feet subject to the choice ofindividual states

Using a simple calculator or

State that horizontal distances are calculated in metres, kilometres or nautical miles mechanical navigation

Calculate examples of linear measure conversions computer

061 02 00 00 MAGNETISM AND COMPASSES

061 02 01 00 General Principles

Terrestrial Magnetism

Describe in simple terms why a magnetised compass needle can be used to indicate Magneticdirection on the Earth

State the properties of a simple magnet

Illustrate the approximate location of the North and South Magnetic Poles

Describe the direction and shape of the lines of Total Magnetic Force

State the conventions for assigning colour to the North and South Magnetic Poles

Resolution of the Earth's Total Magnetic Force (intensity) into Vertical and Horizontal components

Define the term 'Magnetic Meridian'

Define the terms 'Magnetic Equator and Magnetic Latitude

State the relationship between the Vertical (Z) and Horizontal (H) components of the Earth's field andthe Total force (T).

Calculate T, Z, or H given appropriate data


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The effects of change of Magnetic Latitude on these components

Explain how H and Z are affected by a change of Magnetic Latitude

Given H and Z values for one magnetic latitude, calculate their values at another magnetic latitude

Directive Force

Define the term 'Directive Force'

State how Directive Force varies with Magnetic Latitude

Explain the "6 micro teslas zone" near Magnetic North Pole

Magnetic Dip and Variation

Define Dip (or inclination).

State the value of Dip at the Magnetic Poles and the Magnetic Equator (Aclinic Line).

Define the term 'isoclinal'

Describe how dip is related to H and Z components of T

Define Variation

Define the term 'isogonal'

Define the term 'Agonic Line'

Explain why Variation changes with location on the Earth and with time

Calculate Variation, True Direction or Magnetic Direction given appropriate data

061 02 02 00 Aircraft Magnetism Hard iron and vertical soft iron

Define Hard and Soft Iron Magnetism

State typical causes of Hard Iron magnetism


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State typical causes of Soft Iron magnetism

The resulting magnetic fields

Identify the Hard Iron and Vertical Soft Iron components of aircraft magnetism which producecompass deviation

Identify which Hard Iron and Vertical Soft Iron components produce Coefficients B and C

Calculate Coefficients A, B and C given the appropriate data

The variation in directive force

Explain how Coefficients B and C affect the Directive Force and produce compass deviation

Describe the methods of measuring compass deviation

Explain the cause of apparent Coefficient A

Change of deviation with change of latitude and with change in the aircrafts heading

Calculate the total deviation caused by Coefficients A, B and C on a given aircraft heading

Calculate the heading on which maximum deviation will occur

Describe the effects of change of magnetic latitude on Coefficients A, B and C

Calculate Magnetic heading, Compass heading or Deviation given appropriate data

Using a typical Compass Deviation Card, identify the Compass heading to fly a specifiedMagnetic heading

Turning and Accelerations errors

Describe the effect of a linear acceleration or deceleration on a given indicated heading of a DirectReading Compass (DRC) at a given North or South Magnetic Latitude

State the comparative effect of a given linear acceleration/deceleration on a given indicated headingof a DRC at different Magnetic Latitudes in the same Hemisphere


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Describe the effect of a radial acceleration on the indicated heading of a DRC during a specifiedamount of turn at a given Magnetic Latitude

State the comparative effect of a given radial acceleration on the indicated heading of a DRC atdifferent Magnetic Latitudes in the same Hemisphere

Keeping magnetic materials clear of the compass

Explain the meaning of compass safe distance

List the items likely to affect the deviation of a DRC

061 02 03 00 Knowledge of the principles, standy and landing compasses and remote reading compasses

Direct Reading Compasses (drc)

Explain the construction of the Direct Reading Compass (DRC) using the basic three principles ofHorizontal, Sensitivity and Aperiodicity

State the pre-flight and in-flight serviceability checks on the DRC

Interpret the indications on a DRC

Identify the conditions in which the indications on a DRC may be unreliable or in error

Explain why the indications may be unreliable or inaccurate in these conditions

Explain the steps which can be taken to minimise the effects of acceleration and turn errors

Explain how the magnitude of the acceleration errors are affected by:

Magnetic Latitude

Aircraft Heading Magnetic Moment

Rate of turn

Remote Reading Compass


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Describe the construction of the Remote Reading Compass (RRC) with particular emphasis on theprinciple of operation of the :-

Flux valve or Detector Unit

Synchronising Unit (Selsyn).

Annunciation indicator

Precession circuit and precession coil

Gyro unit

Heading indicator

Feed back to the Null-seeking rotor

Erection system for the gyro

Describe how to conduct a serviceability test

Name the errors of the RRC and describe how the errors are minimised

Compare RRC with the DRC in terms of advantages and disadvantages

Calibration (Compass Swinging)

List the occasions when a full calibration swing or a check swing is required JARs

Describe the basic method for obtaining deviations on the cardinal points using the LandingCompass or other datum compass

Explain the calculations of Coefficients A, B and C

Explain the method for compensation of Coefficients A, B and C on a DRC

State the maximum limits for residual deviation in the DRC and RRC JARs? Reference?

061 03 00 00 CHARTS

061 03 01 00 General properties of miscellaneous types of projections


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Define the term conformality

State that the ICAO-rules define the chart as a conformal projection on which a straight lineapproximates a great circle

State that different chart projections are used, depending on the application and area of use involved.

State that all charts, even if they have been developed mathematically, are designated as projections

State that the following kind of projection surfaces are used:

Plane

Cylindrical

Conical

State that, depending on the position of the rotational axis of the cone or cylinder in relation to the earth'saxis, we obtain the following projections:

Normal projection

Transverse projection

Oblique projection

Describe the type of projection surface in each of the following :

Mercator

Lambert conformal

Name the origin of each of the projections (Mercator (direct) and Lambert;)

Define the scale of a chart

Use the scale of a chart to calculate particular distances Use a calculator

Describe how scale varies on an aeronautical chart

Define the following terms:


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Standard Parallel

Constant of the cone/Convergence factor

Parallel of origin

Define and determine chart convergence

061 03 02 00 The representation of meridians, parallel, great circles and rhumb lines

On all charts in the syllabus

Describe the appearance of parallels of latitude and meridians

Describe the appearance of great circles and rhumb lines

Calculate, in the polar-stereographic chart, the radius of a parallel of latitude given the chart scale

Calculate the angle, on the chart, between a great circle and a straight line between two given positions

(Mercator and Lambert's.)

Use a calculator

Resolve simple geometrical relationships on any chart in the syllabus

061 03 03 00 The use of current aeronautical charts

Enter positions on a chart using geographical co-ordinates or range and bearing

Derive co-ordinates of position

Derive true track angles and distances

Use protractor,compasses/dividers

Ruler

Resolve bearings of a NDB for plotting on an aeronautical chart

Resolve radials of a VOR for plotting on an aeronautical chart

Plot DME ranges on an aeronautical chart

Find all the information for the flight and flight planning on the following Charts:

ICAO topographical map


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(NAVIGATION)


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VFR Chart

Crossing Chart

Radio facility Chart

Terminal Area Chart

Standard Instrument Arrival Chart (STAR)

Standard Instrument Departure Chart (SID)

Instrument Approach and Landing Chart

Aerodrome Chart

Aerodrome Obstruction Chart

Describe the methods used to provide information on chart scale. Use the chart scales stated and be

aware of the limitations of a stated scale for each projection Describe methods of representing relief and demonstrate the ability to interpret the relevant relief data

Interpret the most commonly used conventional signs and symbols

061 04 00 00 DEAD RECKONING NAVIGATION (DR)

061 04 01 00 Basics of dead reckoning

Explain the difference between speed and velocity

Explain the concept of vectors including adding together or splitting in two directions

Introduce Triangle of Velocities, e.g. TAS/Hdg, W/V, Trk (Crs)/GS and Drift

Derivation of TAS from IAS/RAS

Definition and derivation of Mach number

Revise directional datums for Hdg, Trk (Crs) and W/V, e.g. True, Magnetic and Grid


19/47


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Determination of ETA from distance and GS

Define DR position versus the Fix

Demonstrate use of DR track plot to construct DR position

061 04 02 00 Use of the navigational computer

Calculation of speed/time/distance

Calculation of fuel consumption

Conversion of distances

Conversions of volumes and weights including use of specific (relative) gravity

Calculation of air speed including IAS, EAS, CAS/RAS, TAS and Mach No. (both on navigation computerand Mental DR)

Application of drift to give Heading or Track (Course).

061 04 03 00 The Triangle of velocities, methods of solution for the determination of:

Heading

Ground Speed

Wind Velocity including multi-drift method

Track (Course)W/V also mentioned in

Drift angle previous section

Head/Tail/Cross wind component

061 04 04 00 List elements required for establishing DR position

Describe the role and purpose of DR navigation

Illustrate mental DR techniques used to:


20/47


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Calculate head /tailwind component

Calculate Wind Correction Angle (WCA)

Revise ETAs

Given appropriate input


Describe course of action when lost:

Calculate average heading and TAS

Calculate average wind velocity vector

Calculate estimated ground position

Illustrate DR position graphically and by means of DR computer: Given appropriate input

Find true heading and ground speed

Find true track and ground speed

Find wind velocity vector

Compare the validity of wind triangle vectors

Given TT, TAS and W/V

Given TH, TAS and W/V

Apply track (course), heading and wind symbols correctly.

Discuss the factors that affect the accuracy of a DR position

061 04 05 00 Calculate DR elements

Calculate attitude

Calculate True Altitude given indicated altitude, elevation, temperature and pressure inputs

Calculate indicated altitude given true altitude, elevation, temperature and pressure inputs

Calculate density altitude

Using a DR computer

Using a DR computer

Define and explain QFE, QNH and Pressure Altitude

Calculate height on a given glide path Given relevant data


21/47


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Calculate distance to touchdown

Explain temperature

Explain the expression ram-air/Total Air Temperature (TAT).

Explain the term ram-rise

Explain the term recovery coefficient

Compare the use of OAT and TAT in airspeed calculations

Calculate airspeed

Explain the relationship between IAS-CAS-EAS and TAS

Calculate CAS for a given value of TAS or Mach No.Using a computer

Calculate TAS by means of DR computer and given IAS or CAS, with various temperature and

pressure inputs


Calculate TAS and GS for use in DR navigation

Calculate Mach No.



061 04 06 00 Construct DR position on Mercator and Lambert Charts

Solve practical DR navigation problems on any of the above charts Given appropriate input andrelevant chart

061 04 07 00 Name range specifics of maximum range and radius of action

State that the maximum range is the distance that can be flown with the usable fuel, a given speed andmeteorological condition

Calculate maximum range of the aircraft Given fuel, characteristicspeed table and

Define radius of action Meteorology

Calculate radius of action, returning to point of departure with all reserves intact, under prevailing wind Given appropriate input


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conditions

Define point-of-safe-return, name importance and use

Calculate point-of-safe-return, returning to point of departure, with specified reserves intact underprevailing wind conditions

Define point-of-equal-time

Calculate point-of-equal-time between the point of departure and the destination

061 04 08 00 Miscellaneous DR uncertainties and practical means of correction

Describe the concept of Circle of Error

List the factors that will affect the dimensions of that circle

Discuss practical methods of compensating these factors

061 05 00 00 IN-FLIGHT NAVIGATION061 05 01 00 Use of visual observations and application to in-flight navigation

Describe what is meant by the term map reading

Define the term visual check points

Discuss the general features of a visual checkpoint and give examples

State that the flight performance and navigation can be refined by evaluating the differences betweenDR positions and actual positions

Establish fixes on navigational charts by plotting visually derived intersecting lines of position

Describe the use of a single observed position line to check flight progress

Describe how to prepare and align a map /chart for use in visual navigation

Describe visual navigation techniques including:

Use of DR position to locate identifiable landmarks


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Identification of charted features/ landmarks

Factors affecting the selection of landmarks

An understanding of seasonal and meteorological effects on the appearance and visibilityof landmarks

Selection of suitable landmarks

Estimation of distance from landmarks from successive bearings

Estimation of the distance from a landmark using an approximation of the sighting angle and theflight altitude

Describe the action to be taken., if there is no check point available at a scheduled turning point

State the function of contour lines on a topographical chart

Indicate the role of layer tinting (colour Gradient) in relation to the depiction of topography on a chart

Determine, within the lines of the contour intervals, the elevation of points and the angle of slope fromthe chart

Using the contours shown on a chart, describe the appearance of a significant feature

Understand the difficulties and limitations that may be encountered in map reading in somegeographical areas due to nature of terrain, lack of distinctive landmarks or lack of detailed and accuratecharted data

Understand that map reading in high latitudes can be considerably more difficult than map reading inlower latitudes since the nature of the terrain is drastically different, charts are less detailed and lessprecise, and seasonal changes may alter the terrain appearance or hide it completely from view

Understand that in areas of snow and ice from horizon to horizon and where the sky is covered with auniform layer of clouds so that no shadows are cast, the horizon disappears, causing earth and sky toblend

Understand that since there is a complete lack of contrast in a "white-out", distance and height aboveground distance and height above ground are virtually impossible to estimate


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061 05 02 00 Navigation in climb and descent

Evaluate the mean TAS for climb or descent.

Evaluate the mean W/V for the climb or descent

Formulate the general term to calculate the distance covered during climb or descent

Calculate the average ground speed based on average true airspeed, average wind and average courseas experienced during the climb or descent

Use a graphical computer orrule of thumb method

Find the climb and descent time using an appropriate formula

Find climb/descent gradients by means of an appropriate formula

Evaluate rate of climb/ descent (required to achieve a stated gradient) using an appropriate formula

State the rule of thumb formula for finding the rate of climb or rate of descent for a standard 3 slope

Discuss the need to accurately determine the position of the aircraft before commencing descent

061 05 03 00 Navigation in Cruising Flight, Use of Fixes to Revise Navigation Data

Establish a position line (PL) from radio aids including NDB, VOR and DME

Plot a PL taking into consideration factors such as convergence and different North references

Establish fixes on navigational charts by plotting two or more intersecting positions lines (PL)

Adjust PLs for the motion of aircraft between the observations, considering known accuracy of groundspeed and course (along and across track PLs).

Establish the aircraft's position by a series of bearings on the same beacon (running fix)

Discuss the most probable fix established on multiple PLs allowing for the geometry of intersectionangles

Calculate the track angle error (TKE), given course from A to B and an off-course fix, utilising the 1 in 60

Calculate the average drift angle based upon an off-course fix observation


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Calculate the average ground speed based on two observed fixes Use graphical computer, e.g.

Calculate average wind speed and direction based on two observed fixes Aviat/CRP5

Plot the wind vector by means of two or more track lines experienced on different headings Graphical solution on the Calculate the heading change at an off-course fix to directly reach the next check point/destination using

the 1 in 60 RuleAviat/CRP5

Calculate ETA revisions based upon observed fixes and revised ground speed

061 05 04 00 Flight Log

Enter revised navigational en-route data, for the legs concerned, into the flight log. (e.g. updated windand ground speed and correspondingly losses or gains in time and fuel consumption).

Enter, in the progress of flight, at each checkpoint or turning point, the "actual time over" and the"estimated time over" for the next checkpoint into the flight log.

Given a sample navigationmission


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062

RADIO NAVIGATION


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(NAVIGATION)

Issue 1: Jan 2003 061-RN-2 CJAA Licensing Division

JAR-FCL

REF NO


062 00 00 00 RADIO NAVIGATION

062 01 00 00 RADIO AIDS062 01 01 00 Ground Direction Finder D/F (including classification of bearings)

Principles

Describe the role of a Ground Direction Finder

Explain why the services provided are subdivided as

VHF direction finding

Describe, in general terms, the propagation path of VHF/UHF signals with respect to theionosphere and the Earths surface.

Describe the principle of operation of the VDF in the following general terms radio waves emitted by the radio telephony (R/T) equipment of the aircraft

directional antenna.

determination of direction of incidence of the incoming signal

Indicator

Recognise the Adcock antenna with its vertical dipoles

Presentation and Interpretation

Describe the common types of bearing presentations on VDU and radar display.

Define the terms QDM; QDR; QTE;

Explain how, using more than one ground DF station, the position of an aircraft can be determinedand transmitted to the pilot.

Coverage and Range


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Calculate the line of sight range (quasi optical visual range)

Errors and Accuracy

State the classification of bearings . Factors affecting Range and Accuracy

Explain that the range is affected by gradients of temperature and humidity

Differentiate between the phenomena super refractionand sub refraction

Explain how intervening terrain can restrict the range

Explain why synchronous transmissions will cause errors

Describe the effect of multipath signals

062 01 02 00 ADF (incl. NDBs and Use of RMI)

Principles

Name the approved frequency band assigned to aeronautical NDB's (190 - 1750 kHz)

Recognise typical antenna arrangements for ground station (NDB) and aircraft (ADF)

Explain the difference between NDB and locator beacons

State which beacons transmit input signals suitable for use by the ADF

Define the abbreviation NDB

Describe the use of NDBs for navigation

Describe the use of locator beacons Interpret the term 'cone of silence' in respect of a NDB.

State that the transmission power limits the ranges for locators, en-route NDBs and oceanicNDBs.



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Explain why it is necessary to use a directionally sensitive receiver antenna system in order toobtain the direction of the incoming radio wave

Presentation and interpretation

Name the types of indicator in common use and state the indications given on the :

radio magnetic indicator

fixed card indicator/ radio compass

Describe and sketch the presentation on the following ADF indicators:

radio magnetic indicator (RMI) and

fixed card indicator/ radio compass

Describe the procedure for obtaining an ADF bearing including the following :

switch on instrument (on ADF),

scan frequency,

regulate volume,

receive and identify the NDB,

read bearing.

State the function of the BFO (tone generator) switch.

Calculate the compass bearing from compass heading and relative bearing.

Convert compass bearing into magnetic bearing and true bearing.

Describe how to fly the following in-flight ADF procedures (in accordance with DOC 8168 Vol.I) :

homing

tracking



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interceptions

procedure turns

holding patterns Coverage and range

Describe the influence of the transmission power on the range.

Differentiate between NDB range over land and over the sea

Identify the ranges of locators, en-route NDBs and Oceanic NDBs

Describe the propagation path of NDB radio waves with respect to the ionosphere and the Earthssurface

Errors and Accuracy

Define quadrantal error and identify its cause

State that compensation for this error is effected during the installation of the antenna.

Explain the cause of the dip error due to the bank angle of the aeroplane

Define the bearing accuracy as 6

Factors affecting range and accuracy

Indicate the causes and/or effects of the following factors

multipath propagation of the radio wave (mountain effect)

the influence of skywaves (night effect)

the shore line (coastal refraction) effect

atmospheric disturbances (static and lightning)

interference from other beacons.



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062 01 03 00 CVOR and DVOR (incl. use of RMI)

Principles

Name the frequency-band and frequencies used for VOR

Interpret the tasks of the following types of VOR:

En-route VOR

conventional VOR (CVOR)

Doppler VOR (DVOR)

Terminal VOR (TVOR)

Test VOR (VOT)

Define a VOR radial

Recognise antenna arrangements for ground facilities and for aircraft

Describe the effect of rough terrain in the immediate vicinity of the transmitter.

Explain the principle of operation of the VOR using the following general terms:

reference phase

variable phase

phase difference

Explain the use of the Doppler effect in a Doppler VOR

Describe the identification of a VOR in terms of Morse-code letters, continuous tone ordots(VOT), tone pitch, repetition rate and additional plain text

Describe how ATIS information is transmitted via VOR frequencies

Name the three main components of VOR airborne equipment



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Identify a VOR from the chart by chart symbol and/or frequency

Presentation and Interpretation Read off the radial from the Radio Magnetic Indicator (RMI)

Read off the angular displacement, in relation to a pre-selected radial, from the HSI or CDI

Explain the use of the TO/FROM indicator to determine the aircraft position relative to the VORconsidering also the heading of the aircraft

Interpret given VOR information as displayed on HSI, CDI and RMI.

Describe the following in-flight VOR procedures (in accordance with DOC 8168 Vol. 1) :

homing

tracking interceptions

procedure turns

holding patterns

Enter a radial on a navigation chart, taking into account the variation at the transmitter location

Coverage and Range

Describe the range with respect to the transmitting power and the quasi-optical range in NM

Calculate the range in NM

Explain the sector limitations in respect of topography-related reflections

Errors and Accuracy



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Describe the use of a test VOR for checking VOR indicators in an aircraft

Describe the signals emitted by the test VOR with respect to reference phase, variable phase andtransmitted radial.

Identify the permissible signal tolerance

State the 95% accuracy of the VOR bearing information is within + 5

Factors affecting Range and Accuracy

Explain why the Doppler VOR is more accurate than the conventional VOR

Illustrate the effects of bending and scalloping of radials.

062 01 04 00 DME (distance measuring equipment)

Principles

Identify the frequency band

Illustrate the use of X and Y channels.

State that a DME facility is integrated with the military TACAN

Describe the tuning of the DME frequency by the pilot

Describe the navigation value of the slant range measured by the DME

Illustrate the circular line of position with the transmitter as its centre

Describe, in the case of co-location, the frequency pairing and identification procedure

Recognise DME antennas on aircraft and on the ground

Identify a DME station on a chart by the chart symbol

Describe how the pairing of VHF and UHF frequencies (e.g. VOR/DME) enables selection of twoitems of navigation information (distance and direction, rho-theta) with one frequency setting

Explain the combination of transmitter/receiver in the aeroplane (interrogator) and on the ground


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Describe the use of DME to fly a DME arc (in accordance with Doc 8168 Vol. I).

Coverage and Range

Explain why a ground station can generally respond to a maximum of 100 aircraft. Identify whichaircraft will be denied first, when more than the maximum number of interrogations is made.

Illustrate how the DME transponder processes more than 2700 interrogations in the DME'sreception area. State how this affects the strongest signals and the closest aircraft units.

Describe how the range is related to the transmitter power and the quasi-optical range in NM.

Calculate the range in NM

Errors and Accuracy

Interpret the 95% accuracy as stated in ICAO annex 10According to ICAO Annex10 Vol. I par 3.5.3

Factors affecting Range and Accuracy

Interpret the relationship between the number of users, the gain of the receiver and the range.

State the maximum number of aircraft that can be handled by a DME transponder. Explain whatlimits this value.

Illustrate the effect of bank angle hiding the antenna from the transponder on the surface, takinginto consideration the time limits of the memory circuit.

Explain the role of the Echo Protection Circuit in respect of reflections from the earths surface,buildings or mountainous terrain

062 02 00 00 BASIC RADAR PRINCIPLES

062 02 04 00 SSR (secondary surveillance radar) and Transponder

Principles

Name the frequencies used for interrogation and response



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Identify the ground antenna

Sketch the radiation pattern of a rotating slotted array which transmits a narrow beam in thehorizontal plane

Explain, in general terms, how a side lobe suppressor avoids answers on interrogations via sidelobes

Sketch the radiation pattern of the antenna of the aircraft which transmits omnidirectionally

Define the terms: interrogator (on the ground) and transponder (in the aircraft)

Explain that information from primary radar and secondary radar can be combined and that theradar units may be co-sited.

Explain the advantages of SSR over a primary radar

Explain the following disadvantages of SSR:

code garbling of aircraft less than 1.7 NM apart measured in the vertical plane perpendicular toand from the antenna

fruiting which results from reception of replies caused by interrogations from other radarstations

Presentation and Interpretation

Explain how an aircraft can be identified by a unique code

Illustrate how the following information is presented on the radar screen:

the pressure altitude

the flight level the flight number or aircraft registration

the ground speed



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Name and interpret the particular codes 7700, 7600 and 7500

Describe how the antenna is shielded when the aircraft banks

Interpret the selector modes: OFF, Stand by, ON (mode A), ALT (mode A and C) and TEST Explain the function of the emission of a SPI (Special Position Identification) pulse after pushing

the ident button in the aircraft

Modes and Codes, including mode-S

Explain the function of the three different modes:

mode A

mode C

mode S

Explain why a fixed 24 bits address code will avoid ambiguity of codes Explain the need for compatibility of mode S with mode A and C

Interpret the terms: selective addressing, mode all call or selective calling

State the possibility of exchanging data via communication protocols

Name the advantages of mode S over mode A and C

062 02 05 00 Use of Radar Observations and Application to In-flight Navigation

Explain the need for radar observations of aircraft by Air Traffic Control

State the two main functions of the ground radar used by the ATC (TCAS: 022 03 04 00)

062 06 05 00 Global Navigation Satellite Systems GNSS: GPS/ GLONASS

State the basic differences between the NAVSTAR/GPS system (GPS) and the GLONASS systemregarding ellipsoid, time, satellite configuration, codes and frequencies



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Principles of System Operation

State the four basic information elements supplied by GPS-Navstar.

Explain why the measured distances are called pseudo ranges Explain why the minimum requirements, to establish the 3 spatial co-ordinates and a possible

error in the receiver clock, consist of the measured distances to 4 satellites and a deadreckoning(DR) position.

Describe the geometrical interpretation of the position fix using four spherical surfaces, with thesatellite being in each case located at the centre of the sphere involved

Name the synchronous time system used in the satellites

Describe the C/A, P and Y code and state the use of these codes

Explain how pseudo range measurement is achieved using satellite signals

State that the conversion of pseudo ranges is carried out, by means of transformation equations,

in order to obtain geodetic co-ordinates (, ) and altitude over a reference ellipsoid.

Basic GPS segments

Control segment

List the components of the control segment

Describe the tasks of the Control segment

Space segment

Describe the satellite constellation concerning number of satellites, inclination of orbits, altitude

and orbital period

State the different types of satellites

Describe the types and amounts of clocks in the satellites and the way to obtain the exact GPStime


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Define the following Future Applications of GPS

Enhanced Ground Proximity Warning System (EGPWS)

Automatic Dependent Surveillance Broadcast (ADS-B) Satellite Constellation and Geometric Dilution of Precision

Define the following parameters relating to GPS orbital configuration:

orbit semi-major axis

satellite ground tracks up to 55N/S

orbit satellite phasing

satellite visibility angle,

mask angle

satellite coverage

Explain how the actual position of the satellite is found

Illustrate the use of the (X, Y, Z) Earth Centred/ Earth Fixed co-ordinate system to define positionvectors

Explain, in qualitative terms, how (x, y, z) co-ordinates can be transformed to co-ordinates ( , ,h) on the WGS-84 or on any other ellipsoid

Indicate the influence of the following perturbation factors

solar wind

gravitation of sun, moon and planets

Define the following terms:

Geometrical Dilution of Precision (GDOP)


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Position Dilution of Precision (PDOP)

Horizontal Dilution of Precision (HDOP)

Vertical Dilution of Precision (VDOP) Time Dilution of Precision (TDOP)

User Equivalent Range Error (UERE)

Indicate the influence of elevation angle on dilution of precision

Explain the influence of dilution of precision on navigational accuracy

GPS Signals and Navigation Messages

Name the desired GPS navigation signal properties and signal specifications

Describe the GPS signals with reference to the following aspects:

GPS frequencies

signal characteristics: spread spectrum

signal structure, pseudo-random noise P and C/A codes, navigation message

Describe the level of the receiver Signal-to-Noise Ratio

Describe the navigation message and list the data in the 5 different subframes

Explain the relevance of ionospheric delays and indicate how their values are determined

Illustrate the relationship between the satellites and the control segment in respect of signalformation and transmission

GPS Generic Receiver Description

Name the basic elements of a GPS receiver

Identify, and give reasons for, the optimum antenna location.


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differential corrections

integrity messages

reference station in the vicinity of e.g. an aerodrome

communication direct from ref. station to aircraft

Describe the characteristics of wide area differential GPS (WADGPS) with reference to :


integrity messages

more than one reference station in a nation or continent

communication from ref. stations via co-ordination centre to aircraft

Describe the characteristics of local area Augmentation system (LAAS) with reference to :


integrity messages

reference station in the vicinity of e.g. an aerodrome

communication direct from ref. station to aircraft

pseudolite(s) to improve the dilution of precision (DOP)

Describe the characteristics of Wide Area Augmentation (WAAS) with reference to :

differential corrections depending on lat./ long co-ordinates

integrity messages

reference stations in a wide area

communication from co-ordination centre station via INMARSAT satellites to aircraft


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INMARSAT satellites with nav. channel

Describe the characteristics of European Geostationary Navigation Overlay System (EGNOS)including reference to :

integrity messages

reference stations in the whole of Europe

communication from co-ordination centre station via INMARSAT satellite to aircraft

two INMARSAT satellites, Atlantic Ocean Region East and Indian Ocean Region, with nav.channel

Pseudolites

Describe the principle of the use of pseudolites

Name the data given by an integrated DGPS/Pseudolite installation:

Indicate the required aircraft antenna locations for GPS and for a pseudolite

Define Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring (RAIM)

State the minimum number of satellites necessary to perform RAIM

State the use of the failure detection and exclusion algorithm of RAIM

Integrated Navigation Systems using GPS

Define the term Multisensor System

GPS and INS Integration

State the advantages of GPS/INS integration with respect to redundancy and short and long termstability

Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring (RAIM) Availability for GPS Augmented with BarometricAltimeter Aiding and Clock Coasting


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Identify the possible extension of the use of RAIM to include barometric altimeter aiding and clockcoasting

Combination of GPS and GLONASS

Explain the requirements of Civil Aviation with respect to the combined use of GPS and GLONASS

GPS Navigation Applications

GPS Applications for Air Traffic Control

Interpret the application of GPS within the context of air traffic control for

oceanic control

enroute control

basic area navigation (cf. JAA Leaflet 2)

terminal control non-precision approaches

precision approaches

surveillance

Name the required augmentations relating to the use of GPS for precision approaches

GPS Applications in Civil Aviation

Interpret the requirements for the use of GPS in Civil Aviation with respect to

dynamics

functionality: GPS position integrated with Inertial positions presented on a (EFIS) screen

accuracy:

en-route GPS,


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non precision approaches: DGPS, WADGPS or WAAS

precision approaches LAAS and phase measuring

availability

reliability

integrity by differential stations

The following are to be described by LOs at a future date when the system architecture has beenclarified and the use of GPS for automatic landings is accepted:

Automatic Approach and Landing with GPS

Precision Landing of Aircraft using Integrity Beacons

Future Implementations

Los 061 062 Nav Cpl_a (Prior to Npa-fcl 25)

Documents

Transcript of Los 061 062 Nav Cpl_a (Prior to Npa-fcl 25)