Lorraine OGrady Olympias Maid Reclaiming Black Female Subjectivity

8/13/2019 Lorraine OGrady Olympias Maid Reclaiming Black Female Subjectivity

1/23

Bmyephd's Edhl? Ycamdhehk`

Imdan Fcedmc Quiocathvhty*

Mbrrdhkc B'@rdly

4889, 488 bk tjc btjcr, kbk-wjhtc br, prbtbtyphadmmy, imdan. \jc twbiblhcs adkkbt ic scpdrdtcl, kbr adk bkc ibly ic uklcrstbbl hkhsbmdthbk frbe tjc btjcr hk tjc Pcst's ectdpjbrha abkstruathbk bf

"wbedk." Pjhtc hs wjdt wbedk hs> kbt-wjhtc (dkl tjcstcrcbtypcs kbt-wjhtc `dtjcrs hk) hs wjdt sjc jdl icttcr kbt ic.Cvck hk dk dmmc`clmy pbsteblcrk crd, tjc kbt-wjhtc wbedk dswcmm ds tjc kbt-wjhtc edk drc syeibmhadmmy dkl cvck tjcbrcthadmmycxamulcl frbe scxudm lhffcrckac.4\jchr fukathbk abkthkucs tb ic,iy tjchr ajhdrbsaurb, tb adst tjc lhffcrckac bf wjhtc eck dklwjhtc wbeck hktb sjdrpcr rcmhcf.

D ndmchlbsabpc bf kbt-wjhtc fcedmcs, Dshdk, KdthvcDecrhadk, Mdthkd, dkl Dfrhadk, jdvc pmdycl lhsthkat pdrts hk tjc

*\jc fhrst pdrt bf tjhs drthamc wds puimhsjcl hkDftcrhed`c 97, kb. 4 (Queecr 4889).\jc rcvhscl vcrshbk, hkamulhk` Wbstsarhpt, brh`hkdmmy dppcdrcl hk Kcw FcehkhstArhthahse? Drt, Hlckthty, Dathbk, cl. Obdkkd Frucj, Adssdklrd M. Mdk`cr, dkl DrmckcYdvck (Kcw Xbrn? Habk, 488


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Pcst's tjcdtcr bf scxudm jhcrdrajy. Iut ht hs tjc Dfrhadk fcedmcwjb, iy vhrtuc bf abmbr dkl fcdturc dkl tjc cxtrcec ectdpjbrsbf cksmdvceckt, hs dt tjc butcrebst rcdajcs bf "btjcrkcss." \jussjc suisuecs dmm tjc rbmcs bf tjc kbt-wjhtc ibly.

\jc sehmhk`, idrc-ircdstcl Dfrhadk edhl, phaturcl sb bftckhk Vhatbrhdk trdvcm ibbns dkl Kdthbkdm @cb`rdpjhaed`dzhkc, `btsbectjhk` ebrc tjdk d ajdk`c bf amhedtc dkl sackcry wjck sjcadec jcrc.

Qymvhd Drlck Ibbkc, hk jcr ibbn Ydlhdkac frbe tjc Pdtcrs(48:6), bk tjc pjyshadm dkl ectdpjyshadm dspcats bf Ecklcfcehkhkc icduty, sdys bf abktcepbrdry Ecklc? "Ecklc `hrms `btbpmcss hk tjc vhmmd`c dkl fdrejbusc. Cvck hk uridk drcds, `hrms

drc idrc-ircdstcl hk tjc jbusc? sajbbm`hrms tdnc bff tjchr lrcsscswjck tjcy abec jbec, dkl ibdrlhk` stulckts drc ebstabefbrtdimc drbukl tjc lbrehtbrhcs wcdrhk` bkmy d wrdppclsnhrt."9

Pjdt jdppckcl tb tjc `hrm wjb wds diluatcl frbe jcrvhmmd`c, tjck sjhppcl jcrc hk ajdhks2 Pjdt jdppckcl tb jcrlcsacklckts2 Edmc-fdktdsy hed`cs bk rdp vhlcbs tb tjc abktrdry,ds d swheecr, hk abeeukdm sjbwcrs dt puimha pbbms drbukl tjcabuktry, H jdvc whtkcsscl imdan `hrms dkl wbeck bf dmm amdsscs

sjbwcrhk` dkl sjdepbbhk` whtj tjchr idtjhk` suhts bk, wjhmcicshlc tjce tjchr wjhtc shstcrs stdkl ukdidsjclmy strhppcl.Wcrjdps tjc prb`cky bf tjdt Dfrhadk edhlck fccm tjcy eust sthmmprbtcat tjcescmvcs frbe tjc ackturhcs-mbk` dssdumt tjdtajdrdatcrhzcs tjce, hk tjc wbrls bf tjc Kcw Xbrn \hecsdlpmdacl iy d `rbup bf Dfrhadk Decrhadk wbeck tb prbtcst tjcAmdrckac \jbedsDkhtd Jhmm jcdrhk`s, ds "heebrdm, hksdthdimc,pcrvcrsc> tjc hkhthdtbrs hk dmm scxudm abktdatsdiushvc brbtjcrwhsc."1

Wcrjdps tjcy jdvc hktcrkdmhzcl dkl drc abbpcrdthk` whtj tjcPcst's abkstruathbk bf kbt-wjhtc wbeck ds kbt-tb-ic-scck. Jbwabuml tjcy/wc kbt ic dffcatcl iy tjdt mhk`crhk` struaturc bfhkvhshihmhty, ckdatcl hk tjc eyrhdl ablhahms bf ldhmy mhfc dkl sthmmckfbracl iy tjc hed`cs bf ibtj pbpumdr dkl jh`j aumturc2 Jbwkbt `ct tjc ecssd`c bf wjdt Oulhtj Phmsbk admms "tjc mc`hbks bfimdan scrvdkts wjb mbbe hk tjc sjdlbws bf Curbpcdk dkl


3/23

Curbpcdk-Decrhadk drhstbardtha pbrtrdhturc,"


4/23

scx ibeis ds Tucck Cmhzdictj H, Cehmy Lhanhksbk, dkl Qusdk I.Dktjbky, wjdt hs bkc tb tjhkn wjck \rutj, tjc ebtjcr bf fbur,rcachvcs tjc bkmy pmdtc hksarhicl whtj d fdac2:Acrtdhkmy JbrtckscQphmmcrs hs ousthfhcl hk stdthk` tjdt "tjc cxahshbk bf tjc `ckhtdmhdjcrc hs d syeibmha adstrdthbk. Iy cffdahk` tjc `ckhtdms, Ajhad`bkbt bkmy dirb`dtcs tjc lhsturihk` scxudmhty bf jcr suiocat, iutdmsb jbpcs tb su``cst tjdt jcr scxudm ichk` lhl kbt cxhst tb iclckhcl hk tjc fhrst pmdac."8

Dkl yct Ehajcmc Pdmmdac hs rh`jt tb sdy, cvck ds sjcmdeckts furtjcr hkstdkacs bf tjc lhscepbwcreckt bf kbt-wjhtcwbeck hk jcr cssdy bk Wrhvhmc`c(4887), Xvbkkc Ydhkcr's mdtcstfhme, tjdt tjc mcft-fcehkhst dvdkt-`drlc, "hk fbrc`rbuklhk` dpbmhthadm lhsabursc bk drt dkl aumturc," jds fbstcrcl d amhedtc tjdt

edncs ht "jypbtjcthadmmy pbsshimc tb puimhamy rcvhcw dklhktcrrb`dtc tjdt vcry jhstbry bf cxamushbk dkl rdahse."47

Pjdt dmtcrkdthvc hs tjcrc rcdmmyhk arcdthk` d wbrmlsckshthvc tb lhffcrckac, d wbrml wjcrc edr`hks adk icabecacktcrstb d abbpcrdthvc cffbrt ictwcck wjhtc wbeck dklwbeck dkl eck bf abmbr2 Iut abbpcrdthbk hs prclhadtcl bksckshthvhty tb lhffcrckacs debk` burscmvcs. Ds Kdkay Jdrtsbanjds sdhl, "Pc kccl tb lhssbmvc tjc fdmsc 'wc' hktb hts truceumthpmhahty."44Pc eust ic whmmhk` tb jcdr cdaj btjcr dkl tb admm

cdaj btjcr iy bur "truc-truc kdec."49

\b kdec burscmvcs rdtjcr tjdk ic kdecl wc eust fhrst sccburscmvcs. Fbr sbec bf us tjhs whmm kbt ic cdsy. Qb mbk`ukehrrbrcl hk bur truc scmvcs, wc edy jdvc fbr`bttck jbw wcmbbn. Kcvcrtjcmcss, wc adk't tjcbrhzc hk d vbhl, wc eust jdvccvhlckac. Dkl wcH spcdn bkmy fbr imdan wbeck jcrcjdvcidrcmy ic`uk tb drthaumdtc bur mhfc cxpcrhckac. \jc jcrbharcaupcrdthvc cffbrt iy bur fhathbk dkl kbkfhathbk wrhtcrssbecthecs fccm stuan dt tjc ebeckt icfbrc tjc CedkahpdthbkWrbamdedthbk.41Ht hs smbw dkl ht hs pdhkfum. Fbr dt tjc ckl bf cvcrypdtj wc tdnc, wc fhkl d ibly tjdt hs dmwdys dmrcdly abmbkhzcl. Dibly tjdt jds icck rdpcl, edhecl, eurlcrcltjdt hs wjdt wceust `hvc d jcdmtjy prcsckt.

Ht hs kb wbklcr tjdt wjck Oulhtj Phmsbk wckt hk scdraj bfkhkctccktj-acktury kulcs iy imdan drthsts, sjc fbukl bkmy tjrcc


5/23

stdtucs bf kbk-imdan ajhmlrck Clebkhd Mcwhs's Wbbr Auphl(4:06)> jcrDsmccp(4:04)> dkl bkc bf tjc twb ajhmlrck hk jcr

Dwdnc(4:09)4


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ukdkdmyzcl dt tjc thec (wc lhl kbt jdvc tjc daacss tjck tjdt wclb kbw), kbw scces d pdrdlh`e fbr tjc whmmhk`kcss tb mbbn, tb`ct pdst ceidrrdsseckt dkl rctrhcvc tjc euthmdtcl ibly, dsQphmmcrs wdrks wc eust hf wc drc tb `dhk tjc amcdr-sh`jtclkcsskcclcl tb bvcrtjrbw jhcrdrajhadm ihkdrhcs? "Kchtjcr tjcsjdecfdac bf tjc ceidrrdsscl, kbr tjc kbt-mbbnhk`-idan bf tjcscmf-dssurcl hs bf euaj hktcrcst tb us," Qphmmcrs wrhtcs, "dkl whmmkbt jcmp dt dmm hf rh`br hs bur lrcde."94

Ht hs arucmmy hrbkha, bf abursc, tjdt oust ds tjc kccl tbcstdimhsj bur suiocathvhty hk prcfdac tb tjcbrhzhk` bur vhcw bf tjcwbrml icabecs ebst lhrc, tjc hlcd bf suiocathvhty htscmf jdsicabec "prbimcedthzcl." Iut wjck wc mbbn tb scc oust wjbscsuiocathvhty jds jdl tjc `rbukl sjhftcl but frbe uklcr ht hk tjc

trcebrs bf pbsteblcrkhse, wc fhkl (wjb cmsc2) tjc bkc tb wjbeJdrtsban rcfcrs ds "tjc trdksacklcktdm vbhac bf tjcCkmh`jtckeckt" br, icttcr yct, "Jc Pjb \jcbrhzcs."99Pcmm, `bblrhlldkac tb jhe. Pc wjb drc hkajhk` bur wdy frbe tjc edr`hkstb tjc acktcr adkkbt dffbrl tb tdnc jhs prbimces br jhs trutjs fbrbur bwk.

Dmtjbu`j thec edy ic rukkhk` but fbr suaj sccehk`myedr`hkdm d`cklds ds tjc cstdimhsjeckt bf imdan fcedmcsuiocathvhty (tjc jcdlmhkcs rcehkl us bf tjhs cvcry ldy) dkl wc

edy fccm prcssurcl tb ebvc fdst, wc eust kbt ic tbbabkacptudmmy jdsty. \jhs hs d smbw iushkcss, ds bur wrhtcrs jdvcfbukl but. \jc wbrn bf rcaupcrdthbk abkthkucs. Hk d phcac admmclQcck(4887) iy tjc abkacptudm drthst Yckcc @rcckc, twb bf burdkacstrcsscs ebst hk kccl, Qddrtohc Iddrtedk ("tjc JbttcktbtVckus") dkl Obscpjhkc Idncr, jdvc icck "tdnck idan." Cdaj hkjcr ldy (cdrmy khkctccktj dkl twckthctj acktury, rcspcathvcmy)wds tjc ebst acmcirdtcl Curbpcdk cxjhiht bf cxbtha fmcsj.@rcckc's phcac hkvhtcl tjc vhcwcr tb stdkl bk d std`c hksarhiclwhtj hkfbredthbk dibut tjc twb dkl, tjrbu`j d "whknhc" bf cycs hktjc fmbbr dkl d sjdlbw sarcck ebuktcl bk tjc shlc, tbcxpcrhckac jbw tjc brh`hkdms eust jdvc fcmt, phkkcl dklwrh``mhk` bk tjc wdmm. \jc phcac jds hepbrtdkt dttrhiutcs? ht hsdibvc dmm abbm dkl sedrt. Iut frbe tjc pcrspcathvc ichk`lhsausscl jcrctjc cstdimhsjeckt bf suiocathvhtyicadusc ht hsdllrcsscl ebrc tb tjc btjcr tjdk tb tjc scmf dkl scces tb


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lcabkstruat tjc suiocat oust icfbrc ht cxprcsscs ht, ht edy kbtukcdrtj ckbu`j kcw hkfbredthbk.

\jc qucsthbk bf tb wjbe wbrn hs dllrcsscl adkkbt iccepjdshzcl tbb strbk`my. Hk tjc 4807s, Dfrhadk Decrhadk wbeckkbvcmhsts sjbwcl jbw `rcdt d mcdp hk drthstha edturhty abuml icedlc shepmy iy turkhk` frbe tjchr edmc pccrs' pdttcrk bf"cxpmdhkhk` httb tjce," ds Ebrrhsbk bkac put ht, tb sjbwhk` jbw htfccms tb us.91

Icshlcs, pmcdlhk` abktdhks d spcahdm trdp, ds @dydtrh Qphvdnkbtcl hk jcr lhsausshbk bf tjc ajdrdatcr Ajrhstbpjhkc hk OcdkYjys's Phlc Qdr`dssb Qcd? "Kb pcrspcathvc arhthadmbf hepcrhdmhseadk turk tjc Btjcr hktb d scmf, icadusc tjc prbocat bf hepcrhdmhse

jds dmwdys dmrcdly jhstbrhadmmy rcfrdatcl wjdt eh`jt jdvc iccktjc disbmutcmy Btjcr hktb d lbecsthadtcl Btjcr tjdt abksbmhldtcstjc hepcrhdmhst scmf."9 H wdktcl tb cepmby d imdan scmf strhppcl bf ds edky mdycrsbf daaumturdthbk ds pbsshimc. \jc bkc phcac hk tjc sjbw whtj


8/23

cxpmhahtmy rcprcscktcl scxudmhty, \jc Amcdrhk`(4884), d lhptyaj hkwjhaj d imdan fcedmc ck`d`cl whtj d wjhtc edmc, wds tb ec mcssdibut scx tjdk ht wds dibut aumturc. Ht wds kbt pbsshimc tbrcedhk hkkbackt fbr mbk`, jbwcvcr. H sbbk ckabuktcrcl dkckayambpclhd bf prbimcedthas abkacrkhk` tjc imdan ibly? d`c,wch`jt, abklhthbk, kbt tb eckthbk jdhr tcxturc, fcdturcs, dkl snhktbkc. Cspcahdmmy snhk tbkc. Dky edmc dkl fcedmc shlc iy shlc bktjc wdmm drc tcajkhadmmy edrrhcl. Jbw tb drrdk`c d qudlrhptyajsuaj ds @dzc(4884), abepbscl bf jcdl-dkl-sjbumlcr sjbts bflhffcrcktmy jucl imdan eck dkl wbeck2 Qjbuml H edrry tjc fdhrwbedk tb tjc ldrn edk2 \jc ldrn wbedk tb tjc fdhr edk2 Pjdtstdtceckts whmm H ic ednhk` dibut lhffcrckac hf H `hvc tjce edtcsedtajhk` hk sjdlc2 Pjdt whmm H ic sdyhk` dibut tjc jhstbry bfamdss2

\jcrc wds dkbtjcr prbimcedtha, ds pcrsbkdm ds ht wdsaumturdm. Pjhaj edhecl ibly wbuml ic icst rctrhcvcl ds tjc`rbukl bf ey ihb`rdpjha cxpcrhckac2 Xbuk` br ehllmc-d`cl2Oczcicm br Edeey2 \jc wbedk H wds br tjc wbedk H de kbw2Dkl wjhaj ibly juc sjbuml H usc tb `ckcrdmhzc ey uppcr-ehllmc-amdss Pcst HklhdkDecrhadk cxpcrhckac2 D imdan-snhkkcl"dkacstrcss," br tjc fdhrcr-snhkkcl prbluat bf rdpc2 H jcl`cl. Hktjc ckl, H ajbsc dk Dfrhadk-Irhthsj jh`j-fdsjhbk eblcm, Mbklbk-ibrk iut whtj pdrckts frbe Qhcrrd Mcbkc. Fbr ec, sjc abkvcycl

hepbrtdkt deih`uhthcs? sjc wds imdan-snhkkcl, iut jcr kulc iblyrctdhkcl tjc durd bf ycdrs bf prcpdrdthbk fbr rukwdy wbrn hkCurbpc. Hk \jc Qtrdk`c \dxh? Frbe Dfrhad tb Odedhad tb Ibstbk hk977 Xcdrs, wjcrc tjc suiocat wds jyirhlhse htscmf, ey mhtcrdmdkacstrcsscs, wjb tb sbec edy jdvc mbbncl wjhtc, sprbutclfrbe d Curbpcdk edkshbk rbmmhk` bk wjccms lbwk tjc Dfrhadkwbedk's idan. Dmtjbu`j tjcy edy jdvc icck abktrbvcrshdm, Hmhncl tjc qucsthbks tjbsc icduthfummy lrcsscl, prbulmy crcat, ad.Pbrml Pdr H wbeck rdhscl, kbt mcdst bf wjhaj wds jbw tjcprbluats bf rdpc abuml ic sb scmf-abkfhlckt, sb pbhscl.

Ds H wrcstmcl whtj cvcr sjhfthk` hssucs rc`drlhk` wjhaj imdanwbedk tb sjbbt, H adec tb uklcrstdkl dkl syepdtjhzc whtjMbrkd Qhepsbk's ajbhac bf d ukhfhcl rcspbksc hk suaj ebktd`csds @udrlcl Abklhthbks(48:8), hk wjhaj d irbwk-snhkkcl wbedkhk d sjdpcmcss wjhtc sjhft hs sjbt frbe icjhklwhtj cvcry dspcatbf suiocathvhty ibtj iblhmy dkl fdahdm baamulcl, cxacpt tjc kccl tb


9/23

abvcr up htscmfdkl tjck eumthpmhcl. Kb lbuit dibut ht. \jhseumthpmc wbedk sjbwcrs dkl sjdepbbs hk jcr sjhft.

Iut, H tcmm eyscmf, tjhs adkkbt ic tjc ckl. Fhrst wc eustdankbwmcl`c tjc abepmcxhty, dkl tjck wc eust surrcklcr tb ht.Bf abursc, tjcrc hsk't dky fhkdm dkswcrhk` bf tjc qucsthbk, "Pjdtjdppckcl tb tjdt edhl wjck sjc wds irbu`jt jcrc2" \jcrc hsbkmy tjc prbacss bf dkswcrhk` ht dkl tjc abepmcecktdry prbacssbf dmmbwhk` cdaj dkswcr tb abec tb tjc lhkkcr pdrty bk hts bwktcres. Cdaj bf tjcsc prbacsscs hs oust ic`hkkhk`, iut pcrjdps hfibtj abkthkuc, tjc kdturc bf tjc dkswcrs whmm ic`hk tb ajdk`cdkl wc whmm dmm ic icttcr bff. Fbr hf tjc fcedmc ibly hk tjc Pcst hsbivcrsc dkl rcvcrsc, ht whmm kbt ic scck hk hts hktc`rhtykchtjcrshlc whmm nkbw htscmfukthm tjc kbt-wjhtc ibly jds ehrrbrcl

jcrscmf fummy.

Wbstsarhpt

\jc pdrd`rdpjs dibvc wcrc lrdftcl fbr lcmhvcry icfbrc d pdkcm bftjc Abmmc`c Drt Dssbahdthbk cdrmy hk 4889.93Ycrcdlhk` tjce, H adkscc tb jbw `rcdt dk cxtckt tjcy wcrc mhehtcl iy tjc pdkcm'skdrrbwmy fcehkhst irhcf. \jc tbpha dssh`kcl wds "Adk tjc kdncl

fcedmc ibly cffcathvcmy rcprcsckt wbeck's suiocathvhty hkabktcepbrdry Kbrtj Decrhadk eclhd aumturc, wjhaj rc`umdrmyprcsckts wbeck's iblhcs ds biocats fbr d vbycurhstha dklfcthsjhzhk` edmc `dzc2"

H tjhkn H wds hkvhtcl icadusc H wds tjc bkmy imdan fcedmcdrthst cepmbyhk` tjc kulc dkybkc bk tjc pdkcm jdl jcdrl bf. Hfcmt mhnc tjc cxtrd `ucst wjb's oust sphmmcl sbup bk tjc tdimcambtjwjck H jdl tb rcocat tjc pdkcm's prcehsc. \jc imdan fcedmc's

ibly kccls mcss tb ic rcsaucl frbe tjc edsaumhkc "`dzc" tjdk tbic spruk` frbe d jhstbrha sarhpt surrbuklhk` jcr whtj sh`khfhadthbkwjhmc dt tjc sdec thec, dkl kbt pdrdlbxhadmmy, ht crdscs jcrabepmctcmy.

Qthmm, H abuml pcrjdps jdvc lbkc d icttcr obi bf amdrhfyhk`"wjdt ht hs H tjhkn H de lbhk` dkywdy."96Pjctjcr H whmm ht br kbt,


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ds d imdan fcedmc drthst ey wbrn hs dt tjc kcxus bf d``rdvdtclpsyajha dkl sbahdm fbracs ds yct ebstmy ukajdrtcl. H abuml jdvccxpmdhkcl ey vhcw, dkl sjbwk tjc hepmhadthbks fbr ey wbrn, bftjc eumthpmc tckshbks ictwcck abktcepbrdry drt dkl arhthadmtjcbry, suiocathvhty dkl aumturc, eblcrkhse dkl pbsteblcrkhse,dkl, cspcahdmmy fbr d imdan fcedmc, tjc prbimcedtha bfpsyajbdkdmyshs ds d mchtebthf tjrbu`j dmm bf tjcsc.

H lbk't wdkt tb mcdvc tjc heprcsshbk tjdt H de prhvhmc`hk`rcprcscktdthbk bf tjc ibly. Bk tjc abktrdry? tjbu`j H d`rcc, tbdmtcr d pjrdsc bf Ecrmcdu-Wbkty, tjdt cvcry tjcbry b suiocathvhtyhs umthedtcmy d tjcbry bf tjc ibly,90fbr ec tjc ibly hs oust bkcdrthstha qucsthbk tb wjhaj ht hs kbt kcacssdrhmy tjc drthstha dkswcr.

Ey wbrn hk prb`rcss lcdms whtj wjdt @dydtrh Qphvdn jdsadmmcl tjc "'whkkhk` idan' bf tjc pbshthbk bf tjc qucsthbkhk`suiocat."9:\b whk idan tjdt pbshthbk fbr tjc Dfrhadk Decrhadkfcedmc whmm rcquhrc idmdkahk` hk ecktdm sbmuthbk d suivcrshbk bftwb biocats tjdt edy dppcdr supcrfhahdmmy lhsthkat? bk tjc bkcjdkl, pjdmmbacktrha tjcbry> dkl bk tjc btjcr, tjc mhvcl rcdmhthcs bfPcstcrk hepcrhdmhst jhstbry, fbr wjhaj dmm fbres bf tjdt tjcbry,hkamulhk` tjc ebst rcackt, fukathbk ds whmmhk` br ukwhmmhk`hkstrueckts.

Ht hs kb bvcrstdtceckt tb sdy tjdt tjc `rcdtcst idrrhcr H/wc

fdac hk whkkhk` idan tjc qucsthbkhk` suiocat pbshthbk hs tjcPcst's abkthkuhk` trdlhthbk bf ihkdry, "chtjcr?br" mb`ha, dpjhmbsbpjha systce tjdt lcfhkcs tjc ibly hk bppbshthbk tb tjcehkl. Ihkdrhstha tjbu`jt pcrshsts cvck hk tjbsc abktcepbrdrylhsahpmhkcs tb wjhaj imdan drthsts dkl tjcbrcthahdks eust mbbn fbrdmmhcs. Pjdtcvcr tjc tjcbry bf tjc ebeckt, icfbrc wc jdvc jdl dajdkac tb spcdn, wc jdvc dmwdys dmrcdly icck spbnck dkl buriblhcs pmdacl dt tjc ihkdry cxtrcec, tjdt hs tb sdy, bk tjc"btjcr" shlc bf tjc abmbk. Pjctjcr tjc tjcbry hs Ajrhsthdkhty breblcrkhse, cdaj bf wjhaj sarhpts tjc ibly ds dmm-kdturc, buriblhcs whmm ic tjc ebst kdturdm. Hf ht hspbststruaturdmhse/pbsteblcrkhse, wjhaj tjrbu`j d tjcbrcthadmsmch`jt bf jdkl `hvcs tjc hmmushbk bf jdvhk` abkqucrcl ihkdrhcs, iy

obhkhk` tjc bkac scpdrdtcl ibly dkl ehkl dkl tjck tdnhk` tjhs"ukhfhcl" suiocat, pcrvcrscmy admmcl "frd`ecktcl," dkllcsh`kdthk` ht ds dmm-aumturc, wc adk ic surc ht hs bursuiocathvhthcstjdt whmm ic tjc ebst aumturdmmy lctcrehkcl. Bf abursc, ht hs mhnc


11/23

wjhspcrhk` dibut tjc cepcrbr's kcw ambtjcs tb rcedrn tjdtkdturc, tjc btjcr jdmf bf tjc Pcst's fbuklhk` ihkdry, hs dmm tjcebrc pbwcrfummy prcsckt fbr jdvhk` fdmmck tjrbu`j d tjcbrcthadmtrdplbbr.

Dmebst ds edllckhk` ds tjc tjcbrhcs tjce scmvcs hs tjcthec md` tjdt aduscs tjce tb bvcrmdp hk d ardzy quhmt bfheirhadthbk. \jcrc hs kcvcr d ebeckt wjck kcw tjcbrylcfhkhthvcmy lrhvcs but bml. Quaacsshvc, abktrdlhatbry hlcdsabkthkuc tb cxhst sykajrbkhsthadmmy, dkl wc kcvcr nkbw wjcrc dkdttdan whmm ic abehk` frbe, br wjcrc tb strhnc prccepthvcmy.Skmcss bkc uklcrstdkls tjdt tjc bkmy abkstdkt bf tjcscheirhadtcl tjcbrhcs hs tjc imdan ibly's mbadthbk dt tjc cxtrcec,tjc fbmmbwhk` stdtceckts iy sbec bf bur ebrc hktcrcsthk` aumturdm

tjcbrhsts eh`jt dppcdr hkabkshstckt.Kbt mbk` d`b, Nbickd Ecracr dkl Hsdda Oumhck fcmt bimh`cl tb

dr`uc d`dhkst tjc lcfhkhthbk bf tjc ibly ds dmm-kdturc. Dftcrkbthk` tjdt "Curbpcdk aumturc jds prhvhmc`cl scxudmhty ds tjccssckac bf tjc scmf, tjc hkkcrebst abrc bf bkc's 'pcrsbkdmhty,'"tjcy wckt bk tb sdy? "\jhs 'cssckthdmhst' vhcw bf scxudmhty. . .dmrcdly abktdhks rdahse. Jhstbrhadmmy, tjc Curbpcdk abkstruathbkbf scxudmhty abhkahlcs whtj tjc cpbaj bf hepcrhdmhse dkl tjc twbhktcrabkkcat. ^HtU hs idscl bk tjc hlcd tjdt scx hs tjc ebst idsha

fbre bf kdturdmkcss wjhaj hs tjcrcfbrc rcmdtcl tb ichk` ukahvhmhzclbr d`dhkstahvhmhzdthbk" (ey cepjdshs).98

Ehajcmc Pdmmdac, bk tjc btjcr jdkl, rcacktmy fbukl jcrscmfrcquhrcl tb lcfckl tjc imdan ibly d`dhkst d jcreckcuthas bf dmm-aumturc. "Ht hs kbt bftck rcab`khzcl," sjc abeecktcl, "tjdtiblhcs dkl psyajcs bf abmbr jdvc trdocatbrhcs hk cxacss bf tjchrsbahdmmy dkl/br aumturdmmy abkstruatcl hlckththcs."17Jcr stdtceckths dkbtjcr wdy bf sdyhk`? kbw tjdt wc jdvc "prbvcl" tjcpcrsbkdm hs tjc pbmhthadm, ht hs thec fbr us tb rcdsscrt tjdt tjcpcrsbkdm hs kbtoustpbmhthadm.

Pdmmdac dkl Ecracr dkl Oumhck drc dmm fbracl tb lcamdrc tjdtsuiocathvhty icmbk`s tb ibtjkdturc dklaumturc. Ht's truc,"ibtj?dkl" tjhknhk` hs dmhck tb tjc Pcst. Kbt bkmy hs ht abkshlcrclprhehthvc, iut ht hs kbw furtjcr tdrrcl whtj tjc irusj bf dpcrachvcl abkkcathbk tb cssckthdmhse. Fbr dky dr`ueckt tjdt


12/23

suiocathvhty hs pdrtmy kdturdm hs dssuecl tb ic cssckthdmhst. Iutlcsphtc tjc aurrckay bf dkth-cssckthdmhst drùeckts, wjhtcfcehkhsts dkl tjcbrhsts bf abmbr jdvc kb ajbhac? tjcy eustlcvcmbp arhthqucs bf wjhtc edsaumhkhst "chtjcr?br-hse," cvck hf tjhsputs tjce hk tjc pbshthbk bf dppcdrhk` tb sct cssckthdmhse upd`dhkst dkth-cssckthdmhse. \jhs hkjcrckt lhmceed bf tjc arhthquc bfihkdrhse edy ic scck hk Qphvdn's bftck deushk` luanhk` dklfchkthk`. \b ousthfy dppdrckt tjcbrcthadm hkabkshstckahcs, Qphvdnbkac cxpmdhkcl jcr pbshthbk tb dk hktcrvhcwcr ds fbmmbws? "Ydtjcrtjdk lcfhkc eyscmf ds spcahfha rdtjcr tjdk ukhvcrsdm, H sjbuml sccwjdt hk tjc ukhvcrsdmhzhk` lhsabursc abuml ic uscfum dkl tjck `bbk tb scc wjcrc tjdt lhsabursc eccts hts mhehts dkl hts ajdmmck`cwhtjhk tjdt fhcml. H tjhkn wc jdvc tb ajbbsc d`dhk strdtc`hadmmy,kbt ukhvcrsdm lhsabursc iut cssckthdmhst lhsabursc. H tjhkn tjdt

shkac s d lcabkstruathvhstscc, H oust tbbn d mdicm upbk eyscmfHadkkbt hk fdat amcdk ey jdkls dkl sdy, 'H'e spcahfha.' Hk fdat Heust sdy H de dk cssckthdmhst frbe thec tb thec. \jcrc hs, fbrcxdepmc, tjc strdtc`ha ajbhac bf d `ckhtdmhst cssckthdmhse hkdkthscxhst wbrn tbldy. Jbw ht rcmdtcs tb dmm bf tjhs btjcr wbrn Hde tdmnhk` dibut, H lbk't nkbw, iut ey scdraj hs kbt d scdraj fbrabjcrckac (ey cepjdshs)."14Qbecibly sdy Deck.

Hf drthsts dkl tjcbrhsts bf abmbr wcrc tb lcvcmbp dkl sustdhkbur arhthadm fmcxhihmhty, wc abuml adusc d pcredkckt hktcrrupthbk hk

Pcstcrk "chtjcr?br-hse." Dkl wc eh`jt fhkl bur prbocat dhlcl iytjdt sdec prbimcedtha heirhadthbk bf tjcbry, wjbsc lhsoukathvcmdycrs abuml sh`kdm tjc pcrshstckac bf dk uksuspcatcl "ibtj?dkl-hse," jhllck, yct dmhvc dt tjc suitcrrdkcdk mcvcms bf tjc Pcst'sabkstruats. Qhkac wc drc fbracl tb drùc ibtj tjdt tjc ibly hsebrc tjdk kdturc, dkl dt tjc sdec thectb rcebkstrdtc tjdttjcrc hs nkbwmcl`c icybkl mdkùd`c/aumturc, wjy kbt schzc dklcmdibrdtc tjc dkbedmy2 Hk lbhk` sb, wc eh`jt ukabvcr tbbms bfbur bwk whtj wjhaj tb lhsedktmc tjc jbusc bf tjc edstcr.19

Bur prbocat abuml ic`hk whtj psyajbdkdmyshs, tjc bftckukdankbwmcl`cl mhkajphk bf Pcstcrk (edmc) aumturdm tjcbry. \jcabktrdlhathbks aurrcktmy surrbuklhk` tjhs fbukldthbkdm tjcbryhklhadtc hts sjdny pbshthbk. \b d mdy pcrsbk, pbsteblcrkhsescces tb pcrshst hk mdkùd`c tjdt bppbscs psyajbdkdmyshs tbbtjcr fbres bf tjcbrcthadm dathvhty, ednhk` ht d sahckac br "trutj"tjdt hs kbt aumturdmmy lctcrehkcl. Wsyajbdkdmyshs's scmf-


13/23


14/23

Iut tjdt behsshbk whmm sbbk ic rclrcsscl. Pc drc abehk`

dftcr tjce. Hk jcr ebst irhmmhdkt tjcbrcthadm cssdy tb ldtc, "\jcBppbshthbkdm @dzc," icmm jbbns tdncs bk wjhtc fcehkhst fhmearhthahse lhrcatmy.13Dkl @dydtrh Qphvdn irbbns kb qudrtcr. Qjcjds lcamdrcl tjdt kbk-Pcstcrk fcedmc suiocat abksthtuthbk hs tjcedhk ajdmmck`c tb psyajbdkdmyshs dkl abuktcrpsyajbdkdmyshs dkljds sdhl? "\jc mhehts bf tjchr tjcbrhcs drc lhsambscl iy dkckabuktcr whtj tjc edtcrhdmhty bf tjdt btjcr bf tjc Pcst."16

Fbr dk drthst bf abmbr, tjc prbimce hs mcss tjc mhehts bfpsyajbdkdmyshs tjdk hts sccehk` ihkdrhdm rh`hlhty. Lcsphtc tjcfhcml's sccehk` hkdihmhty tb cedkahpdtc htscmf frbe "chtjcr?br-hse,"H jbpc hts pcracpts drc sdmvd`cdimc fbr tjc kbk-Pcst.

Wsyajbdkdmyshs, dftcr dktjrbpbmb`y, whmm surcmy ic tjc kcxt `rcdtPcstcrk lhsahpmhkc tb ukrdvcm, iut H wbumlk't wdkt ht tb lcstruatabepmctcmy. Pc lbk't jdvc tb rchkvckt tjdt wjccm. Iut tb usc ht hkbur dutb-cxprcsshbk dkl dutb-arhthquc, wc whmm jdvc tb lhsmbl`c htfrbe hts kdrrbw idsc hk scxudmhty. Bkc wbklcrs hf, cvck fbrCurbpcdks, scxudmhty ds tjc acktcr br abrc bf "pcrsbkdmhty" hs dkdlcqudtc lhatue. Pjy lbcs tjcrc jdvc tb ic d "acktcr?kbt-acktcr" hk tjc fhrst pmdac2 Drc wc idan dt tjdt bml FrculDlmcrarbssrbdl2 Hk Pcstcrk bktbmb`y, wjy lbcs sbecibly dmwdysjdvc tb whk2

"Kdturc?aumturc," "ibly?ehkl," "scxudmhty?hktcmmcat," tjcscihkdrhcs lbk't ic`hk tb abvcr wjdt wc "scksc" bur burscmvcs. Hftjc wbrml abecs tb us tjrbu`j bur sckscsdkl jbwcvcrqudmhfhcl tjbsc drc iy aumturc, kb bkc sdy aumturc lctcrehkcscvcrytjhk`tjck cvck tjcy edy ic ebrc abepmhadtcl tjdk tjchrpsyajbdkdmytha lcsarhpthbk. Pjdt dibut tjc scksc bf idmdkac, bfcquhmhirhue2 Bf ey pcrsbkdm ab`htb's, d fdvbrhtc hs "H ldkac,tjcrcfbrc H tjhkn." H'e abkvhkacl tjdt hepbrtdkt, pcrjdps cvcktjc lccpcst, nkbwmcl`c abecs tb ec tjrbu`j ebvceckt, dkltjdt tjc bppbshthbk bf edtcrhdmhse tb hlcdmhse hs oust dkbtjcr bftjc Pcst's ihkdrhdm tjcbrces.

H jdvc kbt tdnck d sahckthfha survcy, iut H suspcat ebstDfrhadk Decrhadks wjb drc kbt hk tjc dadlcey wbuml mdu`j dttjc hlcd tjdt tjchr suiocathvc mhvcs wcrc br`dkhzcl drbukl tjc scxlrhvc dkl wbuml fccm tjdt "scxudmhty," d abkacptudm adtc`bry tjdt


15/23

hkamulcs tjhknhk` dibut ht ds wcmm ds lbhk` ht, hs sbectjhk` imdanpcbpmc oust lbk't jdvc thec fbr. \jhs "abeebk scksc" hs kcdtmydpprbprhdtcl fbr tjcbry iy Qphmmcrs hk jcr stdtceckt? "Qcxudmhtylcsarhics dkbtjcr typc bf lhsabursc tjdt spmhts tjc wbrml ictwccktjc 'Pcst dkl tjc Ycst bf Ss.'"10

Kbt tjdt scx hsk't hepbrtdkt tb tjcsc fbmns> ht's oust bkcacktcr debk` edky. Fbr Dfrhadk Decrhadk fbmn whslbe, tjc "scmf"rcvbmvcs dibut d scrhcs bf vdrhdimc "acktcrs," suaj ds scx dklfbbl> fdehmy dkl abeeukhty> dkl d sphrhtudm mhfc abepbsclsbecthecs bf @bl br tjc `bls, dt btjcrs bf dcstjcthas br stymc.Dkl ht's kbt bkmy tjc fbmn wjb rcocat tjc abkacpt bf d ukhtdryacktcr bf tjc "scmf." Imdan drthsts dkl tjcbrhsts frcqucktmy rcfcr tbDfrhadk Decrhadks ds "tjc fhrst pbsteblcrks." \jcy jdvc hk ehkl

d kbw d`rccl uklcrstdklhk` tjdt bur hkjcrhtdkac frbe tjcebtjcrmdkl bf prdèdtha, "ibtj?dkl" pjhmbsbpjha systces,abeihkcl whtj tjc jhstbrha lhsabkthkuhthcs bf bur cxpcrhckac dsimdan smdvcs hk d wjhtc wbrml, jdvc aduscl us tb abkstruatsuiocathvhthcs dimc tb kc`bthdtc ictwcck "acktcrs" tjdt, dt tjcmcdst, drc lbuimc.1:

Ht hs kb wbklcr tjdt tjc vhdihmhty bf psyajbdkdmythaabkvckthbks jds abec hktb arhshs. \jcrc hs d ùmf ictwcckPcstcrk dkl kbk-Pcstcrk qubthlhdk pcracpthbks bf scxudm

vdmckac, dkl tjc qucsthbk bf jbw psyajha lhffcrckacs abec hktbcffcat wjck "aumturdm lhffcrckacs" drc daabepdkhcl iy rcdmlhffcrckacs hk pbwcr. \jcsc drc edttcrs fbr tjcbrcthadm dklamhkhadm stuly. Iut fbr drthsts cxpmbrhk` dkl edpphk` imdansuiocathvhty, jdvhk` tb trdan tjc kbt-yct-nkbwk, dk hktcrcsthk`qucsthbk rcedhks? Adk psyajbdkdmyshs ic edlc tb trhdkùmdtckdturc dkl aumturc whtj "sphrhtudmhty" (fbr mdan bf d icttcr wbrl)dkl tjus hkabrpbrdtc d scksc bf hts bwk mhehts2 \jc lhsahpmhkc bfdrt rcquhrcs tjdt wc lhsthkùhsj ictwcck tjc ukabksahbus dkl tjcmhehts bf hts aurrckt tjcbry, dkl tjdt wc rcedhk dmhvc tb wjdt edycsadpc tjc kct bf tjcbrcthadm lcsarhpthbk.

Pjhmc wc dwdht dk dkswcr tb tjc qucsthbk, wc eustabkthkuc dsscrthk` tjc bivhbus. Fbr cxdepmc, wjck CmhzdictjJcss, d wjhtc drt arhtha, wrhtcs bf Ocdk-Ehajcm Idsquhdt's "ldrn,frdktha fhùrcs" ds fbmmbws, sjc ehsscs tjc pbhkt? "\jcrc hs kcvcrdky bkc wjb hs quhtc juedk, rcdmhzcl> tjc acktrdm fhùrcs drc


16/23

edsns, jbmmbw eck. . . Ht adk ic lhffhaumt tb scpdrdtc tjc `hrmsfrbe tjc ibys hk tjhs wbrn. Wdtcramcdrmy jds idmms, iut tjcrc's dkdscxudmkcss tjrbu`jbut tjdt hs abml."18Pbrls mhnc "jbt" dkl"abml" jdvc tjc sdec rcmcvdkac tb Idsquhdt's fh`urcs ds tjcy lbtb amdssha Dfrhadk saumpturcs.

\jc spdac sphrhtudmhty baauphcs hk tjc Dfrhadk Decrhadkukabksahbus hs hepbrtdkt tb spcaumdtc upbk, iut H jdvc tb icamcdr. Ey bwk abkacrk ds dk drthst hs tb rcamdhe imdan fcedmcsuiocathvhty sb ds tb "lc-jdukt" jhstbrha sarhpts dkl cstdimhsjwbrmlmy d`ckay. Quiocathvhty fbr ec whmm dmwdys ic d sbahdm dklkbt ecrcmy d sphrhtudm qucst.


17/23

Pjy sjbuml H whsj tb surrcklcr eblcrkhse's jdrl-wbkvhatbrhcs, hkamulhk` tjbsc bf tjc Ybedkthas dkl Qurrcdmhsts,vhatbrhcs bvcr amdsshahse's rcdr`udrl caamcshdsthadm dkl stdthsttjcbrhcs2 Lcsphtc hts "pbst-kcss," pbsteblcrkhse, whtj htsprhvhmc`hk` bf ehkl bvcr ibly dkl aumturc bvcr kdturc, sbecthecsfccms mhnc d rcturk tb tjc bkc-lheckshbkdmhty bf tjc amdsshaebeckt. \jdt, ebrc tjdk dky rdphlhty bf abktcepbrdrysbahbaumturdm ajdk`c dkl frd`ecktdthbk, edy ic wjy hts prbluatsdrc sb quhanmy lcshaadtcl.

Icadusc H de abkacrkcl whtj tjc rcamdedthbk bf imdanfcedmc suiocathvhty, H de bimh`cl tb mcdvc bpck tjc qucsthbk bfeblcrkhse's lcehsc. Fbr bkc tjhk`, tjcrc scces kb wdy drbukltjc fdat tjdt tjc ectjbl bf rcamdhehk` suiocathvhty prcahscmy

ehrrbrs eblcrkhse's lcsarhpthbk bf tjc drthstha prbacss. Pjdtcvcrcmsc ht edy rcquhrc, ht kccls dk dat bf whmm tb prbocat tjc hkshlcbktb tjc butshlc mbk` ckbu`j tb scc dkl tdnc pbsscsshbk bf ht.Iut, tjbu`j tjhs prbacss edy dppcdr supcrfhahdmmy rctdrldtdhrctbsbec, rcpbsscsshk` imdan fcedmc suiocathvhty whmm jdvcukfbrcscck rcsumts ibtj fbr dathbk dkl fbr hkquhry.

H de kbt su``csthk` dk didklbkeckt bf tjcbry? wjctjcrwc mhnc ht br kbt, wc drc hk dk crd, pbsteblcrk br btjcrwhsc, hkwjhaj kb prdaththbkcr adk dffbrl tb bvcrmbbn tjc bpckhk`s bf

lcabkstruathbk dkl btjcr pbststruaturdm tjcbrhcs. Iut ds Qphvdnjds sdhl whtj rcspcat tb pbmhthas, prdathac whmm hkcvhtdimy kbre tjctjcbry hkstcdl bf ichk` dk cxdepmc bf hklhrcat tjcbrcthadmdppmhadthbk? "Wbmhthas hs dssyectrhadm ^shaU," Qphvdn sdys> "ht hsprbvhshbkdm, ybu jdvc irbnck tjc tjcbry, dkl tjdt's tjc iurlckybu adrry wjck ybu icabec pbmhthadm."


18/23

pbsshihmhthcs,"


19/23

Cvcry drthst hs mhehtcl iy wjdt abkarctc ahrauestdkacs jdvc`hvck jcr tb scc dkl tjhkn, dkl iy wjdt jcr psyajc edncs htpbsshimc tb hkhthdtc. Kbt cvck distrdat drt adk ic edlc hk d sbahdmbr psyajha vdauue. Iut tjc drthst abkacrkcl whtj suiocathvhty hspdrthaumdrmy abkstrdhkcl tb stdy dmcrt tb tjc tckshbk bf lhffcrckacsictwcck tjc psyajha dkl tjc sbahdm. Ht hs jcr obi tb ednc pbsshimctjdt lykdehse Odaqucmhkc Ybsc jds lcsh`kdtcl ds "eclhuesuiocathvhty" dkl tb dvcrt tjc pcrhms bf ibtj tjc cxacsshvcmypcrsbkdm dkl tjc bvcrmy tjcbrcthadm.

\jc ajbhac bf wjdttb wbrn bk sbecthecs fccms tb tjc drthstmhnc d wdmn tjrbu`j d ehkcfhcml. Phtj kb fdhmprbbf tcajkbmb`y, ybutry tb ehkac dmbk` whtj ybur psyajha dkl sbahdm dktckkdcswhvcmhk`. @hvck tjc hlcds H jdvc butmhkcl jcrc, bk suiocathvhty

dkl psyajbdkdmyshs, eblcrkhse dkl eumthpmhahty, tjhs hs dshtudthbk hk wjhaj tjc fbmmbwhk` eblcst wbrls bf Ybsc's abumlprbvc jcmpfum? "H'e kbt pbshk` wjdt dk hlcdm fbre bf eclhuesuiocathvhty eh`jt ic> rdtjcr, H wdkt tb dsn wjcrc drc tjcfmdsjpbhkts bf tjc sbahdm dkl tjc psyajha tjdt drc bpcrdthk` ebstfbracfummy dt tjc ebeckt."


20/23

mhttmc thec, bkmy tjc tdsn's ur`ckay hs fbrahk` ec tb stbp mbk`ckbu`j tb try dkl amcdr d tjcbrcthadm wdy fbr ht.

Kbtcs

4 Jbrtcksc O. Qphmmcrs, "Hktcrsthacs? D Qedmm Lrded bf Pbrls," hk Wmcdsurc dklLdk`cr? Cxpmbrhk` Fcedmc Qcxudmhty, cl. Adrbmc Q. Vdkac (Ibstbk? Ybutmcl`c dklNc`dk Wdum, 48:


21/23

49 Qcc tjc thtmc stbry iy Ecrmc Jbl`c hk Wdecmd Ebrlcadh dkl Ictty Phmsbk, cls.,Jcr \ruc-\ruc Kdec(Mbklbk? Jchkcedkk Adrhiicdk Prhtcrs Qcrhcs, 48:8), 486-979. \jhs dktjbmb`y hs d abmmcathbk bf sjbrt stbrhcs dkl kbvcm cxtrdats iy wbeckwrhtcrs frbe tjc Ck`mhsj, Frckaj, dkl Qpdkhsj-spcdnhk` Adrhiicdk.

41

\jc uklcrstdklhk` tjdt dkdmyshs bf tjc abktcepbrdry shtudthbk bf DfrhadkDecrhadk wbeck hs lcpcklckt bk tjc hed`hkdthvc dkl hktcmmcatudm rctrhcvdm bf tjcimdan wbedk's cxpcrhckac uklcr smdvcry hs kbw sb irbdlmy sjdrcl tjdt dk heprcsshvcdebukt bf wrhthk`s jdvc daaueumdtcl. Hk fhathbk, d sedmm sdepmhk` eh`jt hkamulc, hkdllhthbk tb Ebrrhshbk's Icmbvcl, Edr`drct Pdmncr,Ouihmcc(Kcw Xbrn? Idktde, 4866)>Batdvhd C. Iutmcr, Nhklrcl(4808> rcprhkt, Ibstbk? Icdabk Wrcss, 48::)> Qjcrmcy D.Phmmhdes, Lcssd Ybsc(Kcw Xbrn? Phmmhde Ebrrbw, 48:6)> dkl @mbrhd Kdymbr, EdedLdy(Kcw Xbrn? \hankbr dkl Fhcmls, 48::). Fbr tjc tcsthebky bf smdvc wbecktjcescmvcs, scc Jdrrhct D. Odabis, clhtcl iy Ocdk Fd`dk Xcmmhk, Hkahlckts hk tjc Mhfcbf d Qmdvc @hrm(Adeirhl`c? Jdrvdrl Skhvcrshty Wrcss, 48:0)> Qhx Pbeck's QmdvcKdrrdthvcs, tjc Qajbeiur` Mhirdry bf Khkctccktj-Acktury Imdan Pbeck Prhtcrs (KcwXbrn? Bxfbrl Skhvcrshty Wrcss, 48::)> dkl @crld Mcrkcr, cl., Imdan Pbeck hk Pjhtc

Decrhad? D Lbauecktdry Jhstbry(Kcw Xbrn? Vhktd`c Ibbns, 4809). Fbr d jhstbrhadmdkl sbahbmb`hadm bvcrvhcw, scc Lcibrdj @rdy Pjhtc,Dr'k't H d Pbedk2 Fcedmc Qmdvcshk tjc Wmdktdthbk Qbutj(Kcw Xbrn? P.P. Kbrtbk, 48:3).

4


22/23

93 "Adrkdm Nkbwhk`? Qcxudmhty dkl Quiocathvhty hk Ycprcsckthk` Pbeck's Iblhcs," dpdkcm bf tjc Abmmc`c Drt Dssbahdthbk, :7tj Dkkudm Abkfcrckac, Ajhad`b, Fcirudry 43,4889.

96 D rhff bk Idridrd Ajrhsthdk's thtmc, "Iut Pjdt Lb Pc \jhkn Pc'rc Lbhk` Dkywdy?

\jc Qtdtc bf Imdan Fcehkhst Arhthahse(s)," hk Ajdk`hk` Bur Bwk Pbrls? Cssdys bkArhthahse, \jcbry, dkl Prhthk` iy Imdan Pbeck, cl. Ajcrym D. Pdmm (Kcw Irukswhan?Yut`crs Skhvcrshty Wrcss, 48:8), wjhaj hs htscmf d rhff bk @mbrhd \. Jumm's thtmc, "Pjdt HtHs H \jhkn Qjc's Lbhk` Dkyjbw? D Ycdlhk` bf \bkh Adlc Ideidrd's \jc Qdmt Cdtcrs,"hk Qehtj, Jbec @hrms, wjhaj hs hk turk d rhff bk \bkh Adlc Ideidrd's dutbihb`rdpjhadmcssdy, "Pjdt Ht s H \jhkn H'e Lbhk` Dkyjbw," hk \jc Prhtcr bk Jcr Pbrn, cl. OdkctQtcrkicr (Kcw Xbrn? P.P. Kbrtbk, 48:7).

90 "Iut iy tjus rcednhk` abktdat whtj tjc ibly, dkl whtj tjc wbrml, wc sjdmm dmsblhsabvcr burscmvcs, shkac, pcrachvhk` ds wc lb whtj bur ibly, tjc ibly hs d kdturdmscmf dkl, ds ht wcrc, tjc suiocat bf pcracpthbk.? Tubtcl iy Clwdrl Y. Mcvhkc,ukpuimhsjcl pdpcr lcmhvcrcl dt Abmmc`c Drt Dssbahdthbk, :7tj Dkkudm Abkfcrckac,Ajhad`b, Fcirudry 41, 4889

9: @dydtrh Ajdnrdvbrty Qphvdn, "Qtrdtc`y, Hlckthty, Prhthk`," hk \jc Wbst-AbmbkhdmArhtha? Hktcrvhcws, Qtrdtc`hcs, Lhdmb`ucs, cl. Qdrdj Jdrdsye (Kcw Xbrn? Ybutmcl`c,4887),


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18 Cmhzdictj Jcss, "Imdan \cctj? Pjb Pds Ocdk-Ehajcm Idsquhdt dkl Pjy Lhl JcLhc2" Vhmmd`c Vbhac, 1 Kbvceicr 4889, 47

Lorraine OGrady Olympias Maid Reclaiming Black Female Subjectivity

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