Lorax Forestry Services
Transcript of Lorax Forestry Services
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LORAX FORESTRY SERVICESECOLOGICAL FOREST MANAGEMENT 2012AMY BLOOD, THEO DIEHL, AND ALISSA GREGORY
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Management Area
• Contains 69.26 acres of forested land
• Divided into four stands with separate management plans
• Each have varied ecology as well as different land use histories
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Stand One
• 8.67 acres of forest• Primarily an Atlantic
White Cedar swamp• Soil largely consists of
muck, with the NW side lined with Atsion sand.
• Geographically, the stand sits atop the Cohansey Sand formation.
• Morse’s Mill, a stream, runs directly through he stand
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Stand Two
• 13.81 acres of forest• Oak-pine forest with
recent history of burns• Soil consists entirely of
Downer loamy sand.• Sits over the Cohansey
Sand and Bridgeton formations
• Largely understocked and degraded by gypsy moth attacks
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Significant Oak Components of Stands Two and Three
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Stand Three
• 16.03 acres of forest• Oak-pine forest with
recent history of burns• Soil consists entirely of
Downer loamy sand.• Sits over the Cohansey
Sand and Bridgeton formations
• Largely understocked and degraded by gypsy moth attacks
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Evidence Of Recent Burns in Stand Three
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Evidence Of Recent Burns in Stand Three
Charred trees!
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MORE BURNED TREES
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More dense, less light Less dense, more light
You are here
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Stand Four• 30.75 acres of forest• Large tract of land
containing mostly upland pine-oak forests, with the areas surrounding Lake Fred and Stand 1 being lowland hardwood and Atlantic White Cedar swamps
• Muck soils along water, Atsion sand bordering Stand One, Downer loamy sand encompassing western portion.
• Sits over the Cohansey Sand and Bridgeton formations
• Not burned recently, dense forest with thick understory
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Degraded and Dense
Tall understory
Dense, thin,sad looking pines
Years of litter layer buildup
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Stand Four also has a lowland swamp component
in its northern fringe
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Meet Our Landowner
• Mr. Phillip Phun• 30 year old from Hoboken, NJ• Owns an internet marital aids
store• Wants to use the forest
recreationally• Concerns:
• Overall aesthetic quality• Protection from pests &
threats• Minimal cutting
• Must meet Farmland Tax Assessment
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Apply silvicultural methods modeled after the Stoddard-Neel approach.
Create sources of income through plantings of ginkgo, ginseng, and shiitake
mushrooms.Increase biodiversity and wildlife
viewing/hunting opportunities
Our Plan of Action
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Prescribed Burns• Divide the management
area, excluding Stand One, into ten burn patches.
• Burn two patches annually• Will create five-year
rotation cycle for each patch
• Different times of burn will result in a mosaic of densities and age classes
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Thinnings• Thin the stands prior to
initial burn• Focus on oaks• Attempt to restore pine
forest similar to pre-fire suppression times
• Reduce ladder fuels to prevent canopy fire
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Plantings• Clearcut an acre of Stand Four
to use as a ginkgo plantation• Still aesthetically pleasing
• Plant ginseng in patches surrounding the ginkgo plantation.
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Stand One
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• Leave the stand mainly untouched, as it already provides significant aesthetic pleasure.
• Single-tree selection
• Thin for small poles (4 to 6 in. DBH) of Atlantic White Cedar at $1000/acre.
• Monitor annually for pests
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Stands Two and Three
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BURN ALL OF STANDS 2 AND 3 AT YEAR 1
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• Thin in first year, favoring the
removal of small oaks (4-6 in. DBH).
Harvest 33 white oaks, each to be cut down into 3
foot logs that will be used for the inoculation of
shiitake mushrooms
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• Create open areas for quail, turkey, and deer to roam and feed• Retain some
dense areas to allow for wildlife
shelter
Single-tree selectionColinus virginianus
Meleagris gallopavo Odocoileus virginianus
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Introduce quail in year 5 to most recently burned patch
Fire increases nutrient content and availability of
food
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Monitor for signs of pests and disease
Southern pine beetle exit holesBacterial leaf scorch
Gouty oak gall
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Stand Four• Thin in year 1 to
reduce ladder fuels.• Reduce basal area
of stand by 40%.• Harvest firewood
from thin.• Prescribed burn entire
stand in year 1, and subsequently follow five-year rotation in patches.
• Clearcut 1 acre in year 3 to establish ginkgo plantation.• Plant as seedlings• Harvest annually
after year 10
• Plant ginseng in year 1 within 500 ft of the soon-to-be ginkgo plot.• Must not be
burned after initial burn until harvest and reseeding.
• Monitor annually for signs of disease and pests.
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We speak for the trees, as does Mr. Phun
• Wants to meet farmland tax assessment requirements, but with minimal cutting
• Dislikes the look of stumps
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Basic Requirements: 1. Applicant must own the land.
He does.2. Owner must annually apply for Farmland Assessment on Form FA-1 with the municipal tax
assessor on or before August 1 of the year immediately preceding the tax year. He will.
3. Land must be devoted to agricultural or horticultural uses for at least two years prior to the tax year (also see Qualifying Woodland, page 8).
It will be.4. Land must consist of at least 5 contiguous (adjoining) acres being farmed and/or under a
woodlot management plan. Land under and adjoining the farmhouse is not counted in the 5 acre minimum area needed to qualify.
There are 69.26 conjoining acres. All are either being farmed or are under a woodlot management plan.
5. Gross sales of products from the land must average at least $500 per year for the first 5 acres, plus an average of $5 per acre for each acre over 5, except in the case of woodland or wetland where the income requirement is $.50 per acre for any acreage over 5.
The landowner will make more than $532.13 a year, as is required.6. Owner must represent that the land will continue in agricultural or horticultural use to
the end of the tax year. The landowner intends on managing the forest agriculturally indefinitely.
Farmland Tax Assessment
http://www.state.nj.us/agriculture/FarmlandAssessmentGuide.pdf
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Non-timber Forest ProductsHoneyPine NeedlesVinesBlueberriesMaple SyrupGinkgoGinsengShiitake Mushrooms
Income with minimal cutting?
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*Red line represents $532.13
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 200
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
Agricultural/Forest Incomes
Management Year
Inco
me
in U
SD
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MedicinalAphrodisiacStrong Antioxidant
Hardy—Resistant to ThreatsOrnamentalCan be harvested for leaves, bark, and nutsNon-Native, but poses no danger of being
invasiveDioecious
Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba)
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Year 3One acre in Stand 4 is to be clearcut5,000 male trees will be planted
Years 4 through 9PruningFertilization
Year 10 (and on)Harvesting for leavesPruningFertilization
Ginkgo Plantation
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Costs:Year 3
Planting-- $30,000 (5,000 saplings at $6 each)Years 4-9
Pruning and Fertilizing-- $50 a yearIncomes:
Years 10+Leaf Harvesting-- $19,000 a year (4,750 pounds of
dried leaves at $4 a pound)
Ginkgo Costs and Income
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Ginkgo Discounted• Costs:
– Year 3• Planting-- $28,835 (5,000 saplings at $6 each)
– Years 4-9• Pruning and Fertilizing-- $389 total
• Incomes:– Years 10+
• Leaf Harvesting-- $794,918 over a lifetime
Ginkgo Sustainable Yield : $765,424
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Medicinal Aphrodisiac Boosts
Immune System
Relieves Stress
Requires Dense Canopy Well-drained
moist soil
American ginseng (Panax quinquefolium)
• Is harvested for roots
• Takes approximately 6 years for roots to mature
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Year 1Seeds are to be planted in Stand 4Deer fence will be put around 10 ginseng beds
Years 2-7, 9-14, 16-21, etc.Calcium and Potassium will be added
Years 8, 15, 22, etc.Harvest and Replant
Ginseng Patches
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Costs:Year 1
Planting-- $25 (1,650 seeds)Deer fence– $800 (200 feet at $4 a foot)
Years 2-7, 9-14, 16-21, etc.Nutrient Additions-- $10 a year
Incomes:Years 8, 15, 22, etc.
Harvesting-- $1,600 (8,000 roots harvested at 0.01 dried pounds per root and $200 a pound)
Ginseng Costs and Income
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Costs:Year 1
Planting-- $25 (1,650 seeds)Deer fence– $800 (200 feet at $4 a foot)
Years 2-7, 9-14, 16-21, etc.Nutrient Additions-- $490 total
Incomes:Years 8, 15, 22, etc.
Harvesting-- $10,751 total ($1600 every six years, starting at year seven)
Ginseng Discounted
Ginseng Sustainable Yield : $9,436
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MedicinalUsed for CookingGrow on logsCan be harvested yearly on a rotating basisEasy to harvest
Shiitake Mushrooms (Lentinula edodes)
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Year 1133 Thinned oak logs from Stands 2 and 3 will
be inoculatedYears 2+
Harvest and Inoculate
Shiitake Plantings
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Costs:All Years
Inoculation-- $250 a year for spores and waxIncomes:
Year 2Harvesting -- $259
Year 3Harvesting -- $518
Years 4+Harvesting -- $1036
Shiitake Costs and Income
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Costs:All Years
Inoculation-- $12,500 total Incomes:
Year 2Harvesting -- $253.92
Year 3Harvesting -- $497.89
Years 4+Harvesting -- $49,748 total
Shiitake Discounted
Shiitake Sustainable Yield : $38,000
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Fire Year 1, $610 (61 acres burned at $10 an acre) Years 2+, $110 a year (11 acres burned at $10 an acre)
Taxes Years 1 and 2, $14,983.50 a year Years 3+, $317.13 a year
Disease/Pest Monitoring $75 a year, every year
Soil Testing $20 a year, every seven years
Quail Introduction Year 5, $139
Girdling for Snags Year 2, $200
Other Economics (Cost)
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Cedar ThinningYear 4, $8,670 (8.67 acres at $1000 an acre)
Oak ThinningYear 1, $1,487.50 (29.75 acres at $50 an acre)
Clearcutting of 1 acre of Stand 4Year 3, $300 (1 acre at $300 an acre)
Other Economics (Income)
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CostsFire -- $6,000Taxes -- $44,901.66Soil & Pest/Disease Monitoring -- $3,896.50Quail Introduction -- $139Girdling for Snags -- $196.08
IncomesCedar Thinning -- $8,170Oak Thinning -- $1,487.50Clearcutting -- $288
Other Economics Over the Course of Forever
Other Sustainable Yield: -$45,187.70
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Ginkgo + Ginseng + Shiitake Mushrooms + Other Income = Total Sustainable Income
$765,424 + $9,436 + $38,000 - $45,187.70 =
$767,672.30$767,672.30
$767,672.30
Total Sustainable Income
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Most Debt: $59,185.50 (Year 3)Forest Begins Making Profit: $14,349.88 (Year 13)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
-100000.00
-50000.00
0.00
50000.00
100000.00
150000.00Amount of Net Income
Year of Management
Amou
nt o
f Mon
ey, i
n U
SD
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WILDLIFECONSIDERATIONS
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Mr. Phun wants to use the land recreationally!HUNTINGBIRDWATCHINGCAMPINGHIKING
WILDLIFE IS ESSENTIALTO THESE EXPERIENCES
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Bobwhite QuailWhite-tailed DeerWild Turkey
Hunting
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BOBWHITE QUAIL(COLINUS VIRGINIANUS)
• Prefer open hardwood and pine forests• Requires open space for foraging, yet enough dense space for shelter
• Uneven aged forests preferable• Fire stimulates plant growth and nutrient content, and exposes insects
• Too short fire rotation = threat to nesting cover
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WHITE-TAILED DEER(ODOCOILEUS VIRGINIANUS)• Too much slash hinders
movement• Prefers uneven-aged stands
• Open areas for feeding, covered areas in winter for shelter
• Fire• Pros
• Reduce parasites• Reduce litter• Increase in plant
nutrient content• Cons
• Can trap and kill deer• Temporarily decreases
availability of fruit and mast
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WILD TURKEY(MELEAGRIS GALLOPAVO)
• Populations generally decline when faced with heavy cutting and burning• Not a problem – Stoddard Neel
• Prefer open, mature forests to allow effective travel and protection
• Fire can stimulate plant growth and expose insects• Preferably 4 to 6 year rotation cycle
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General Considerations
• Hard mast• Oaks produce acorns en masse• Essential to all of these animals’ survival, as well
as the other creatures of the forest• Shelter
• Atlantic White Cedar swamps in Stand 1 and the top of Stand 4 provide year-round cover from the elements
• Rotation cycles allow different cover types in other stands
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To facilitate habitat for wild game
• Stoddard-Neel approach• Thinnings
• Create multiple age classes• Different canopy covers will create variations in
understory vegetation density • Prescribed burns
• Stimulate plant growth• Create mosaic of understory growth – some bare,
some dense• Presence of hard mast
• Select large oaks with full, rounded crowns• Most reliable and steady seed production
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Legacies• Girdle trees to
create snags, as well as retain existing snags
• Serve as homes for cavity-nesting
birds• 12 snags per
acre
(Melanerpes carolinus)
(Sitta canadensis)
(Certhia americana)
(Picoides pubescens)
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Birdwatching?
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Different species utilize different strata of the forest!
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Sparrows
Thrushes
Some Warblers WrensCardinals
Catbirds
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Woodpeckers
Most Warblers
Nuthatches
Kinglets
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Grosbeaks
Blackbirds Crows Robins ChickadeesMourning Doves
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All can exist at the same time!
Sparrows
Thrushes
Some Warblers WrensCardinals
Catbirds
Grosbeaks
Blackbirds Crows Robins Chickadees
Woodpeckers
Most Warblers
Kinglets
Mourning Doves
Nuthatches
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Hiking• Mr. Phun wants to see the
beauty of the forest• Trails will be preferable
for ease of travel• Fire breaks can function
as trails• No significant physical
disturbance to the forest• He only visits
occasionally• Less direct impact
on wildlife surrounding trails
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PESTS
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Southern Pine Beetle• Extremely destructive to pines
• Feed directly on phloem tissue• Create winding galleries that eventually completely
block phloem movement and girdle the tree• Carry blue-stain fungi
• Blocks water flow through xylem• Eventually kills tree
• Management plan:• Monitor annually for signs of an attack• In case of an attack, immediately remove affected tree(s)
as well as surrounding trees to prevent spread
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Beetles are in the tree
Beetles are out of the tree
And on to the next one
Galleries on the inside of tree
Something wicked this way comes…
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DISEASE
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GOUTY OAK GALL
BACTERIAL LEAF SCORCH
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Conclusions• The land will be converted from an ignored,
degraded forest to one that is healthy and biologically diverse
• The forest will be protected from attacks from pests, disease, and wildfire
• The cost of taxes for the land will be kept low thanks to the Farmland T ax Assessment
• Mr. Phun will enjoy his time in Phun Forest and show his friends how to have fun in a forest
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Questions?
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Thank you