Longchenpa Rabjam - Commentary on the Precious Treasury of Dharmadhaatu

7/31/2019 Longchenpa Rabjam - Commentary on the Precious Treasury of Dharmadhaatu

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F} f gdq}fki ~oki}, K adjfi }o fwl }cd Xkm{ffmcfqf vtdw}koiw `kld, Fqdi*} {ot }dfgckij, fimefikhdw}kij, }cf} qdf``{ dxdq{}ckij kw }cd ~tqk}{ oh }cd fawo`t}d?

Oigd ki ~fq}kgt`fq K fwldm cke zcd}cdq ]kad}fiw cfm fi{}ckij }o wf{ wkek`fq }o }cd id} oh Kimqf}dfgckij oh Czf [di fim Rdi) ]ckw w{eao`krdw Jf)i)mfx{ttcf, }cd xkwkoi oh }cd qd`f}kxd fw }cdwfeacojflff{f qdfè oh kihkik}d`{ ki}dq~did}qf}kij }o}f`k}{) K }cotjc} cd zot`m lioz, cfxkij ao}c}qfiwekwwkoiw) Cd qd~`kdm, @oijgcdi~f wf{w f ò} faot} }cf} ki }cd ^qdgkotw ]qdfwtq{ oh

Mcfqefmcff}t ) K fwldm kh k} zot`m ad f`qkjc} }o òol f} k} fim cd wfkm, [dw) Fg}tf``{ id} }dfgckijwfqd eoqd ds~`kgk}`{ }qdf}dm ki }cd Wfiji{kij) #jwfij wi{kij 5 jwfij af*k wi{kij ~o+) Wo k} wddew }cf} k}zfw }cd ~qkeoqmkf` ~dqhdg}koi oh f}k }cf} cd ~qkefqk`{ zfi}dm }o goeetikgf}d)

E{ ]kad}fi kw io} joom diotjc }o qdfm wtgc f mkhhkgt`} }ds} zk}cot} fg}tf``{ }qfiw`f}kij k}, wo cdqd kwzcf} cf~~didm) @f}dq K }o`m cke K zfw }qfiw`f}kij }ckw) Cd wfkm k} zot`m ad joom kh k} zdqd fxfk`fa`d }o ckw

w}tmdi}w zcdi }cd{ adjfi }o ~qfg}kgd i{kijef }dfgckijw) F} }cd wfed }ked cd zfw woedzcf}f~~qdcdiwkxd }cf} }cdwd }dfgckijw ekjc} ad ekwtimdqw}oom fim dim t~ mokij cfqe) Moi*} mo fi{}ckijkif~~qo~qkf}d, cd wfkm) K} zot`m cfxd addi if}tqf` }o fwl hoq g`fqkhkgf}koi, at} K mkmi*}) ]cf} wddedm }ocf~~di f ò} zk}c cke) Cozdxdq, }cdqd fqd xfqkotw hfek`kfq kiw}qtg}koiw }cf} cd jfxd }cf} wdde qd dxfi})Hkqw} }cdqd fqd }cd }dfgckijw oh }qfiwgdimkij goigd~}) K} kw io} f~~qo~qkf}d }o ki}d``dg}tf`krd f}k fw f~ckòwo~ckgf` w{w}de) F} }cd wfed }ked k} kw io} fi kiw}qtg}koi }o fafimoi w}tm{) Oid iddm oi`{ }ckil ohC) C) Mk`jo Lc{di}wd Qki~ogcd ki }cf} qdjfqm)

K} kw io} f~~qo~qkf}d }o }fld }cd }dfgckijw oh ioi%dhhoq} fw fi dsgtwd }o fafimoi }cd o}cdq~qfg}kgdw zd cfxd addi jkxdi, oq io} }o qd`f}d }o }cd wfijcf oq }cd }dfgckij ef)i)mf`f }cd Xkm{ffmcfqfgqdf}dm) ]cowd wk}tf}koiw zdqd }cd xdq{ edfiw a{ zckgc cd, fw fi f}k efw}dq, co~dm zd zot`m hkif``{fgckdxd }ckw hqtk}koi)

]cd atmmcfw fqd ad{oim goigd~}tf` joom fim dxk` adgftwd }cd{ fqd goe~fwwkoi fim zkwmoe)

]cd fawo`t}d }dfgckijw mo io} edfi }cf} zd wcot`m io} cfxd goe~fwwkoi hoq }cowd, kig`tmkij otqwd`xdw,zco }ckil }cd{ fqd wdi}kdi} adkijw) W}k`` `dww kw f}k edfi} fw f `kgdiwd }o kjioqd oqmkifq{ w}fimfqmw ohgoiwkmdqf}d adcfxkoq fim goeeoi wdiwd)

Dxdi f gf} gfi òol f} }cd Lkij) Btw} wo, oqmkifq{ ~do~`d gfi jd} f j`ke~wd oh }cd xkwkoi ohdi`kjc}didm adkijw a{ fwwogkf}kij zk}c efw}dqw `kld }cd Xkm{ffmcfqf) At} zd wcot`m io} }ckil zd cfxdfg}tf``{ f}}fkidm }cf} `dxd` ti}k` zd fqd gf~fa`d oh }cd fgckdxdedi}w oh kimkxkmtf`w `kld Ek`fqd~f fim^fmefwfeacfxf) Dxdi }cdi, ]cd wfjdw mzd`` ki goe~`d}d ctek`k}{) Kh zd }fld }cdwd gft}koiw }o cdfq}fi{ mfijdq hqoe }cdwd }dfgckijw zk`` ~qoafa`{ ad ekikekrdm)

F} }cd wfed }ked zd fqd qdf``{ wt~~owdm }o jqfw~ }ckw xkwkoi oh fawo`t}d atmmcfcoom kiwohfq fwzd gfi) [ot zot`m io} }ckil k} zfw idgdwwfq{ }o wf{ }ckw) At} oh}di zd goigd~}tf`krd }cd xdq{ edfiw}cf} fqd wt~~owdm }o aqkij tw }o di`kjc}diedi} ki wtgc f zf{ }cf} zd goig`tmd }cf} di`kjc}diedi} kw fèow}kif~~qo~qkf}d) Goe~fwwkoi gfi md}dqkoqf}d ki}o qkjkm eoqf`k}{) De~}kidww gfi adgoed ikck`kwe) Ioi%

mzd``kij gfi idjf}d f~~qdgkf}koi oh }cd wfgqdm) Djo gfi twd hdfq oh w~kqk}tf` ef}dqkf`kwe fw fi dsgtwd }ofxokm qd`f}kij }o w~kqk}tf`k}{ f`}ojd}cdq) ]ckw kw fg}tf``{ qdbdg}koi oh }cd jtqt*w xkwkoi, fim cdigd ohmdxo}koi fim wfef{f) Oi }cf} `dxd` idk}cdq oidwd`h ioq }cd jtqt dskw} fw kimkxkmtf`w) ]cdqd kw oi`{di kjc}diedi}) Wo oidwd`h fim }cd jtqt fqd oh dvtf` hoq}tid) Dxdi }cd ckif{ffif wf{w }cf} goigd~}tf`Mcfqef kw `kld f qfh} }o ad }cqozi fzf{ zcdi oid cfw qdfgcdm }cd o}cdq wcoqd oh }cd qkxdq oh wf)ewffqf)F}k dskw}w `fqjd`{ }o qdeoxd hksf}koi }cf} fqkwdw oi }cd ~f}c) Ioi%f}}fgcedi} modwi*} edfi zd wcot`mao{go}} di`kjc}diedi}, oq io} gfqd faot} k}) K} kw mdhkik}d`{ f gfwd oh ]fld k} dfw{, at} }fld k}) Ki `dg}tqdw


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]cdwd fqd }cd ckjcdw} }dfgckijw oh }cd ikid {ffifw) ]cd{ fqd edfi} hoq }cowd zco cfxd f`qdfm{moid f`` }cd zoql) ]cd }dfgckij oh ioi%dhhoq} etw} ad wddi ki }cf} `kjc}) Kmdf``{ }cd qdfmdq wcot`mf`qdfm{ ad fggoe~`kwcdm ki }cd xkdz oh fackmcfqef, efmc{feflf, fim {ojffgcffqf< }cd ~qfg}kgdw ohwcfef}cf, xk~fwc{fiff, }oij`di, }cd ~ffqfek}ffw, wffmcfif ~qfg}kgd, }cd wks {ojfw fim wo oi) ]cdwdwcot`m cfxd addi eksdm zk}c oid*w adkij ti}k` }cd{ adgoed w~oi}fidotw fggoe~`kwcedi}) ]cdi oid gfi}cdi `d} jo oh ikqxff)ikg idtqowkw fim f}}fgcedi}w goigdqidm zk}c }cd fi}kmo}dw oh Mcfqef, fim zk}c }cdhqtk}koi) Oaxkotw`{ eow} oh tw fqd io} ki f ~owk}koi zcdqd zd gfi `k}dqf``{ f~~`{ }ckw)

]cd Xkm{ffmcfqf }ftjc} efi{ }kedw }cf} }cd ~qo~dq zf{ hoq ~dqwoiw `kld otqwd`xdw }o qd`f}d }o}cd }dfgckijw oh }qfiw~fqdig{ fim `tekiowk}{ zfw }o fglioz`dmjd }cd w~oi}fidotw h`fwcdw oh kiwkjc} fima`dwwkijw }cf} oggtq zck`d zd mo otq fwwkjidm ~qfg}kgdw fim `kxd otq mfk`{ `kxdw) Zd wcot`m cfxdgoihkmdigd ki }cde, at} f} }cd wfed }ked io} }q{ }o g`kij }o }cde) Zd wcot`m cfxd goihkmdigd }cf}oaw}fg`dw fim oawgtqf}koiw fqd edqd`{ kigkmdi}f`) ]cd{ fqd io} f joom dsgtwd }o hoqwfld fi di`kjc}didmf}}k}tmd) ]cd ~oki} oh io jfki kw }cf} jtqt*w xkwkoi kw zcf} kw) Zd mo io} iddm }o gt`}kxf}d k}, wo etgc fw}o f~~qdgkf}d fim fglioz`dmjd zcf} zd fqd, fim zcf} otq wk}tf}koi kw) Ki }cf} zf{ otq xkwkoi fimgoe~fwwkoi zk`` mdd~di) ]cd w~fgd oh f}k ~qoxkmdw f w~fgd ki zckgc otq o}cdq ~qfg}kgdw zk`` ad jqdf}`{dicfigdm, fim mfk`{ `khd gfi adgoed }cd oqifedi} oh ~qfg}kgd) ]cd Xkm{ffmcfqf f`zf{w edfi} tw }o wdd}cd ckif{ffif fim efcff{ffif }dfgckijw hqoe }cd xkdz~oki} oh }fi}qf, fim }fi}qf hqoe }cd xkdz~oki} ohf}k)

Tj{di fim K fwldm C) C) Mk`jo Lc{di}wd Qki~ogcd }o g`fqkh{ zcf} zfw f~~qo~qkf}d }o mo zk}c}cdwd }dfgckijw) Ki ~fq}kgt`fq zd fwldm zcd}cdq @oijgcdi~f*w w}qoij`{ zoqmdm kibtig}koiw }o wdgqdg{wcot`m ad }fldi `k}dqf``{) Zd io}dm }cf} woed }dfgcdqw fqd ioz jkxkij f}k }dfgckijw o~di`{) Ckw qd~`{ zfwxdq{ mdhkik}d) K} kw ckw zkwc }cf} }ckw ef}dqkf` oi`{ ad efmd fxfk`fa`d }o wdikoq w}tmdi}w) Tj{di fim@fqq{ Edqed`w}dki, }cd cdfm oh }cd Iff`fimff ]qfiw`f}koi Jqot~ ao}c ki}dq~qd}dm }ckw fw edfikijwffmcflfw oq }cd dvtkxf`di}) ^`dfwd ldd~ }cdwd zkwcdw oh }cd jtqtw ki ekim) K} gow} f o} oh }ked fimeoid{ }o efld }cdwd }dfgckijw fxfk`fa`d) K zot`m ad xdq{ wfm kh }cd dim qdwt`} hoq fi{oid zfw cfqeht )

@fef Tj{di ~f}kdi}`{ w~di} ctimqdmw oh cotqw jokij oxdq }ckw efitwgqk~} zoqm a{ zoqm) K got`mio} cfxd }qfiw`f}dm efi{ ~fwwfjdw zk}cot} cke, wo k} wddew f~~qo~qkf}d }o `kw} cke fw f go%ft}coq) K fexdq{ jqf}dht` Lcdi~o Woife ]co~j{f` Qki~ogcd hoq fiwzdqkij itedqotw zqk}}di fim oqf` vtdw}koiw fim}o`dqf}kij e{ afm ]kad}fi zk}c jqdf} aomckwf}}xf ~f}kdigd) ]cfilw }oo }o Lcdi~o ^f`mdi WcdqfaQki~ogcd fim Lcdi~o ]wdzfij Moij{f` Qki~ogcd hoq eflkij w~fgd ki f gqozmdm wgcdmt`d }o edd} zk}ced oi }ckw }ds}) Dqkl Wgcekm} zfw xdq{ cd`~ht , dw~dgkf``{ hoq eflkij ckw ti~ta`kwcdm mcfqef mkg}koifq{fxfk`fa d) E{ kihoqefi}w zdqd f`` xdq{ goe~d}di} fim e{ oi`{ hdfq kw }cf} K cfxd timota}dm`{ekwtimdqw}oom woed oh zcf} }cd{ wfkm) ]cdwd }dfgckijw goi}fki }cd xdq{ dwwdigd oh di`kjc}diedi}) Qkjc}t~ }cdqd zk}c }cd hfi}fw{ oh adgoekij f tikxdqwf` eoifqgc kw }cf} oh }cd aool }cf} gfiio} ad qdfm zk}cot}jd}}kij di`kjc}didm) Ki }qt}c k} modwi*} dskw}, at} }ckw }ds} oh @oijgcdi~f kw faot} fw g`owd fw }cd{ goed)Kiw~kqkij }o wf{ }cd `dfw}, fw }cd Xkm{ffmcfqf wfkm) K co~d woed wcfmoz oh }cd oqkjkif w~`dimoq goedw}cqotjc ki }qfiw`f}koi) ]cd Zdmmkij oh }cd Wti fim Eooi wf{w2

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Ki }cd }qfmd `fijtfjd oh }cd Xkm{ffmcfqf*w w}tmdi}w fim o}cdq wdqkotw xfbqf{ffif ~qfg}k}koidqwefi{ ]kad}fi fim Wfiwlqk} }dqew fqd }qdf}dm fw Dij`kwc òfi zoqmw, fim twdm zk}c Dij`kwc kih`dg}koiw,dimkijw, fim gf~k}f`krf}koiw) Otq ~qfg}kgd }ds}w fim dxdq{mf{ goeetikgf}koiw cfxd hf``di ki}o }cd ~dqcf~wkigoiwkw}di} ~qfg}kgd oh qd}fkikij wfiwlqk} mkfgqk}kgw zcdi zd mo }ckw) Xkm{ffmcfqf*w faoxd kw oh gotqwdfi dsfe~`d) Lfqekg, )mfflki66w, lff{f*w fim o}cdq dsfe~`dw `kd ki zfk} }o ohhdim }cd ~tqkw}) K mocfxd w{e~f}c{, fw K mo hoq }cowd zco mdgq{ }cd w~`k} kihkik}kxdw }cf} cfxd qdgdi}`{ oxdqzcdèdm }cd edmkf)At} }cd ~do~`d cfxd w~oldi) K f`wo }ckil k} kw woed}kedw g`dfqdq }o adjki wdi}digdw zk}c at})]cd qdfmdq kw ~dqhdg}`{ zd`goed }o dmk}, zcdqd }ckw kw ki}o`dqfa`d) K cfxd dxdi }o{dm zk}c }cd kmdf ohd`dg}qoikg go~kdw zcdqd oid go`m wtaw}k}t}d oid*w hfxoqk}d }qfiw`f}koiw hoq fi{ jkxdi }dqe)

]cdqd fqd woed `kw}w fim wo hoq}c zcowd wkjikhkgfigd K cfxd wo hfq addi tifa`d }o qdwo`xd) K w}k``cfxd co~dw oh mokij wo, at} }cdqd kw io }d``kij coz òij k} ef{ }fld) ]cdqdhoqd k} wddedm adw} }o ~qogddm)Kh }qfiw`f}oqw jdidqf``{ mo }ckw, }cd qdwt`}kij ~oo` oh lioz`dmjd kw `kld`{ }o jo hfq }ozfqm f``dxkf}kij }cd~qoa`de) @oijgcdi~f kw ~qdwt~~owkij hfek`kfqk}{ zk}c f`` }cd jqotim ~f}c fim hqtk}koi oh }cd ikid{ffifw) Fmxfigdm w}tmdi}w oh }cd Xkm{ffmcfqf zk`` ad hfek`kfq zk}c }cd qdvtkwk}d ef}dqkf` hqoe wdekifq{fim Ijd}i wgcoo`) ]cdqd fqd f iteadq oh joom aoolw oi f}k }o~kgw, at} ]] ef{ ad dw~dgkf``{ cd`~ht`) K}jkxdw f joom ki}qomtg}koi }o @oijgcdi~f*w `khd fim zoql, fim cfw ctimqdmw oh ~fjdw oh ckw o}cdq zqk}kijwoi f}k) Ki fmmk}koi }cd }qfiw`f}koi w{w}de kw gòwd diotjc }o }ckw }o efld }cd }zo qdfmk`{ goe~fqfa`d)]cdqd kw f wo etgc cd`~ht` afgljqotim ef}dqkf` oi f}k }ds}w d}g) K fe cf~~{ }cdwd wotqgdw fqd fxfk`fa`d) Khdd` qd`kdxdm oh }cd fèow} ke~owwka`d }fwl oh ~t}}kij }ojd}cdq fi ki}qomtg}koi }cf} wteefqkrdw }ckw xfw}ds~fiwd oh ~qdwt~~owdm lioz`dmjd) ]cd ki}dimdm qdfmdqw zk`` f`qdfm{ lioz }cd afwkg w}oq{ oh zckgc }ckwkw }cd ~tigc `kid)

Eow} oh }cd io}dw fqd goigdqidm zk}c fmmk}koiw fim md`d}koiw efmd hoq ed}qkgf` qdfwoiw) Hoqdsfe~`d, lfqef 0fim l`dwcfw9 kimkgf}dw }cf} fim l`dwcfw zfw fmmdm hoq ed}qkgf` qdfwoiw) Kh }cd }ds}qdfmw lfqef kw d`kekif}dm fim }cd io}d )))lfqef fim l`dwcfw }cf} kimkgf}dw }cf} fim l`dwcfw zfwoek}}dm hoq ed}qkgf` qdfwoiw) K} kw zoq}c io}kij }cf} }cdqd kw f ò} oh wkek`fq hk``kij fim oek}}kij ki }cdoqkjkif` ]kad}fi xdqwd) O}cdq }cfi }ckw io}dw cfxd addi ld~} ekikef`) Eow} mkwgtwwkoi oh }dqew fim wohoq}c kw ki }cd wdgoim jòwwfq{)

]cdqd fqd }zo jòwwfqkdw) ]cd hkqw} goi}fkiw Dij kwc fim }qfiw`k}dqf}dm }dqew }cf} fqd twdm ki }cd}ds}) K} jkxdw ]kad}fi dvtkxf`di}w) ]cd wdgoim goi}fkiw }qfiw`k}dqf}dm ]kad}fi }dqew f`~cfad}krdm kiDij`kwc oqmdq) ]o fxokm mt~`kgf}koi, oi`{ }cd wdgoim jòwwfq{ goi}fkiw ds~`fif}koiw oh }cd }dqew) ]ckw }ds}~qdwt~~owdw lioz`dmjd oh }cd zco`d goq~tw oh ]kad}fi Atmmckwe) K} zot`m ad ke~owwka`d }o jkxd f`` }cdqd`dxfi} afgljqotim ef}dqkf`) Ioq zot`m k} ad mdwkqfa`d, }qfmk}koif``{ w~dflkij) Io oid wcot`m ad qdfmkij}ckw zco modw io} cfxd }cd afwkg kihoqef}koi f`qdfm{) F} }cd wfed }ked K cfxd }qkdm }o ~qoxkmdf~~qoskef}d zoqlkij mdhkik}koiw oh eow} oh }cd }dgcikgf` }dqew) ]cd ~tq~owd kw }o ~qoxkmd f w}fq}kij ~oki}wo }cf} }cd qdfmdq gfi mdxdò~ eoqd ~qdgkwd io}koiw hqoe }cd }ds} k}wd`h) Hoq efi{ qdfmdqw eow} oh }cdkihoqef}koi ki }cd jòwwfq{ zk`` ad tiidgdwwfq{) K} kw edfi} }o ad twdm oi`{ fw iddmdm)

Fw }ckw kw io} f zoql hoq jdidqf` wgco`fq`{ ~ta`kgf}koi K cfxd ho`òzdm ]kad}fi ~qfg}kgd oxdqf`` kiqdjfqm }o io} hoo}io}kij }cd wotqgdw oh vto}f}koiw) K got`m cfxd w~di} wdxdqf` {dfqw gcdglkij fimgoqqdg}kij f`` }cdwd vto}dw fjfkiw} }cd oqkjkif`w) W~o} gcdglkij efldw k} ~`fki }cf} }cdqd fqd ekioqmkwgqd~figkdw) Ek~cfe ki dmk}kij @oijgcdi~f*w zoql f`wo io}dw }ckw fim wf{w }cf} ki fi{ gfwd }cd }ds}wcot`m io} ad goqqdg}dm) @oijgcdi~f*w zoql kw oh dvtf` xf`td zk}c }cd oqkjkif` }fi}qf) K} kw fefrkij }cf}cd zfw fa`d }o zqk}d }ckw, zoqlkij hqoe edeoq{ fw cd mkm) Tj{di qd~oq}w }cd }qfmk}koif` w}oq{ }cf} zcdizoqlw `kld }cdwd zdqd goe~owdm }cd )mfflkikkw mkg}f}dm, Wfefi}facfmqfcfm }cd `kjc} Efbtwcqkk cd`m }cd ~f~dq, fim Qffct`f efifjdm }cd kil) Cd zfw f `k}}`d ke~f}kdi} fimekwgo~kdm woed oh }cd vto}dw, }cotjc io} ki f zf{ }cf} gcfijdm }cd afwkg edfikij) ]cowd hfek`kfq zk}c


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}cd Xkm{ffmcfqf zk`` lioz }cf} }cd ds~dqkdigd oh fi f}k efw}dq gfi ad vtk}d xkwkoifq{ f} }kedw) ]ckw ef{zd`` ad f `k}dqf` qd~oq} oh @oijgcdi~f*w ds~dqkdigd) Ki fi{ gfwd Dqkl Wgcekm} fim Tj{di ao}c wfkm k}zot`m ad kif~~qo~qkf}d }o }qdf} }cd vto}dw fggoqmkij }o }cd twtf` zf{ oh zdw}dqi wgco`fqwck~) ]cdqdhoqd,zk}c qdfwoiw goeakikij `frkidww fim mdxo}koi K cfxd io} moid wo)


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Ki Wfiwlqk} }cd }k}`d kw

Mcfqefmcff}tqf}iflowcfxqk}}k

ki ]kad}fi

gcow ma{kijw qki ~o gcd*k emrom gdw a{f af*k *jqd` ~f `tij jk j}dq emrom6

]ckw kw }cd goeedi}fq{ oi hkqw} gcf~}dq oh]cd ^qdgkotw ]qdfwtq{ oh Mcfqefmcff}t

]CD IF]TQD OH WF)EWFFQF FIM IKQXFF)IF

MODW IO] JO AD[OIM W^FGD

K ~qow}qf}d }o }cd ogdfi oh f`` }cd xkg}oqkotw oidw)

Wfefi}facfmqf, cd zco kw }cd ~qkeoqmkf` @oqm,Keefgt`f}d,1 `kld }cd w~fgd oh }cd wl{, kw t}}dq`{ ~tqd)Cd kw }cd lff{fw fim zkwmoew) Cd kw mkxkik}{)7Zk}cki }cf} io}ckij kw fmmdm fim io}ckij kw }fldi fzf{)

K ~qow}qf}d }o cke, }cd oid zco adgfed }cd j`oq{Oh }cd w}f}d oh wf)ewffqf fim f`wo }cf} oh ikqxff)if)]cdqd fqd io adkijw) Wf)ewffqf*w f~~dfqfigd kw `kld fi k``twkoi)]cotjc cdqd, fw kh ki f mqdfe, fqd }cowd zco fqd aotim a{ hksf}koi,]cdkq if}tqd kw }o}f` hqddmoe)= ]cf} kw }cd edfikij oh f}k)E{ wtabdg} kw }cf} jqdf}, wd`h%dskw}kij, xfw} dvtfikek}{)4

Zcdi, ki ~qkeoqmkf` w~fgd,8 di`kjc}diedi} kw f}}fkidmlff{f fim zkwmoe, zcdqd io}ckij dxdqiddmw }o ad fmmdm oq }fldi fzf{k} goiwkw}w oh: }cd wd`h%dskw}kij oqifedi} oh mcfqefmcff}t) ]ckw kw }cdjf)i)mfx{ttcf qdf`e, zckgc kw Flfik)wc)}cf) ]cd kidscftw}ka`d aom{, w~ddgc, ekim, vtf`k}kdw, fim fg}kxk}{oh atmmcfcoom defif}d hqoe }cd if}tqd oh }cd zcdd`3 oh }cd oqifedi}) K} kw `kld `kjc} qf{w defif}kijhqoe }cd mkwl oh }cd wti ki f g`dfq wl{) Ki }cd aotim`dwwidww oh }cd }di mkqdg}koiw fqd `kek}`dww atmmcf

hkd`mw) ]cd{ fqd fw ds}diwkxd fw mcfqefmcff}t fim }cd dim`dww ogdfi oh }cd wl{) A{ }cd dxdq kigqdfwkijgftwdw oh w~oi}fidotw goe~fwwkoi fim oh }cd zck}d xkq}td oh }cowd zco zk`` ad }fedm, }cdqd zfw }cd ht``mkw~`f{ oh }cd `fe~; oh }dfgckijw oh }cd Acfjfxf} Wcffl{fetik) ]ctw, cd cfm }cd ~ozdq6> oh }fekijzcf}dxdq iddmw }o ad }fedm) ]cd goe~`d}d`{ ~dqhdg}dm edfikij, }cd ~tqd hqtk}koi, oh }cd }tqikijw oh }cdzcdd` oh mcfqef f} }cf} }ked kw }ckw if}tqd oh }cd jqdf} ~dqhdg}koi) 66 K} kw }cd xdckg`d oh }cd tiwtq~fwwfa`dwdgqd}) ]cd61]cd Wddm oh Wdgqd} Fg}koi ]fi}qf, wf{w2


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]ckw kw }cd wkij`d mo} oh }cd htimfedi}f` w}f}d)67Fw hoq }cd wddmw }cf} jqoz ki}o }cd edfikij oh }ckw,]cd{ }oo fqd }cd t`}kef}d jfqacf,6= zckgc kw }qt}c k}wd`h)Wo k} zfw w~oldi< wo k} zfw }ftjc}, fim wo ds~`fkidm)

Fw hoq }cd w~ddgc }cf} kw }cd ogdfi oh f`` }cd }dfgckijw,Woed kw hoq adidhk} ki ~qdwdi} wk}tf}koiw zckgc kw }cd xfbqf dwwdigd)K} kw hqoe ed }cf} atmmcfw fqd ~qomtgdm)K fe zcf} kw edfi} a{ tiaoqi kiwkjc})K fe hqdd hqoe mcfqefw oh f }ckij)76

Adgftwd K fe zk}cot} f`` vtf`k}kdw,K qkwd hqoe zk}cki }cd jqfxd oh wdi}kdi} adkijw)Adgftwd goe~fwwkoi qkwdw fw e{wd`h,K jo ad{oim }cd `fad` de~}kidww)Adgftwd hqoe ed goedw `tekiowk}{,K efld }cd mfqlidww wckid zk}c aqk``kfigd)

Mcfqefmcff}t kw kiwkjc}, }cd if}tqf``{ fqkwkij zkwmoe mdwgqkadm cdqd) ]cd mcfqefw oh wf)ewffqffim ikqxff)if zk}cot} dsgd~}koi fqkwd hqoe }ckw wotqgd) ]cdqdhoqd, k} kw gf``dm a{ }cd ifed }qdfwtqdcotwd) Fi ditedqf}koi oh }cd zf{w oh ds~`fkikij }ckw kw `kek}`dww) Cdqd k} kw ds~`fkidm ki }dqew oh }cd}cqdd xfbqf ~oki}w oh jqotim, ~f}c, fim hqtk}koi)

]cd if}tqf``{ ~tqd jqotim kw }cd d`dedi}, wtjf}fjfqacf) K} kw ekim k}wd`h, zcowd if}tqd kw`tekiowk}{) ]ckw kw mcfqefmcff}t, zckgc edfiw }cd w~fgd, d`dedi}, oq wotqgd oh mcfqefw)71 ]ckw kwadgftwd }cd mcff}t dskw}w fw f ~qdgkotw }qdfwtq{ oh }cd wd`h%dskw}kij atmmcf vtf`k}kdw) K} cfw }cde hqoe f``d}dqik}{)

Oi }cd ~f}c, }cd fack)wcdlfw }cf} ~qomtgd qk~dikij fqd mcfqefmcff}t) ]ckw kw }qtd oh }cowdkixo`xkij md}fk`dm w}fjdw, fw zd`` fw }cd fack)wcdlf oh }cd ~ozdq oh wd`h%dskw}kij kiwkjc}) ]ckw kw adgftwd}cd{ fqd }cd wotqgd oh fqkwkij oh f`` dsgd``di} mcfqefw) ]cd jtqt*w `kadqf}kij oqf` kiw}qtg}koiw fqd wfkm }o ad`kld ~qdgkotw bdzd`w)77 ]cd wfed kw }qtd oh }cd zoimqotw`{ fqkwdi mcfqefw oh }cd xkdz, edmk}f}koi, fimfg}koi oh ~qfg}kgd) ]cd ds~dqkdigdw oh qdf`krf}koi, wfeffmck, fim wo hoq}c, fw zd`` fw }cd `kek}`dww7= fqkwkijoh }cd ~ozdq oh qdf`krf}koi, wcot`m ad liozi fw f }qdfwtq{ oh f`` joom vtf`k}kdw)

]cd hqtk}koi kw oid*w ki}qkiwkg kiwkjc},74 co`{ mcfqeflff{f) K} cfw timdhk`dm }zo%ho`m ~tqk}{) ]ckw kwmcfqefmcff}t, }cd jqotim oh }cd fqkwkij78 oh }cd atmmcf vtf`k}kdw) K} kw }ckijw fw }cd{ fqd7: zk}cot}mdhk`dedi}) Wfeacojflff{f, adgftwd k} kw w~oi}fidotw`{ dskw}kij, ~dqhdg} woxdqdkji}{, kw `kld f bdzd`)Ikqeff)iflff{f, f`oij zk}c k}w atmmcf fg}kxk}{, kw }ftjc} }o ad `kld f joom }qdfwtqd cotwd) K} ~dqhdg}w fimht`hk``w }cd co~dw oh }cowd zco fqd }o ad }fedm) A{ }cdwd goeedi}w }cd ds~`fif}koi oh }cd edfikij oh }cd}k}`d kw goe~`d}dm)

Ioz }cdqd fqd }zo ds~qdwwkoiw oh coefjd) Cdqd kw }cd ds~`fif}koi oh }cd faaqdxkf}dm oid2


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K ~qow}qf}d }o jòqkotw Wfefi}facfmqf)

Fw hoq jòqkotw, zcdi }cd adidhk} hoq oidwd`h, co`{ mcfqeflff{f, cfw addi f}}fkidm, k} kw `kld io}jokij ad{oim w~fgd) ]cd adidhk} hoq o}cdqw, }cd co`{ qtt~flff{fw, ~qomtgdw adidhk}w hoq wdi}kdi} adkijw fwòij fw wf)ewffqf `fw}w) ]cd di`kjc}didm vtf`k}kdw oh qditigkf}koi fim qdf`krf}koi fqd }cd t`}kef}d adidhk})Kh {ot fwl zco cfw }cdwd adidhk}w, k} kw Wfefi}facfmqf) Cd kw }cd ~qkeoqmkf` òqm zco cfw jfkidmwoxdqdkji}{ oxdq73 f`` oh wf)ewffqf fim ikqxff)if) Fw hoq ckw w~oi}fidotw, dsgd``di} atmmcf fg}kxk}{, fw}cd co`{ jtkmd cd kw }cd oid zco wcozw }cd ~f}c) Ckw kw f ~dqhdg} mkw~`f{ oh d}dqif` efw}dq{) ]o cke, }cdft}coq, fw f efikhdw}f}koi oh hfk}c, wf{w, K ~qow}qf}d) ]cd }cqdd jf}dw fqd ohhdqdm zk}c wt~qded, jqdf}mdxo}koi) Kh {ot fwl zcd}cdq }cd ~qow}qf}koi kw }o Wfefi}facfmqf fòid, }cf} kw io} }cd gfwd) F`` atmmcfwadgoed atmmcfw a{ adkij oh }cd dwwdigd oh Wfefi}facfmqf) ]cdqdhoqd ~qow}qf}koi kw efmd }o }cde f``fim }o f`` }cd mcfqefw oh }cd jqotim, ~f}c, fim hqtk}koi) ]cdwd fqd wfkm }o ad }cd hkxd%ho`m dskw}digd ohWfefi}facfmqf fw }cd `keaw oh qdf`krf}koi)

6+ ]cd }dfgcdq Wfefi}facfmqf, f~~fqdi}`{ mzd``w fw }cd wfeacojflff{f fim mcfqeflff{f oh f``}cd atmmcfw ki Flfik)wc)}cf) Cd ~qomtgdw adidhk} a{ wdimkij hoq}c defif}koiw zcdqdxdq }cdqd fqd }cowdzco fqd }o ad }fedm) ]cd7;]cd Goe~`d}d Goeedi}fq{ oi ^qfeff)if a{ Mcfqeflkkq}k wf{w2=>

]cd id} oh goigd~}tf`krf}koiw kw goe~`d}d`{ òowdidm) ]cd lff{fw oh xfw}idww fim~qohtimk}{ fqd efw}dqdm)

]cd ~tqd qfmkfigd oh Wfefi}facfmqf defif}dw hqoe dxdq{}ckij) ]o }cf} K ~qow}qf}d) K} kw `kld}cf})

1+ ]cd jqotim Wfefi}facfmqf kw }cd mcfqef}ff oh f`` mcfqefw, f`wo gf``dm }cd if}tqdWfefi}facfmqf)

7+ Oqifedi} Wfefi}facfmqf kw }cd f~~dfqfigd oh f`` mcfqefw, }cd wd`h%fqkwkij ~`f{ oh }cdmcfqeki) K} kw goe~`d}d`{ ~tqd ki k}w k``twoq{ if}tqd)

=+ Kiwkjc} Wfefi}facfmqf kw if}tqf` zkwmoe, wtjf}fjfqacf)

]cd T}}fqf}fi}qf wf{w2

Adgftwd }cd ~dqhdg} atmmcf lff{f qfmkf}dw,Fim adgftwd oh adkij kiwd~fqfa`d hqoe wtgcidww,Fim adgftwd }cd{ cfxd }cd jo}qf, f`` deaomkdm adkijwF`zf{w cfxd }cd dwwdigd oh atmmcfcoom)

]ckw kw dsfg}`{ zcf} kw adkij }f`ldm faot})

4+ Qdf`krf}koi Wfefi}facfmqf kw }cd if}tqf` w}f}d oh }ckijw fw }cd{ fqd) A{ qdf`krkij k} zd`` oidf}}fkiw }cd d{d oh `kadqf}koi) ]ckw kw gf` dm ~f}c Wfefi}facfmqf) Qdjfqmkij }cdwd }cd=6]cd Ekqqoq%Ekimoh Wfefi}facfmqf wf{w2

F`` mcfqefw wcot`m ad liozi fw }cd hkxd if}tqdw oh Wfefi}facfmqf2

6+ if}tqd Wfefi}facfmqf


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1+ oqifedi} Wfefi}facfmqf7+ }dfgcdq Wfefi}facfmqf=+ kiwkjc} Wfefi}facfmqf4+ qdf`krf}koi Wfefi}facfmqf=1

Cdqd kw }cd ds~`fif}koi oh }cd ds}dimdm coefjd) K} kw f ~qfkwd oh aomckgk}}f, fw ds}diwkxd fww~fgd2

^qkeoqmkf` wd`h%dskw}digd, zoimqotw, efqxd`otw McfqefDfq}c fim zf}dq fqd @ogcfiff fim Effeflkk)

Hkqd fim fkq ^ff)i)mfqfxffwkikk fim ]ffqff)]cd w~fgd oh wl{ kw }cd goiwoq} oh }cd @oqm)7;6

Dxdq{}ckij ki }cd }cqdd qdf`ew kw }cd Mcfqef)Zk}cot} qdefkimdq }ckw kw }cd atmmcf hkd`m)Mcfqefw }cf} fqd o}cdq }cfi atmmcfcoomIdxdq zk`` ad hotim a{ atmmcfcoom)7;1

F`wo }cd ]cf`btqwf{w2

Goihtwdm f~~dfqfigd kw zkwmoe {d} tiwddi)Adgftwd goihtwkoi zk}c goigd~}w cfw io jqotim,

Oid qdf`krdw ff`f{f fw mcfqeflff{f,7;7Zckgc gt}w ohh }cd w}qdfe oh goihtwdm goigd~}koiw oh wd`hcoom)

]ctw f~~dfqfigdw qkwd zk}cot} goihtwkoiFw }cd d}dqif` ~k}c oh `kadqf}koi)]cotjc }cd wlfimcfw oh adkijw fqd }cd lff{fw oh atmmcfcoom,]cd{ mo io} lioz }cf} }ckw kw d}dqif``{ wo)

F`wo }cdCdf~ oh ^qdgkotw W}oidw wf{w2

Fw hoq djo fim oabdg}w oh hksf}dm f}}fgcedi},7;=

F`` oh }cdwd hqoe }cd xdq{ hkqw} fqd mcfqef}ff)7;4

F`` oh }cdwd fqd k}w ozi f~~dfqfigd }o k}wd`h)7;8At} }cf} d}dqif` f~~dfqfigd kw io} {d} timdqw}oom)

]cd hkxd%ho`m l`dwcfw, }cd goigd~}tf` aoimw oh djo, ki}qkiwkgf``{ qkwd7;: ki }cdkq if}tqd fw ~qkeoqmkf`kiwkjc}< at} }cdwd fqd io} qdgojikrdm go%dedqjdigd)Zcdi wf)ewffqf fqkwdw fw d}dqif` atmmcfcoom, kiwkjc} ds~dqkdigdw k}wd`h)7;3@kldzkwd, ikqxff)if kw f`wo }ftjc} }o ad oi`{ }cd ~tqd wd`h%ds~dqkdigd oh atmmcfcoom) O}cdq }cfi }cf}io}ckij dskw}w2

]cd ~tqd wd`h%ds~dqkdigd oh }cd }cqdd }kedw* xkg}oqkotw oidw

Modw io} fggd~} oq qdbdg}, hoq f`` kw f wkij`d }o}f`k}{)7;;

Io} dxdi fi f}oe oh }ckw cfw addi oa}fkidm hqoe fio}cdq)

F`` mcfqefw fqd g`dfq`{ jqdf} W~fgd, }cd if}tqd oh }cd ekim)

Zk}cot} }cd `dfw} eoxdedi} hqoe }cd t`}kef}d w}f}d oh dvtf`k}{)


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8;

Kiwkjc} kw wke~`{ ~tqk}{ hqoe }de~oqfq{ oawgtqf}koiw) Mo io} wddl }cd dwwdigd oh atmmcfcoom kifi{}ckij o}cdq }cfi ekim k}wd`h, fi{}ckij dw}fa`kwcdm a{ dhhoq} }cqotjc gftwdw fim goimk}koiw) ^tqd kiwkjc}kw atmmcfcoom) ]cdqd kw io atmmcfcoom o}cdq }cfi }ckw) ]cdqd kw io o}cdq f~~dfqfigd oh atmmcfcoom}cfi }cd zf{ }ckijw f~~dfq }o kiwkjc}) Io o}cdq atmmcfcoom }o ad hotim }cfi }ckw di`kjc}didm w~fgd oh }cd

mcff}t, aomckgk}}f) Ki qdjfqm }o }ckw }cd Wfiji{kij wf{w2

]cqotjcot} }cd }di mkqdg}koiw fim hotq }kedw,=>>^dqhdg}dm atmmcfw fqd iozcdqd }o ad hotim)Dsgd~} hoq }cd ~dqhdg} atmmcf, }cd if}tqd oh ekim,[ot wcot`m io} `ool hoq fi{ o}cdq atmmcf)]cd xkg}oqkotw oidw }cdewd`xdw, kh }cd{ wcot`m wdfqgc,Zot`m idxdq hkim k} fi{zcdqd f} f``)

F`wo }cd Libwf{w2

Aomckgk}}f, zk}cot} f~~dfqfigdwFim zk}cot} }cd mcfqefw oh }cd zoq`m,Kw }cd wtgcidww ao}c oh ekim fim oh k}w goi}di}w)=>6

Zcdi }ckw cfw io} addi qdf`krdm fw wtgcidww,At} wddi fw kh k} zdqd kimkxkmtf` oabdg}w,Dxdi f`` }cd atmmcfw oh }cd }cqdd }kedw,=>1Kh }cd{ wcot`m wdfqgc ot}wkmd }cd w~fgd oh wtgcidww,Zot`m idxdq hkim k} fi{zcdqd f} f``)=>7

F`wo k} wf{w }cdqd2

]cd ~qdxkotw atmmcfw mzd``kij ki }cd ~fw}Fqd }cd if}tqf` w}f}d=>= oh oid*w ozi ekim,Oid qdf`krdw }ckw fw f`qdfm{ wddi)

Kh oid qdf`krdw }cd wd`h%if}tqd oh kiwkjc}, }cd ~ozdq oh }cd w}qf{kijw fim oawgtqf}koiw kw gt}}cqotjc2

Zk}c io}ckij kiwkmd fim f`wo io}ckij }cf} kw ds}dqif`,

K}w g`fqk}{ tig`otmdm a{ fi{ qkwkij oq wd}}kij,

Zcdi }cd mfql ds}qdedw fqd mkw~d``dm, }cd qoo} kw aomckgk}}f)Zk}cot} fafimoikij, oid gt}w }cqotjc }cd ~ozdq oh w}qf{kij)

]cd dwwdigd oh kiwkjc} kw ad{oim dhhoq}ht` fg}koiw oh fafimoikij fim qdgdkxkij) K} cfw io xkdz oh~qojqdwwkij oi f ~f}c }ozfqm fi{}ckij d`wd) ]cdqdhoqd, k} modw io} cfxd }cd w}qf{kijw fim oawgtqf}koiw)Zcdi kiwkjc}, oid*w ozi dwwdigd, kw `dh} adckim, }cdi }cd w}qf{kijw fim oawgtqf}koiw fqkwd) ]ckw oggtqw a{edmk}f}kij zk}c dhhoq} zk}c f xkdz }o adgoed woed}ckij d`wd) ]cd Libwf{w2


66/461


:>

A{ if}tqd aomckgk}}f kw }cd dwwdigd oh mcfqefw)Tiaoqi fim goe~`d}d`{ ~tqd, zk}cot} }cd oawgtqf}koiw)Hqdd hqoe ~qojqdww oi }cd ~f}c, k} modw io} w}qf{)

D}dqif``{ wd`h%dw}fa`kwcdm, k} modw io} iddm }o ad wotjc})

F`` mcfqefw cfxd }cd wkij`d dwwdigd, aomckgk}}f)A{ eflkij f wdvtdigd oh fw~dg}w ot} oh }cf} tik}{,]cd w}qf{kijw fim }cd oawgtqf}koiw zk`` fqkwd)A{ ~qojqdww zcdqd }cdqd kw io ~qojqdww, w}qf{kijw qkwd)

Ioi%}cotjc}=>4 zk`` io} ad wddi, kh `ooldm f} }cqotjc f xkdz)]cf} kw }cd zf{ }cf} oawgtqf}koiw zk`` fqkwd)

K} kw }ftjc} }cf} zcf}dxdq f~~dfqw ki }cd w}f}d oh kiwkjc} modw io} eoxd hqoe }cd w~fgd oh }cdmcff}t2

]cd zoq`m, }cd f~~dfqfigd oh }ckijw }o xfqkotw wdi}kdi} adkijw,

Fim }cd lff{fw fim zkwmoew oh ~tqd di`kjc}didm oidw,

]cf} qkwd hqoe }cd ~ozdqw oh qdf`krf}koi fim k}w `fgl,

Fw tioaw}qtg}dm ~`f{, fqd f`` }cd w~fgd oh }cd mcff}t)

F`` }cdqd kw zk}cki }cd w}f}d oh mcfqefmcff}t

Kw qdf`krf}koi fim }cd `fgl oh qdf`krf}koi)

Qdf`krf}koi kw }cd wtjf}fw* wfgqdm ot}`ool)

Zk}c `fgl oh qdf`krf}koi, xfqkotw }ckijw f~~dfq

Hqoe }cd xffwfiffw oh kjioqfi} jqfw~kij fim hksf}koi)=>8

Idxdq}cd`dww, }cd{ mo io} jo ad{oim }cd mcff}t)

A{ liozkij }cd wd`h%if}tqd oh w~fgd, if}tqf``{ dskw}kij zkwmoe, oid kw f atmmcf) A{ io} liozkijk}, }ckijw f~~dfq fw }cd{ mo }o f wdi}kdi} adkij) Cozdxdq, ao}c oh }cdwd cfxd oid }fw}d ki }cd w}f}d ohkiwkjc}) Cdqd }cdqd fqd io hqfjedi}f}koi fim hf``kij ki}o ~fq}kf`k}{) ]cd Libwf{w2

F`` }cd xdwwd` fim dwwdigd oh }cd ~cdioedif` zoq`m,F`` }cd atmmcfw fw zd`` fw f`` }cd wdi}kdi} adkijw,Zdqd efmd a{ ed }cd modq oh f``, di`kjc}diedi}:

oh dxdq{}ckij kw aomckgk}}f)

K}w efql }cf} zcf}dxdq qkwdw ki tioaw}qtg}dm xfqkd}{

Kw }cd g`dfq wd`h%f~~qdcdiwkoi oh `tekiotw mcfqef}ff,


67/461


:6

K``tekif}kij }cd ~tqk}{ oh }cd w~fgd oh }cd mcff}t)=>3

Io}ckij iddmw }o ad wd~fqf}d m oq g`dfqdm fzf{)

]cdqdhoqd, }cd w}{`d oh kiwkjc} kw hoo}`oowd fim hfig{%hqdd)=>;

]cd akq}c`dww w}f}d modw io} dskw} fw fi{}ckij zcf}wodxdq) K}w de~}{ fim `tekiotw dwwdigd kw `kldf w~o}`dww gq{w}f` oh if}tqf` vtfq}r) Zk}cki }cf}, `kld f qdh`dg}koi,=6> kw }cd tioaw}qtg}dm ~`f{ oh zcf}dxdqfqkwdw) ]cdQfijwcfqwf{w2

Io} hqfjedi}dm,=66 io} hf``kij ki}o ~fq}kf`k}{,Cfxkij io ot}dq fim kiidq, }ckw kw }cd jqdf} xfw}idww)

Btw} `kld f~~dfqfigd ki f ~tqd fim w~o}`dww gq{w}f`,=61Zcf} f~~dfqw ki k} kw wfkm }o cfxd io if}tqd)

Fw hoq }cd ds}dimdm ds~`fif}koi oh }ckw if}tqd2

]cd xfw} fim if}tqf` W~fgd oh }cd zkwmoe oh }qfiw~fqdig{,

Cfxkij io kiwkmd fim ot}wkmd, kw tioawgtqdm `tekiowk}{)

]cd jqdf} `kjc} oh oid*w ozi kiwkjc}, }ckw kw }cd ekqqoq oh ekim)

K} kw mcfqefmcff}t, }cd ~qdgkotw zkwc%ht`hk` kij jde)

]cdwd fqd f`` wd`h%fqkwkij, io} iddmkij }o ad wotjc})

Zkwmoe fqkwdw ki if}tqf` w~`dimoq fw f`` oid mdwkqdw)

]cd w~fgd oh }cd mcff}t, wd`h %fqkwkij zkwmoe, kw f if}tqf``{ dskw}kij bdzd%~dfl) K} kw wd`h%k``tekif}dm,=67 defif}kij timdhk`dm qf{w }cf} goe~ d}d`{ ~dqxfmd wf)ewffqf fim ikqxff)if) ]cdwd fqdgf``dm }cd jqdf} `kjc} oh }cd ekqqoq oh aomckgk}}f) ]cd xfw} dwwdigd oh mcfqef}ff }qfiwgdimw oabdg}w oh}cotjc}) ]cd Wdijwf{w2

]cd jqdf} ~dqhdg}koi kw e{ aomckgk}}f)]cd dwwdigd oh kiwkjc} zk}c io goigd~}tf`krf}koi,Wkigd k} kw io}ckij,=6= fqkwdw fw dxdq{}ckij)

F`wo }cdQfijwcfqwf{w2

]cd tioaw}qtg}dm if}tqd=64 oh }cd ~`f{ oh ~cdioedifQkwdw fw }cd xfw}idww oh w~fgd, Wfefi}facfmqf)]ckw kw }cd jqdf} ~qfbff, }cd xkwkoi oh w~fgd k}wd`h)

]cd mcfqef}ff oh jqfw~kij kw zk}cot} mdwkqd)Ioi%goigd~}koi }qfiwgdimw }cd w~cdqd oh w~ddgc fim }cotjc},@kld f ekqfgt`otw defif}koi ki }cd wl{)

Kiwkjc}, }cd W~fgd oh aomckgk}}f, kw }ftjc} fw xfw}idww2

Cozdxdq jqdf} }cd ds}di} oh }cdwd, }cd atmmcf vtf`k}kdw,


68/461


:1

]cd{ fqd }cd gdfwd`dww fqkwkij oh }cd wt~qded t~ff{f)

]cd{ fqd }cd ioi%oaw}qtg}koi oh w~fgd fqkwkij hqoe w~fgd)=68

Wkigd f`` kw }cd wd`h%~dqhdg}koi oh }cf} tiaoqi w~fgd,

]ckijw fqd oxdqzcd`edm a{ }cd de~}kidww oh di`kjc}diedi},=6:

Fim de~}kidww a{ }cd di`kjc}didm W~fgd oh oid*w ozi kiwkjc})

Goe~`d}d`{ `kadqf}dm hqoe }cd hotq ds}qdedw, kiwkjc} kw }cd w}f}d oh }cd wl{) F`` }cd mcfqefwfqkwkij hqoe }ckw fqd k``twoq{ `kld }cd eooi ki zf}dq, ad{oim dskw}digd fim ioi%dskw}digd) ]cdqdhoqd, }cd{fqd }ftjc} }o cfxd }cd ~tqd if}tqd oh }cd jqdf} W~fgd oh mcfqef}ff) ]cdQfijwcfqwf{w2

K``twkoi, `kld }cd qdh`dg}koi oh }cd eooi ki zf}dq,Kw io} woed}ckij xfgtotw fim ioi%dskw}di})=63At} fw hoq k}w dskw}digd, `kldzkwd k} cfw ioid)

Wkigd k} kw ad{oim ao}c dskw}digd fim ioi%dskw}digd,K} kw oh }cd dwwdigd oh kiwkjc} }o ad tiaoqi)

Ioi%oaw}qtg}koi kw }cd if}tqd oh f~~dfqfigd)]cd gcfqfg}dqkw}kg oh kiwkjc} kw k}w ioi%wo`kmk}{)=6;

]cd hqtk}koi oh kiwkjc} kw io} woed}ckij hfaqkgf}dm)]ckw kw gf``dm }cd dwwdigd oh }cd }cqdd lff{fw oh kiwkjc})

Ioz }cd edfikij oh }cdwd kw wteedm t~ fw }cd W~fgd oh }cd jqdf} xfw}idww2

Ki aomckgk}}f f~~dfqfigd fim de~}kidww idxdq dskw}dm)

Cdqd ti}ckilfa`d ekqfg`dw qkwd, tif}}fgcdm fim ioi%mtf`)

]cd }cqdd }kedw fqd }ked`dwwidww, fw tiaoqi mcfqefmcff}t)]cd{ fqd tigcfijkij, tif`}dqdm, tigoe~otimdm W~fgd)

Fw hoq f`` }cd atmmcfw mzd``kij }cqotjcot} }cd }cqdd }kedw,

]cdkq kiwkjc} kw io}ckij at} }cf} wd`hwfed w~fgd oh zkwmoe)=1>

Ki oid*w ozi kiwkjc}, zckgc kw }cd W~fgd oh di`kjc}didm Ekim,

Hksf}koi fim jqfw~kij fqd oxdqzcd`edm a{ aqk``kfi} `kjc})

Io}ckij kw zk}cki k} fim io}ckij kw ds}dqif`)

]ckw kw }cd wd`h%dskw}kij xfw}idww oh mcfqef}ff)

Ki }cd dwwdigd oh kiwkjc} f~~dfqfigd, de~}kidww fim wo hoq}c mo io} dskw}) ]ckw kw }cd

tigoe~otimdm w~fgd zcdqd }cd }cqdd }kedw fqd dvtf`) Wkigd kiwkjc} fqkwdw d}dqif``{ fw }cd atmmcfw oh }cd}cqdd }kedw, k} kw mcfqeflff{f zk}cot} jqfw~kij fim hksf}koi) ]cdQfijwcfqwf{w2

]cd gcfqfg}dqkw}kg oh }ckw kw }cf} k} modw io} gcfijd)K} kw wo`k}fq{ fim }cdqd kw io}ckij mkhhdqdi})

K fqowd adhoqd }cd qkwkij oh }cd atmmcfw)


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:7

Zk}cot} fi{ mcfqefw mdhk`dm a{ jqfw~kij fim hksf}koi)

F`wo }cd Wdijwf{w2

Ioi%mtf` kiwkjc}%ds~dqkdigd kw zcf}dxdq qkwdw)]cd wdgqd} oh zkwmoe kw mcfqeflff{f zk}cot} wo`kmk}{)

F~~dfqfigd dskw}w fw d}dqif` fim tikxdqwf` ekim)=16Zcf}dxdq f~~dfqw f~~dfqw fw kidscftw}ka`d kiwkjc})=11

Zcf}dxdq qkwdw kw kiwkjc}*w tioaw}qtg}dm ~`f{)]cd xkwkoi oh }cd ekim oh ioi%}cotjc} kw }cf} oh dvtf`k}{)

Fw hoq f`` }cd atmmcfw mzd``kij }cqotjcot} }cd }cqdd }kedw,]cdkq kiwkjc} kw wd~fqf}d hqoe jqfw~kij fim hksf}koi)


70/461


:=

]ckw kw }cd goeedi}fq{ oi hkh}c gcf~}dq oh]cd ^qdgkotw ]qdfwtq{ oh Mcfqefmcff}t

]QFIWGDIMKIJ FG]KOI, DHHOQ], GFTWD, FIM DHHDG]

K} kw }ftjc} }cf} }cd if}tqd kw ad{oim fg}koi fim dhhoq} fim gftwd fim dhhdg}2=17

Ki }cd if}tqd oh ekim, zckgc kw }cd dwwdigd oh aomckgk}}f= Qdjfqmkij}ckw }dfgckij, }cd Wdijwf{w2

F wkij`d ef)i)mf`f ds~qdwwdw }cd edfikij)F wkij`d wdgqd} efi}qf cfw ikid mdedfioqw4At} }cd{ fqd edqd`{ }cd fw~dg}w oh }cf} oid)4>8A{ }cd ikid w}fjdw }cf} zckgc kw }cd dwwdigd,If}tqf` zkwmoe, kw io} qdf`krdm)

]cd if}tqd oh f~~dfqfigd, ki f~~dfqkij,Fw mtf` fawo`t}d fim qd`f}kxd,Kw io} mkw}kig}, at} kw f wkij`d w}f}d)

Ki }cd dwwdigd, d}dqif` qdf`krf}koi,Zcf}dxdq mkwgtqwkxd }cotjc}w oh efqlw fqkwdFqd edqd`{ }cd ~`f{ oh }cd efikhdw}f}koi oh zkwmoe)F wkij`d kiwkjc} ds~qdwwdw }cd edfikij oh f``)4>:K} f~~dfqw fw }qklff{f, }cd dwwdigd oh atmmcfcoom)

Hqoe lff{f }cdqd qkwd }cd ekqfg`dw oh zkwmoe)]cdqd fqd io mcfqefw, f~~fqdi} oq ioi%f~~fqdi})]cd{ fqd `kadqf}dm hqoe }cd ds}qdedwOh qdf`krf}koi oq }cd `fgl oh k})

]cd zkwmoe oh efikhdw}f}koi4>3 dskw}w fw }cd dwwdigd)Xfbqf qkwkij kw }cd `oqm oh goimk}koiw)4>;


83/461


3:

Ioz }ckw kw }ftjc} ki oqmdq }o gcfijd }cd zf{w46> oh md`tmdm oidw zco efld io mkw}kig}koiad}zddi wd`h%fqkwkij zkwmoe fim }cd fwwdea`{ oh goigd~}tf`krf}koiw fqkwkij fw o}cdq2

Iozfmf{w }cd ~oe~otw d`d~cfi}w oh f}kF``djd }cf} }cd ~qo`khdqf}kij et`}k}tmd

Oh mkwgtqwkxd, h`kgldqkij }cotjc}w kw qdf``{ aomckgk}}f)

F`` }cdwd md`tmdm oidw fqd ki }cd W~fgd oh mfqlidww)

]cd{ fqd hfq hqoe }cd if}tqd oh }cd jqdf} ~dqhdg}koi)

]cd{ mo io} dxdi lioz }cd ~ozdq oh efikhdw}f}koi

Fim }cd efikhdw}f}koi }cf} qkwdw hqoe }cf} ~ozdq,466

Zcf} iddm kw }cdqd }o w~dfl oh }cd dwwdigd, aomckgk}}f?

Wtgc ~dqwoiw fw }cdwd edqd`{ cfxd mdxo}koi hoq }ckw xdckg d) ]cowd zco cfxd }cd joom hoq}tid }owdd k} zd`` fqd `kld io} dxdi }cd ctimqdm}c ~fq} oh f }cqdfm ot} oh f zco`d jfqedi}) Zk}c goe~`d}d`{tidsfekidm kjioqfigd }cd{ gfqq{ }cdkq aomkdw cftjc}k`{) ]cd{ oqifedi} }cdewd`xdw zk}c dixkotw

ds~qdwwkoiw fim f jo`mdi id} oh dqqoidotw goigd~}tf`krf}koiw) Woed oh }cdwd fqd ~oe~otw fim aoeafw}kgfaot} }cdkq lioz`dmjd) ]cd{ cfxd f cftjc}{ efiidq `kld }cf} oh fi d`d~cfi})461 Io} oi`{ mo }cd{

}cdewd`xdw mzd`` ki l`dwcfw, kjioqfigd, fim zqoij ~f}cw, at} ~dqwoiw jokij ki }cd mkqdg}koi oh `kadqf}koizco cfxd `k}}`d edqk}, zcdi }cd{ edd} zk}c }cdwd dxk` oidw, fqd f`` dscoq}dm zk}c wtgc zoqmw fw }cdwd2

Zcf}dxdq fqkwdw kw }cd if}tqd oh mcfqeflff{f)

]cdwd xdq{ mkwgtqwkxd }cotjc}w, btw} wo, fqd wd`h%fqkwkij zkwmoe)

]cd ekim oh kjioqfigd kw `kld wfeffmck)

Wf{kij }ckw woq} oh }ckij, }cd{ efld f mkw~`f{ oh fq}khkgkf`k}kdw }cf} mdgdkxd adkijw) K cfxd wddi}cde e{wd`h ds~`fkikij wtgc }ckijw fw ~qohotim mcfqefw }cf} o}cdqw mo io} cfxd) Qoaadqw fim }ckdxdw oh}ckw xdckg`d cfxd kimddm fqkwdi ki }cdwd mf{w& ]ctw }cd{ md~fq} hqoe }cd ~ozdq oh goe~fwwkoi oh wd`h%fqkwkij zkwmoe)

Fzfqdidww fqkwkij fw oabdg}w kw k}wd`h }cd fqkwkij oh }cd ~`f { oh }cd ~ozdq oh efikhdw}f}koi)

]cd{ ds~`fki k} }cf} zf{, at} cdqd fqd }cd qdfwoiw zc{ }ckw kw io} wd`h%fqkwkij zkwmoe2

6) Oabdg}%fzfqdidww kw f edqd kek}f}koi oh dskw}di} fim ioi%dskw}di} oabdg}w)

1) ]ckw cfw io} addi fggoe~`kwcdm

467

ki f efiidq ki fggoqm zk}c wlk``ht` edfiw, wo }cf} k} ~qomtgdw}cd lfqef fim l`dwcfw oh di}dqkij wf)ewffqf)7) ]cd if}tqd oh goigd~} fim goigd~}tf` dsfekif}koi modw io} jo ad{oim }cd if}tqd oh

wf)ewffqf)

]cd Libwf{w2


84/461


33

If}tqf` zkwmoe kw zkwmoe hqoe f`` d}dqik}{)]cd zkwmoe }cf} goigd~}tf`krdw oabdg}wQkwdw hqoe oabdg}w fim kw io} wd`h%fqkwkij)

]cd }ci eoij j{k }cdj ~f, }cd Oqmkifq{ Xdckg`d wf{w2

Ekim fim edi}f` goi}di}w fqd ~qobdg}koiw oi}o ~cdioedifOh otq goigd~}tf`krf}koiw goigdqikij }cd }cqdd qdf`ew)46=]cd{ fqd wo ds~`fkidm ki }dqew oh }cd }zo }qt}cw)Mkjiffjf f`wo ds~`fkiw }cf} goigd~}koiw fqd jqdf} kjioqfigd)]cd{ efld oid hf`` ki }cd ogdfi oh wthhdqkijw oh wf)ewffqf)464

Adgftwd }cd{ f~~dfq }o goi}qfmkg} zcf} kw ds~`fkidm }cdqd, zqoij goigd~}tf`krf}koiw fqd f jqdf}md`twkoi) Io oid wcot`m dxdi `kw}di }o }cowd zco efki}fki wtgc }ckijw) Zcf} iddm kw }cdqd dxdi }o w~dfloh fmo~}kij f xkdz ki fggoqm zk}c }cdkq ~fq}kf`k}kdw? Cdqd kw }cd ~qo~dq ds~`fif}koi oh wd`h%fqkwkij zkwmoe2

]ckw kw ~qkeoqmkf` ~tqk}{ oh aomckgk}}f,

]cd w~fgd oh }cd fawo`t}d, }cd }qt}c oh mcfqef}ff,

^qfbff~ffqfek}ff }qfiwgdimkij w~ddgc fim }cotjc},

K}w w}f}d tieoxkij, k}w if}tqd }cd hkd`m oh `tekiowk}{)

D}dqif``{ hqdd hqoe }cd h`kgldqkij mkwgcfqjd468

oh goe~`dsk}{,

]cf} zckgc kw gf``dm k}w dwwdigd kw `kld }cd cdfq} oh }cd wti)

A{ k}w ~ozdq oh efikhdw}f}koi }cdqd kw tioaw}qtg}dm fqkwkij46:

Oh }qfiw~fqdi} kiwkjc} hqdd hqoe fif`{wkw fim dsfekikij,

Xkxkm`{ `tekiotw, {d} zk}cot} hksf}koi oq jqfw~dq)

If}tqf``{ fqkwkij zkwmoe kw }cd de~}{ fim `tekiotw wke~`kgk}{ oh kiwkjc}) K} kw `kld f ~tqd gq{w}f`)Ki }cd dwwdigd zcdqd oabdg}w fqd io} fif {rdm, fqkwkij }fldw ~`fgd) K} kw }cd jqotim fim ~`fgd oh fqkwkij,at} ki k}w wd`h%if}tqd }cdqd fqd idk}cdq fqkwkij oq ioi%fqkwkij) ]cdqdhoqd, k} kw wt~qded ki k}w wd`h%`tekiowk}{)463 K} kw tioaw}qtg}dm46; ki k}w de~}kidww) K} kw d}cdqkf` f`~cf%~tqk}{) Hqoe }ckw w}f}d, }cdqd kw }cdfqkwkij oh xfqkd}{, }cd goe~`dsk}kdw oh hksf}dm oabdg} fim jqfw~kij wtabdg})

]cd ifldm, d}cdqkf` wd`h%if}tqd oh }ckw fqkwkij kw kiwkjc}%zkwmoe) Wkigd k} kw io} goigdkxdm fw fioabdg}, k} kw gf``dm if}tqf``{%fqkwkij zkwmoe)41> ]cd tiadw}ozdm }qfiwekwwkoi oh }ckw kw faoxd416 f`` }cf}fqkwdw) @d}}kij jo, `ool fim {ot zk`` qdgojikrd k})411

^qobdg}dm goigd~}tf`krf}koi417 kw f ef}}dq oh io} timdqw}fimkij }cd efki ~oki}) D}cdqkf`, ifldmkiwkjc} fqkwdw zk}cot} f ~`fgd oq fjdi}41= oh fqkwkij) Hqoe }cd }ked k} fqkwdw, zck`d k} fqkwdw gdfwd`dww`{ fw

goe~fwwkoi, k} dskw}w fw zkwmoe) ]cd qoo}, if}tqf` zkwmoe, qdefkiw ifldm`{ fw k} kw) Zcdi }ckw cfw addiqdgojikrdm zk}cki fqkwkij, }cd dwwdigd fim k}w ki}qkiwkg ~ozdq oh efikhdw}f}koi fqd ioi%mtf`) ]cdqdhoqd,}cd{ fqd gf``dm ioi%mtf`, if}tqf``{ fqkwkij zkwmoe, }cd wke~`kgk}{ oh }cd wkij`d mo} oh akimt) ]cdQfijwcfqwf{w2

Ki kiwkjc} }cf} kw wd~fqf}d hqoe goe~`dsk}{Coz gfi }cdqd ad goihtwkoi fim kjioqfigd?


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Ki zkwmoe }cf} kw wd~fqf}d hqoe }cd ekim,Coz gfi }cdqd ad xffwfiffw fim mdhk`dedi}w?

]cd ]cf`btqwf{w2

Kiwkjc}, zcowd gcfqfg}dqkw}kg kw `tekiotw de~}kidww,Cfw f if}tqd }cf} kw io} eksdm zk}c fi{}ckij d`wd)]cd ds}qdedw oh jqfw~dq fim hksf}koi fqd dscftw}dm)]ctw k} kw }cf} oid*w if}tqd fim }cf} oh mcfqefw fqd ~tqd) 414

]cd Wdijwf{w2

Zkwmoe, dwwdi}kf``{ ds~dqkdi}kf`,418Cfw ioid oh }cd mkwgtqwkxdidww oh ekim)41:]cd w~cdqd oh }cd ~fw} fw zd`` fw }cd w~cdqd oh }cd ht}tqdFqd gt} ohh a{ }cd mkqdg}idww oh f~~dfqfigd)

]cd@oijmqtl wf{w2

Ki }cd if}tqd oh ekim, }cd f``%digoe~fwwkij jqdf} dvtf`k}{,413]cdqd kw }cd defif}koi oh f~~dfqfigdw,^qkeoqmkf``{ goiidg}dm }o k} ki ioi%mtf`k}{)41;Wtgc kw e{ }dfgckij, K zco fe Wfefi}facfmqf)

Ki }cd if}tqd oh ekim zk}c io wtgc }ckij fw gcfqfg}dqkw}kgw,]cd mcfqefw }cf} f~~dfq ki }cdkq et`}k~`kgk}{Fqd wfkm }o ad wd`h%`kadqf}dm fim ioi%mtf`)

Wtgc kw e{ }dfgckij, K zco fe Wfefi}facfmqf)

Ki }cd kids~qdwwka`d w}f}d oh }cd if}tqd oh ekim,]cd f~~dfqfigd oh zoqmw zk}cot} fi{}ckij }o }f`l faot}47>Jodw ad{oim }cd w~cdqd oh ds~qdwwkoi a{ w~ddgc fim }cotjc})Wtgc kw e{ }dfgckij, K zco fe Wfefi}facfmqf)

Ki }cd if}tqd oh ekim, hoq zckgc }cdqd kw io iddm }o wddl,]cdqd kw }cd wd`h%ds~dqkdigd oh }cd jqdf} wd`h%fqkwkij)476]ckw kw zcf} kw liozi fw jqdf} wd`h%fqkwkij zkwmoe)Wtgc kw e{ }dfgckij, K zco fe Wfefi}facfmqf)

Ki }cd if}tqd oh ekim, zcdqd }cdqd fqd io mdhk`kij w}fkiw,471F~~dfqfigd }cf} kw hqdd hqoe oabdg}w fim goimk}koiwKw }cd qdf`krf}koi477 oh }cd jqdf} wd`h%~tqk}{)47=Wtgc kw e{ }dfgckij, K zco fe Wfefi}facfmqf

Ki }cd if}tqd oh ekim, zcdqd }cdqd kw io goigd~}tf`krf}koi,


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Ds~dqkdigd zckgc kw tioaw}qtg}dm fim tihksf}dmKw wd`h%kiwkjc} qdgojikrkij k}w `tekiotw qdfè)474Wtgc kw e{ }dfgckij, K zco fe Wfefi}facfmqf)

Ki }cd if}tqd oh ekim, zcdqd }cdqd kw io wtgc }ckij fw }cotjc},]cd ki}qkiwkgf``{ wd`h%dskw}kij ~qohtimk}{ oh f~~dfqfigd478Kw }cd qdf`krf}koi }cf} zoqmw qd}tqi a{ }cdewd`xdw }o }cd jqotim)Wtgc kw e{ }dfgckij, K zco fe Wfefi}facfmqf)

Ki }cd if}tqd oh ekim, zk}c io wtgc }ckij fw ekimhtìdww,47:F~~dfqfigd kw if}tqf``{ ~tqd oh oid zco ~qomtgdw mkwgtqwkxdidww,473Zk}cki }cd wfeffmck oh wd`h%`kadqf}koi hqoe }cd jqfw~dq)Wtgc kw e{ }dfgckij, K zco fe Wfefi}facfmqf)

Ki }cd if}tqd oh ekim zk}cot} ~dqgd~}koi oh fqkwkij,

Xk~fwc{fiff, adgftwd k} f~~dfqw zk}cot} }cotjc} oq ki}di}koi,47;Kw xkwkoi }cf} cfw dscftw}dm fi{ goekij fim jokij)Wtgc kw e{ }dfgckij, K zco fe Wfefi}facfmqf)

Ki }cd if}tqd oh ekim, zcdqd }cdqd fqd io hksf}dm oabdg}w,]cdqd kw wfgqdm ot}òol, ~tqd tioaw}qtg}dm f~~dfqfigd,4=>Zk}cki }cd wfeffmck oh }cd jqdf} ~`f{ oh efikhdw}f}koi)Wtgc kw e{ }dfgckij, K zco fe Wfefi}facfmqf)

Ki }cd if}tqd oh ekim, zk}c io wtgc }ckij fw f jqfw~kij wtabdg},Zcdi xkwkoi oh }cd jqdf} wd`h%fqkwkij cfw f~~dfqdm,4=6

]cf} kw }cd xkwkoi oh ioi%oaw}qtg}koi oh ioi%}cotjc})Wtgc kw e{ }dfgckij, K zco fe Wfefi}facfmqf)

Ki }cd w}f}d oh }cd if}tqd oh ekim, zk}c io wtgc }ckij fw fhh`kg}koi, 4=1F~~dfqfigd }cf} kw hqdd hqoe goigd~}tf`krf}koiw oh djo4=7Dskw}w fw }cd xkwkoi oh }cd jqdf} wd`h%dw}fa`kwcedi})Wtgc kw e{ }dfgckij, K zco fe Wfefi}facfmqf)

Ki }cd if}tqd oh ekim, zckgc kw idk}cdq d}dqif` oq io}ckijidww,F~~dfqfigd }cf} kw hqdd hqoe joomidww fw zd`` fw dxk`Kw }cd xkwkoi oh hqddmoe hqoe fafimoikij oq f}}fkikij)

Wtgc kw e{ }dfgckij, K zco fe Wfefi}facfmqf

Ki }cd if}tqd oh ekim, zk}cot} fggd~}kij oq qdbdg}kij,Ke~fq}kf` f~~dfqfigd,4== fqkwkij fw wd`h%`kadqf}koi,Kw f xkwkoi oh }cd jqdf}, f``%~dqxfmkij, f``%digoe~fwwkij)Wtgc kw e{ }dfgckij, K zco fe Wfefi}facfmqf


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;6

Ki }cd if}tqd oh ekim, zckgc kw io} mqozw{ oq mkwgtqwkxd,4=4Kh }cdqd wcot`m ad }cd jqdf} edmk}f}koi oh kiwkjc},]cf} kw }cd xkwkoi oh if}tqf` hqddmoe oh }cd wks wdiwdw)4=8Wtgc kw e{ }dfgckij, K zco fe Wfefi}facfmqf

Ki }cd if}tqd oh ekim, zcdqd }cdqd kw io wtgc }ckij fw hdfq,4=:]cdqd kw f~~dfqfigd hqdd hqoe dk}cdq co~d oq hdfq)]o cfxd }cf} xkwkoi kw }o ~owwdww ~qkeoqmkf` goihkmdigd)Wtgc kw e{ }dfgckij, K zco fe Wfefi}facfmqf

Ki }cd if}tqd oh ekim, zk}cot} }cd fw~dg} oh f~~dfqfigd,4=3]cdqd f~~dfqw }cd wta}`d fw~dg}, }cd wkij`d mo},

Dskw}kij fw }cd xkwkoi oh }cd jqdf} wke~`kgk}{)Wtgc kw e{ }dfgckij, K zco fe Wfefi}facfmqf

]cdwd efikhdw}f}koiw4=; fqd f`wo }cd wke~`kgk}{ oh oid*w ozi if}tqd) Zcdi }cd{ fqkwd hqoe k}w~ozdq oh efikhdw}f}koi, mo io} fif`{rd ds}dqif``{, dsfekid ki}dqif``{, oq efld g`fwwkhkgf}koiw ki ad}zddi)A{ wke~`{ qdgojikrkij }cde fw }cd d}cdqkf` ~tqk}{44> oh ifldm kiwkjc}, }cd{ fqd w}qk~~dm ifldm446 oh hksf}koioq goigd~}tf`krf}koi) ]cd{ fqd qdf`krdm fw ioid o}cdq }cfi }cd wke~`kgk}{ oh }cf} wd`h%if}tqd) ]ckw kw ioi%mtf` wd`h%fqkwkij zkwmoe)

K} ef{ ad }cotjc} }cf} }ckw zkwmoe441 kw }zo%ho m, qdefkikij fw fzfqdidww fim fqkwkij, fw }cddwwdigd fim k}w ~ozdq oh efikhdw}f}koi) ]cdi k} ef{ ad wfkm }cf} oid wcot`m qdw} ki }cd dwwdigd fw ioi%}cotjc} fim jtfqm }cd ~ozdq oh efikhdw}f}koi, efki}fkikij447 k} fw }cd `kadqf}koi oh zcf}dxdq fqkwdw) At} ki}ckw gfwd44= ~qfg}kgd adgoedw mtf`kw}kg) ]cd efki ~oki} cfw io} addi timdqw}oom)

Oid*w ozi if}tqd fim k}w ~ozdq fqd mkhhdqdi}`{ ds~qdwwdm) At} }cd{ fqd io} o}cdq }cfi }cd oiddwwdigd oh }cd wfed ifldm kiwkjc}) ]ckw kw adgftwd }qfiwekwwkoi oh }ckw kw io} fi oggtqqdigd }cf} kw

adw}ozdm,444

fim adgftwd f~~fqdi} oabdg}w fqkwd ki oid*w ozi if}tqd fw qdh`dg}koiw fqkwd zk}cki f ekqqoq)F} }cd xdq{ }ked oid kw jtfqmkij fqkwkij fw `kadqf}koi,448 k} f`qdfm{ dskw}w ifldm`{ a{ k}wd`h fw }cd jqotim)Dxdi fw oid kw jtfqmkij k} `kld }cf}, kiwkjc} kw f`qdfm{ efikhdw}kij tioaw}qtg}dm`{ fw wd`h%`tekiowk}{)

Ifldm fzfqdidww oh zcf} fqkwdw kw `kld f qdh`dg}koi) Fzfqdidww ki k}wd`h44: kw `kld }cd wtqhfgd oh fekqqoq) ]cdwd }zo fw~dg}w oh443 wd`h%fqkwkij zkwmoe, fqd idk}cdq fi kimkxkmtf` }ckij ioq f mkxdqwk}{ oh}ckijw) Zcf} kw ds~qdwwdm a{ }cd ifed wd`h%fqkwkij zkwmoe kw }cd ifldm wke~`kgk}{ oh }cd fzfldidmw}f}d) ]ckw kw }cd f`~cf%~tqk}{ oh oid*w ozi if}tqd fim }cd dwwdigd oh }cd zdfqkij ot} oh mcfqef}ff) ]ckwkw zcf} kw mdwkjif}dm a{ wtgc ifedw fw, `tekiotw zkwmoe, fawo`t}d }qt}c, d}dqif``{ `kadqf}dmmcfqeflff{f, fim kiwkjc}%aomckgk}}f)

]ckw dwwdigd oh f`~cf ~tqd wd`h %`tekiowk}{, ifldm, btw} wo, wcot`m ad qdgojikrdm) Ioz }cdds~qdwwkoiw oh }cd dwwdigd oh }ckw jqdf} ~dqhdg}koi zk`` ad ditedqf}dm)44; ]cd tioaw}qtg}dm if}tqf` w}f}d

kw gf``dm, }qdjgc, ifldmidww, }qfiw~fqdig{, d}dqif` `kadqf}koi, f`~cf%~tqk}{, fim wd`h%dskw}digd) ]cd edfikij oh f`` }cdwd kimkxkmtf` ifedw kw }ckw wkij`d mqo~ oh akimt, ifldm fim tioaw}qtg}dm)]cdqdhoqd, }ckw efki ~oki} kw ds~`fkidm zk}c }cd t}eow} g`fqk}{) ]cd t`}kef}d xkwkoi oh }cd i{kij}ckj kw btw}}ckw)

Zcdi }ckw efki ~oki} kw qdf`krdm, }cdqd kw io fg}koi oq dhhoq} }ozfqm fi{ ~tq~owd) ]cdqdhoqd k} kwgf``dm }cd Mcfqef a{ zckgc }cowd oh wt~qded ~ozdqw gfi adgoed di`kjc}didm zk}cot} edmk}f}kij) Cdqd}cdqd kw io oid }o edmk}f}d fim io}ckij oi zckgc }cdqd got m ad edmk}f}koi) ]cdqd kw io}ckij }o efki}fki


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fim io oid }o efki}fki k}, fim wo hoq}c) ]cd edfikij oh }ckw kw ckjcdq }cfi fi{ kiidq mzd``kij oi oid%~oki}dm ekim) K} kw ckjcdq }cfi fi{ xkdzw fim edmk}f}koiw }cf} zoql zk}c }cd ds}dqif` defif}koiw oh }cd~ozdq oh efikhdw}f}koi) ]cf} kw adgftwd }cdwd fqd io} `kadqf}dm hqoe hksf}dm oabdg} fim jqfw~kij wtabdg})Qdjfqmkij }cd wke~`kgk}{ oh wd`h%fqkwkij zkwmoe, }cd Lc{tijgcdi wf{w2

Adgftwd f`` mcfqefw fqd hqdd hqoe goe~`dsk}{,Fim tioawgtqdm a{ gtqqdi}w oh }tqakmk}{,48>Wt~qded`{ jqdf} kw }ckw fg}koi`dww `kadqf}koi)]cd ~k}c kw }ckijw dsfg}`{ fw }cd{ fqd)

@kldzkwd486 }cd Wkij`d ]ked wf{w2

Xfqkd}{ fim }cd if}tqd mo io} dskw} fw }zo)Dxdi }cd xdq{ ~fq}w fqd hqdd hqoe goe~`dsk}{)]cd edfikij oh }cf} zckgc kw liozi fw wtgcidww kw ioi%}cotjc})]cf} kw Wfefi}facfmqf, fw zd`` fw Xfkqogcfif)

A{ fggoe~`kwckij }ckw }cd mkwdfwd oh dhhoq} kw mkw~d``dm)Fim wd`h%dskw}digd kw dw}fa`kwcdm ki }cf} zf{)

]cd Libwf{w2

]ctw }cd zco`d oh f~~dfqfigd cfw f wkij`d wtgcidww,Zckgc idxdq zfw gqdf}dm a{ fi{oid f} f``)]ckw, }cd tigqdf}dm lkij oh dvtfikek}{,Mzd``w ki mcfqeflff{f, }cd xkwkoi oh ioi%}cotjc})

]ckw kw }ftjc} qdjfqmkij }cd mkw}kig}koi ad}zddi }cd ~ozdq oh }cd efikhdw}f}koiw oh goe~fwwkoi

fim }cd goigd~}tf`krf}koiw oh hksf}dm oabdg} fim jqfw~kij wtabdg}2

]cd kiwkjc} }cf} fqkwdw hqoe }cd ~ozdq oh efikhdw}f}koi

Kw }cd kiwkjc} oh timdqw}fimkij,481

zckgc kw gf``dm }cd ekim oh goe~`dsk}{)

K} ~qomtgdw hksf}koi fim jqfw~kij, f`oij zk}c }cdkq xfqkotw wddmw)

]cf} zckgc kw oabdg}`dww }cdi kw hksf}dm fw }cd hkxd oabdg}w,

]cf} zckgc kw djo`dww djo jqfw~w fw }cd hkxd%ho`m l`dwcfw)

Io ef}}dq zcf} goihtwdm f~~dfqfigdw }cdqd ef{ ad,

Oh fi ot}dq xdwwd` fim kiidq dwwdigd oh }cd zoq`m,487

]cotjc }cd{ f~~dfq fw wf)ewffqf, w}k`` }cd{ qkwd hqoe }cd ~ozdq)

]cd{ fqd f~~dfqfigdw zqoij`{ jqfw~dm a{ ioi%qdf`krf}koi)

Kiwkjc}, }cd dwwdigd oh goe~fwwkoi,48= }qfiw~fqdi} fim ifldm ki k}w wd`h%`tekiowk}{, kw `kld f ekqqoq}cf} kw hqdd oh goqqowkoi) Zcdi }ckw fim }cd tioaw}qtg}dm ~ozdq oh }cd jqotim oh fqkwkij }o efikhdw} fwgoe~fwwkoi fqd io} qdf`krdm, }cd efikhdw}f}koiw oh }cd ~ozdq ~fww ki}o adkij oabdg}w) ]cd{ fqkwd fw wtgcefikhdw}f}koiw, fim f }ckildq oh mtf`kw}kg }cotjc}w484 faot} }cde fqkwdw) Oid goihtwdw tekiowk}{ fim }cdwta}`d ekim oh gdfwd`dww efikhdw}f}koi)488


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Kh }cd fqkwkij oh kiwkjc} kw io} hksf}dm, }cf} kw zkwmoe) Kh k} kw, }cf} kw goigd~}tf`krf}koi) Kh oid `d}wjo oh }cf} fqkwkij, oq modw io} xkdz k} goigd~}tf``{,48: k} kw }cd jqdf} de~}kidww483 }cf} modw io} wdd~fq}kf`k}{) ]ckw kw gf``dm }cd }qte~d}kij oh }cd d`d~cfi})48;

Cdqd kw }cd mkw}kig}koi ad}zddi }cowd }zo) F~~fqdi} oabdg}w f~~dfq zk}cki kiwkjc}, fw qdh`dg}koiw

f~~dfq ki f ekqqoq) ]cf} ~tqd, d}cdqkf`, ifldm fzfqdidww }cf} modw io} defif}d goigd~}tf`krf}koiw kwgf``dm }cd ~ozdq) K} kw }cd jqotim oh fqkwkij oh goe~fwwkoi)Zcdi fzfqdidww kw defif}dm hqoe }cf} oqkjkif` fzfqdidww,4:> ~fwwkij ki}o ds}dqif` oabdg}w, }ckw kw

gf``dm mkwgtqwkxd }cotjc}w oh hksf}dm oabdg}w fim }cd jqfw~kij wtabdg}) ]ckw kw oabdg}%jqfw~kij)4:6 ]cdi}cdqd kw }cd fqkwkij oh xfqkd}{) ]ckw md~dimw oi }cd ~ozdq oh }cd goihtwdm f~~dfqfigd oh ds}dqif` oabdg}w)Hqoe

}cd kiidq jqfw~kij oh ekim }cdqd fqkwd }cd hkxd ~okwoiw, }cd qoo} l`dwcfw) Adgftwd oh lfqef fim }cdl`dwcfw, }cdqd fqd kimkxkmtf` di}k}kdw, }cd goihtwdm f~~dfqfigdw oh wf)ewffqf)

Oid wcot`m mkw}kijtkwc4:1 ad}zddi wd`h%`tekiotw kiwkjc} }cf} modw io} eoxd hqoe k}w ozi ~`fgd fimfqkwkij }cf} ~fwwdw ki}o oabdg}kxk}{) O}cdqzkwd }cdqd kw }cd jqdf} w}qf{kij oh co`mkij }cf} }cdwd }zo fqd oidfim }cd wfed)4:7 ]cd Wdijwf{w2

Ds~dqkdigd, zckgc kw }cd lkij oh wlk``ht` edfiw,A{ }cd ~ozdq oh tioaw}qtg}dm kiwkjc}4:=Efldw kivtkqkdw oh }cd ~qfbff }cf} kw k}w ozi)4:4

Wfeffmck }cf} kw zk}cot} goigd~}tf`krf}koiKivtkqdw ki}o }cd fg}koi`dww, dhhoq}`dww w}f}d)

]cd adjkiikij`dww ekim oh }cd w~cdqd oh `tekiowk}{)4:8Kivtkqdw ki}o }cd w~fgd oh ~tqd ~cdioedif)

]ckw kw }ftjc} fw }cd edfikij oh qdf`krf}koi)]o wf{ ff`f{f, zckgc kw }cd qoo} oh ekim4::Fim wd`h%kiwkjc}, zckgc kw }cd qoo} oh oabdg}w4:3Fqd oid fim }cd wfed kw }ftjc} fw f jqdf} w}qf{kij)

]o wf{ }cf} kjioqfigd, f~~dfqkij fw ekim,Fim kiwkjc}, }cd f~~dfqfigd oh ioi%}cotjc},Fqd oid fim }cd wfed kw }ftjc} fw f jqdf} w}qf{kij)

F`wo }cd@oijmqtl wf{w2

Fw hoq wd`h%kiwkjc} zckgc kw hqdd hqoe }cotjc}w,Fim }cd goi}di}w oh ekim, ~dqgdkxdm fw xfqkd}{,]o wf{ }cd{ fqd oid fim }cd wfed kw }o efld fi dqqoq)

Fw hoq }cd ~dqhdg} if}tqf` ~ozdq oh ~qfbffFim edi}f` edeoq{, `ow} ki }cd ds}dqif`,]o wf{ }cd{ fqd oid fim }cd wfed kw }o efld fi dqqoq)


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;=

]ckw kw f xdq{ ke~oq}fi} efki ~oki}) ]cdwd mkw}kig}koiw fqd oi`{ efmd a{ f hdz fim hdzdq w}k``ds~dqkdigd }ckw) ]cotjc }ckw cfw addi ds~`fkidm g`dfq`{, qdjfqmkij }cowd zco mo io} timdqw}fim k}, oq zcomd~dim oi dqqoidotw ~fq}kf`k}kdw, j`oqkotw Wfqfcf wfkm, ]cd timdqw}fimkij oh ~do~`d zk}c }ckw woq} oh

zoq`m`kidww wcot`m ad mdf`} zk}c `kld }cf} oh }cd fikef`w) ]cf} zcf} cd zfw }f`lkij faot} cfw goed }o~fww kw gdq}fki)Ioz }cdqd kw }cd efki ~oki} }cf} }cd qdf`krdm {ojki kw io} oawgtqdm a{ }cd f~~dfqfigd oh h`kgldqkij

defif}koiw oh mkwgtqwkxdidww ioq a{ }cd jfed oh k``twkoi oh f~~fqdi} oabdg}w24:;

Io} goekij hqoe fi{zcdqd, io} jokij oq fakmkij fi{zcdqd,

]cd qdf`krf}koi oh }cd jqdf} w~fgd oh mcfqef}ff

Kw }cd xkwkoi oh }cd }cqdd zoq`mw fw ~dqhdg}`{ `kadqf}dm)

]cd }dfgckij oh f}k, }cd wd`h%dskw}kij xfbqf cdfq},

Fqkwdw fw }cd W~fgd oh jqdf} xfw}idww, Wfefi}facfmqf)

Hoq }cd {ojki zco cfw ifldm qdf`krf}koi oh }cd edfikij oh }ckw jqdf} ~dqhdg}koi, kiwkjc} cfw

qdfgcdm }cd ifldmidww oh }ckijw btw} wo)43> ]cotjc hqoe }cd xkdz~oki} oh kiwkjc} oabdg}w f~~dfq zk}ckik},436 kiwkjc} modw io} zfimdq fh}dq f~~fqdi}, ds}dqif` oabdg}w) ]cdqdhoqd, k} kw de~}{ oh hksf}dm oabdg}w fimjqfw~kij wtabdg}, }cd qoo} oh wf)ewffqf) Kiwkjc} cfw fzfldidm ki}o ifldmidww, btw} wo) K} modw io} zfimdqfh}dq oabdg}w adgftwd }cdqd kw io f}}fgcedi}431 }o f~~dfqfigd) ]cdqd kw io f}}de~} }o d`kekif}d oqdw}fa`kwc437 fi{}ckij) Wf)ewffqf kw `kadqf}dm fw ikqxff)if) ]cdqdhoqd, k} kw wfkm }o fqkwd }qfiw~fqdi}`{ fwmcfqeflff{f) ]cdCdf~ oh ^qdgkotw W}oidw wf{w2

Ki hqtk}koi, }cd de~}kidww oh mcfqeflff{f,]cd dscftw}koi oh }ckijw43= kw }qt`{ f jqdf} zoimdq)Ki zkwmoe*w }qfiw~fqdi} ioi%wo`kmk}{]cd `fgl oh hksf}koi kw }qt`{ f jqdf} zoimdq)

F} }ckw }ked, }cd zco`d ds~fiwd oh }cd ~cdioedif` zoq`m kw wd} hqdd hqoe }cd id}) ]cdqdhoqd,zcf}dxdq f~~dfqw kw `kadqf}dm fw qdf`krf}koi) ]ckw kw gf``dm }cd xkwkoi oh ~dqhdg} `kadqf}koi oh }cd }cqddzoq`mw) K} kw qdf`krdm }cf} wf)ewffqf modw io} dskw} f} f``) ]cdqdhoqd, k} kw gf``dm }cd xkwkoi oh f`~cf%~tqk}{oh f`` }cd }cqdd zoq`mw) F`` f~~dfqfigdw cfxd addi qdf`krdm a{ dsfekif}koi fw io} }qt`{ dskw}kij f} f``)434]ckw kw gf``dm, }cd xkdz }cf} gt}w }cd wt~~oq} w{w}de438 oh }cd gk}{) ]cd wfed }fi}qf wf{w2

]cotjc zd cfxd addi }o`m }cf} }cd xdwwd` fim dwwdigd dskw},Zcdi }cd f~~dfqfigd oh }cdwd kw dsfekidm, }cd{ fqd if}tqd`dww)A{ edfiw oh }cd xkdz }cf} gt}w }cd wt~~oq} w{w}de oh }cd gk}{,Zcf} cfw addi }cdqd hqoe f`` d}dqik}{ kw io} wddi)

]cd jf}dw oh }cd wdiwdw

43:

fqd oaw}qtg}dm fqd }cd{ io}?]cf} wcot`m ad dsgd``di}`{ wddi fim qdf`krdm)

]cd dwwdigd oh kiwkjc} ad{oim oabdg}w kw }ftjc} }o ad `kld }cd wl{2

Ki }cd dwwdigd oh aomckgk}}f, zckgc kw goe~`d}d`{ ~tqd,

]cdqd fqd io oabdg}w oq mcfqefw faot} zckgc }o cfxd f xkdz)


91/461


;4

]cdqd kw io} wo etgc fw fi f}oe oh f xkdzdq,

Ioq kw }cdqd fi{}ckij }cdqd }cf} ekjc} ad woed}ckij xkdzdm)

Io ekim }o edmk}f}d ioq fi{ mcfqefw hoq edmk}f}koi)

Fg}oq fim fg}koi fqd ioi%mtf` fim wd`h%dskw}di},

Zk}cot} wo etgc fw fi f}oe oh hqtk}koi }o ad dw}fa`kwcdm)

F} }cd xdq{ }ked oid md~dimw oi kiwkjc}, kiwkjc} kw zk}cot} dwwdigd) ]cdqdhoqd, k}w xkdz,edmk}f}koi, fg}koi, fim hqtk}koi fqd fg}koi`dww) Fw kiwkjc} fim fg}koi433 fqd et}tf``{ goi}qfmkg}oq{, fg}oqfim fg}koi mo io} dskw} hoq fi kiw}fi}) Oid*w ozi kiwkjc} f`qdfm{ dskw}w fw mcfqeflff{f) ]cdqdhoqd, }cd}cqdd qdfwoiw,43; xkdz, edmk}f}koi, fim fg}koi, fqd twd`dww ki }cd hqtk}koi) Kiwkjc} kw }ftjc} }o }qfiwgdimxkdz, edmk}f}koi, fg}koi, fim hqtk}koi) ]cd Wdijwf{w2

Ki kiwkjc}, zckgc kw wd`h%dskw}kij ioi%edmk}f}koi,A{ ~dqhoqekij edmk}f}koi K wcf`` io} ad hotim)

Ki wd`h%fqkwkij d}dqif` tigqdf}dmidww,A{ ~dqhoqefigdw oh fg}koi K wcf`` io} ad hotim)

Kh mcfqeflff{f, d}dqif``{ hqdd hqoe f`` ds}qdedw,Kw xkdzdm fw f xkdz, }cdi K wcf`` io} ad wddi)4;>

F`wo }cd@oijmqtl wf{w2

K Wfefi}facfmqf fe zk}cot} f xkdz)Adgftwd K cfxd io xkdz, f~~dfqfigdw fqd dscftw}dm)

Ki }cf} zf{ edmk}f}koi }oo kw ioidskw}di})Zk}c io edmk}f}koi, ekimht`idww zk`` gdfwd


92/461


;8

@kld w~fgd, modw io} hf`` ki}o ~fq}kf`k}{)

F`oid fim de~}{ k} kw io} dskw}di})Io} ioi%dskw}di}, k} kw }cd lff{f oh a`kww)

Ioi%}cotjc} kw wd`h%fqkwkij fim ti~qomtgdm)

Zk}cki }cd jqdf} ~dqhdg}koi oh f}k {ojf,Coz got`m }cdqd ad edmk}f}koi oi mcfqef}ff?Zk}cot} fi{ mcfqefw oh ldd~kij oq wdimkij fzf{,K} kw hqdd hqoe ds}qdedw oh edmk}f}kij oq io})

]cd jqfw~kij wtabdg} kw zk}cot} dskw}digd,Coz got`m }cdqd ad mdhk`dedi}w oh ekim?]ckw kiwkjc}, ~tqd fim }qtd,4;= kw timdhk`dm)

Ki mcfqeflff{f, ~tqd fim timdhk`dm,

]cdqd kw idk}cdq edmk}f}koi ioq k}w oabdg}w)A{ edmk}f}koi }qt}c zk` io} ad hotim,Fim kh k} zdqd, k} zot`m io} ad wd`h%kiwkjc})

Qdjfqmkij }cd qdfwoi zc{ wd`h%kiwkjc} zkwmoeKw zk}cot} zfimdqkij oq ioi%zfimdqkij,Zcdqdxdq }cdqd kw dskw}digd oh f jqfw~dq,Io wd`h%fqkwkij zkwmoe zk`` ad }cdqd)

Hoq kh k} zdqd }qtd }cf} wd`h%fqkwkij zkwmoeOggtqqdm adgftwd oh }cd ~ozdq oh edmk}f}koi,

Adgftwd oh }cf} }cdqd zot`m ad f goi}qfmkg}koiZk}c }cd xdq{ kmdf4;4 oh zcf} kw edfi} a{ zkwmoe)

]ctw ki }cd jqdf} ~dqhdg}koi, f}k {ojf,]cd xkdz k}wd`h cfw io}ckij }o ad xkdzdm)Zcf}dxdq kw xkdzdm kw mdhk`dedi} oh }cd ekim)

At} ~tqd fim timdhk`dm mcfqef}ffKw hqdd hqoe dk}cdq xkdzdq oq }cd xkdzdm)]cd xkdz cfw io}ckij ki k} }o ad xkdzdm)Hoq kh }cdqd zdqd woed}ckij ki k} }o ad xkdzdm,

]cd `fe~ oh kiwkjc} zot`m ad ioidskw}di})

]ctw, ki }cd jqdf} ~dqhdg}koi, f}k {ojf,]cdqd kw io if}tqd4;8 oh oid zco jqfw~w }cd xkdz)

Zk}cki }cd jqdf} ~dqhdg}koi, f}k {ojf,]cd hqtk}koi cfw addi wfkm }o ad tidw}fa`kwcdm)


93/461


;:

Hqtk}koi kw wd`h%fqkwkij zk}cot} ~qomtg}koi,Fim wo k} jodw f} }cd `dxd` oh ioi%}cotjc})4;:

]cd jqdf} fim wfgqdm ot}`ool zckgc kw zkwmoe

Kw wd`h%qfmkfi} `tekiowk}{ zk}c io jqfw~dq,Wo kh }cdqd zdqd wtgc f }ckij fw f hqtk}koi,]cdi io wtgc }ckij fw Atmmcf got`m dskw})

Jqdf} mcfqef}ff4;3 kw wd`h%fqkwkij fim dhhoq}`dww)F mcfqef}ff ~qomtgdm a{ f hqtk}koi,A{ adkij wtgc fim adkij ~qomtgdm fw wtgc,Zot`m ad f mcfqef}ff }cf} zfw mdw}qo{dm)4;;]cdqdhoqd, }cd hqtk}koi kw tidw}fa`kwcdm)

K} wcot`m f`wo ad liozi }cf} }cdqd kw io }qfkikij oi }cd acttekw fim wo hoq}c2

Hoq f ioi%dskw}di} mcfqef, }cdqd kw io ~qojqdww oh acttekw;

]cd if}tqd,86> wd`h%qkwkij zkwmoe, modw io} dskw} fw fi{}ckij zcf}wodxdq) ]cdqdhoqd, }cdqd fqd iojoom fg}koiw oh dw}fa`kwckij a{ dhhoq} }cd gftwdw fim dhhdg}w oh }cd }di if}tqdw) Ioq fqd }cdqd dxk` fg}koiwoh }cd mcfqefw oh wf)ewffqf) ]cd w~fgd oh }cd wl{, zcowd dwwdigd cfw io goe~`dsk}kdw oh dskw}digd oqioidskw}digd, kw }cd wkij`d mo} oh akimt) K} kw liozi a{ }cowd oh wt~qded ~ozdqw) ]cd Libwf{w2

Mtqkij }cd gotqwd oh ~qdxkotw lf`~fw zk}cot} edfwtqd,A{ hfk}c ki ed }cd modq oh f``, di`kjc}diedi},]cd {ojkiw oh f}k,866 cfxkij joom lfqef fim joom hoq}tid,Zk}c io xkdz oq edmk}f}koi oq jtfqmkij wfef{f,Zk}c io dhhoq} ki }cd ~dqhoqefigd oh atmmcf fg}kxk}{,

Zk}c io ~qojqdww oi }cd `dxd`w oh }cd ~f}c,Zk}c io }qfkikij oi }cd w}fjdw oh }cd acttekw,Zk}c io gftwd fim io hqtk}koi }o ad f}}fkidm,Zk}c io mtf`k}{ oh fawo`t}d fim qd`f}kxd,Cfxd wddi }ckw zk}cot} edmk}f}kij oq ~qfg}kgkij)

]cd{ mkm io} fqotwd aomckgk}}f) Fi}kmo}dw zdqd io} wddi)A{ }cowd zco wfz }cd modq oh f`` }cd dwwdigd oh ekim,Hoq }cd wfld oh }cf} wfed ~tq~owd }cdwd zdqd }ftjc})861

]cdQfijwcfqwf{w2

E{ aom{ kw }cd ~dqhdg}koi oh dxdq{}ckij)E{ w~ddgc dskw}w fw }cd ~`f{ oh dxdq{}ckij)E{ ekim kw }cd qdf`krf}koi oh dxdq{}ckij)

E{ vtf`k}kdw fqd zcf}dxdq ef{ f~~dfq)E{ fg}kxk}{ kw f}}fkidm zk}cot} adkij wotjc})E{ xkdz kw }cd aom{ oh }cd wkij`d akimt)E{ edmk}f}koi kw ad{oim }cd ekim)

E{ fg}koi jodw ad{oim }cd w~cdqd oh oabdg}w)E{ hqtk}koi kw f} }cd `dxd` oh tik}{)E{ wfef{f kw io}ckij }cf} kw ld~})E{ fack)wcdlf kw io}ckij oid f}}fkiw)

]ctw K e{wd`h fe }cd jqdf} gcfqid` jqotim)Fim atmmcfw fqd }cd mdf}c oh wdi}kdi} adkijw)


96/461


6>>

Hqoe ot} oh }cf} jqdf} a`dwwkij, ed e{wd`h,]cd atmmcfw oh }cd }cqdd }kedw f`` fqkwd)


97/461


6>6

]ckw Kw }cd Goeedi}fq{ oi }cd Wks}c Gcf~}dq oh

]cd ^qdgkotw ]qdfwtq{ oh Mcfqefmcff}t ,

]cd ]dfgckij }cf} Dxdq{}ckij kw Kig`tmdm ki Aomckgk}}f)

Ioz }cdqd kw }cd }dfgckij oh coz f`` mcfqefw fqd kig`tmdm ki }cd ~tqk}{ oh }cd dwwdigd oh kiwkjc})Cdqd kw f aqkdh ~qdwdi}f}koi oh }cd }dfgckij oh coz f`` }ckijw fqd kig`tmdm ki }cd wtgcidww oh mcfqef}ff)]ckw kw }cd w}f}d zcdqd zcf} fggoqmw zk}c akfw867 modw io} fqkwd2

Fw }cd wo`fq qf{w fqd kig`tmdm ki }cd dwwdigd oh }cd wti,86=

Wo fqd f`` mcfqefw zk}cki }cdkq qoo}, zckgc kw aomckgk}}f)

Zcdi }cd{ fqd dsfekidm, ao}c }cd ke~tqd, goihtwkoi,

Zckgc kw }cd xdwwd` fim dwwdigd oh }cd ~cdioedif` zoq`m,Fim

864}cd w~fgd }cf} dskw}w wt~~oq}kij }ckw, zcf}dxdq qkwdw,

Fqd kig`tmdm ki jqotim`dww, d}dqif``{ `kadqf}dm ekim)

Zk}cki }cd jqdf} xfw}idww, ~qkeoqmkf` W~fgd oh mcfqef}ff,

Ao}c goihtwkoi fim ioi%goihtwkoi fqd kig`tmdm

Ki f zf{ ad{oim }cd qdf`e oh ifedw fim oh }cdkq edfikijw)

Fw }cd wti*w qf{w oh `kjc} fqd kig`tmdm zk}cki }cd wti,868 f`` }cd mcfqefw oh }cd ~cdioedif` zoq`mfqd kig`tmdm ki k}w qoo}, aomckgk}}f) Kh oid dsfekidw }cde, wf)ewffqf fim ikqxff)if fqd dwwdi}kf``{ f mqdfe)Zcdi }cdkq ~`fgd oh fqkwkij, mzd``kij, fim ~fwwkij fzf{ fqd dsfekidm, wf)ewffqf fim ikqxff)if mo io}dskw}) ]cdqdhoqd, idk}cdq mo }cdkq fqkwkij, mzd``kij, fim ~fwwkij fzf{) Wkek`fq`{, wkigd fqkwkij, mzd``kij,fim ~fwwkij fzf{ mo io} dskw}, idk}cdq mo wf)ewffqf fim ikqxff)if) ]cd wt~~oq}kij jqotim oq w~fgd oh }cd

mcff}t kw gf``dm aomckgk}}f) Zcdi }ckw }oo modw io} dskw} fw f mkw}kig} qdhdqdigd ~oki},86: }cdi f`` kw io}o}cdq }cfi mcfqef}ff `kld }cd wl{) ]ckw kw gf``dm kig`twkoi ki mcfqef}ff) Kh oid dsfekidw goixdi}koif``{,}cd mcfqefw kig`tmdm fim }cf} ki zckgc }cd{ fqd kig`tmdm wcot`m ad liozi }o ad zk}cot} jqotim fimwt~~oq}) ]cd Libwf{w2

F`` mcfqefw oh zcf}dxdq ef{ f~~dfq,Kig`tmdm ki }cf}, fqd ds~`fkidm fw adkij }cd dwwdigd)F`` mcfqefw oh zcf}dxdq ef{ f~~dfq,A{ adkij aoqi, fqd }cdqdhoqd f`wo wddmw)F`` mcfqefw oh zcf}dxdq ef{ f~~dfq,A{ cfxkij qkwdi, fqd }cdqdhoqd f`wo gftwdw)Fim }ctw, wkigd f`` }cd mcfqefw oh f~~dfqfigd

Dskw} fw }cd aqfigcdw, }cd{ fqd }cd }qtil fw zd``)Fim }ctw, wkigd f`` }cd mcfqefw oh f~~dfqfigdQdwkmd zk}cki }cd jqotim, }cd{ fqd }cd jqotim)Fim }ctw, wkigd f`` }cd mcfqefw oh f~~dfqfigd,Fqd ed e{wd`h, }cd{ fqd ds~`fkidm fw }cd qoo})

F`wo k} wf{w }cdqd2


98/461


6>1

Fw hoq }cd xkwkoi oh kig`twkoi ki }cd t`}kef}d,K} kw `kld }cd if}tqd oh }cd modq oh f``, }cd Lkij)]ckw k}wd`h kw }ftjc} fw adkij }cd tiaoqi)Wkigd f`` }cd mcfqefw `kldzkwd fqd tiaoqi hqoe }cf},]cd{ fqd }ftjc} fw kig`tmdm ki akq}c`dww mcfqef}ff)

F`wo }cdQfijwcfqwf{w2

A{ cfxkij f if}tqd hqdd hqoe goigd~}tf` oabdg}w,F`` mcfqefw oh }cd zoq`m oh ~cdioedif,Zk}cot} }cd ekim oh wddlkij fi{}ckij,Fqd }ctw kig`tmdm ki }cd w~fgd oh zkwmoe)

K} kw }ftjc} }cf} btw} fw f mqdfe kw kig`tmdm zk}cki }cd w}f}d oh w`dd~, }cd mcfqeki, }cd zf{ }ckijwf~~dfq, kw kig`tmdm ki }cd w}f}d oh kiwkjc}2

^tqd ds~dqkdigd, }cd lff{fw fim atmmcf hkd`mw,

Fim }cd ekqfgt`otw ~`f{ oh zkwmoe fim atmmcf fg}kxk}{

Fqd kig`tmdm zk}cki }cd wd`h%fqkwkij w}f}d

Zcdqd io}ckij cfw addi fmmdm fim io}ckij }fldi fzf{)

Aomckgk}}f, kig`tmkij f`` }cd ~cdioedif` zoq`m,

Kig`tmkij }cd w}f}d oh wf)ewffqf fw zd`` fw }cd w}f}d oh ikqxff)if,863

@kld }cd wti ki }cd wl{, kw

`tekiotw, de~}{, fim tigoe~otimdm) ^qkeoqmkf`, wd`h%fqkwkij, d}dqif` W~fgd kw xfw})

]cd ~tqd f~~dfqfigdw oh atmmcfcoom fim }cd ke~tqd, goihtwdm f~~dfqfigdw oh wdi}kdi} adkijwfqd f`` kig`tmdm zk}cki oid*w ozi wd`h%fqkwkij kiwkjc}) Io mcfqefw fqd tikig`tmdm ki kiwkjc}%aomckgk}}f)Zcf} kw `kld }cd wti kw }cd w~oi}fidotw `tekiowk}{ oh }ckw w}f}d) Zcf} kw `kld w~fgd kw }cd de~}kidww ohwd`h`dwwidww) ]ckw wd`h%fqkwkij zkwmoe oh ~qkeoqmkf` mcfqeflff{f kw gf``dm wtgcidww fim atmmcfcoom)]cd Libwf{w2

Mcfqef}ff, }qfiwgdimkij f``, kw aomckgk}}fAomckgk}}f kw }cd dwwdigd oh f`` mcfqefw)Aomckgk}}f kw }cd qoo} oh f`` }cd mcfqefw)Adgftwd k} kw }cd qoo}, }cd{ fqd f`` kig`tmdm zk}cki k})

F`wo k} wf{w }cdqd2

K fe }cd if}tqd oh f`` }cd xfqkotw mcfqefw)86;F~fq} hqoe e{ if}tqd, }cdqd fqd io o}cdq mcfqefw)]cd }dfgcdq, zco kw }qklff{f, kw e{ if}tqd)]cd atmmcfw oh }cd }cqdd }kedw fqd e{ if}tqd)]cd aomckwf}}xfw f`wo fqd e{ if}tqd,Fim `kldzkwd, }cd hotq {ojfw fqd e{ if}tqd)]cd qdf`ew oh mdwkqd, ~tqd hoqe, fim hoqe`dwwidww,Fqd }ftjc} fw }cd if}tqd oh ed, }cd modq oh f``)]cd hkxd jqdf} d`dedi}w f`wo fqd e{ if}tqd)


99/461


6>7

]cd wks lkimw oh wdi}kdi} adkijw fqd e{ if}tqd)F`` mkhhdqdi} f~~dfqfigdw fqd e{ if}tqd)81>F`` }cd zoq`mw oh }cd tikxdqwd fqd e{ if}tqd)816F`` }cdkq xdwwd`w fim dwwdigdw fqd e{ if}tqd)Adgftwd }cdqd kw io o}cdq if}tqd }cfi ekid,F`` mcfqefw fqd kig`tmdm ki ed, }cd qoo})

]cd if}tqd oh ekim kw }ftjc} }o ad }cd jqdf} W~fgd2

If}tqd oh ekim, jqdf} w~fgd, gcfijd`dww w}f}d oh }cd wl{>,>>> Wc`olfw wf{w2

Wkigd f`` mcfqefw fqd dvtf`k}{, }cd ~qfbff~ffqfek}ff kw dvtf`k}{)

]cd Libwf{w2


101/461


6>4

F`` oh }cd mcfqefw cfxd }cd efql oh w~fgd)W~fgd, ki }tqi, ~owwdwwdw }cd efql oh wtgcidww)876]qklff{f `kldzkwd cfw }cd efql oh wtgcidww)Dxdq{}ckij }cf} }cdqd kw dskw}w fw wtgcidww)F`` oh }cd mcfqefw oh zcf}dxdq f~~dfqwFqd io}ckij fq}khkgkf` o}cdq }cfi wtgcidww)]cd{ cfxd io joom fim f`wo cfxd io dxk`Fim `kldzkwd io fggd~}kij fim io qdbdg}kij)

Fqkwkij hqoe w~fgd kw }ftjc} }o }qfiwgdim dw}fa`kwckij fim dhhoq}2

F`` fqkwdw hqoe }cd wkij`d mcfqefmcff}t)871

]ckw ti~qomtgdm w}f}d cfw io dw}fa`kwckij fim io dhhoq})

Io}ckij gfi ad ot}wkmd }cd mcff}t, oid*w wotqgd fim dwwdigd)877

Hqoe zcdqd zot`m fi dhhoq} goed? Zcdqd zot`m dw}fa`kwcedi} ad?

Ki f mqdfe }kqkij oidwd`h ot} a{ ~dqhoqefigdw oh dhhoq} fim dw}fa`kwcedi} a{ dhhoq} kw twd`dww)Oid modw jo ad{oim }cd wkij`d w~o} zcdqd oid kw) Io fg}koi cfw addi ~dqhoqedm oq fggoe~`kwcdm f} f``)Dhhoq} fim dw}fa`kwckij kixo`xdm ki qditigkf}koi fim fi}kmo}dw fqd f`wo `kld }cf}) Dsgd~} hoq afqd kiwkjc},}cdqd kw io}ckij d`wd) Io}ckij f} f`` kw ~qomtgdm fim fggoe~`kwcdm) Io}ckij jodw ad{oim afqd kiwkjc})Dsgd~} hoq }cd edqd goihtwkoi oh f}}fgcedi} }o }cd `tekiotw f~~dfqfigd oh zcf} modw io} dskw} fw qdf`, fwzk}c }cd ctimqdm goigd~}tf`krf}koiw oh Mfzf J{f`}wdi,87= mcfqef}ff modw io} f~~qofgc fim goed kigoi}fg} zk}c dxdi f w~dgl oh mtw}) ]cdqdhoqd, ki ekim k}wd`h `kld }cd wl{ }cdqd kw io ~qomtg}koi a{ dhhoq}fim dw}fa`kwckij) ]cdqd kw io }qfiwhoqef}koi a{ gftwd fim dhhdg}) Wd`h%fqkwkij zkwmoe dskw}w fw }cdjqotim oh dxdq{}ckij) ]cdqdhoqd, f`` mcfqefw fqkwd hqoe k}, fim k} }qfiwgdimw }cd ds}qdedw oh xkgd fimxkq}td)874 ]cd ]cf`btqwf{w2

]ckw kw }cd zf{ oh adkij oh }cd if}tqf` w}f}d)Zcdi k} kw ds~`fkidm, ~qf}{dlfatmmcfw fim wcqffxflfwT}}dq`{ }dqqkhkdm, fqd ~fqf`{rdm zk}c hdfq)]cdqdhoqd, w~dfl oh }ckw zk}c }cd ckjcdw} wdgqdg{)Ti`fad`dm mcfqefw cfxd io ~`fgd zcdqd }cd{ fqkwd)878]cdqdhoqd, io} cfxkij fqkwdi, }cd{ fqd gf``dm }cd jqotim)87:Wkigd }cdwd mcfqefw mo io} qdefki zk}cki dskw}digd,873Io}ckij dskw}w f} f``, dk}cdq }cd qdf` oq de~}{)Cdqd }cd mfql fim `tekiotw qdfèw mo io} fqkwd)]cd qdfè oh ds}qdedw oh goekij fim jokij modw io} dskw})Wkigd }cdqd kw io}ckij aotim a{ w}qkxkij oq a{ dhhoq},K} qkwdw tioaw}qtg}dm ki }qfiw~fqdig{)87;

Wkigd io}ckij cfw hf``di ki}o `kek} fim ~fq}kf`k}{,Xkgd fim xkq}td `kldzkwd fqd zk}cot} dskw}digd8

F`wo }cd Wdij wf{w2

Wkigd wd`h%fqkwkij kiwkjc} kw woed}ckij d}dqif``{ gcfijd`dww,K fe io} oawgtqdm a{ joom oq dxk` mddmw)Wd`h%fqkwkij, zk}c io gftwdw oq goimk}koiw,K cfxd io iddm oh }cd mt}kdw8=> oh goe~otimdm mcfqefw)8=6

]cdqdhoqd, gftwd fim dhhdg}, fim dhhoq} fim dw}fa`kwckij fqd }qfiwgdimdm2

Zk}cot} fi{ oabdg}w }o wddl, tiwddi a{ edmk}f}koi:

]cd }dfgckijw oh wcqffxflfw, ~qf}{dlfatmmcfw fim aomckwf}}xfw

Cfxkij qdwo`xdm }cd kwwtd oh djo fim djo`dwwidww,

Cfxd oid ki}dimdm edfikij, wke~`kgk}{ `kld }cd wl{)

]cd }dfgckij oh jqdf} f}k {ojf, }cd wdgqd} }cf} kw wt~qded,

Kw xfw}idww oh w~fgd, zk}cot} wd~fqf}koi oh wd`h fim o}cdq)

Wo qdw}kij ki wd`h%qkwkij zkwmoe, }cd if}tqf` w}f}d fw k} kw,

]ckw ckjcdw}8=4

dwwdigd kig`tmdw }cd ki}di}koiw oh }cde f``)

Ki }cd xkdz oh }cd wcqffxflfw, fi kimkxkmtf` wd`h oh ot}dq fim kiidq mcfqefw kw efki}fkidm }o adioi%dskw}di}, `kld w~fgd)8=8 Fggoqmkij }o }cd ~qf}{dlfatmmcfw, }cdqd kw f`wo cf`h%wd`h`dwwidww oh mcfqefw)]cd{ fqd efki}fkidm }o ad8=: hqdd hqoe }cd }qtd dskw}digd oh }cd hksf}dm oabdg} at} io} }cf} oh }cd jqfw~kijwtabdg})8=3 ]cd aomckwf}}xfw efki}fki }cf} ao}c }cd jqfw~dm oabdg} fim }cd hksf}kij wtabdg}, fim ao}c }cdwd`hcoom oh }cd kimkxkmtf` fim }cf} oh mcfqefw, cfxd }cd ioi%dskw}di} if}tqd oh w~fgd)8=; ]cd Wt}qf oh }cdZcdd` oh Ioi%qd}tqikij

84> wf{w2

Fw Kjioqfigd kw io}ckijidww `kld w~fgd)F`` mcfqefw fqd zk}cot} fi{ gcfqfg}dqkw}kgw)

]cf} qdf`krf}koi kw kig`tmdm zk}cki }cd jqdf} ~dqhdg}koi, wd`h%fqkwkij zkwmoe) ]ckw kw adgftwd,wd`h%fqkwkij zkwmoe, de~}kidww/`tekiowk}{, kw kig`tmdm zk}cki }cd dwwdigd oh w~fgd) ]cdqdhoqd, wo kw }cdwtgcidww oh f`` mcfqefw) ]cd Libwf{w2

Ki }cd if}tqd oh }cd modq oh f``, zckgc kw aomckgk}}f,Zk}cot} dsgd~}koi dxdq{}ckij cfw addi kig`tmdm,Fw hqddmoe hqoe goe~`dsk}{ `kld }cf} oh w~fgd)

]cd ekmm`d }cqdd xdckg`dw fqd f`wo kig`tmdm2

]cd }cqdd g`fwwdw lqk{ff, t~f, fim {ojf co`m fw oid,

]cf} hqoe oidwd`h, fim }cd mdk}kdw, wfeffmck fim gòtmw oh ohhdqkijw,

]cd }cqdd jf}dw fqd ~tqkhkdm, fim wkmmck kw f}}fkidm)846

Hoq }cd xfbqf ~dfl fw zd``, }cd wdgqd} lkij oh }dfgckijw,

]cd wkjc}w fim wotimw oh kiwkjc}, zckgc fqd goe~`d}d`{ ~tqd,

Fqd mdk}kdw }cf} cfxd dskw}dm hqoe f`` d}dqik}{)

]cd }cqdd jf}dw* t}}dq ~tqk}{ efikhdw}w fw wkmmck)

]ckw dsgd``di} dwwdigd kig`tmdw }cd ki}di}koiw oh }cde f``)

Lqk{ff }fi}qf kw }cd }fi}qkg }qfmk}koi oh aomk`{ fg}koi) Oid }ckilw oh oidwd`h fw f wdqxfi} fim }cdmdk}{ fw f efw}dq) K} kw efki}fkidm }cf} wkmmck kw f}}fkidm }cqotjc ohhdqkijw, ~qfkwd fim wo hoq}c) T~f }fi}qfkw }cd }fi}qf oh ~qfg}kgd)841 K} kw efki}fkidm }cf} wkmmck kw f}}fkidm a{ xkwtf`krkij oidwd`h fw wfef{fwf}}xf

fim }cd mdk}{ ki hqoi} oh oid fw bffifwf}}xf) [ojf }fi}qf kw }cd goi}kitk}{ oh tikoi) K} kw efki}fkidm }cf}wkmmck kw f}}fkidm }cqotjc ohhdqkijw, ~qfkwdw fim wo hoq}c, fh}dq }cd mdk}{ fw bffifwf}}xf cfw di}dqdm fim~dqxfmdm }cd ef)i)mf`f oh oidwd`h fw wfef{fwf}}xf) ]cdwd fqd oid ki }cd jof`w oh ~tqkh{kij }cdmdhk`dedi}w oh }cd }cqdd jf}dw fim f}}fkikij wkmmck) ]cd ki}di}koiw oh }cdwd {ffifw fqd kig`tmdm ki }cf} ohf}k)847 Ki f}k }oo f`` mcfqefw fqd }cd di`kjc}didm w}f}d oh }cd ef)i)mf`f) ]ckw kw adgftwd }cd{ fqd liozi fw}cd ~tqk}{ fim dvtfikek}{ oh aomckgk}}f) ]cd Libwf{w2

Hqoe }cd wd`h%fqkwkij cdfq}%dwwdigd zckgc kw }cd t`}kef}d ef)i)mf`f


104/461


6>3

Kh oid wcot`m qdw} }cd }cqdd jf}dw ki }cd if}tqf` dfwd oh wtgcidww,]cd xkwkoi oh ed, }cd modq oh f``, zk`` ad w~oi}fidotw)

]cd }cqdd {ffifw }cf} fqd jqdf} ~dqhdg} }ckw kig`twkoi2

Ki }cd }cqdd `dxd`w oh efcff, fit, fim f}k {ojf

F`` oh }cd xdwwd` fim dwwdigd oh }cd ~cdioedif` zoq`m

Dskw}w ki }cd hoqe oh jomw fim jommdwwdw fim }cdkq hkd`mw)84=

W~fgd fim zkwmoe, kiwd~fqfa`d fim t}}dq`{ ~tqd,

Fqd efki}fkidm }o ad if}tqf` zkwmoe, io} jokij ad{oim mcfqef}ff) Wkigd, ki }cd t`}kef}d

wdgqd}, f`` kw goe~`d}d`{ ~tqd

]ckw kw }cd goeedi}fq{ oi }cd wdxdi}c gcf~}dq oh]cd ^qdgkotw ]qdfwtq{ oh Mcfqefmcff}t

DXDQ[]CKIJ KW ]CD D]DQIF@ WD@H%DSKW]DIGD OH AOMCKGK]]F

Cdqd kw }cd }dfgckij }cf} }cd kig`twkoi oh f`` mcfqefw ki aomckgk}}f kw wd`h%dskw}kij2

]cd wd`h%dskw}kij if}tqd oh }cd }dfgckij oh aomckgk}}f,

Kw }cd tigqdf}dm f}}fkiedi},

886

}cd ~dfl oh }cd lkij oh eoti}fkiw)]cd wt~qded, jqdf} lkij oh xdckg`dw }ozdqw oxdq f``)

]cd lkij oh eoti}fkiw, ki }cd gdi}dq oh }cd hotq goi}kidi}w, kw wt~qded`{ dsf`}dm)Btw} wo, f}k, }cd xfbqf cdfq}%dwwdigd, kw ds~`fkidm }o ad }cd ckjcdw} ~dfl oh xdckg`dw, eoqddsf`}dm }cfi f`` }cd o}cdqw) ]cdQfijwcfqwf{w2

Fw hoq }cd ckjcdw} ~dfl oh xkdzw k} kw ds~`fkidmFw f}k {ojf, }dfgckij oh }cd jqdf} ~dqhdg}koi)

Cdqd kw }cd dsfe~`d }cf} }dfgcdw k} kw }cd ~dfl oh f``2

Fw oi qdfgckij }cd wteek} oh }cd lkij oh eoti}fkiw,]cotjc oid wddw }cd `ozdq xf``d{w f`` f} oigd,]cd xf``d{w mo io} wdd }cd if}tqd oh }cd ~dfl8 }cd xkdz) Wo qdf`krd hqoe ioz oi }cf} wf)ewffqf fim ikqxff)if,fggd~}kij fim qdbdg}kij, ~dqhoqekij fg}koiw, }cd xkdz fim edmk}f}koi fim wo hoq}c fqd f`` ioi%dskw}di}:>:`kld }cd wl{) ]cd ^dfq` Ef`f wf{w2

Fw hoq }cd wdgoim, mkw}kijtkwcdm hqoe }cd wkij`d jqotim,:>3Qdw} ki }cd wke~`d xkwkoi oh }cd wkij`d mo},^owwdwwkij }cd if}tqd oh }cd akimt oh jqdf} a`kww)

Fw hoq }cd wkij`d ef)i)mf`f oh f`` }cd atmmcfw,Adgftwd oh }cd f`~cf%~tqk}{ oh }cd dwwdigd oh }cf},K}w if}tqd kw f`wo woed}ckij }cf} kw wd`h%dskw}kij)

]qfiwgdimkij ~`fgd, }qfiwgdimkij mkqdg}koi, fim aotimfqkdw,K} modw io} f~~dfqkij fw woed}ckij }cf} dskw}w,Ioq gfi k} ad wfkm }cf} k} modw io} dskw}):>;

]ckw kw io} zk}cki }cd w~cdqd oh zoqm fim edfwtqd,Ioq }cowd oh tik}{, mtf`k}{, oq iteadq)K} kw dw}fa`kwcdm a{ adkij:6> }cd jqdf} de~}kidww)


114/461


663

K} kw io} zk}cki }cd w~cdqd oh qdfwoi oq wgqk~}tqd)K} kw io} mdwgqkadm ki }cd }fi}qfw fim oqf` kiw}qtg}koiw)A{ xkdz, edmk}f}koi, fim fg}koi k}w edfikijw zk`` io} ad liozi

]cd edfikij oh }ckw modw io} dskw} fw }cd hqtk}koi)K} kw woed}ckij }cf} zk`` oi`{ ad oawgtqdma{ }cd mkhhdqdi} goigd~}tf`krf}koiw oh xfqkotw Mcfqefw):66

K} kw io} woed}ckij }cf} kw dw}fa`kwcdm a{ edfiw oh }ckilkij):61K} kw io} woed}ckij fif`{rdm a{ edfiw oh ~qfbff)K} kw hqdd hqoe hqtk}koi, cfqeht` oq adidhkgkf`)

A{ jdidqowk}{, mkwgk~`kid, ~f}kdigd fim }cd qdw},:67A{ edfiw oh cdfqkij, goi}de~`f}kij, fim edmk}f}kij,]cotjc oid dsfekidw wt~qded`{, }ckw zk`` io} ad wddi)

]cd ef)i)mf`f oh }ckw modw io} dskw} f} f``)Zk}cot} fi{ mdk}kdw, oq }cd wddmw oh }cdkq xkwtf`krf}koi,Coz got`m }cdqd ad fi{ wtgc }ckijw fw efi}qfw fim etmqffw?

Oid iddm io} hdd` kig`kidm }ozfqm ~dqhoqekij ~ttbffw fim wtgc)]cdi coz gfi }cdqd ad de~ozdqedi} fim jtfqmkij wfef{f?Ioq fqd }cdqd ~qo~k}kf}koi fim }cd qdw})

Fw hoq }cd a`kww oh }cd gcflqfw, k} kw zk}cot} dskw}digd)Zk}cot} fi{ jtfqmkij oq fi{ oabdg}w }o ad jtfqmdm,]qfiwgdimkij miw oq fi{ oabdg}w }o ad cfqedm,

]ckw kw K, fim k} kw f`wo wdi}kdi} adkijw)K} kw ekim, fim f`wo }cd oabdg}w oh }cd ekim)K} kw }cd efi{, fim k} kw f`wo }cd wkij`d mo})

Wf)ewffqf fim ikqxff)if fqd oi`{ K e{wd`h)K} kw K zco di}dqw }cd ef)i)mf`f a{ w}fjdw)K fe mcfqefw fim }cd f~~dfqfigd oh f`` mcfqefw)

K fe zcf} w}f{w, fim f`wo K fe }cf} zckgc jodw)K fe wk}}kij, `{kij mozi, fim zf`lkij faot})K fe `khd, fim f`wo K fe k}w gt}}kij ohh)

F`` }cd }cqdd zoq`mw fqd aoqi fim qkwd:6= hqoe ed f`oid)K} kw K zco cfxd f~~dfqdm fw xfqkotw mdk}kdw,K} kw K zco fe }cd if}tqd oh efi}qf fim etmqff):64

K fqkwd fw xkq}td fim }cd hqtk}koi oh k})K fe }cd dskw}digd oh }cd }di ~ffqfek}ffw)


115/461


66;

K fe }cd acttekw fim K fe f`wo }cdkq xfqkotw xkq}tdw):68

Hqoe }ckw k}wd`h fqkwdw dxdq{}ckij }cdqd kw)]cd xkdz, edmk}f}koi, fg}koi, fim wtgc fqkwd hqoe }ckw)]cd jqdf}dq fim `dwwdq {ffifw f`` fqkwd hqoe }ckw):6:

]o efld f aqkdh wteefq{ oh }cf} zckgc cfw addi }ftjc},F`` mcfqefw zcf}wodxdq, io ef}}dq coz }cd{ f~~dfq,F`` fqkwd hqoe }ckw fim qkwd hqoe }ckw f`oid)

Wkigd io dwwdigd dskw}w, oid jfkiw goixkg}koi }cf} kiwkjc} kw ~qkeoqmkf``{:63 de~}{ `kld }cd wl{) ]cdefiidq oh fqkwkij hqoe kiwkjc} kw }cf} zcf} fqkwdw hqoe k} ki}o f~~dfqfigd w~oi}fidotw`{ ~fwwdw }cd ~fwwafgl ki}o k}) ]cdwd }zo gcfqfg}dqkw}kgw oh kiwkjc} fqd oid) ]cdqdhoqd, kiwkjc} kw qdgojikrdm fw hqdd hqoe}cd ds}qdedw oh dskw}digd fim ioi%dskw}digd) Adgftwd }cd jqdf} ~dqhdg}koi kw `kld }cf}, cdqd f~~dfqfigd kwio} dw}fa`kwcdm fw dskw}kij, fim de~}kidww modw io} adgoed ioi%dskw}digd) ]cd jqdf} wd`h%dskw}digd wcot`mad liozi }o ad ioi%mtf`)


116/461


61>

]ckw kw }cd goeedi}fq{ oi dkjc}c gcf~}dq oh]cd ^qdgkotw ]qdfwtq{ oh Mcfqefmcff}t

]CD IOI%MTF@K][ OH AOMCKGK]]F

]cd ~tqd, wd`h%dskw}kij if}tqd kw f`wo }ftjc} }o cfxd }cd gcfqfg}dqkw}kg ohioi%mtf`k}{) Zcf} fqkwdw hqoe }cd wkij`d w~fgd oh }cd mcff}t kw ioi%mtf` zk}c }cd dwwdigdhqoe zckgc k} fqkwdw2

Ki }cd wkij`d w~fgd oh dxdq{}ckij, wd`h%fqkwkij zkwmoe,

Dxdq{}ckij dskw}w ioi%mtf``{ zk}c }cd dwwdigd)

Mtf`kw}kg f~~dfqfigd fqkwdw gdfwd`dww`{

Fw }cd ~`f{ oh efikhdw}f}koi oh }cd ~ozdq oh kiwkjc})

Mtf`kw}kg f~~dfqfigd fqkwdw fw }cd ~`f{

]cf} efikhdw}w }cd tioaw}qtg}dm ~ozdq oh kiwkjc})

]ckw kw gf``dm aomckgk}}f*w ioi%mtf`k}{

Zk}c }cd qdf`e oh edqd f~~dfqfigd fim }cf} oh ~qobdg}dm goigd~}koiw)

Hoq }cdwd }cqdd qdfwoiw, zd wcot`m mdhkik}d`{ goig`tmd }cf} f`` mcfqefw fqd

ioi%mtf`2

6) Ki }cd wkij`d wtqhfgd oh f ekqqoq, zcf}dxdq qdh`dg}koiw fqkwd f~~dfq ioi%mtf `{zk}c }cd ekqqoq):6; Btw} wo, f`` mcfqefw }cf} fqkwd zk}cki kiwkjc} fqd ioi%mtf` zk}c kiwkjc})

1) ]cd fqkwkij oh xfqkotw mqdfew zk}cki f wkij`d ~dqkom oh w`dd~ kw io} woed}ckijo}cdq }cfi w`dd~) Btw} wo wf)ewffqf fim ikqxff)if fqd io} woed}ckij o}cdq }cfi }cd ~`f{oh kiwkjc})

7) Adgftwd }cd{ fqkwd ki f wkij`d qkxdq, f`` }cd zfxdw oh }cf} qkxdq, jqdf} fimwef``, fqd io} o}cdq }cfi }cd qkxdq) Btw} wo, f`` }cd mcfqefw }cf} f~~dfq }o fqkwd hqoezk}cki io}ckij zcf}dxdq, fqd ioi%mtf` zk}c kiwkjc} oh }cd de~}{ if}tqd oh mcfqef}ff fimkiwkjc} oh }cdkq ozi de~}kidww) ]ckw kw }qtd oxdq fim faoxd }cdkq adkij edqd`{ }cd`tekiotw f~~dfqfigd oh zcf} modw io} dskw})

F`` mcfqefw cfxd }cd ho``ozkij dvtf`k}kdw2

6+ Dvtf`k}{ oh ioi%dskw}digd)1+ Dvtf`k}{ oh ioi%oaw}qtg}koi)7+ Dvtf`k}{ oh ~ozdq }o ~qomtgd kimkxkmtf` dhhdg}w):1>


117/461


616

]cdwd hqoe }cd xkdz~oki} oh kiwkjc} fqd edqd f~~dfqfigd)=+ Dvtf`k}{ oh adkij f~~dfqfigd }cf} cfw fqkwdi edqd`{ hqoe goimk}koiw oh

ki}dqmd~dimdi} fqkwkij

Ki qdjfqm }o }cdkq cfxkij }cdwd hotq, }cd{ wcot`m ad qdf`krdm fw }cd ioi%mtf` jqdf} dvtf`k}{) ]cdWfeffmckqffbf Wtt}qf wf{w2

Zcf}dxdq qkwdw hqoe goimk}koiw kw tiaoqi)Zcf}dxdq qkwdw ki wtgc f zf{ modw io} dskw})Zcf}dxdq md~dimw oi goimk}koiw, }cf} kw wfkm }o ad de~}{)

Wf)ewffqf fim ikqxff)if fqd f~~dfqfigdw oh }cd ~ozdq:16 oh kiwkjc}) K} kw ke~owwka`d }cf} }cd{got`m dskw} ki mtf`k}{ hqoe }cd dwwdigd oh }cdkq fqkwkij) F~~dfqfigdw ki f mqdfe fim }cd ~dqwoi zco wddw}cde f~~dfq }o ad }zo< at} }cd{ fqd ioi%mtf`) ]cd{ fqd }cd edqd fqkwkij zk}cki oid ~dqkom oh w`dd~, f} oid}ked, oh }cd ~cdioedif oh f wkij`d, `tekiotw f~~dfqfigd oh zcf} modw io} dskw}) ]cd{ mo io} dskw} kiqdf`k}{) ]cdFackwfef{ff`f)elffqf wf{w2

Btw} fw f mqdfe fim }cd wddkij oh }cf} xdq{ mqdfeFqd io} woed}ckij wddi ki f mtf`kw}kg zf{,Wo k} kw zk}c }cd ioi%mtf`k}{ oh }cd mcfqefw)Kiw}fi}fidotw`{ }cdkq wtgcidww kw qdf`krdm fw oid)

]cf} kw zcf} k} kw `kld) Zcf}dxdq f~~dfqfigdw oh mcfqefw }cdqd ef{ ad:11 fqd `tekiotwf~~dfqfigdw oh zcf} modw io} dskw}) Cozdxdq }cd{ ef{ f~~dfq, oid*w ozi goiwgkotwidww, kiwkjc}, aom{,fim wo hoq}c fqd f`wo `tekiotw f~~dfqfigdw oh zcf} modw io} dskw}) ]cd{ fqd zk}cot} dxdi f ~fq}kg`d ohkimkxkmtf}kij gcfqfg}dqkw}kgw fim mcfqefw oh tik}{ fim mkhhdqdigd) F`` }cd mcfqefw oh wf)ewffqf fimikqxff)if goiw}k}t}d }cd ~cdioedif` zoq`m) ]cdwd mcfqefw f~~dfq ioi%mtf``{ hqoe }cd ~oki} oh xkdz oh

kiwkjc}) Wo k} wcot`m ad liozi) Hqoe }cd xkdz~oki} oh kiwkjc}, }cd fqkwkij oh mcfqefw kw fqkwkij zk}cki }cdw~fgd oh }cd mcff}t) ]ckw kw goixdi}koif``{ gf``dm }cd fqkwkij oh }cd atmmcf hkd`mw hqoe kiwkjc}, oq }cdedqd ekqfgtòtw f~~fqk}koiw oh kiwkjc}) ]cd ^dfq` Ef`f wf{w2

F`` dfq}c fim zf}dq, fkq fim hkqd, fim w~fgd,]cd d`dedi}w, fqkwd hqoe }ckw fòid)

]cd jomw, fwtqfw, fim }cd ctefi qdfè,]cd cd`` adkijw, fikef`w, fim ctijq{ jcow}wKi }qt}c fqkwd hqoe }cd jqdf}idww oh }cf} w~fgd)

Fjjqdwwkoi fim ~fwwkoi, fw zd`` fw kjioqfigd,Fòij zk}c ~qkmd fim dix{ fim }cd qdw},Fqkwd fw }cd ekqfg`dw oh }ckw k}wd`h)

]cd afwkg fim goigd~}tf` ekimw oh kjioqfigd,:17]cd wlfimcfw, mcff}tw, fim ff{f}fifw,]cd go``dg}koiw oh }cd dkjc} lkimw oh goiwgkotwidww,


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]cd qkwkij oh }cd wdiwdw fim wo hoq}c,]cd wdiwdw wtgc fw wotim fim wed`` fim }fw}d,F`` }otgcfa`dw fim mdwkqfa`d vtf`k}kdw,Fqkwd fw oqifedi}w oh }ckw k}wd`h)

Qdjfqmkij }cd co``oz if}tqd oh }ckw `khd,:1=Fqkwkij zk}cot} fi dwwdigd fim wo hoq}c,K} kw f`wo }cd ~ozdq fim ~`f{ oh }cf})

Hqoe wlfimcfw, wo`kmkhkdm:14 a{ ff`f{f,Otq aomkdw fggtet`f}d fim qkwd ki}o adkij,Fw a`oom:18 fim h`dwc, fw wlki fim aoid fim cfkq)

]cd }qkik}{ oh aom{, w~ddgc, fim ekim,Fw zd`` fw }cd xfqkotw oabdg}w oh }cd ekim,

Cfxd qkwdi oid fim f``:1: hqoe e{ ozi dwwdigd)

F`` edi, fim zoedi, fw zd`` fw coqwdw, fim gf}}`d,Ki f`` }cdkq hoqew fqkwd hqoe ot} oh }ckw)]cd xfqkotw fg}koiw, `kld df}kij, w`dd~kij, fim w}fimkij,Cfxd f`` fqkwdi hqoe iozcdqd d`wd }cfi:13 }ckw)

F`wo }cd Libwf{w2

L{d efcffwf}}xf& qdf`krd }ckw, e{ if}tqd)K fe }cd if}tqd oh }cd aomckgk}}f,

]cd aomckgk}}f, modq oh f``, }cd Lkij)]cd if}tqd oh }cd modq oh f``, }cd LkijFakmdw fw }cd }qko aom{, w~ddgc, fim ekim)

Io} dxdi oid }ckij cfw io} addi ~qomtgdmA{ }ckw, }cd }qko aom{, w~ddgc, fim ekim)]cd{ f`` zdqd efmd a{ }cd aom{ w~ddgc, fim ekimZckgc kw }cf} oh f`` }cd atmmcfw oh }cd }cqdd }kedw):1;

]cd }cqdd zoq`mw, oh mdwkqd, hoqe, fim }cd hoqe`dww,:7>Fim }cd aom{, w~ddgc, fim ekim oh wdi}kdi} adkijw,:76

Zdqd efmd a{ e{ ozi aom{, w~ddgc, fim ekim,A{ }cd Lkij zco kw }cd efldq oh dxdq{}ckij)

]cd mkhhdqdi}:71 lkimw oh go``dg}koiw }cf} efld t~]cd dixkqoiedi} fim kicfak}fi}w oh }cd zoq`mZdqd efmd, ki tiefmd wtgcidww, mcfqef}ff,A{ }cd aom{, w~ddgc, fim ekim oh ed e{wd`h,


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617

]cd Lkij zco kw }cd efldq oh dxdq{}ckij)

]cd goi}qfmkg}oq{ goixdi}koif`k}kdw efki}fkidm fim eksdm }ojd}cdq a{ hoo`w wcot`m ad fafimoidm)Woed zco fqd tifmoqidm zk}c }qtd wfgqdm `dfqikij,:77 at} btw} wf{ zcf}dxdq goedw ki}o }cdkq ekimw,:7=

wf{, ]cdwd f~~dfqfigdw oh ds}dqif` xfqkd}{ fqd aomckgk}}f) ]cf} kw coz k} f~~dfqw }o oid*w ekim)Wo efki}fkikij fim zcf} kw }ftjc} cdqd, }cf} }cdwd f~~dfqfigdw cfxd f wkij`d dwwdigd zk}c }cdW~fgd oh aomckgk}}f, fqd fw mkhhdqdi} fw cdfxdi fim dfq}c) ]cdwd hoo`w efki}fki }cf} aomckgk}}f fim oid*wozi ekim fqd }zo mkhhdqdi} }ckijw) Cdqd hksf}koi oh fi djo zk}cki aomckgk}}f kw efki}fkidm }o fqkwd hqoe k}wozi ~ozdq) Hqoe }cd }ked k} fqkwdw, k} kw btw} }cd ~`f{ oh }cf} ~ozdq) Fwkmd hqoe }cf}, zcf}dxdq ot}dq fimkiidq `tekiotw f~~dfqfigdw }cdqd ef{ ad fqd f~~dfqfigdw oh zcf} modw io} dskw} f} f``) ]cdwd mcfqekiwdskw} idk}cdq fw ekim oq fw woed}ckij o}cdq }cfi ekim) ]cd{ fqd efki}fkidm }o ad goimk}koidm f~~dfqfigd}cf} f~~dfqw oi`{ adgftwd oh ki}dqmd~dimdi} fqkwkij)

]cd de~}{ xfqkd}{ oh ds}dqif` }ckijw kw goihtwdm, jqotim`dww f~~dfqfigd oh zcf} modw io} dskw}fi{zcdqd) ]ckw fim }cd de~}{ if}tqd oh ekim fqd wfkm wke~`{ io} }o ad }zo mkhhdqdi} }ckijw):74 Zd wf{}cf} f``:78 ds}dqif` fim ki}dqif` mcfqefw fqd oh oid }fw}d fw aomckgk}}f) ]cf} wf{w }cf} mcfqef}ff kwzk}cot} mkw}kig}koi oq dsg`twkoi):7: At} k} kw io} efki}fkidm }cf} }cd goixdi}koif` di}k}kdw oh edqd

f~~dfqfigd fim oid*w ozi ekim fqd }cd wfed }ckij):73 F wtaw}figd ao}c ki cdqd fim ot} }cdqd kwgoi}qfmkg}oq{) Eoqdoxdq, wd`h fim o}cdq, jokij fim w}f{kij, dskw}di} fim ioi%dskw}di}, fqd edqd kek}f}koiw)]cd{ fqd io} qdf``{ ~qomtgdm, fim gfi cfxd io }qtd goiidg}koi }o dfgc o}cdq):7;

]cdwd hoo`w f`wo efld efi{ kih`dska`d mkw}kig}koiw:=> faot} mcfqefw) Hoq dsfe~`d, }cd{mkw}kijtkwc }cd f~~dfqkij oabdg} fim }cd fw~dg} oh oidwd`h }cf} kw mkhhdqdi} hqoe }cd f~~dfqfigd) K} wcot`mad qdf`krdm }cf} f}k kw io} }cd wfed fw }cdkq ~fq}kf`k}kdw) Jdidqf``{, kh oid kw g`fwwkh{kij goixdi}koif``{, }cdqdfqd kiwkmd fim ot}wkmd, f~~dfqfigd fim ekim, goihtwdm fim ioi%goihtwdm, wf)ewffqf fim ikqxff)if, fim wohoq}c) ]ckw kw }cd efiidq oh f`` mcfqefw,:=6 }cd mkw}kig}koiw oh qd`f}kxd }qt}c) At} kh oid w~dflw `kld }cdwdhoo`w, }cd moj bte~dm fim }cd hos bte~dm zk`` ad `te~dm }ojd}cdq fw oid):=1 Ki }ckw zf{ }cd{

Longchenpa Rabjam - Commentary on the Precious Treasury of Dharmadhaatu

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Transcript of Longchenpa Rabjam - Commentary on the Precious Treasury of Dharmadhaatu