Long term fertiliser trails

By

Medida sunil kumar

BAD-14-06

Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University

Agricultural College, Bapatla

Long Term Fertiliser Trails

1

Introduction

Land management practices influence soil fertility

Amounts of nutrient applied in fertiliser and removed

in harvested products can differ depending on land use.

Land use affect soil organic matter content via

mineralisation.

Changes in soil fertility may occur relatively slowly, and

long-term data are often needed to quantify fertility

trends

It moderates biological and chemical components of soil

fertility

Historical Background

Pre-Green revolution era

– Sustenance/organic farming

Crop rotations

Cropping systems

Farming systems

Manures

Consequences

Under production

Con....

• Population pressure for food resources

• Green revolution

– Chemical farming Fertilisers

Pesticides

Irrigation

Dwarf cultivars introduction

Consequences: Soil salinity/acidity

Micronutrient deficiency

Production curve reached plateau level

Started decline of productivity

Depleted the resource base & its regeneration capacity

o Organic farming approaches failed cater the

needs of food demand (Quantitative and

qualitative)

o Chemical farming approaches failed cater the

needs of food demand (Qualitative)

What next?????????????

Combination of Organic & Chemical

Whether it is good???

Long Term Fertiliser trails

Definition of LTF

Literature cited

World

Sorghum grain yield in relation to Environmental mean

for a long-term trial (1960–2006) at Saria South Africa

Bationo et al., 2012;

http://oar.icrisat.org/.../Overview%20of%20Long%20Term%20Experiments%

Average Rice-Rice cropping system yields in the long-term fertility

experiment between 1991 and 2001 at Ndiaye & Fanaye, Senegal.

Note: WS = Wet season; HDS = Hot dry Season

Bationo et al., 2012;

http://oar.icrisat.org/.../Overview%20of%20Long%20Term%20Experiments%

Long Term P& K Fertiliser Trails on

Corn -Soyabean Rotation

Soybean Long-Term TrendsG

rain

Yie

ld

(Mg

ha

-1)

2.0

2.4

2.8

3.2

3.6

4.0

4.4

Gra

in K

Co

nc

en

tra

tio

n

(g k

g-1

)

12.5

14.0

15.5

17.0

18.5

20.0

21.5

94 95 96 97 98 99 OO O1 O2 O3 O4

Gra

in K

Re

mo

va

l

(kg

K h

a-1

)

35

40

45

50

55

60

65

70

Years of Corn-Soybean Rotations

No K

33 kg K ha-1

yr-1

66 kg K ha-1

yr-1

94 95 96 97 98 99 OO O1 O2 O3 O4

No K

33 kg K ha-1

yr-1

66 kg K ha-1

yr-1

Responsive Sites Other Sites

Source: Mallarino, 2008 www.clemson.edu/sera6/STP-STK%20Trends_NCR-13%20Joint-08.ppt

Corn Long-Term TrendsG

rain

Yie

ld

(Mg

ha

-1)

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

Gra

in K

Co

nc

en

tra

tio

n

(g k

g-1

)

2.4

2.7

3.0

3.3

3.6

3.9

94 95 96 97 98 99 OO O1 O2 O3 O4

Gra

in K

Re

mo

va

l

(kg

K h

a-1

)

18

23

28

33

38

43

Years of Corn-Soybean Rotations

No K

33 kg K ha-1

yr-1

66 kg K ha-1

yr-1

94 95 96 97 98 99 OO O1 O2 O3 O4

No K

33 kg K ha-1

yr-1

66 kg K ha-1

yr-1

Responsive Sites Other Sites


Average Relative ResponsesR

ela

tive R

esp

on

se (

%)

100

105

110

115

120

Responsive

Others

Grain Yield Grain K Concentration Grain K Removal

66 kg K ha-1

No K

33 kg K ha-1

66 kg K ha-1

No K

33 kg K ha-1

66 kg K ha-1

No K

33 kg K ha-1

Responsive

OthersResponsiveOthers

100

105

110

115

120

66 kg K ha-1

No K

33 kg K ha-1

66 kg K ha-1

No K

33 kg K ha-1

66 kg K ha-1

No K

33 kg K ha-1

Responsive

Others

Responsive

Others

Responsive

Others

So

yb

ean

Co

rn


Soil-Test K Long-Term TrendsS

oil-T

est

K (

mg

kg

-1)

125

150

175

200

225

250

275

300

75

100

125

150

175

200

225

75

100

125

150

175

200

225

75

100

125

150

175

200

225

Year of Corn-Soybean Rotations

150

200

250

300

350

400

NERF NIRF

NWRF SERF

SWRF

100

125

150

175

200

225

250 MEANS

66 kg K/ha/yr

No K

No K

No K No K

No K

No K

94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 0393 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 0393

66 kg K/ha/yr

66 kg K/ha/yr

66 kg K/ha/yr

66 kg K/ha/yr

66 kg K/ha/yr


K Removal & Post-Harvest STKG

rain

K R

em

oval

(kg

ha

-1)

20

30

40

50

60

70

So

il-Test K

(mg

kg

-1)

-60

-40

-20

0

Year94 95 96 97 98 99 OO O1 O2 O3

20

30

40

50

60

70

-60

-40

-20

0

STK

STK

K removal

K removal

Soybean-Corn

Corn-Soybean


P Soybean: Yield TrendsResponsive Sites

So

ybe

an

Gra

in Y

ield

(bu/a

cre

)

30

40

50

60

70

P C

on

cen

tra

tio

n(lb

P2O

5/b

u)

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006

P R

em

oval

(lb

P2O

5/a

cre

)

20

30

40

50

60

Non-Responsive Sites

1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006

No P28-lb rate56-lb rate


P Corn: Yield TrendsResponsive Sites

Corn

Gra

in Y

ield

(bu/a

cre

)

100

120

140

160

180

200

220

P C

oncen

tratio

n(lb P

2O

5/b

u)

0.20

0.25

0.30

0.35

0.40

0.45

0.50

1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006

P R

em

oval

(lb P

2O

5/a

cre

)

30

40

50

60

70

80

Non-Responsive Sites

1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006

No P28-lb rate

56-lb rate


P Average Relative ResponsesC

orn

(%

)

100

120

140

160

100

120

140

160

100

120

140

160

Grain P Removal

100

120

140

160Grain P Concentration

100

120

140

160Grain Yield

So

yb

ean

(%

)

100

120

140

160

Other Sites

ResponsiveSites

ResponsiveSites

ResponsiveSites

ResponsiveSites

ResponsiveSites

ResponsiveSites

Other SitesOther SitesOther Sites

Other SitesOther Sites

P0

14 kg ha-1

28 kg ha-1

P0

14 kg ha-1

28 kg ha-1


Soil-Test P Trends Over Time

NERF

Bra

y-1

Soil

P (

mg/k

g)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

NIRF NWRF

SERF

1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 20060

10

20

30

40

50

60

SWRF

Year1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006

MEAN

1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006

No P

28 kg P/ha

No P

28 kg P/ha

No P

28 kg P/ha

No P

28 kg P/ha

No P

28 kg P/haNo P

28 kg P/ha


P Removal & Post-Harvest STP

Soybean-Corn

P R

em

oval (l

b P

2O

5/a

cre

)

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

Bra

y P

Ch

an

ge (

pp

m)

-10

-8

-6

-4

-2

0

Corn-Soybean

1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 200420

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

-10

-8

-6

-4

-2

0

P removal

P removal

Bray P

Bray P


Year of Cropping without P Application

1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

Cum

ula

tive

P R

em

oval (lb

P2O

5/a

cre

)

-500

-400

-300

-200

-100

0

Bra

y-1

So

il P

Ch

an

ge (

pp

m)

-10

-8

-6

-4

-2

0

Cumulative P Removal37 lb P2O5/year decrease

Bray-1 Soil P0.78 ppm/year decrease

Cumulative P Removal & Soil P

47 lb P2O5/acre/year for1 ppm/year decrease

Averages of Non-Fertilized Plots Across Locations


P Removal & Soil P Increase

Year of Cropping with 56 lb P2O

5/acre/year

1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

Cu

mula

tive N

et

P A

dditio

n (

lb P

2O

5/a

cre

)

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Bra

y-1

Soil

P C

han

ge

(p

pm

)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Cumulative Net P Addition9 lb P2O5/year increase

Bray-1 Soil P2.2 ppm/year increase

Averages of Fertilized Plots Across Locations


Effect of Organic & In-organic fertilisers on average (15

years) yields of wheat and corn at Qiyang, China.

Miao et al., 2011, Agron. Sustain. Dev. 31: –397-414

India

AICRP ON LTF

Bulk density of soils (Mg m-3) under intensive

cropping systems

Treatments

Location/Soil type/Cropping system

Barrackpore Hyderabad Bhubaneswar Pantnagar Coimbatore

Alluvial Red loam LateriteSilty clay

loamInceptisol

Rice-Wheat-

JuteRice-Rice Rice-Rice

Rice-Wheat-

Cowpea

fodder

Finger millet -

Maize - Cowpea

fodder

1. 100 % NPK 1.44 1.68 1.63 1.32 1.40

2. 150 % NPK 1.40 1.62 1.55 1.33 1.41

3. 100 % NP 1.41 1.58 1.62 1.29 1.42

4. 100 % N 1.46 1.78 1.61 1.28 1.36

5. 100 % NPK

+ FYM

1.40 1.34 1.56 1.31 1.30

6. Control 1.46 1.53 1.65 1.33 1.44

C.D.(P=0.05) 0.014 0.12 0.08 0.008 0.063

Anon., 1989. Annual Report of the AICRP on Long Term Fertiliser Experiments, ICAR, New Delhi.

Effect of cultivation on soil properties

Property Uncultivated A2 horizon Cultivated Ap horizon

Organic C (g.kg-1) 93.9 7.3 81.2 14.2

Total N (g.kg-1) 5.76 0.53 5.46 0.76

C/N ratio 16.3 0.7 14.8 0.9

Bulk density (Mg.m-3) 0.56 0.06 0.61 0.04

Higuchi & Kashiwagi, 1993

Soil Sci. Plant Nutr. 39(1):89-97

Effect of intensive cropping and continuous

fertilization on soil porosity(%)

Treatment Total porosity Capillary

porosity

Non capillary

porosity

100 % NPK 56.14 38.26 17.87

150 % NPK 56.98 39.47 17.51

100 % NP 52.11 35.76 17.15

100 % N 52.24 34.88 17.36

100 % NPK +

FYM

58.85 40.86 20.50

Control 54.18 36.61 17.57

C. D. (P=0.05) 2.04 2.82 2.85

Anon., 1999. Annual Report of the AICRP on Long Term Fertiliser Experiments, TNAU, Coimbatore

Hydraulic conductivity under intensive cropping

(cm.hr-1)

Treatments Barrackpore*

Alluvial sandy

loam

Bhubaneswar*

Laterite sandy

loam

Coimbatore

Inceptisol sandy

clay loam

100 % NPK 0.095 3.02 1.81

150 % NPK 0.099 3.00 1.87

100 % NP 0.095 3.02 1.66

100 % N 0.095 3.03 1.73

100 % NPK +

FYM

0.106 2.90 2.61

Control 0.088 3.09 1.44

*Nambiar and Abrol, 1989. Fert. News. 34(4): 11-20

Anon., 1999. Annual Report of the AICRP on Long Term Fertiliser Experiments, TNAU, Coimbatore

Effect of intensive cropping on soil physio-

chemical properties

Treatments pH Electrical conductivity

(dSm-1)

50 % NPK 8.1 0.95

100 % NPK 8.2 0.75

150 % NPK 8.2 0.80

100 % NPK + FYM 8.1 0.63

Control 8.1 0.62

CD (P=0.05) 0.05 0.03

Santhy et. al., 1999

J. Indian Soc. Soil Sci. 47 (3) : 479 - 482.

J. Indian Soc. Soil Sci. 47 (3) : 479 - 482

Effect of N and compost on CEC of rice soils ( C

mol. p+ kg-1 )

N levels (kg ha-1) Compost levels ( t.ha-1)

0 9.2 Mean

0 21.6 22.1 21.8

22.4 21.7 22.1 21.9

44.8 21.6 22.9 22.2

67.2 22.2 22.9 22.5

89.6 21.3 22.6 21.9

Mean 21.6 22.5

Patnaik et al., 1989

AICRP ON LTF Annual Workshop, Ludhiana, 2004

Effect of continuous cropping and fertilization on

some of biological properties of soil at Ranchi


Note; AICRP on LTF started 1972

Total and available N status in a Long Term

Fertiliser Experiment(mg kg-1)

Treatments Total N (mg. kg-1) Available N (mg. kg-1)

Finger

millet

Maize Cowpea Finger

millet

Maize Cowpea

Control 288 293 281 62 66 62

100%N 516 509 510 72 71 75

100%NP 516 511 512 77 73 79

50%NPK 434 432 432 73 69 74

100%NPK 523 531 532 76 74 77

150%NPK 553 544 544 77 80 80

100%NPK+

ZnSO4

553 540 541 75 74 77

100%NPK + FYM 664 593 631 92 86 91

100%NPK + HW 490 492 487 77 73 75

100%NPK (S free) 497 486 487 74 72 72

*C.D.(P=0.05) 12.59 5.59

Velusamy, 1996*Treatment Crop interaction effect

Content of K fractions in soil under Long Term

Fertiliser Experiments (mg. kg-1)

Treatments Water

soluble-K

Exchange-

able K

Nonexcha

ngeable-K

Lattice-K Total K Available-

K

50 % NPK 16 215 813 2621 3685 238

100 % NPK 20 231 899 2620 3788 255

150 % NPK 24 244 1036 2620 3939 273

100 % NP 7 108 514 1621 3275 127

100 % N 10 126 707 2627 3485 139

100 % NPK

+ FYM

23 254 971 2618 3890 281

Control 12 183 813 2643 3665 198

CD(P=0.05) 1 13 80 NS 89 13

Santhy., et al.,1998

. J. Indian Soc. Soil Sci. 46 (3) : 395-398

Microbial counts as affected by different nutrient

management options under LTFE at Palampur



Effect of different nutrient management options on activity

of Phosphate Solubilizing Organisms at Palampur



Effect of different levels of fertilizers on yields (t ha-1)

of maize (2003) & wheat (2003-04) at LudhianaTreatment Maize Wheat

NPK (Original)

S1 50% NPK 2.41 3.66

S2 100% N, 50 % PK 3.26 4.21

S3 100% N, 50%PK + Zn 3.31 4.48

100% NPK (Original)

S1 100% NPK 3.77 4.25

S2 100% N, 50% P, 100% K 3.37 4.20

S3 100% N, 50%P, 100%K + Zn 3.46 4.33

150% NPK

S1 150% NPK 3.76 4.85

S2 150% N, 50% P, 150% K 3.13 4.98

S3 150% N, 50%P, 150%K + Zn 3.46 4.97

100% NPK-S

S1 100% NPK (S) 3.24 4.78

S2 100% NK 3.64 3.97

S3 100% N + Zn 3.71 4.89



Sustainable Yield Index (SYI) for various treatments in

Alfisols of Bangalore and Ranchi in long-term experiment

Future thrust• Identification of soil indicators sensitive to

management practices and responsible for sustainability.

• Assessment of soil quality index (SQI) under

different management practices and cropping systems.

• Organic pools and dynamics of carbon, nitrogen,

phosphorus, potassium and micronutrients in soil needs

investigations to understand their contribution on soil

quality and crop productivity.

• Investigation on effect of long-term use of organic and

inorganic fertilizers on carbon sequestration in soils for

improving soil quality and environment

Long term fertiliser trails

Education

Transcript of Long term fertiliser trails