LongLong--Term Athlete Development 101Term Athlete Development 101Quebec City Quebec City -- November 2005November 2005

Istvan Balyi, Richard Way, Steve Norris, Charles Cardinal,

Colin Higgs, Dan Smith

Sport CanadaCanadian Sport Centres

OverviewOverview

• Can. Sport Policy 2 LTAD - Dan

• LTAD - Istvan

• 10 Factors - Steve

• 7 Stages - Charles

• LTAD AWD - Colin

The University of Victoria National Coaching Institute

45 hours

By Dr. Istvan Balyi

National Post, May 27, 2005

State of the Nation

FAT NationFAT Nation2 to 17 = 8 %

18 to 24 = 11.4 %25 to 24 = 20.5 %35 to 44 = 20.4 %45 to 54 = 29.7 %

55 to 64 = 39.4 %65 to 74 = 24.6 %

75 + = 23.6 %

It our problem!It our problem!

Obese AdultsObese Adults

19781978--79 = 14 %79 = 14 %

20042004--05 = 23 %05 = 23 %

What about the What about the kids?kids?

AgeAge = % Obese= % Obese

The Big Picture

• The health and well-being of the nation and medals won at major games is a simple by-product of an effective sport system

1-2

Enhanced ExcellenceEnhanced Excellence

Enhanced ParticipationEnhanced Participation

Enhanced CapacityEnhanced Capacity

Enhanced InteractionEnhanced Interaction

Canadian Sport Policy (2002)Canadian Sport Policy (2002)Four Policy Goals

Athlete performance and sport system targetsAthlete performance and sport system targets

Canadian Sport Review PanelCanadian Sport Review Panel

Long Term Athlete Development modelLong Term Athlete Development modelFunding for high performance sportFunding for high performance sport

Communication Strategy re: benefitsCommunication Strategy re: benefits

FPT Ministers’ Conference (2004) Record of Decisions re: Excellence

•• Implement generic template via sportImplement generic template via sport--specific modelsspecific models

•• Prepare a plan/strategy for full Prepare a plan/strategy for full development and implementationdevelopment and implementation

•• Establish links with the Joint Consortium Establish links with the Joint Consortium on School Healthon School Health

•• Develop a communication planDevelop a communication plan

FPT Ministers’ Conference (2005) Record of Decisions

Knowledge Base = Physical Literacy

THESE THREE FACTORS ARE MUTUALLY INTERDEPENDENT

SEPARATE DEVELOPMENT IS INEFFECTIVE AND EXPENSIVE

RecreationRecreationPhysical ActivityPhysical Activity

High Performance High Performance --Organized SportOrganized Sport

Physical EducationPhysical EducationSchool SportsSchool Sports

What is your athlete development model?

Where did it come from?

What should it be in the 21st

century?

ChildChildJuvenileJuvenileJuniorJuniorAdultAdult

(Filin, 1964; Tschiene, 1970;(Filin, 1964; Tschiene, 1970;Hess, 1971; Frey, 1978;Hess, 1971; Frey, 1978;Thiessen-Seibmann, 1959)Thiessen-Seibmann, 1959)

Long-term Athlete Development ModelsLong-term Athlete Development Models Four Stage Models Four Stage Models

1

2

3

4

BasicBasicIntermediateIntermediateAdvancedAdvancedEliteElite

LongLong--Term Athlete Development ModelsTerm Athlete Development ModelsFour Stage ModelsFour Stage Models

• Child Basic• Juvenile Intermediate• Junior Advanced• Adult Elite

Filin 1964; Filin 1964; Tschiene 1970: Tschiene 1970: Hess 1971; Hess 1971; Frey 1978; Frey 1978; ThiessenThiessen--Seibmann 1959Seibmann 1959

Balyi 1995Balyi 1995Bompa 1995Bompa 1995Drabik 1996Drabik 1996

Current Current Development Model?Development Model?

Community

Club

Province

National

LongLong--Term Athlete DevelopmentTerm Athlete Development

LTAD LTAD isis• Optimal training, competition

and recovery programming with relation to biological development and maturation

• Inclusive - equal opportunity for recreation and competition

• Athlete centred, coach driven and administration, sport science and sponsor supported

• LTAD is not just another plan (for the files)

• LTAD is a philosophy

• LTAD is a vehicle for change, culture change in sport

What is LTAD ?What is LTAD ?

What is LTAD ?What is LTAD ?

• Identifies the current gaps in the sport system and provides guidelines for problem solving

• Is a guide for planning for optimal performance for all stages of athlete development

• Is a framework for full sport system alignment and integration

• It is designed on empirical / practical coaching experiences and on scientific principles

LTAD…LTAD…

Shortcomings / ConsequencesShortcomings / Consequences

• Over-competition and underand under--trainingtraining•• AdultAdult training and competition programs

superimposedsuperimposed on children (more is not better)

• Peaking by Friday•• Chronological ageChronological age versus developmental age

is used• Missing the ‘windowswindows’ of accelerated

adaptationadaptation• Physical literacy not taught not taught –– only single only single

sporting activities are taughtsporting activities are taught

Shortcomings / ConsequencesShortcomings / Consequences

•• KnowledgeableKnowledgeable coaches work with elite elite athletesathletes

•• ParentsParents are notnot educated about LTAD• Needs of athletes with a disabilitydisability not wellnot well

understood•• No talentNo talent identification system (selection by

competition – is not TID)•• No systemNo system integration (schools, community and

competitive)

Sport Specific Sport Specific LTADsLTADs::

What are the ages for the stages?What are the ages for the stages?

When is the making and When is the making and breaking of an athlete?breaking of an athlete?

10 Key Factors Influencing LTAD10 Key Factors Influencing LTAD(Balyi, Ross & Way (Balyi, Ross & Way -- 2005)2005)

1. Ten year rule

2. FUNdamentals

3. Specialization

4. Developmental Age

5. Windows of Trainability

6. Mental / Cognitive / Emotional Development

7. Periodization Principles

8. System Alignment and Integration

9. The System of Competition

10. Continuous improvement

Factor 1Factor 110 Year Rule10 Year Rule

10 years

10 thousand hours

10 %

Tracking PerformanceTracking PerformanceIP

CIP

C

Time course (yrs)Time course (yrs)

????????

Injury?Injury?Illness?Illness?Cause?Cause?

Factor 2 Factor 2 FUNdamentalsFUNdamentals

The FUNdamentalsThe FUNdamentals

Factor 3 Factor 3 -- SpecializationSpecialization

Early Sports• Gymnastics• Rhythmic Gymnastics• Figure Skating• Diving• Swimming (age 8?)• Snowboard Half-Pipe• Others?

Late Sports• All other sports are

late specialization sports

• Specialising early in a late specialization sport contributes to one sided preparation, injuries, early burnout and early retirement

There are no shortcuts !There are no shortcuts !No excusesNo excuses

• Peaking by Friday

• As soon as we start to train = we train to win

• Process and not outcome !

• Specializing early in late specialization sports

Factor 4 Factor 4 Developmental AgeDevelopmental Age

How old is a 14 year old?14 years old 60kg., 40 kg., and 50 kg.

How old is a 14 year old ?How old is a 14 year old ?

Factor 5Factor 5Windows of Optimal TrainabilityWindows of Optimal Trainability

• Accelerated adaptation to training

• “Critical” or “Sensitive” Periods

• The 5 S’s of training is a good framework to overview the windows

AS F L2T T2T T2C T2W

Balyi, Way 2005 modified after C.William 2005

The Five S’s of The Five S’s of Training and PerformanceTraining and Performance

(Dick, 1985)(Dick, 1985)

• Stamina (Endurance)

• Strength

• Speed

• Skill

• Suppleness (Flexibility)

The Trainability of the Five S’sThe Trainability of the Five S’sSpeedSpeed

• Always trainable but declines with age• Critical window of accelerated adaptation

to speed training:• Males:

– Window 1: 7 - 9 years of age– Window 2: 13 – 16 years of age

• Females: – Window 1: 6 – 8 years of age– Window 2: 11 – 13 years of age

(Chronological age)

Window 1 is agility, quickness window.• Change of direction, linear, lateral and multi

directional speed• Segmental speed• Duration of intervals less then 5 seconds

Window 2 is anaerobic alactic power and capacity window

• Linear, lateral, multi-directional and chaotic speed

• Duration of intervals 5 – 20 seconds

SpeedSpeed

Missing the windows of trainability ?

• Skill and fitness deficit !

• Athletes will never reach genetic potential !

ReferenceReferencePoint of PlanningPoint of Planning

Onset of PHV

PHVDo you measure this now?

Factor 6Factor 6Physical, mentalPhysical, mental--cognitive cognitive

and emotional developmentand emotional development

Characteristics and its implications

General Consequences: Performance Capabilities and Limitations

Implications to the Coach

Integration and Sequencing of Integration and Sequencing of Sport Science, Sport Medicine Sport Science, Sport Medicine

and Sportand Sport--Specific Specific TechnicalTechnical--Tactical ActivitiesTactical Activities

Factor 7Factor 7PeriodizationPeriodization

LTAD to your Next Training SessionLTAD to your Next Training Session

AthleteChronological Age

Biological AgeTraining Age

Annual PlanSingleDoubleTriple

MultiplePeriodization Periods

PreparationCompetitionTransitionPhases

GeneralSpecific

Pre-competitiveCompetitiveTransition

Meso CyclesDevelopmental

StabilizingPre-competition

CompetitiveRestorative

Micro CyclesIntroductoryDevelopment

ShockMaintenance

TaperPeak

RestorationTransition

Sessions6:1 = 4 / 6 / 9 / 12 / 15

5:2 3:1 2:1

EvaluationNew Plan

Factor 8Factor 8Competition Calendar PlanningCompetition Calendar Planning

Competitionis a good

servant but poor master !

Examples…• British Swimming• The LTA 360 m

• Eriksson – after Football World Cup

• Woodward –Rugby Union 2004

Factor 9Factor 9

System Building, System Building, Alignment and Alignment and

IntegrationIntegration

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Factor 10 Factor 10 Continuous ImprovementContinuous Improvement

• Modernization of the Canadian sport system• Education, health and sport / physical

activity alignment• All aspects of LTAD need research• Implementation• KAIZEN

High above the hushed crowd, Rex tried to remain focused. Still he couldn’t shake one nagging thought: He was an old dog and this was a new trick!

SevenSevenStagesStages

of of LongLong--TermTerm

Athlete Athlete DevelopmentDevelopment

Active StartActive Start

FUNdamentalFUNdamental

Active for Life Active for Life

Training to WinTraining to Win

Training to TrainTraining to Train

Training to CompeteTraining to Compete

Learning to TrainLearning to Train

Active Start StageActive Start StageChronological AgeChronological Age

Males and Females: 0Males and Females: 0--66

Fundamental Fundamental MovementsMovements

GymnasticsSwimmingRunning

(Wheeling)

FUNdamental StageFUNdamental StageChronological/ Developmental AgeChronological/ Developmental Age

Males 6Males 6--9 and Females: 69 and Females: 6--88

Fundamental Fundamental MovementsMovements

Skills +Skills +

Learning to Train StageLearning to Train StageChronological/ Developmental AgeChronological/ Developmental Age

Males: 9Males: 9--12 Females: 812 Females: 8--1111

Fundamental Fundamental SportSportSkillsSkills

Physical LiteracyPhysical LiteracyFirst 3 stages of LTADFirst 3 stages of LTAD

Developmental Age Developmental Age –– before onset of PHVbefore onset of PHV

Fundamental Movement skillFundamental Movement skill++

Fundamental Sport SkillsFundamental Sport Skills==

Physical LiteracyPhysical Literacy==

Excellence & ParticipationExcellence & Participation

Can’t Catch? Can’t Catch? –– Won’t play!Won’t play!

Cricket

Rounders

Baseball

Softball

Netball

Basketball

Rugby

American Football

SoccerDance Walking

AerobicsGolf

CyclingAthletics

SquashBadminton

Tennis

Swimming

Skateboard

Jogging Handball

Hockey Gymnastics

Canoeing

Sailing

Adapted From Mike Jess, University of Edinburgh

Training to TrainTraining to TrainDevelopmental Age Developmental Age –– onset of PHVonset of PHV

Males: 12Males: 12--16 Females: 1116 Females: 11--1515

Building engine Building engine and and

sport specific skillssport specific skills

Training to CompeteTraining to CompeteChronological AgeChronological Age

Males: 16Males: 16--23 +/23 +/-- Females: 15Females: 15--21 +/21 +/--

Optimizing engine Optimizing engine andand

sport / event / sport / event / position skillsposition skills

Training to WinTraining to WinChronological AgeChronological Age

Males: 19 +/Males: 19 +/-- Females: 18 +/Females: 18 +/--

Maximizing engine Maximizing engine and and

event / position event / position skillsskills

PODIUMSPODIUMS

Active for LifeActive for LifeEnter at any ageEnter at any age

HealthyHealthyLifeLife--longlongPhysicalPhysicalActivityActivity

Long-term Athlete DevelopmentforAthletes with a Disability

Why LTAD for Why LTAD for AWADsAWADs

• AWADs doing well in international competitions– But high performers are aging– Not clear where the next generation of

athletes will come from– Greater international competition from

developing countries– Too small a proportion of persons with a

disability are physically active

National Sport Federation

AB Sport

Sport for AWADs

Sport Specific AWAD Fed.

Sport for AWADs

Disability Sport Federation

Sport for AWADs

Athletics CanadaCanadian WheelchairBasketball Association

Canadian WheelchairSport Association

Responsibility for Sportfor Athletes with a Disability

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Awareness

First Contact

Two more stages

2

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System Integration

Coaching at each stage

No coaching, but many opportunities for activity

Competition at each stage

No competition

Critical IssuesCritical Issues

• National Sport Federations need to include AWAD-LTAD in their thinking and their plans

• AWAD-LTAD is not an add-on!• System integration is more critical for

AWADs than for able bodied• Much more research is needed to fine-

tune LTAD for AWADs

Active StartActive Start

FUNdamentalFUNdamental

Active for Life Active for Life

Training to WinTraining to Win

Training to TrainTraining to Train

Training to CompeteTraining to Compete

Learning to TrainLearning to Train

Who Moved My Cheese Spencer Johnson

Les délégués doivents'inscrire avec Sport Canada

carol_malcolm-o’grady@pch.gc.ca

Delegates must register with Sport Canada

L'atelier est sans frais aux délégués enregistrés,

le déjeuner sera fourni.

The Workshop is free to registered delegates,lunch will be provided.

Holiday Inn Gatineau-Ottawa

Plaza la Chaudière2, rue Montcalm Street

Gatineau, Québec J8X 4B4 Tel: 1 (819) 778-3880 Fax: 1 (819) 778-3309

Un bloc de 35 chambres a été mis de côté pour les délégués de l’atelier

RESERVATIONS : Email:reservationchaudiere@rosdevhotels.com

A block of 35 rooms have been reserved for delegates

LTAD Workshop - Atelier DLTA Canadian Sport Sharing

Le sport canadien: un échange

January 16 - 17 janvier 2006 9 – 17hrs