Long-Term Agricultural Research: A Means to Achieve Resilient Agricultural Production for the 21st...
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Transcript of Long-Term Agricultural Research: A Means to Achieve Resilient Agricultural Production for the 21st...
University of Missouri
Sanborn Field Long Term Findings:Soil Water Availability
Clark J. Gantzer, Bohumil M Svoma, Ranjith
Udawatta, Stephen H. Anderson, Randall
Miles, and Constance Gacic
Dept. of Soil, Environmental and Atmospheric Sciences, School of Natural Resources
University of Missouri
• Introduction• Objectives• Soil productivity and soil water• Erosion impacts: water storage of a claypan soil• Measurement of water storage of a claypan soil• Impact of climate on soil water• Conclusions
OUTLINE
University of Missouri
IntroductionF.L. Duley-M.F. Miller Erosion Plots
Site of the 1st plots in the U.S. for measuring runoff and erosion as influenced by different crops was initiated by M.F. Miller in 1917. Results were published beginning in 1923, and provided the foundation for the soil conservation movement.
University of Missouri
IntroductionF.L. Duley-M.F. Miller Erosion Plots
After the 1930’s these plots were used to investigate renovation of eroded claypan soil through the use or legumes, grass and corn with treatments to supply the nutrients that were lost through erosion.
Results indicate, that available water has permanently limited the soil productivity making corn production unfeasible.
University of Missouri
Cropping and Erosion
University of Missouri
Cropping and Erosion
University of Missouri
Cropping and Erosion
University of Missouri
In Missouri 12.5” of topsoil were
lost in Missouri by the 1930’s
University of Missouri
Long Term Studies Soil Water
Objectives: To report results of long-term
studies on the loss of soil physical quality as a result of irreplaceable loss of available water from soil erosion on claypan soils.
University of Missouri
Claypan Soils
University of Missouri
Soil Ratings For Plant Growth (SRPG)
Sinclair, H.R., W.J. Waltman, S.W. Waltman, H.P. Terpstra, and D. Reed-Margetan. 1996. Soil ratings for
plant growth (SRPG). USDA-NRCS, National Soil Survey Center, Lincoln, NE.
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Claypan Soil
Missouri Claypan Soils
University of Missouri
Ksat
After Blanco-Canqui et al. 2002. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 66: 1596-1602.
Erosion of the clayspan silt-loam topsoil reduces the hydraulic conductivity over three orders of magnitude, causing decreased infiltration and increased runoff.
University of Missouri
Sanborn Field
1926, Courtesy of Western Historical Manuscript Collection-Columbia, MO
Mumford Sanborn
Miller
University of Missouri
Sanborn Field
University of Missouri
Sanborn Field
Focus on the Historical Cropping and Soil
Management Systems1888-2015
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Soil Organic Matter
University of Missouri
Soil Organic Matter
Soil
Org
anic
Matt
er, %
University of Missouri
Soil Organic MatterSanborn Field Plot 6, Cont. Corn – Full Fertility
University of Missouri
Soil Organic MatterSanborn Field Plot 6, Cont. Corn – Full Fertility
2.0 % increase
2.6 % increase
After Hudson, 1994. Soil organic matter and available water capacity 49:189-194
University of Missouri
Soil Organic Matter - Yield
Wheat yields and surface (0-20 cm) soil organic matter contents of 134 farmer fields of the semiarid Argentine Pampas. After Díaz-Zorita, et al.. 1999. Agron. J 91: 276-279.
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Climate Effects on Corn Yield in Missouri
after Hu and Buyanovsky, 2003, J. Applied Meteorology
Results showed that climate effect on yield can be explained only by within-
season variations in rainfall
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Soil Quality Score vs. AWC
After Karlen, et al. 2011. Agron. J. 103: 288-295
Soil Management Assessment Framework (SMAF) Warning: AWC IS CONSIDERED TOO TRANSITORY TO BE USEFUL
University of Missouri
Soil Quality Score vs. AWC
After Karlen, et al. 2011. Agron. J. 103: 288-295
Needless to say, there is an urgent need to address this shortcoming in the Soil Management Assessment Framework (SMAF) initiative.
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Productivity Index
after Kiniry, et al., 1983. A Soil Productivity Index Based Upon Predicted Water Depletion and Root Growth. Univ. of MO, Res. Bull. 1051.
University of Missouri
Productivity Index
after Kiniry, et al., 1983
University of Missouri
Sufficiency Available Water
after Kiniry, et al., 1983
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After Erosion
AWC - Sufficiency Available WaterFor a Mexico Soil
UnEroded
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Topsoil Depth & Clay Content - Sanborn Field
17: corn, unfertilized18: corn, 6-t FYM19: 6-yr rotation, 6-t FYM 20: 6-yr rotation, 6-t FYM 13: 6-yr rotation, 6-t FYM 22: timothy, 6-t FYM 23: timothy, unfertilized
6-yr rotation: com, oat, wheat, clover, timothy, and timothy
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Clay Content from two Sanborn Field Plots
University of Missouri
Clay Content from Sanborn Field Plots
Depth to maximum clay has decreased by ~10 cm
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Mexico Soil – AWCby Depth
AWC=0.226
AWC=0.226
-1400-1200-1000-800-600-400-20000.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
28 cm
10 cm
Soil Water Potential
Volu
met
ric W
ater
Con
tent
. v/v
AWC = 0.191
AWC = 0.013
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Corn Yield vs. Depth to Clay
Average corn yield for a Mexico soil: 1984-85; and 1987-89, vs, depth to clay.
After Thompson et al. 1992. Productivity of a Claypan Soil under Rain-Fed and Irrigated Conditions. JSWC. 47: 405-410.
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Erase PI Data
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Yield, PI, and Weighted Precipitation Deficit
After Thompson et al.,. 1992. Productivity of a Claypan Soil under Rain-Fed and Irrigated Conditions. J. Soil Water Conserv. 47: 405-410.
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Shaw’s Precipitation Stress Index
The degree of moisture stress for each day is computed from
If the soil moisture supply can meet the atmospheric demand, the actual evapotranspiration (ET) is equal to the potential evapotranspiration (PET), and the stress for the day is zero.
After Shaw, 1974 A WEIGHTED MOISTURE-STRESS INDEX FOR CORN IN IOWA IOWA STATE J OF RES.
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Five-day Weighted Water Stressfrom 1900-2015 for Claypan soils
After, Bohumil, and Gantzer. 2015. Regional Climatological Probabilities to Increase Success and Reduce Risk in Rain-fed Cover Crop Management in submission
Soil moisture storage under an evapotranspiring crop, soil moisture was modeled using the Thornthwaite-Mather climatic water budget (after Thornthwaite and Mather, 1955).
Soils across the claypan region were assumed to be at field capacity on March 1, soil moisture decrease is assumed to occur from the active layer of root growth.
University of Missouri
Five-day Weighted Water Stressfrom 1900-2015 for Claypan soils
After, Bohumil, and Gantzer. 2015. Regional Climatological Probabilities to Increase Success and Reduce Risk in Rain-fed Cover Crop Management in submission
Change in rooting depth each day was modeled for a claypan soil with a PI=0.2. The depth of water is given by the rooting depth multiplied by the AWC fraction in that depth. (after Gantzer and McCarty, 1987).
A 5-day weighted stress from June 15 to Sep 7 was calculated using the Shaw’s method.
(after Shaw, 1974. A weighted moisture-stress index for corn in Iowa)
University of Missouri
Five-day Weighted Water Stress from 1900-2015 for Claypan Soils
After, Bohumil, and Gantzer. 2015. Regional Climatological Probabilities to Increase Success and Reduce Risk in Rain-fed Cover Crop Management in submission
University of Missouri
Conclusion:Conservation is
Possible!No-Till
Cover-Crops Montgomery, 2007. Rates of soil erosion from agricultural fields under conventional and conservation agriculture, with erosion rates from areas and plots under native vegetation, rates of soil production, and geologic rates of erosion.
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2002
2005
2007
1999
2012
Conclusion:Conservation is Possible!Agroforestry
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Conclusion:Conservation is Possible!
Riparian Systems: Control Runoff Sediment, N, and P losses
Nonpoint-source pollution reductionAgroforestry buffers under grazing and row crop management.
after Udawatta et al. 2011. J Environ. Qual. 40:800-806.
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H.H Bennett, working for soil conservation.
Here he is on the way to a soil conservation meeting in Clarinda, Iowa; as you can guess, he was late to his meeting.
University of Missouri
University of Missouri
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Yield vs. Depth to Clay
After Thompson et al. 1992. Productivity of a Claypan Soil under Rain-Fed and Irrigated Conditions. JSWC. 47: 405-410.
Corn and soybean yield from 1983 to 1987 as affected by topsoil depth and soil fertility when averaged across water management.
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Depth of rooting as a function of date and PI
after Gantzer and McCarty. 1987. Predicting corn yields on a claypan soil using a soil productivity index. Trans. ASAE 30 (5): 1347-1352.
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Five-day Weighted Water Stress from 1900-2015 for Claypan soils
After, Bohumil, and Gantzer. 2015. Regional Climatological Probabilities to Increase Success and Reduce Risk in Rain-fed Cover Crop Management in submission
The model assumption that soil moisture utilization mostly occurs from, and evenly within, the prescribed active layer varies based on RLD depth distribution, we present simulation results, of active layers from 0 to 100 cm in depth as rooting increases through the season.
University of Missouri
Five-day Weighted Water Stressfrom 1900-2015 for Claypan soils
After, Bohumil, and Gantzer. 2015. Regional Climatological Probabilities to Increase Success and Reduce Risk in Rain-fed Cover Crop Management in submission
Each year, the soil is assumed to be at capacity when the model is initialized on March 1. The active layer of the soil is assumed to be 10 cm deep until the rooting depth given by the equation in Gantzer and McCarty exceeds 10 cm. This is the maximum 5-day weighted index over Shaw’s 85 day period.
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Soil Erosion Plots (1937)Frank L. Duley
Merritt F. Miller
University of Missouri
F.L. Duley-M.F. Miller Erosion Plots
University of Missouri
Hugh Hammond Bennett - Erosion Plots (1937)
University of Missouri
University of Missouri
University of Missouri
University of Missouri