Long-range Ocean Acoustic Propagation EXperiment LOAPEX...

Long-range Ocean Acoustic Propagation EXperiment____________________________LOAPEX Cruise Plan

i

Long-range Ocean Acoustic Propagation EXperiment

LOAPEX

Cruise Plan

James Mercer and Bruce Howe Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington

18 August 2004

Version 2.3

Summary

To better understand long-range ocean acoustic propagation, we will deploy a ship-suspended low frequency acoustic source at various ranges up to 3200 km from the SPICE04 vertical line array (VLA) receiver. There will be seven transmission stations along a geodesic between the VLA and station T3200 (33º25.135′ N, 137º 40.948′ W and 34º 37.909′ N, 172º 28.372′ W, respectively), and an eighth station near the island of Kauai. In addition to the transmitted signals being received on the VLA, they will also be received by a towed receiver behind Kermit Seamount as part of the BASSEX experiment, and on U.S. Navy hydrophone arrays around the North Pacific. LOAPEX, SPICE04, and BASSEX are the three components of the 2004–2005 ONR-funded NPAL04 (North Pacific Acoustic Laboratory) field program.

Vessel: R/V Melville, Scripps Institution of Oceanography Master of Vessel: Captain Chris Curl Chief Scientist: Jim Mercer, Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington

Departure: 0800 10 September 2004 SIO Marine Facility, San Diego Arrival: 0800 10 October 2004 Snug Harbor Marine Facility, University of Hawaii


ii

Table of Contents

Table of Contents............................................................................................................................ ii List of Figures ................................................................................................................................ iii List of Tables ................................................................................................................................. iii 1. Introduction............................................................................................................................. 1

1.1 Background ..................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Science ............................................................................................................................ 1

1.2.1 LOAPEX Goals and Objectives.............................................................................. 1 1.2.2 SPICE04 Goals and Objectives............................................................................... 3 1.2.3 BASSEX Goals and Objectives .............................................................................. 4 1.2.4 Other ....................................................................................................................... 5

1.3 Scientific Operations....................................................................................................... 5 1.4 Cruise Plan Overview ..................................................................................................... 6

2. Acoustic Measurements .......................................................................................................... 6 2.1 Shipboard Equipment...................................................................................................... 6

2.1.1 HX-554 Source ....................................................................................................... 6 2.1.2 Spare Source – Webb Research “Sweeper” ............................................................ 8 2.1.3 Monitoring .............................................................................................................. 9 2.1.4 Ocean Bottom Seismometer ................................................................................... 9

2.2 Navy Receivers ............................................................................................................. 10 2.3 Signals and Transmission Schedules ............................................................................ 10

3. Environmental Measurements .............................................................................................. 11 3.1 Ship-based measurements ............................................................................................. 11

3.1.1 Underway CTD (UCTD)....................................................................................... 11 3.1.2 CTD....................................................................................................................... 12 3.1.3 XBT....................................................................................................................... 12 3.1.4 Other Measurements ............................................................................................. 13

3.2 Seaglider ....................................................................................................................... 13 4. Navigation and Communications.......................................................................................... 14

4.1 Navigation..................................................................................................................... 14 4.1.1 Ship navigation ..................................................................................................... 14 4.1.2 Source navigation.................................................................................................. 14

4.2 Communications ........................................................................................................... 15 5. Operations Plans ................................................................................................................... 16

5.1 Mobilization.................................................................................................................. 16 5.2 Stations.......................................................................................................................... 18 5.3 Shore-side Activities..................................................................................................... 19 5.4 De-mobilization ............................................................................................................ 19 5.5 Cruise Reporting ........................................................................................................... 20

References..................................................................................................................................... 20 Appendix 1. Contacts List............................................................................................................ 21 Appendix 2. Scientific Personnel—Responsibilities ................................................................... 24 Appendix 3. LOAPEX Signal Parameters ................................................................................... 25 Appendix 4. Station Checklist ..................................................................................................... 29


iii

Appendix 5. Equipment Provided by the Science Party .............................................................. 30 Appendix 6. Equipment Provided by the Ship............................................................................. 31 Appendix 7. Environmental Compliance..................................................................................... 32 Appendix 8. LOAPEX Watch Schedule ...................................................................................... 33 Appendix 9. Security at Snug Harbor .......................................................................................... 34 Appendix 10. LOAPEX Detailed Transmission Schedule .......................................................... 35

List of Figures

Figure 1. Experimental geometry. Acoustic paths from the sources [75-Hz ship-suspended LOAPEX source (red points), moored SPICE04 S1 and S2 250-Hz sources (black) 500 and 1000 km west of VLA, and Kauai 75-Hz source] to the receivers (S1 and S2, Navy receivers, the vertical line array, and the BASSEX towed receiver). .................. 2

Figure 2. LOAPEX bathymetry section from T3200 (left/west) to VLA (right/east) .................. 2 Figure 3. SPICE04 experimental geometry.................................................................................. 3 Figure 4. The deep and shallow VLA receiver moorings............................................................. 4 Figure 5. The BASSEX bathymetry............................................................................................. 4 Figure 6. The HX-554 acoustic source without its oil-filled boot (left) and with the boot,

mounted in its frame (right) .......................................................................................... 7 Figure 7. The winch for the HX-554 acoustic source. The control area is behind the winch. ..... 8 Figure 8. The Webb Research sweeper source, 225–325 Hz. Two units are stacked. The black

tube (left) is the source, the yellow tube (right) has electronics and batteries. ............. 8 Figure 9. The LC2000 ocean bottom seismometer package ........................................................ 9 Figure 10. The underway CTD (UCTD) deployment and recovery. The recovery winch and pre-

launch spooling of the line. A view of the boom is also in Figure 8. ......................... 12 Figure 11 The Seaglider. The Iridium/GPS antenna mast fits in the tail on the left. .................. 13 Figure 12. LOAPEX source acoustic tracking ............................................................................. 15 Figure 13. Science deck plan........................................................................................................ 17 Figure 14. OBSs, moorings, and transponders at the VLA site.................................................... 18 Figure 15. Bathymetry around the Kauai ATOC source and the LOAPEX transmission site ..... 19 Figure 16. Plots of PFM signal vs. time....................................................................................... 27 Figure 17. PFM frequency domain plots ...................................................................................... 27 Figure 18. PFM instantaneous frequency and replica correlation peak........................................ 28

List of Tables

Table 1. Coordinates for the SPICE04 moorings and the Kauai source ........................................ 3 Table 2. LOAPEX Station coordinates, with range to the deep VLA ........................................... 5 Table 3. LOAPEX summary transmission (TX) schedule............................................................. 6 Table 4. OBS deployment coordinates......................................................................................... 10 Table 5. LOAPEX source signals summary................................................................................. 10 Table 6. RAFOS source coordinates and other parameters ......................................................... 14 Table 7. LOAPEX summary timeline.......................................................................................... 16 Table 8. M-sequence signal parameters ....................................................................................... 25 Table 9. Summary of stresses for the different signals ................................................................ 28


1

1. Introduction

1.1 Background Although serious investigations of long-range ocean acoustic propagation began with World War II, the genesis of our current effort began with our work on the Heard Island Feasibility Test. In that test, electronically generated acoustic signals from ship-suspended sources were sent and coherently received at distances as far as 18,000 km. This successful result led to the Acoustic Thermometry of Ocean Climate (ATOC) demonstration. The purpose of ATOC was to show that a small number of acoustic transmitters and receivers could adequately characterize variations in the heat content of an entire ocean basin. Although hindered by many new environmental regulations, ATOC has demonstrated that basin wide seasonal and climatic variations can be monitored using acoustic transmissions, and that it can be accomplished without endangering marine life.

As the formal ATOC demonstration came to an end, the Office of Naval Research (ONR) began sponsorship of the North Pacific Acoustic Laboratory (NPAL). This program uses the acoustic source and receiver network established by the Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington (APL-UW) during ATOC to focus on basic research related to long-range acoustic propagation, while at the same time allowing the continuation of the time series of climate related data. Every three years or so, ONR enhances the efforts of NPAL by funding additional experimental efforts. This is one of those years and three coordinated experiments will be conducted. They are BASSEX (Art Baggeroer, MIT), SPICE04 (Peter Worcester, SIO), and LOAPEX (Jim Mercer, UW).

LOAPEX (Long-range Ocean Acoustic Propagation Experiment) will be conducted from the R/V Melville between 10 September and 10 October 2004.

1.2 Science The data from the NPAL04 experiment and this cruise specifically will contribute to the continuing investigation of the three essential elements of long-range acoustics that form the rationale for NPAL: signal variability resulting from small scale, relatively high frequency ocean medium fluctuations, the noise field, and the large-scale background sound speed field.

1.2.1 LOAPEX Goals and Objectives Range dependence. Previous experiments have explored the temporal, vertical, and transverse coherence of resolved acoustic rays at long range. There has not been a systematic effort to explore the evolution with range of either the highly scattered finale observed in previous experiments or of the fluctuation statistics of resolved ray or mode arrivals.

Shadow-zone arrivals. All measurements of shadow-zone arrivals have been made with bottom-mounted hydrophone arrays. The shadow-zone arrivals seem to be both ubiquitous and robust in mid-latitude oceans, appearing in receptions from both the Kauai and Pioneer Seamount sources in the Pacific and in receptions from the AMODE sources in the Atlantic. They may also be related to the Ti arrival identified at the Hawaii-2 Observatory (H2O). The cause of the extensive scattering into what would be expected to be a geometric shadow zone remains unknown. The vertical scattering far exceeds that diffraction predictions. Parabolic equation (PE) simulations using the Garrett and Munk internal wave model have not succeeded in explaining the extent of the observed scattering. NPAL04 will directly investigate the vertical structure of the deep shadow zone arrivals.


2

Frequency dependence. We will explore the frequency sensitivity of the scattering using a combination of moored 250-Hz sources, 75-Hz transmissions from the Kauai source, and 40–100-Hz transmissions from a ship-suspended source (LOAPEX), all transmitting to long vertical receiving arrays at a variety of ranges.

Large-scale oceanography. Finally, the 250-Hz moored sources and the LOAPEX source will augment the basin-scale observations of heat content and temperature being made using the Kauai source and U.S. Navy receivers, providing an improved network of acoustic paths and much greater data volume for assimilation into numerical models.

Figure 1 shows the location of the various fixed sources and receivers and the LOAPEX stations.

Figure 1. Experimental geometry. Acoustic paths from the sources [75-Hz ship-suspended LOAPEX source (red points), moored SPICE04 S1 and S2 250-Hz sources (black) 500 and 1000

km west of VLA, and Kauai 75-Hz source] to the receivers (S1 and S2, Navy receivers, the vertical line array, and the BASSEX towed receiver).

Figure 2. LOAPEX bathymetry section from T3200 (left/west) to VLA (right/east)


3

1.2.2 SPICE04 Goals and Objectives Ocean fluctuations. Almost all previous experiments have focused on internal waves as the cause of the observed high-frequency fluctuations and internal tides as the cause of lower frequency fluctuations. Recent SeaSoar measurements and PE simulations using that data show that ocean “spiciness” (temperature and salinity fluctuations that result in no density perturbation) may also play a significant role in long-range propagation. One of the most fundamental issues in long-range propagation is obtaining an understanding of the types of small-scale ocean variability that are important in causing acoustic scattering. The environment between the sources and receivers will be measured using a variety of new tools, including the SeaSoar system, underway CTD (UCTD), and Seaglider autonomous undersea vehicle (AUV), to obtain the data needed to separate internal-wave-induced sound-speed fluctuations from those associated with ocean spiciness and to map both in depth and range (Figure 3). During the SPICE04 deployment cruise 26 May–18 June 2004, four SPICE04 moorings were deployed as shown in Figure 3; the coordinates are given in Table 1. The VLA mooring diagrams are shown in Figure 4. (See Worcester 2004a,b for more details.) In February 2005 there will be a SeaSoar cruise to measure spice along the path during winter storms (D. Rudnick).

0

1

2

3

4

5

Dep

th (

km)

1000 km500 km

2100 m

1400 m

HLF—5800 m

WRCWRC 3000 m

Seaglider

3000 m

HLF—5800 m

Figure 3. SPICE04 experimental geometry

Table 1. Coordinates for the SPICE04 moorings and the Kauai source Station Latitude N Longitude E Latitude N Longitude E Depth dec deg dec deg deg min deg min m SVLA 33.418400 -137.740930 33 25.104 -137 44.456 5005 DVLA 33.418920 -137.682470 33 25.135 -137 40.948 5045 S1 34.267220 -143.017080 34 16.033 -143 01.025 5500 S2 34.889120 -148.408030 34 53.347 -148 24.482 5475 Kauai 22.349156 -159.569924 22 20.94936 -159 34.19544 813


4

Figure 4. The deep and shallow VLA receiver moorings

1.2.3 BASSEX Goals and Objectives Bathymetry can affect acoustic propagation in many ways including direct blockage, refraction, diffraction, and scattering. The goal of the Basin Acoustic Seamount Scattering EXperiment (BASSEX) will be to measure these effects with an array that can be both towed horizontally as well as deployed vertically. The Kermit seamounts that will be used for this purpose are just south of the Mendocino Ridge, Figure 5.

Figure 5. The BASSEX bathymetry


5

1.2.4 Other Ambient sound. The moored hydrophone data will augment the ambient sound data base that is being collected as part of NPAL. The measurements will also be compared with those obtained in 1975 during the Church Opal experiment, which was conducted in the same general area of the ocean. Measurements of the ambient sound level near and below the critical depth, where the levels are expected to be much lower than they are in the sound channel, may provide additional basis for the detection of shadow-zone arrivals.

Seismic T-phase signals. Much of the NPAL04 effort is directed to a better understanding of how acoustic energy is (presumably) scattered out of the sound channel into the deep ocean. Waterborne T-phase signals are generated by earthquakes and submarine landslides and are ubiquitous in the ocean acoustic spectrum. To complement the receptions on the VLAs, four ocean bottom seismometers and hydrophones will be deployed around the VLAs during the intense VLA recording period of LOAPEX. This will provide a unique opportunity to measure the vertical structure of T-phases, and the hydrophones will give us a bottom sound field measurement.

1.3 Scientific Operations The LOAPEX acoustic source will be deployed at seven stations at successively increasing ranges from the VLAs. These station names are T50, T250, T500, T1000, T1600, T2300, and T3200 (number denotes nominal distance from the VLA in kilometers). An eighth station is located near Kauai. The coordinates of all stations are given in Table 2 and the summary transmission schedule in Table 3 (a constant sound speed of 1480.5 m s-1 is used). The transmissions will nominally be every hour while on station; the start time is set so that the signal will arrive at the VLA at the top of the hour. At each station, the acoustic source will be deployed anywhere from 24–48 hours; about half the time at 800 m and half the time at 350 m depth (exact division to be decided on station). A deep CTD cast will be made at each station. Between stations UCTD and XBT casts will be made to measure the upper ocean environment. In addition, two Seagliders will be deployed at T50 to make extended measurements over the course of the following 6–7 months. The final station will be just to the northeast of the ATOC/NPAL Kauai source, on a geodesic to the VLA.

Table 2. LOAPEX Station coordinates, with range to the deep VLA Station Latitude Longitude Latitude N Longitude E VLA dec deg N dec deg E deg min deg min km T50 33.513590 -138.208350 33 30.8154 -138 12.5010 50 T250 33.869780 -140.322990 33 52.1868 -140 19.3794 250 T500 34.248840 -142.882500 34 14.9304 -142 52.9500 490 T1000 34.864170 -148.280130 34 51.8502 -148 16.8078 990 T1600 35.285610 -154.949970 35 17.1366 -154 56.9982 1600 T2300 35.312730 -162.647970 35 18.7638 -162 38.8782 2300 T3200 34.631820 -172.472870 34 37.9092 -172 28.3722 3200 Kauai 22.553691 -159.249620 22 33.2215 -159 14.9772 2432


6

Table 3. LOAPEX summary transmission (TX) schedule TX TX N N N

LOAPEX start TX LOAPEX end TX TX window

duration duration 20 min

80 min

total

Station Day 2004

UTC Day 2004

UTC hr:mn:ss min hr:mn TX TX TX

T50 258 9/14/2004 19:59:27 260 9/16/2004 6:19:27 34:20:00 820 13:40 29 3 32

T250 260 9/16/2004 17:57:11 262 9/18/2004 3:17:11 33:20:00 760 12:40 30 2 32

T500 262 9/18/2004 17:54:29 264 9/20/2004 6:14:29 36:20:00 860 14:20 31 3 34

T1000 265 9/21/2004 9:48:51 267 9/23/2004 6:08:51 44:20:00 1060 17:40 37 4 41

T1600 268 9/24/2004 15:41:59 270 9/26/2004 4:01:59 36:20:00 860 14:20 31 3 34

T2300 271 9/27/2004 17:34:06 274 9/30/2004 0:54:06 55:20:00 1280 21:20 48 4 52

T3200 276 10/2/2004 0:23:59 278 10/4/2004 3:43:59 51:20:00 1200 20:00 44 4 48

Kauai 282 10/8/2004 4:32:35 284 10/10/2004 5:52:35 49:20:00 1180 19:40 40 5 45

Totals 340:40:00 8020 133:40 290 28 318

1.4 Cruise Plan Overview The balance of this Cruise Plan first describes the acoustic instrumentation and measurements. The environmental measurements, including underway conductivity, temperature, and depth (UCTD), eXpendable BathyThermographs (XBTs), and Seaglider, are described next. A detailed description of the operations is then given. Appendices provide supplemental information and detail, including environmental compliance documentation.

2. Acoustic Measurements

2.1 Shipboard Equipment

2.1.1 HX-554 Source The LOAPEX acoustic source is one of the three Alliant-Tech HX-554 sources made for ATOC in 1993–1994. The specific one that will be used is serial number 002 (Figure 6), the same one used during the Acoustic Engineering Test (AET) in 1994 off R/P FLIP. During that experiment the source was damaged (flooded upon the first recovery) and subsequently repaired and tested in Lake Washington and Puget Sound in June 1997. In 2003 it was modified for ship-suspended use (the outer boot was removed to reduce weight and a new frame was added) in the Indian Ocean as part of a CTBT project; the R/V Melville was also used for this cruise. At the start of that cruise, a failure in the air pressure compensation system caused a fracture in one of the ceramic bars of the transducer. The source was refurbished in 2003–2004 by removing the damaged ceramic section from the circuit and thoroughly cleaning and testing all of the ceramic bars. Tests similar to the earlier ones in Lake Washington were repeated in April 2004.


7

Figure 6. The HX-554 acoustic source without its oil-filled boot (left) and with the boot,

mounted in its frame (right) A deep water (source depths 800 m and 300 m) test was performed 20–23 May 2004 on the R/V New Horizon near San Clemente Island, California. This cruise provided a test of all parts of the acoustic source system, including the transducer, gas pressurization system, signal electronics, and the handling system. At a depth of 800 m, 75-Hz m-sequence and 65-Hz CW signals were transmitted at 263 W (195 dB re 1 µPa at 1 m); a prescription frequency modulated (PFM) signal was transmitted at 182 W (191.8 dB re 1 µPa at 1 m). At 300 m depth, 75-Hz m-sequence signals were transmitted at 117 W (188 dB re 1 µPa at 1 m) and 65-Hz CW signals were transmitted at 263 W (195 dB re 1 µPa at 1 m); the prescription FM signal was not transmitted at this depth. The maximum power transmitted for some of these signals was limited (< 263W, 195 dB re 1 µPa at 1 m) because of uncertainty about permissible maximum voltage stress and mechanical ceramic bender bar stress levels. We are modifying our numerical model of the transducer based upon the transmit voltage response (TVR) measurements at 300 and 800 m. In addition, we have met with Alliant-Tech engineers who were involved with the initial development of this transducer. We expect the outcome of these efforts to be a better understanding of the appropriate limits for the critical parameters of maximum voltage and maximum stress. We plan to complete the calibration measurements at our first station (T50) during the LOAPEX cruise. Present modeling efforts indicate we should be able to transmit all three signal types with source levels at or close to 195 dB at 350 m and 800 m (see Appendix 3).

The source is now held in a frame with the air bottles under it (Figure 6b). The frame is 2.03 m (80 in) tall and the rectangular base is 1.02 m by 1.42 m (40 in by 56 in). The combined weight is 2410 kg (5300 lb) in air and approximately 1820 kg (4000 lb) in water. The power amplifier, controlling electronics, and computer are in the other half of the winch van (Figure 7). The source is connected to the Ling power amplifier via 1300 m of 0.680-inch. coaxial armored wire. The winch is used to deploy and recover the source package. The winch uses a 30-HP, 240-V AC, 100-A, 3-phase input. For the test cruise on the R/V New Horizon, a 45-kVA transformer was used to step down the ship’s voltage from 444 V to 240 V. The “control” portion of the van uses the same input. The same circuit breaker panel controls all the power for the winch, the low-pressure compressor for the air tuggers, the high-pressure compressor for filling the gas compensation bottles, the Ling power amplifier, and the 120 V AC requirements, which are fed through a separate 3-kVA step down transformer.


8

Figure 7. The winch for the HX-554 acoustic source. The control area is behind the winch.

2.1.2 Spare Source – Webb Research “Sweeper” If the HX-554 source (the primary acoustic source) fails, the back-up source will be a Webb Research Corporation “sweeper” source (Figure 8). If this source is used, it will be used only at the T50, T250, T500, T1000, and T1600 stations because of its limited range. In each nominal 20-

minute transmission window at these five stations there will be three sweeper transmissions. In each nominal 80-minute transmission window there will be twelve sweeper transmissions. Each transmission will last 280.000 s and sweep linearly from 225 to 325 Hz. Thus, there will be two and eleven 120-s-long gaps in the 20- and 80-minute transmission windows, respectively. Each transmission starts with a 15-s calibration phase that is not counted here. The source level will be 83 W (190 dB re 1 µPa at 1m). The sweeper has a vertical directivity index of 3 dB.

In the worst case, there could be as many as 654 of the 280-s transmissions for a total time (including the 15-s calibration phase) of 53.6 hr. The source draws 4 A at 45 V, an electrical power of 180 W. For all the transmissions, 9647 W hr are required. The battery pack capacity is 12,840 W hr, providing a safety margin of 25 percent.

If the sweeper source is used, either the LOAPEX winch or the ship trawl winch and wire can be used for deployment; no conductors are required. The sweeper source weighs 764 kg in air and 295 kg in water (1680 lb and 648 lb, respectively). These will be confirmed at the dock during mobilization.

Figure 8. The Webb Research sweeper source, 225–325 Hz. Two units are stacked. The black tube (left) is the source, the yellow tube (right) has electronics and batteries.


9

2.1.3 Monitoring A calibrated reference hydrophone will be used on the cruise (ITC model 8211). The hydrophone will be used to determine the source transmit level and to check the overall timing of the source–receiver system. The hydrophone will be deployed to 575 m to reduce the effects of surface bounce and ship noise. The hydrophone cable will be taped to the ship’s hydro wire (with a 500-lb weight at the end; CTD wire could also be used) while using the starboard hydroboom (which has replaced the J-frame) for deployment as was done during the Indian Ocean cruise in 2003. The horizontal separation on the ship between this wire and the source cable is approximately 37 m (120 ft). A cable dynamics simulation predicts the separation at depth to be no less than 25 m, using a current profile an order of magnitude stronger than is expected for our location. As the hydrophone is recovered the tape holding the signal cable to the wire will have to be cut off. A second hydrophone will serve as a back-up (ITC model 6050C). The APL-UW supplied hydrophone cable powered spool will be used to handle the hydrophone cable.

2.1.4 Ocean Bottom Seismometer The four ocean bottom seismometers (OBSs) that will be deployed around the VLAs have been prepared by the OBS Facility at SIO. A diagram of one is provided in Figure 9. The deployment coordinates are given in Table 4. The OBSs will have a 500-Hz sampling rate and a 30-day data collection period. Before pick up on P. Worcester’s mooring recovery cruise in July 2005, their position will be surveyed.

Figure 9. The LC2000 ocean bottom seismometer package


10

Table 4. OBS deployment coordinates Latitude N Longitude W Depth deg min deg min m

OBS-1 33 25.115 137 42.278 ~5001 OBS-2 33 26.380 137 40.948 ~5048 OBS-3 33 25.115 137 39.684 ~5032 OBS-4 33 23.849 137 40.948 ~4985

2.2 Navy Receivers Data from ten U.S. Navy receivers around the North Pacific will be collected during this experiment. The APL-UW data collection computers will be programmed to turn on at the appropriate times to receive all the source transmissions: the LOAPEX source, the Kauai source, and the four sources on the SPICE04 S1 and S2 moorings. This data will be used to reconstruct a tomographic snapshot of the temperature structure of the North Pacific. Linda Buck and Joe Wigton (APL-UW) will be responsible for data acquisition and preliminary signal processing.

2.3 Signals and Transmission Schedules The LOAPEX source will transmit three types of signals at two depths: m-sequences, a continuous wave (CW) signal, and a prescription frequency modulated (PFM) signal. Transmissions will be made at 800 m and 350 m (the deeper depth first) at each station, with about half the time at each depth. A summary is provided in Table 5 and a detailed description of the signals is given in Appendix 3. At station T50, there will be some calibration activity required, involving incremental increase in drive level until the desired maximum acoustic signal is obtained.

Table 5. LOAPEX source signals summary

Source level Frequency 800 m

m-seq 195 dB 75 Hz CW 195 dB 65 Hz

PFM 195 dB 45 Hz–105 Hz 350 m

m-seq 194 dB 68 Hz CW 195 dB 65 Hz

PFM 195 dB 32 Hz–92 Hz

The detailed schedule showing LOAPEX transmissions and VLA receptions is included in Appendix 10. If for some reason we cannot reach the desired station location before its transmission window starts, we may choose to stop where we are and begin transmitting. In this case, the transmission start times will be adjusted so the signals as received by the VLA fall within its scheduled receive window (on the nominal hour). The coordinates will have to be conveyed to APL-UW to reschedule the receivers on the Navy arrays, as well as to the BASSEX crew.


11

3. Environmental Measurements

3.1 Ship-based measurements

3.1.1 Underway CTD (UCTD) The UCTD operates under the same principle as an XBT. By spooling tether line both from the probe (with temperature, conductivity and depth sensors) and a winch aboard ship, the velocity of the line through the water is zero, line drag is negligible, and the probe can get arbitrarily deep. The challenge is to recover the probe once all of its line has spooled out because the line velocity will then equal the ship speed, and line drag may become large. This has proven to be possible using a 0.06-inch diameter Spectra line with a breaking strength of 650 lb.

Measurements will be made almost continually while in transit between ship stops, starting at the VLA position. Based on the experience from the SPICE04 deployment cruise, casts will be made roughly twice an hour (~10 km). With the ship cruising at 12 kt, the sampling depth is expected to be ~400 m. Since the SPICE04 cruise, the UCTD has been improved: the mechanical connection between nose and tail is threaded and the electrical connection is more durable and the reel winch will have speed control. The entire UCTD system (including a full spares package) will be provided by SIO (D. Rudnick).


12

Figure 10. The underway CTD (UCTD) deployment and recovery. The recovery winch and pre-

launch spooling of the line. A view of the boom is also in Figure 8.

3.1.2 CTD A full ocean depth (~5,000 m) CTD cast will be made at every station to obtain deep salinity for sound speed calculations and for silica samples (P. Johnson, UW MG&G). This is estimated to take 4 hr. The sample rate will be 24 samples/s. A 24-bottle rosette will also be used; samples will be collected at depths that depend on the local bottom depth. Casts will be taken within 20 m of the bottom, facilitated by using an altimeter. Upon recovery, two samples from each bottle will be taken; one will be frozen and one refrigerated. Upon arrival in Honolulu, all samples will be air shipped with dry ice to UW for chemical analysis. The primary CTD (Seabird 9-11+) and rosette will be provided by the ship; the backup CTD (Seabird 9-11+) will be provided by APL-UW. The ship will provide primary and secondary deck units and data logging systems. The CTD winch and hydroboom will be used for deployment.

3.1.3 XBT Expendable bathythermographs (XBTs) will be used to provide deeper, but less frequent, data than the UCTD as well as being a backup to the UCTD. The following XBTs are available: 12 T-5 (1830 m at 6 kt) and 72 T-7 (760 m at 15 kt). These would provide bi-hourly sampling for the seven days of transit along the LOAPEX section. They will be deployed evenly between VLA and T3200. The ship will provide the data acquisition system, part of the swath mapping system.


13

3.1.4 Other Measurements The ship has a new RD Instruments Ocean Surveyor 75-kHz acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) rated for obtaining profiles to 700 m. We expect to obtain data to 800 m while on station. The data will complement the UCTD, XBT, and CTD data, as well as providing time dependent profiles of current velocity at each station. Suspended 20 m below the source will be a Seabird MicroTemp logging temperature and pressure and an InterOcean S4 current meter. Data from the ADCP, MicroTemp, and S4 will be used with a source motion model (see below).

The standard suite of routine ship measurements will be collected, including thermosalinograph, meteorology, and multibeam bathymetry. The latter should be running between stations and turned off during LOAPEX transmissions at each station.

3.2 Seaglider

Figure 11. The Seaglider. The Iridium/GPS antenna mast fits in the tail on the left.

The two APL-UW Seagliders will be deployed at station T50. Serial number 22 will be programmed to head east to the VLA mooring site, turn around, and then go along the LOAPEX path to station T1000. It will then turn and head toward the Kauai source, and then to either Hanalai Bay on the north side of Kauai or to Barking Sands, PMRF, on the west side for pickup by a small boat. Serial number 23 will be programmed to immediately head west, traversing the section between T1000 and the VLA approximately three times (3000 km) before being picked up during the SeaSoar cruise in February 2005 (D. Rudnick). As the pick-up time nears, the glider instructions will be adjusted remotely from APL-UW so that it can be picked up at Station T1000 at the end of a SeaSoar section.

Both gliders will be programmed to cycle between 0 m and 1000 m water depth covering roughly 7 km over 10 hours. For a nominal mission range of 3000 km, this leaves a 25 percent battery energy reserve.

The gliders will be RAFOS-enabled. Unfortunately, none of the SPICE04 sources were programmed


14

to transmit the required signals. The gliders will likely hear some of the RAFOS sources maintained by Curt Collins (NPS). The positions of these sources, the transmission schedules, and the distance and travel time to T500 are given in Table 6. The RAFOS signal is an FM-sweep with 1.523 Hz bandwidth centered at 260.14 Hz (linear sweep from 259.375 Hz to 260.898 Hz) and lasting 80 s.

Table 6. RAFOS source coordinates and other parameters Source Latitude N Longitude W Water Source TX time Distance Time

deg min deg min m m UTC km s SS2b 43 54.988 126 23.929 3019 566 0500, 1700 1780 1202 SS3 37 06.562 127 34.636 4751 0530, 1730 1390 939 SS5a (V1) 45 56.4 130 02.04 0400, 1600 1522 1028 SS5b (V2) 46 01.86 128 37.73 1430 0400, 1600 1533 1036 Hoke* 32 06.373 126 54.581 768 600 1605 1084 *no longer working

Bruce Howe will be responsible for Seaglider deployment. On shore, Jim Luby (APL-UW) will act as pilot, with assistance from Neil Bogue and Jason Gobat. Data from the gliders can be accessed at the Web page http://subix.apl.washington.edu/cgi-bin/all_missions.cgi?AT=1 Communications during the deployment time will be important. The satellite pager/telephone provided with the glider will be used, in addition to the normal ship internet connection and satellite telephone systems.

4. Navigation and Communications

4.1 Navigation

4.1.1 Ship navigation A C-Nav GPS real-time dual frequency system will drive the dynamic positioning system (DP). This system obtains real-time corrections via satellite communications. Corrections for GPS satellite orbits and clocks and the troposphere are determined using data from the JPL operated Global GPS Network (GGN) and are globally uniform and applicable worldwide. The estimated accuracy is sub-meter. The antenna will be placed on the stern A-frame above the source overboarding block. While on station, the ship’s navigation/DP system will be set up so as to keep the center of the deployed stern A-frame at the desired location (e.g., Table 2).

Backup systems will include the Furuno GP-90 single frequency system (accuracy 10 m 95 percent of the time), the Tasman P-code receiver, and the Ashtech ADU system (primarily used for heading with the ADCP). All data from all the ship navigation systems (including roll, pitch, yaw/heading, and heave) will be logged routinely during the entire cruise.

4.1.2 Source navigation Knowledge of the absolute source position is required for the tomographic application; adequate accuracy and precision can be obtained with C-Nav GPS, assuming the source hangs vertically.

Knowledge of the relative source motion, on time scales of 10 s to 80 min and spatial scales of 2 m to 5 m (1/10th to ¼ wavelength at 75 Hz) is required for the acoustic propagation aspects of the experiment, especially the temporal and spatial coherence estimates. Determining the relative source motion on these scales will be somewhat challenging. Several approaches will be taken, eventually

http://subix.apl.washington.edu/cgi-bin/all_missions.cgi?AT=1


15

all combined with a Kalman filter.

From the ship’s navigation system, driven by the C-Nav GPS system, we will obtain the best estimate of the time-dependent (1 sample per second) position of the source sheave in the stern A-frame. This A-frame position will be routinely logged by the ship’s navigation system. These data, along with appropriately smoothed ADCP water velocity profiles, the S4 current meter data, and the MicroTemp pressure/depth, will be used as the primary inputs to a cable dynamics simulation program (J. Gobat) that will predict the horizontal and vertical motions of the source.

To provide additional data and independent verification, we will deploy a “poor man’s” long baseline acoustic navigation system that will measure motion relative to a single bottom Benthos expendable XT6000 acoustic transponder (Figure 12). The latter will be deployed 5 km short of the station, along the path to the VLA. It will not be surveyed, but rather its nominal position determined from the drop position and depth. Suspended 20 m below the source with the S4 current meter and MicroTemp will be a “WHOI interrogator” that will measure the roundtrip travel time to the bottom transponder. This travel time and the nominal source/transponder geometry will give relative motion (with some noise introduced by vertical heave). Ship position will also be monitored to verify GPS performance; a Benthos DS-7000 deck box and transducer mounted on a “stinger” in the instrument well will be used for this purpose. For reference, the pendulum period is 57 s at 800 m and 38 s at 350 m. Battery packs are rated for 1 month and 350,000 10-ms pings, adequate for this application.

Figure 12. LOAPEX source acoustic tracking

4.2 Communications Communications with the shore will be important. Art Baggeroer and Kevin Heaney on the R/V Revelle will also need to be kept informed of our progress in order to coordinate the deployment of their receiving array. The same applies for coordination with APL-UW staff operating the Navy receivers. There is a 64–128-kb/s internet link shared between three ships. The primary means of communication will be via E-mail. The secondary means will be via voice over internet, satellite phones, and fax (see contact information in Appendix 1). These will be tested before sailing.


16

5. Operations Plans

The cruise timeline is given in Table 7.

Table 7. LOAPEX summary timeline Local Time Activity hr:mn from to km nm hr kt Wednesday, September 01, 2004 8:00 SDH Mobilization

Friday, September 10, 2004 8:00 SDH SD Depart 9 5 0 10.8

Friday, September 10, 2004 8:27 Harbor traffic 1

Friday, September 10, 2004 9:27 SD VLA Transit 1908 1030 89 12.0

Tuesday, September 14, 2004 0:50 Deploy OBS seismometers 6

Tuesday, September 14, 2004 6:50 VLA T50 Transit 50 27 3 10.8

Tuesday, September 14, 2004 9:20 T50 TXs, Seagliders 36

Wednesday, September 15, 2004 21:20 T50 T250 Transit 200 108 10 10.8

Thursday, September 16, 2004 7:20 T250 TXs 36

Friday, September 17, 2004 19:20 T250 T500 Transit 240 130 12 10.8

Saturday, September 18, 2004 7:21 T500 TXs (10 km short of S1) 39

Sunday, September 19, 2004 22:21 T500 T1000 Transit 500 270 25 10.8

Monday, September 20, 2004 23:21 T1000 TXs (10 km short of S2) 47


Friday, September 24, 2004 3:51 T1600 TXs 39

Saturday, September 25, 2004 18:51 T1600 T2300 Transit 700 378 35 10.8

Monday, September 27, 2004 5:51 T2300 TXs 58


Friday, October 01, 2004 11:51 T3200 TXs 54

Sunday, October 03, 2004 17:51 T3200 KA Transit 1863 1006 93 10.8

Thursday, October 07, 2004 16:01 Kauai TXs (23 km north of ATOC) 52

Saturday, October 09, 2004 20:01 KA HNL Transit 206 111 10 10.8

Sunday, October 10, 2004 6:20 Harbor traffic 1

Sunday, October 10, 2004 7:20 HNL HNLH Harbor traffic 13 7 1 10.8

Sunday, October 10, 2004 7:59 HNLH Arrive Snug Harbor. Demobilization

Totals 7200 3888 723

30 days

Tuesday, October 12, 2004 12:00 HNLH Finish demobilization

5.1 Mobilization A surface shipment of equipment will be sent from APL-UW on 19 August. The two Seagliders will be shipped 3 September along with acoustic transponders and the interrogators. XBTs from Sippican and additional acoustic transponders from Benthos will be shipped directly to the SIO Marine Facility, to arrive by 3 September. The science/winch van and the storage van are already at the Marine Facility in San Diego. Personnel arrive as follows: Mercer and Karig, 30 August; Reddaway and Fletcher, 1 September; Andrew, 2 September; Gullings 5 September; Wolfson, Colosi, Xu, and


17

Howe, 7 September. Berthing on the ship is available from 3 September.

Mobilization will start Wednesday, 1 September, with the loading of the winch/control van, the storage van, air tuggers, the source, and the UCTD and XBT systems. Initial loading will be completed by Friday, 3 September, so that testing may begin during the holiday weekend.

The deck plan for the cruise is shown in Figure 13.

Figure 13. Science deck plan

The HX-554 source will be tested on the ship while dockside. Impedance measurements will be made in air, in water unpressurized, and in water pressurized. The source will be weighed in air and water (unpressurized and pressurized).

The sweeper source will be tested while on deck and weighed in air and water.

The C-Nav system will be installed and interfaced to the ship’s navigation system, likely on Tuesday 7 September. One of the ship’s PCs in the navigation center will be used with the C-Nav system. Data from all the ship’s various GPS navigations systems will be collected and plotted together. The latitude, longitude, and height of the A-frame center in deployed position, as well as roll, pitch, and heading will be logged. The ship will continually acquire and log all navigation data.

The ship will provide Ethernet/internet connectivity (e.g., an RJ-45 connector) and a ship computer display in the source control van (repeaters may be necessary). The display will show the DP position in latitude and longitude, UTC time, and a plot of ship position relative to the nominal station coordinates. The ship will verify that UTC time displayed is accurate to 1 s.

The UCTD system will be installed by D. Rudnick. The CTD/rosette will be installed by R. Wilson.

A transducer “stinger” pole (supplied by MarFac) will be installed in the instrument well (frame 95, 01 level, just to the port side of the CTD winch) with the Benthos transducer.

The various methods of communication will be tested (internet E-mail, file transfer, Web browsing,

Science/winch van

Storage and Spares van

UCTD boom

Source

Air tugger -2ea

Hydrophone reel

Source cable OBS-4ea

CTD uses new hydroboom

Sweeper source


18

voice over internet, satellite phones, etc.).

The ship will load two containers on the 01 level that will be used in the following cruise by Ken Johnson.

The goal is to have everything loaded and the preliminary testing done by the end of Tuesday, 7 September, so the last two days before departure can be spent on final testing and tuning.

During the mobilization, there will be a pre-cruise meeting to review plans and aspects related to safety.

5.2 Stations In order to have enough time to deploy the OBS units at the VLA site, the ship speed will need to be at least 11.5 kt during the transit from San Diego; 12 kt is planned. At all other times, the nominal ship speed called for is 10.8 kt (20 km/hr), though 12 kt should be made if weather permits, to allow more time on station. The ship will travel along a geodesic between stations; detailed waypoints will be provided.

The four OBS units will be deployed at the VLA site. There will be no attempts to survey them or communicate with them. The desired locations of the OBSs are shown in Figure 14.

DVLASVLA OBS1

OBS2

OBS3

OBS4

-4000

-2000

0

2000

4000

-8000 -6000 -4000 -2000 0 2000 4000

meters re DVLA

met

ers

re D

VLA

Figure 14. OBSs, moorings, and transponders at the VLA site

The station checklist (Appendix 4) will be used to guide the activity at each station.

At Station T50, some of the transmission time will be used for source calibration. In this case it may be necessary to marry the hydrophone and cable directly to the source cable. This has been done before, with only a one-turn twist on recovery (which is manageable). The Seagliders will also be deployed at T50 during the CTD cast, with the stinger with acoustic transducer deployed for ranging. For this activity, the small boat may be required.

The station locations for T500 and T1000 are actually 490 km and 990 km from the VLA, to avoid any possible fouling between the LOAPEX source and the SPICE S1 and S2 moorings, which are at the nominal ranges of 500 km and 1000 km. There may be some interference with the navigation net associated with these moorings. The interrogator on the mooring transmits a 10.5-kHz signal once an hour to the transponder 3500 m north of the mooring, as well as the secondary mooring release. This


19

signal could cause the LOAPEX transponder 15 km distant to reply, confusing the LOAPEX slant range measurement. Given the low repetition rate (once per hour) we will ignore this effect (though it might provide an interesting cross check). Conversely, the LOAPEX interrogator could cause the mooring transponder and #2 release 10 km distant to reply at 9.5 kHz and 11.0 kHz, respectively, confusing the mooring interrogator. Given there are three other mooring transponders, mooring tracking should not be affected by any confusion with the fourth travel time, which would likely appear as an outlier.

The Kauai station location is 40 km northeast of the ATOC/NPAL Kauai source, on a geodesic to the VLA. The bathymetry is shown in Figure 15.

Figure 15. Bathymetry around the Kauai ATOC source and the LOAPEX transmission site

In between stations UCTD, XBT, ADCP, swath mapping, and other data as described above will be collected.

5.3 Shore-side Activities The Navy receivers will be programmed to receive all the LOAPEX, S1 and S2, and Kauai transmissions. This is controlled from APL-UW (Linda Buck). If the LOAPEX station location and transmissions times are changed, the corresponding Navy reception times must be changed appropriately.

The Seaglider will be piloted by Jim Luby at APL-UW with help from Neil Bogue and Jason Gobat.

The ATOC/NPAL Kauai source will be programmed to transmit every 4 hr every day for 60 days starting 0200 10 September 2004 and ending 2220 8 November UTC (Linda Buck).

5.4 De-mobilization After the arrival on Sunday 10 October, demobilization will begin at 0800 on Monday morning 11 October. The winch/control van will be placed on the port side of the 01 winch deck, with the WRC


20

sweeper source secured to the top. The storage van will be off-loaded, repacked, and placed crosswise on the 02 foredeck for the return trip to San Diego.

5.5 Cruise Reporting When we walk off the ship we should have data worked up sufficiently to make plots. These should include:

• UCTD, XBT, and ADCP sections • CTD profiles • Swath bathymetry maps • Standard ship-collected data (e.g., meteorological) • Best estimate of (x,y,z) time series at the stern A-frame for each station • Source MicroTemp temperature and pressure and S4 velocity data for each station • Model predicted source motion time series based on (x,y,z) and ADCP data • Acoustic travel times and relative source and ship motion • Summaries of source performance across all stations

All the data will be backed up onto multiple CDs and distributed to the various parties; acoustic data will be archived on Jazz drives.

References

Baggeroer, A., and K. Heaney, BASSEX Cruise Plan, informal document, MIT, 2004.

Mercer, J. A., R/V New Horizon Cruise report: LOAPEX Test Cruise, informal document, APL-UW, 2004.

Worcester, P. F., SPICE04 Deployment Cruise Plan, informal document, SIO, 2004a.

Worcester, P. F., SPICE04 Deployment Cruise Report, informal document, SIO, 2004b.


21

Appendix 1. Contacts List

Applied Physics Laboratory University of Washington 1013 NE 40th Street Seattle, WA, 98105-6698

Rex Andrew 206-543-1250 [email protected] Neil Bogue 206-616-4682 [email protected]

Linda Buck 206-685-3529 [email protected] Brian Dushaw 206-685-4198 [email protected]

Charlie Eriksen 206-543-6528 [email protected] Jason Gobat 206-543-2439 [email protected] Lyle Gullings 206-543-1296 [email protected]

Frank Henyey 206-543-4856 [email protected] Bruce Howe 206-543-9141 [email protected]

Fred Karig 206-543-1354 [email protected] Craig Lee 206-685-7656 [email protected]

Jim Luby 206-543-6854 [email protected] Jim Mercer 206-543-9141 [email protected]

Don Reddaway 206-543-5269 [email protected] Jeff Simmen 206-543-1310 [email protected]

Keith Van Thiel 206-543-1373 [email protected] Keith Walls 206-543-1388 [email protected]

Joe Wigton 206-543-1332 [email protected] Mike Wolfson 206-543-1320 [email protected] Mike Zarnetske 206-685-9670 [email protected]

Main Lab 206-543-9141 fax: 206-543-6785

[email protected]

Data Center 206-685-3529 Scripps Institution of Oceanography 9500 Gilman Drive La Jolla, CA, 92037

Jeff Babcock 858.534.5223 [email protected] Patricia Chang 858-534-1877 [email protected]

Matt Dzieciuch 858-534-7986 [email protected] Garth Englehorn 858-534-1877 [email protected] Lloyd Green 858-534-2876 [email protected] David Horwitt 858-822-0044 [email protected]

Matt Norenberg 858-534-8781 [email protected] Dan Rudnick 858-534-7669 [email protected]

Peter Worcester 858-534-4688 [email protected]

mailto:[email protected]































22

Nimitz Marine Facility, SIO 297 Rosecrans Street San Diego, Ca. 92106

Tom Althouse 858.534.1643 [email protected] Cambria Colt 858-534-1632 [email protected]

Geoff Davis 858-534-6054 [email protected] Ron Moe 858-534-6054 [email protected]

Woody Sutherland 858-534-4425 cell: 858-603-1860

[email protected]

Bob Wilson 858-534-1632 [email protected] MarFac 858-534-1641

R/V Melville Port: 858-534-1646 Sea: 011-872-763452498 Fax: 011-872-81600255637

[email protected] [email protected] [email protected]

MIT Room 5-204 Cambridge, MA 02139

Art Baggeroer 617-253-4336 [email protected] Kevin Heaney 703-532-2599

cell: 703-346-3676 [email protected]

Office of Naval Research 800 Quincy Street Arlington, VA 22217-5660

Nick Chotiros 703-588-1297 [email protected] Bev Kuhn 703-696-6996 [email protected]

Ellen Livingston 703-696-4203 [email protected]

Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, MS 11 98 Water Street Woods Hole, MA 02543

John Colosi 508-289-2317 [email protected] Steve Liberatore 508-289-3283 [email protected]

Jinshan Xu [email protected]



















23

Webb Research Corporation 82 Technology Park Drive E. Falmouth, MA 02536-4441

Andrey Morozov 508-548-2077 [email protected] Doug Webb 508-548-2077 [email protected]

Marine Acoustics, Inc. 809 Aquidneck Ave. Middletown, RI 02842

Kathleen Vigness Raposa 401-847-7508 [email protected] C & C Technologies 730 E. Kaliste Saloom Road Lafayette, Louisiana 70508

Dan Galligan 337-261-0660 fax: 337-261-0192

[email protected]

Support [email protected]






24

Appendix 2. Scientific Personnel—Responsibilities

Rex Andrew Scientist Transmissions APL-UW Patricia Chang Development Tech OBS SIO

John Colosi Scientist UCTD WHOI Garth Englehorn Development Tech OBS SIO Lyle Gullings Engineer Source APL-UW

Bruce Howe Scientist Environmental sampling APL-UW Fred Karig Mechanical Engineer Winch, source APL-UW Jim Mercer Chief Scientist APL-UW

Chuck Fletcher Field Engineer Deck APL-UW Mike Wolfson Scientist XBT APL-UW

Jinshan Xu Graduate student UCTD WHOI

Bob Wilson will be the ship’s resident technician. Geoff Davis will be the ship’s computer technician.

Source deployment

APL Winch Fred Karig A-Frame Bob Wilson Port Air Tugger Chuck Fletcher Starboard Air Tugger Lyle Gullings Port Tag Line John Colosi Starboard Tag Line Garth Englehorn Safety Jim Mercer

Hydrophone deployment Bruce Howe Rex Andrew Patricia Chang


25

Appendix 3. LOAPEX Signal Parameters

Three types of signals are being designed for possible use on the cruise: m-sequence, continuous wave (CW), and prescription frequency modulated (PFM) signals. The m-sequence is the preferred signal; the others will be transmitted only if it is thought there are significant engineering benefits (e.g., source longevity) over the m-sequences.

M-sequences

The m-sequence signals consist of periodic repetitions of a phase-coded linear maximal shift register sequence, with parameters given in Table 8.

Table 8. M-sequence signal parameters

Source depth 800 350 m Source level 263

195234 194

W dB re 1 µPa at 1 m

center frequency f0 75 68* Hz cycles/digit 2 2 digit length 26.6667 29.4118 ms sequence length L 1023 1023 digits (degree 10) sequence period 27.2800 30.0882 s sequence law 20338 20338 artifact location 531 531 digit sequence initialization 10008 10008 phase modulation angle θ 88.209215 88.209215 ° sequence repetitions transmitted

20 minute 80 minute

44176

40

160

transmission duration 20 minute 80 minute

1200.32004801.2800

1203.5294 4814.1177

s s

Estimated Maximum stack voltage 2418 2467 V Peak Estimated Maximum stack stress 2963 3855 psi Peak

*This may be changed to be more commensurate with VLA sampling.

The modulation angle is defined to be tan2θ0 = L, giving a smooth sinc2 envelope to the power spectrum. The 75-Hz signal is the same signal that the former Pioneer Seamount source transmitted.

The estimated maximum stack voltage and stress in the table can be compared with recommended safe working limits of 4243 V and 3831 psi, respectively.

The linear maximal shift register m-sequence for law = 20338, with initialization = 10008 is: 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0


26

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1

If a 1 in the above sequence is equivalent to s = +1 and a 0 to s = –1, then the signal sent is cos(2πf0(t-t0) + s(i(t-t0))θ) where i(t) is the digit index at time t.

Transmissions start 5 min plus one period (300 s + 27.28000 s = 327.2800 s for the 75-Hz signal and 300 s + 30.0882 s = 330.0882 s for the 68-Hz signal) before the prescribed start time t0 (UTC) at a level of 0.26 W (165 dB re 1 µPa at 1 m) and increase in level 6 dB every minute until the desired output level is reached.

CW parameters

The CW signal is represented by sin(2πf0(t-t0)), with the 5-min ramp-up as for the m-sequence. f0 for LOAPEX is 65 Hz for both depth cases. The “period” (as defined in this case by the length of the pre-defined signal) is 10 s.

The estimated maximum stack voltages and stress for the 800 m and 350 m depth cases are 1882 V and 1750 psi and 2254 V and 3123 psi, respectively. These can be compared with recommended safe working limits of 4243 V and 3831 psi, respectively.

Transmissions will start 5 min plus 10 s (300 s + 10 s = 310 s) before the prescribed start time t0 (UTC) at a level of 0.26 W (165 dB re 1 µPa at 1 m) and increase in level 6 dB every minute until the desired output level is reached.

Prescription FM

The prescription FM signal is constructed using an equivalent circuit model of the source to produce an output power spectrum with a cosine shape over the frequency range of interest, subject to not exceeding voltage, mechanical stress, and current limits set by the engineering properties of the source. This is produced by varying the time spent at any particular frequency and source drive level so the total energy transmitted in a particular frequency band fits the desired cosine shape. For the two depths 800 m and 350 m, the frequency ranges are 45–105 Hz and 32–92 Hz, respectively. Signals sweep up in frequency for 15 s and down in frequency for 15 s with an effective period of exactly 30 s.

Various signal waveforms for the 350 m PFM are shown in the following figures. The second plot in


27

Figure 16 shows the actual expected pressure signal from the source. The other plots show stack stress and voltage, tuner current, and quanta in the computer file that will generate the signal. Figure 17 shows the frequency domain versions of the desired signal, the d/a drive signal spectrum, and the expected pressure spectrum. Figure 18 shows the instantaneous frequency versus time and the replica correlation peak in the time domain.

Figure 16. Plots of PFM signal vs. time

Figure 17. PFM frequency domain plots


28

Figure 18. PFM instantaneous frequency and replica correlation peak

The estimated maximum stack voltages and stress for the 800 m and 350 m depth cases are 2275 V and 2443 psi and 3199 V and 3860 psi, respectively. These can be compared with recommended safe working limits of 4243 V and 3831 psi, respectively.

Transmissions start 5 min plus one period (300 s + 30.0000 s = 330.0000 s) before the prescribed start time t0 (UTC) at a level of 0.26 W (165 dB re 1 µPa at 1 m) and increase in level 6 dB every minute until the desired output level is reached.

Summary

The stresses for the various signals are summarized in Table 9.

Table 9. Summary of stresses for the different signals

Source level (dB re 1 µµµµ at 1 m)

Peak stack stress (psi)

Peak stack voltage (V)

RMS tuner current (A)

350 m m-seq 194 3855 2467 5.4

CW 195 3123 2254 6.6 PFM 195 3860 3199 7.0

800 m m-seq 195 2963 2418 4.0

CW 195 1750 1882 2.6 PFM 195 2443 2275 3.5

Limits 3831 4243 12


29

Appendix 4. Station Checklist

Deployment and recovery of the source is desired during daylight; the CTD/rosette cast may be performed before or after to facilitate this. We assume it is done first here.

1. Secure UCTD, XBT, etc. 2. Confirm coordinates 3. Deploy XT6000 transponder 5 km from station, log position and depth 4. Arrive on station 5. Confirm the C-Nav system and dynamic positioning system operating normally 6. Determine bottle sampling depths 7. Prepare CTD/rosette 8. Launch CTD/rosette 9. Perform CTD profile, taking bottle samples at selected depths 10. Deploy acoustic transducer on stinger in instrument well, confirm transponder operation 11. Recover and secure CTD/rosette and decant bottle samples; clean equipment 12. Secure ship echo-sounder and swath bathymetry 13. Ensure ADCP working 14. Checkout source system 15. Confirm ship is at correct location in dynamic positioning; and all navigation data is being

logged correctly 16. Deploy instrument suite (interrogator, MicroTemp, and S4 current meter on 20 m line) 17. Deploy source to 800 m (sound channel axis) and monitor impedance 18. Confirm C-Nav and DP are operating normally after the A-frame is in deployed position 19. Deploy hydrophone using hydroboom and hydrowinch 20. Pressurize source, monitoring impedance and listening on hydrophone 21. Transmit 22. Raise the source to 350 m, monitor impedance 23. Transmit 24. Recover source and instrument suite 25. Inspect source, recharge gas bottles 26. Recover monitor hydrophone 27. Recover stinger in instrument well with acoustic transducer 28. Prepare UCTD, XBT, swath bathymetry, etc. 29. Modify if necessary schedule and waypoints for transit and next ship stop 30. Transit, UCTD and XBT 31. Backup data, analyze as appropriate


30

Appendix 5. Equipment Provided by the Science Party

1. HX-554 acoustic source system (source, frame, gas bottles and charging, van with power amplifier, winch, and controlling computer system, auxiliary equipment van)

2. Spare source computer system and power amplifier modules, dummy load (resistor stack) 3. Sweeper sound source and control electronics (SIO) 4. Calibration and receiving hydrophones (ITC, 2 each) 5. Powered hydrophone cable reel (APL-UW) 6. Air tuggers, 2 each (APL-UW) 7. UCTD with spares (SIO–Rudnick) 8. CTD backup (APL-UW) 9. MicroTemp with pressure (WHOI–Colosi) 10. S4 current meter (APL-UW) 11. WHOI Interrogators, 2 each (APL-UW) 12. Benthos DS-7000 deck boxes, 2 each (APL-UW) 13. Benthos XT6000 acoustic transponders (3 to 6 new direct from Benthos, 6 from APL-UW) 14. XBT probes (APL-UW) 15. Desktop and personal computers 16. Assorted tools 17. CTD/Rosette sample bottles, coolers


31

Appendix 6. Equipment Provided by the Ship

1. Power for the science/winch van (240 V AC, 100 A, 3 phase) 2. Stern A-frame 3. Primary CTD/Rosette system with altimeter, including data acquisition and logging 4. CTD winch and hydroboom for CTD/rosette 5. Freezer space for water samples 6. Hydrowinch and hydroboom for hydrophone 7. “Stinger” in instrument well for acoustic transducer, assist in mounting 8. Space on main deck for science/winch and supply vans 9. Swath mapping, continuous while underway 10. Precision depth recorder and 3.5-kHz sub-bottom profiler 11. Copy machine 12. Grappling hooks, hackles, sheaves, hooks, and lines 13. Navigation display in source control van 14. Ethernet/Internet in source control van 15. Assist in mounting and installing C-Nav system 16. PC computer in the navigation room for the C-Nav system 17. PC computer in the navigation room (or main lab) for the Benthos deck box 18. Electronic mail system with connection to shore, voice over internet 19. GPS systems 20. Capstan 21. Underway/on station data acquisition system for meteorological instruments, ADCP,

thermosalinograph, fluorometer 22. Shipboard Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) – RD Ocean Explorer to 700 m


32

Appendix 7. Environmental Compliance

Acoustic Analysis for LOAPEX

RESPONSIBLE COMMAND:

• Department of the Navy

− Office of Naval Research; Ocean, Atmosphere, and Space Department; Ocean Acoustics Branch (ONR321OA)

ORGANIZATION DESIGNING AND CONDUCTING EXPERIMENT:

• Applied Physics Laboratory at the University of Washington

TITLE OF PROPOSED ACTION:

• Long-range Ocean Acoustic Propagation Experiment (LOAPEX)

CONTACT PERSON AT RESPONSIBLE COMMAND:

• Office of Naval Research Dr. Nick Chotiros, ONR 321OA

DOCUMENT DESIGNATION: This Acoustic Analysis is prepared pursuant to ONR directives and to support a determination under Executive Order (EO) 12114, Environmental Effects Abroad of Major Federal Actions.

ABSTRACT: The Applied Physics Laboratory at the University of Washington (APL-UW) is planning to conduct a basic research experiment to explore the range and frequency dependence of the characteristics of long-range sound propagation, including bottom interactions, temporal and vertical coherence, and the competing effects of scattering and diffraction. In addition, the research experiment would provide tomographic data from which a temperature snapshot of the North Pacific could be estimated. This proposed experiment would take place approximately 1575 kilometers (km) (850 nautical miles (nm)) north of the Hawaiian Islands along a transect from 34°N/138°W to 35°N/173°W, and at a final station approximately 33 km (18 nm) north of the island of Kauai, Hawaii at 23°N/159°W. Beginning in fall 2004, a ship-suspended acoustic source would be used to transmit low-frequency signals at seven stations along the transect line and at one station off Kauai. In addition, four Ocean Bottom Seismometers (OBS) would be deployed at approximately 33°25’N/137°40’W to measure low and ultra-low frequency acoustic propagation in deep-ocean acoustic shadow zones close to the seafloor. Funding for this experiment was provided through grants from the Office of Naval Research.

Based on scientific analysis in this Acoustic Analysis, there is no potential for significant harm to the environment from LOAPEX and the preparation of an overseas environmental assessment or an overseas environmental impact statement on the proposed action is not required. The acoustic source proposed for this experiment would have no effect on endangered or threatened species; hence, consultation with National Marine Fisheries Service regarding the Endangered Species Act is not required. No takes of marine mammals would occur from the proposed acoustic source transmissions during the experiment; hence, no authorization under the Marine Mammal Protection Act is sought. No effects on the environment, including the quality and/or quantity of essential fish habitats, would result from the acoustic source transmissions proposed for this experiment; hence, consultation with National Marine Fisheries Service under the Magnuson-Stevens Fisheries Conservation and Management Act is not required.


33

Appendix 8. LOAPEX Watch Schedule

Three crews will stand 2 watches per day, 4 hr on and 8 hr off. Watch standers will come 15 min beforehand for handover. Cabin/bunk assignments are indicated; everyone has a single.

0000–0400, 1200–1600 01-29-0 Bruce Howe—Watch Leader 01-33-1 Rex Andrew 2-72-1 Patricia Chang 0400–0800, 1600–2000 01-28-1 John Colosi—Watch Leader 2-84-2 Mike Wolfson 2-79-1 Garth Englehorn 2-55-2 Chuck Fletcher 0800–1200, 2000–0000 02-41-2 Jim Mercer—Watch Leader 2-38-2 Jinshan Xu 2-62-2 Fred Karig 2-89-2 Lyle Gullings


34

Appendix 9. Security at Snug Harbor

UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI'I MARINE CENTER #1 Sand Island Access Rd. Pier 45 Honolulu, Hawaii 96819-2386 Toll Free#: 1.888.800.0460

T.808.847.2661/F.808.848.5451 E-mail: [email protected]

23 July 2004 TO: All Vendors, Tenant Activities, and Other Authorized Personnel Using the Marine Center FROM: U.H. Marine Center Facility Security Officer SUBJECT: Security at the U.H. Marine Center Facility

As of 01 July 2004, Homeland Security has mandated compliance with approved facility security plans at all facilities that have been required to provide security under their guidelines. The University of Hawaii is one of those facilities. In order to meet these requirements, specific rules must be put into place. This is a very serious undertaking that will require changes in the way we conduct our daily business. We must have the cooperation of all personnel that utilize our facility in order to remain operational.

The entire facility is considered a restricted area accessible only to authorized personnel. Authorized personnel are those that possess and use a valid electronic gate card issued by our office, persons that are logged in by our gate guards with a valid reason for entering, approved vendors that we have ordered products from, trucks delivering/picking up authorized containers, ships crews and personnel embarking/disembarking or conducting business with ships moored at our dock.

The following signs are posted on our main gate or parameter fencing. Security Notice, boarding the vessel or entering this facility is deemed valid consent to screening or inspection. Failure to consent or submit to screening or inspection will result in denial or revocation of authorization to board or enter. Restricted Area authorized personnel only, unauthorized presence constitutes a breach of security. This facility is currently at MARSEC LEVEL (I), (II), or (III) security level. MARSEC LEVEL I: Minimum appropriate protective security measures shall be maintained at all times in accordance to the vessel or facility security plan. MARSEC LEVEL I corresponds to the Homeland Security Advisory System (Green, Blue, Yellow). Report transportation security incidents or suspicious people, objects or activities to: USCG National Response Center, 1-800-424-8802. This Facility is currently operating at MARSEC LEVEL II security level. MARSEC LEVEL II: Appropriate additional protective security measures shall be maintained for a period of time as a result of heightened risk of a transportation security incident. MARSEC LEVEL II corresponds to the Homeland Security Advisory System (Orange). This Facility is currently operating at MARSEC LEVEL III security level. MARSEC LEVEL III: Further specific protective security measures shall be maintained for a limited period of time when a transportation security incident is probable or imminent, although it may not be possible to identify the specific target. MARSEC LEVEL III corresponds to the Homeland Security Advisory System (Red). All vehicles and personnel that wish to enter the facility are subject to random screening by our security guards in accordance with the

facility security plan. Vendors with closed bed trucks delivering stores will be inspected at the gate prior to entry. Vendors that have valid gate cards may be subject to random checks. Trucks delivering containers must have a manifest for delivery to the Marine Center and should notify our office prior to delivery. Empty containers must be picked up soon as possible unless arrangements are made to store them at the facility.

Personnel using gate cards must use them to enter and exit the facility. You cannot follow another vehicle through the gate without using the card reader. If caught, you will receive one warning after which you will lose gate card privileges. Not stopping for the gate guard is a serious breach of security and could jeopardize access privileges to the facility. Report any security problems to Bob Hayes, 847-2663.

In the event of transportation security incident that results in an elevated MARSEC level at the facility, isolation or evacuation from a given area may be required. This will be directed by the facility security officer and may require stoppage of any loading/offloading operations and or evacuation of vehicles or personnel from the facility. The main gate is the only exit available for vehicle traffic during an evacuation. Any alternate route will be directed by the facility security office.

Long-range Ocean Acoustic Propagation Experiment LOAPEX Cruise Plan

35

Appendix 10. LOAPEX Detailed Transmission Schedule

T50 T50 cum cum LOAPEX start TX LOAPEX end TX VLA start RX VLA end RX duration duration duration TX day UTC UTC UTC UTC min min hr:mn 2004 1 258 9/14/2004 19:59:27 9/14/2004 20:19:27 9/14/2004 20:00:00 9/14/2004 20:20:00 20 20 0:20 2 258 9/14/2004 20:59:27 9/14/2004 21:19:27 9/14/2004 21:00:00 9/14/2004 21:20:00 20 40 0:40 3 258 9/14/2004 21:59:27 9/14/2004 22:19:27 9/14/2004 22:00:00 9/14/2004 22:20:00 20 60 1:00 4 258 9/14/2004 22:59:27 9/14/2004 23:19:27 9/14/2004 23:00:00 9/14/2004 23:20:00 20 80 1:20 5 258 9/14/2004 23:59:27 9/15/2004 0:19:27 9/15/2004 0:00:00 9/15/2004 0:20:00 20 100 1:40 6 259 9/15/2004 0:59:27 9/15/2004 1:19:27 9/15/2004 1:00:00 9/15/2004 1:20:00 20 120 2:00 7 259 9/15/2004 1:59:27 9/15/2004 2:19:27 9/15/2004 2:00:00 9/15/2004 2:20:00 20 140 2:20 8 259 9/15/2004 2:59:27 9/15/2004 3:19:27 9/15/2004 3:00:00 9/15/2004 3:20:00 20 160 2:40 9 259 9/15/2004 3:59:27 9/15/2004 4:19:27 9/15/2004 4:00:00 9/15/2004 4:20:00 20 180 3:00 10 259 9/15/2004 4:59:27 9/15/2004 6:19:27 9/15/2004 5:00:00 9/15/2004 6:20:00 80 260 4:20 11 259 9/15/2004 6:59:27 9/15/2004 7:19:27 9/15/2004 7:00:00 9/15/2004 7:20:00 20 280 4:40 12 259 9/15/2004 7:59:27 9/15/2004 8:19:27 9/15/2004 8:00:00 9/15/2004 8:20:00 20 300 5:00 13 259 9/15/2004 8:59:27 9/15/2004 9:19:27 9/15/2004 9:00:00 9/15/2004 9:20:00 20 320 5:20 14 259 9/15/2004 9:59:27 9/15/2004 10:19:27 9/15/2004 10:00:00 9/15/2004 10:20:00 20 340 5:40 15 259 9/15/2004 10:59:27 9/15/2004 11:19:27 9/15/2004 11:00:00 9/15/2004 11:20:00 20 360 6:00 16 259 9/15/2004 11:59:27 9/15/2004 12:19:27 9/15/2004 12:00:00 9/15/2004 12:20:00 20 380 6:20 17 259 9/15/2004 12:59:27 9/15/2004 13:19:27 9/15/2004 13:00:00 9/15/2004 13:20:00 20 400 6:40 18 259 9/15/2004 13:59:27 9/15/2004 14:19:27 9/15/2004 14:00:00 9/15/2004 14:20:00 20 420 7:00 19 259 9/15/2004 14:59:27 9/15/2004 15:19:27 9/15/2004 15:00:00 9/15/2004 15:20:00 20 440 7:20 20 259 9/15/2004 15:59:27 9/15/2004 16:19:27 9/15/2004 16:00:00 9/15/2004 16:20:00 20 460 7:40 21 259 9/15/2004 16:59:27 9/15/2004 18:19:27 9/15/2004 17:00:00 9/15/2004 18:20:00 80 540 9:00 22 259 9/15/2004 18:59:27 9/15/2004 19:19:27 9/15/2004 19:00:00 9/15/2004 19:20:00 20 560 9:20 23 259 9/15/2004 19:59:27 9/15/2004 20:19:27 9/15/2004 20:00:00 9/15/2004 20:20:00 20 580 9:40 24 259 9/15/2004 20:59:27 9/15/2004 21:19:27 9/15/2004 21:00:00 9/15/2004 21:20:00 20 600 10:00 25 259 9/15/2004 21:59:27 9/15/2004 22:19:27 9/15/2004 22:00:00 9/15/2004 22:20:00 20 620 10:20 26 259 9/15/2004 22:59:27 9/15/2004 23:19:27 9/15/2004 23:00:00 9/15/2004 23:20:00 20 640 10:40 27 259 9/15/2004 23:59:27 9/16/2004 0:19:27 9/16/2004 0:00:00 9/16/2004 0:20:00 20 660 11:00 28 260 9/16/2004 0:59:27 9/16/2004 1:19:27 9/16/2004 1:00:00 9/16/2004 1:20:00 20 680 11:20 29 260 9/16/2004 1:59:27 9/16/2004 2:19:27 9/16/2004 2:00:00 9/16/2004 2:20:00 20 700 11:40 30 260 9/16/2004 2:59:27 9/16/2004 3:19:27 9/16/2004 3:00:00 9/16/2004 3:20:00 20 720 12:00 31 260 9/16/2004 3:59:27 9/16/2004 4:19:27 9/16/2004 4:00:00 9/16/2004 4:20:00 20 740 12:20 32 260 9/16/2004 4:59:27 9/16/2004 6:19:27 80 820 13:40


36

T250 T250 cum cum LOAPEX start TX LOAPEX end TX VLA start RX VLA end RX duration duration duration TX day UTC UTC UTC UTC min min hr:mn 2004 1 260 9/16/2004 17:57:11 9/16/2004 18:17:11 9/16/2004 18:00:00 9/16/2004 18:20:00 20 20 0:20 2 260 9/16/2004 18:57:11 9/16/2004 19:17:11 9/16/2004 19:00:00 9/16/2004 19:20:00 20 40 0:40 3 260 9/16/2004 19:57:11 9/16/2004 20:17:11 9/16/2004 20:00:00 9/16/2004 20:20:00 20 60 1:00 4 260 9/16/2004 20:57:11 9/16/2004 21:17:11 9/16/2004 21:00:00 9/16/2004 21:20:00 20 80 1:20 5 260 9/16/2004 21:57:11 9/16/2004 22:17:11 9/16/2004 22:00:00 9/16/2004 22:20:00 20 100 1:40 6 260 9/16/2004 22:57:11 9/16/2004 23:17:11 9/16/2004 23:00:00 9/16/2004 23:20:00 20 120 2:00 7 260 9/16/2004 23:57:11 9/17/2004 0:17:11 9/17/2004 0:00:00 9/17/2004 0:20:00 20 140 2:20 8 261 9/17/2004 0:57:11 9/17/2004 1:17:11 9/17/2004 1:00:00 9/17/2004 1:20:00 20 160 2:40 9 261 9/17/2004 1:57:11 9/17/2004 2:17:11 9/17/2004 2:00:00 9/17/2004 2:20:00 20 180 3:00 10 261 9/17/2004 2:57:11 9/17/2004 3:17:11 9/17/2004 3:00:00 9/17/2004 3:20:00 20 200 3:20 11 261 9/17/2004 3:57:11 9/17/2004 4:17:11 9/17/2004 4:00:00 9/17/2004 4:20:00 20 220 3:40 12 261 9/17/2004 4:57:11 9/17/2004 6:17:11 9/17/2004 5:00:00 9/17/2004 6:20:00 80 300 5:00 13 261 9/17/2004 6:57:11 9/17/2004 7:17:11 9/17/2004 7:00:00 9/17/2004 7:20:00 20 320 5:20 14 261 9/17/2004 7:57:11 9/17/2004 8:17:11 9/17/2004 8:00:00 9/17/2004 8:20:00 20 340 5:40 15 261 9/17/2004 8:57:11 9/17/2004 9:17:11 9/17/2004 9:00:00 9/17/2004 9:20:00 20 360 6:00 16 261 9/17/2004 9:57:11 9/17/2004 10:17:11 9/17/2004 10:00:00 9/17/2004 10:20:00 20 380 6:20 17 261 9/17/2004 10:57:11 9/17/2004 11:17:11 9/17/2004 11:00:00 9/17/2004 11:20:00 20 400 6:40 18 261 9/17/2004 11:57:11 9/17/2004 12:17:11 9/17/2004 12:00:00 9/17/2004 12:20:00 20 420 7:00 19 261 9/17/2004 12:57:11 9/17/2004 13:17:11 9/17/2004 13:00:00 9/17/2004 13:20:00 20 440 7:20 20 261 9/17/2004 13:57:11 9/17/2004 14:17:11 9/17/2004 14:00:00 9/17/2004 14:20:00 20 460 7:40 21 261 9/17/2004 14:57:11 9/17/2004 15:17:11 9/17/2004 15:00:00 9/17/2004 15:20:00 20 480 8:00 22 261 9/17/2004 15:57:11 9/17/2004 16:17:11 9/17/2004 16:00:00 9/17/2004 16:20:00 20 500 8:20 23 261 9/17/2004 16:57:11 9/17/2004 18:17:11 9/17/2004 17:00:00 9/17/2004 18:20:00 80 580 9:40 24 261 9/17/2004 18:57:11 9/17/2004 19:17:11 9/17/2004 19:00:00 9/17/2004 19:20:00 20 600 10:00 25 261 9/17/2004 19:57:11 9/17/2004 20:17:11 9/17/2004 20:00:00 9/17/2004 20:20:00 20 620 10:20 26 261 9/17/2004 20:57:11 9/17/2004 21:17:11 9/17/2004 21:00:00 9/17/2004 21:20:00 20 640 10:40 27 261 9/17/2004 21:57:11 9/17/2004 22:17:11 9/17/2004 22:00:00 9/17/2004 22:20:00 20 660 11:00 28 261 9/17/2004 22:57:11 9/17/2004 23:17:11 9/17/2004 23:00:00 9/17/2004 23:20:00 20 680 11:20 29 261 9/17/2004 23:57:11 9/18/2004 0:17:11 9/18/2004 0:00:00 9/18/2004 0:20:00 20 700 11:40 30 262 9/18/2004 0:57:11 9/18/2004 1:17:11 9/18/2004 1:00:00 9/18/2004 1:20:00 20 720 12:00 31 262 9/18/2004 1:57:11 9/18/2004 2:17:11 9/18/2004 2:00:00 9/18/2004 2:20:00 20 740 12:20 32 262 9/18/2004 2:57:11 9/18/2004 3:17:11 9/18/2004 3:00:00 9/18/2004 3:20:00 20 760 12:40


37

T500 T500 cum cum LOAPEX start TX LOAPEX end TX VLA start RX VLA end RX duration duration duration TX day UTC UTC UTC UTC min min hr:mn 2004 1 262 9/18/2004 17:54:29 9/18/2004 18:14:29 9/18/2004 18:00:00 9/18/2004 18:20:00 20 20 0:20 2 262 9/18/2004 18:54:29 9/18/2004 19:14:29 9/18/2004 19:00:00 9/18/2004 19:20:00 20 40 0:40 3 262 9/18/2004 19:54:29 9/18/2004 20:14:29 9/18/2004 20:00:00 9/18/2004 20:20:00 20 60 1:00 4 262 9/18/2004 20:54:29 9/18/2004 21:14:29 9/18/2004 21:00:00 9/18/2004 21:20:00 20 80 1:20 5 262 9/18/2004 21:54:29 9/18/2004 22:14:29 9/18/2004 22:00:00 9/18/2004 22:20:00 20 100 1:40 6 262 9/18/2004 22:54:29 9/18/2004 23:14:29 9/18/2004 23:00:00 9/18/2004 23:20:00 20 120 2:00 7 262 9/18/2004 23:54:29 9/19/2004 0:14:29 9/19/2004 0:00:00 9/19/2004 0:20:00 20 140 2:20 8 263 9/19/2004 0:54:29 9/19/2004 1:14:29 9/19/2004 1:00:00 9/19/2004 1:20:00 20 160 2:40 9 263 9/19/2004 1:54:29 9/19/2004 2:14:29 9/19/2004 2:00:00 9/19/2004 2:20:00 20 180 3:00 10 263 9/19/2004 2:54:29 9/19/2004 3:14:29 9/19/2004 3:00:00 9/19/2004 3:20:00 20 200 3:20 11 263 9/19/2004 3:54:29 9/19/2004 4:14:29 9/19/2004 4:00:00 9/19/2004 4:20:00 20 220 3:40 12 263 9/19/2004 4:54:29 9/19/2004 6:14:29 9/19/2004 5:00:00 9/19/2004 6:20:00 80 300 5:00 13 263 9/19/2004 6:54:29 9/19/2004 7:14:29 9/19/2004 7:00:00 9/19/2004 7:20:00 20 320 5:20 14 263 9/19/2004 7:54:29 9/19/2004 8:14:29 9/19/2004 8:00:00 9/19/2004 8:20:00 20 340 5:40 15 263 9/19/2004 8:54:29 9/19/2004 9:14:29 9/19/2004 9:00:00 9/19/2004 9:20:00 20 360 6:00 16 263 9/19/2004 9:54:29 9/19/2004 10:14:29 9/19/2004 10:00:00 9/19/2004 10:20:00 20 380 6:20 17 263 9/19/2004 10:54:29 9/19/2004 11:14:29 9/19/2004 11:00:00 9/19/2004 11:20:00 20 400 6:40 18 263 9/19/2004 11:54:29 9/19/2004 12:14:29 9/19/2004 12:00:00 9/19/2004 12:20:00 20 420 7:00 19 263 9/19/2004 12:54:29 9/19/2004 13:14:29 9/19/2004 13:00:00 9/19/2004 13:20:00 20 440 7:20 20 263 9/19/2004 13:54:29 9/19/2004 14:14:29 9/19/2004 14:00:00 9/19/2004 14:20:00 20 460 7:40 21 263 9/19/2004 14:54:29 9/19/2004 15:14:29 9/19/2004 15:00:00 9/19/2004 15:20:00 20 480 8:00 22 263 9/19/2004 15:54:29 9/19/2004 16:14:29 9/19/2004 16:00:00 9/19/2004 16:20:00 20 500 8:20 23 263 9/19/2004 16:54:29 9/19/2004 18:14:29 9/19/2004 17:00:00 9/19/2004 18:20:00 80 580 9:40 24 263 9/19/2004 18:54:29 9/19/2004 19:14:29 9/19/2004 19:00:00 9/19/2004 19:20:00 20 600 10:00 25 263 9/19/2004 19:54:29 9/19/2004 20:14:29 9/19/2004 20:00:00 9/19/2004 20:20:00 20 620 10:20 26 263 9/19/2004 20:54:29 9/19/2004 21:14:29 9/19/2004 21:00:00 9/19/2004 21:20:00 20 640 10:40 27 263 9/19/2004 21:54:29 9/19/2004 22:14:29 9/19/2004 22:00:00 9/19/2004 22:20:00 20 660 11:00 28 263 9/19/2004 22:54:29 9/19/2004 23:14:29 9/19/2004 23:00:00 9/19/2004 23:20:00 20 680 11:20 29 263 9/19/2004 23:54:29 9/20/2004 0:14:29 9/20/2004 0:00:00 9/20/2004 0:20:00 20 700 11:40 30 264 9/20/2004 0:54:29 9/20/2004 1:14:29 9/20/2004 1:00:00 9/20/2004 1:20:00 20 720 12:00 31 264 9/20/2004 1:54:29 9/20/2004 2:14:29 9/20/2004 2:00:00 9/20/2004 2:20:00 20 740 12:20 32 264 9/20/2004 2:54:29 9/20/2004 3:14:29 9/20/2004 3:00:00 9/20/2004 3:20:00 20 760 12:40 33 264 9/20/2004 3:54:29 9/20/2004 4:14:29 9/20/2004 4:00:00 9/20/2004 4:20:00 20 780 13:00 34 264 9/20/2004 4:54:29 9/20/2004 6:14:29 9/20/2004 5:00:00 9/20/2004 6:20:00 80 860 14:20


38

T1000 T1000 cum cum LOAPEX start TX LOAPEX end TX VLA start RX VLA end RX duration duration duration TX day UTC UTC UTC UTC min min hr:mn 2004 1 265 9/21/2004 9:48:51 9/21/2004 10:08:51 9/21/2004 10:00:00 9/21/2004 10:20:00 20 20 0:20 2 265 9/21/2004 10:48:51 9/21/2004 11:08:51 9/21/2004 11:00:00 9/21/2004 11:20:00 20 40 0:40 3 265 9/21/2004 11:48:51 9/21/2004 12:08:51 9/21/2004 12:00:00 9/21/2004 12:20:00 20 60 1:00 4 265 9/21/2004 12:48:51 9/21/2004 13:08:51 9/21/2004 13:00:00 9/21/2004 13:20:00 20 80 1:20 5 265 9/21/2004 13:48:51 9/21/2004 14:08:51 9/21/2004 14:00:00 9/21/2004 14:20:00 20 100 1:40 6 265 9/21/2004 14:48:51 9/21/2004 15:08:51 9/21/2004 15:00:00 9/21/2004 15:20:00 20 120 2:00 7 265 9/21/2004 15:48:51 9/21/2004 16:08:51 9/21/2004 16:00:00 9/21/2004 16:20:00 20 140 2:20 8 265 9/21/2004 16:48:51 9/21/2004 18:08:51 9/21/2004 17:00:00 9/21/2004 18:20:00 80 220 3:40 9 265 9/21/2004 18:48:51 9/21/2004 19:08:51 9/21/2004 19:00:00 9/21/2004 19:20:00 20 240 4:00 10 265 9/21/2004 19:48:51 9/21/2004 20:08:51 9/21/2004 20:00:00 9/21/2004 20:20:00 20 260 4:20 11 265 9/21/2004 20:48:51 9/21/2004 21:08:51 9/21/2004 21:00:00 9/21/2004 21:20:00 20 280 4:40 12 265 9/21/2004 21:48:51 9/21/2004 22:08:51 9/21/2004 22:00:00 9/21/2004 22:20:00 20 300 5:00 13 265 9/21/2004 22:48:51 9/21/2004 23:08:51 9/21/2004 23:00:00 9/21/2004 23:20:00 20 320 5:20 14 265 9/21/2004 23:48:51 9/22/2004 0:08:51 9/22/2004 0:00:00 9/22/2004 0:20:00 20 340 5:40 15 266 9/22/2004 0:48:51 9/22/2004 1:08:51 9/22/2004 1:00:00 9/22/2004 1:20:00 20 360 6:00 16 266 9/22/2004 1:48:51 9/22/2004 2:08:51 9/22/2004 2:00:00 9/22/2004 2:20:00 20 380 6:20 17 266 9/22/2004 2:48:51 9/22/2004 3:08:51 9/22/2004 3:00:00 9/22/2004 3:20:00 20 400 6:40 18 266 9/22/2004 3:48:51 9/22/2004 4:08:51 9/22/2004 4:00:00 9/22/2004 4:20:00 20 420 7:00 19 266 9/22/2004 4:48:51 9/22/2004 6:08:51 9/22/2004 5:00:00 9/22/2004 6:20:00 80 500 8:20 20 266 9/22/2004 6:48:51 9/22/2004 7:08:51 9/22/2004 7:00:00 9/22/2004 7:20:00 20 520 8:40 21 266 9/22/2004 7:48:51 9/22/2004 8:08:51 9/22/2004 8:00:00 9/22/2004 8:20:00 20 540 9:00 22 266 9/22/2004 8:48:51 9/22/2004 9:08:51 9/22/2004 9:00:00 9/22/2004 9:20:00 20 560 9:20 23 266 9/22/2004 9:48:51 9/22/2004 10:08:51 9/22/2004 10:00:00 9/22/2004 10:20:00 20 580 9:40 24 266 9/22/2004 10:48:51 9/22/2004 11:08:51 9/22/2004 11:00:00 9/22/2004 11:20:00 20 600 10:00 25 266 9/22/2004 11:48:51 9/22/2004 12:08:51 9/22/2004 12:00:00 9/22/2004 12:20:00 20 620 10:20 26 266 9/22/2004 12:48:51 9/22/2004 13:08:51 9/22/2004 13:00:00 9/22/2004 13:20:00 20 640 10:40 27 266 9/22/2004 13:48:51 9/22/2004 14:08:51 9/22/2004 14:00:00 9/22/2004 14:20:00 20 660 11:00 28 266 9/22/2004 14:48:51 9/22/2004 15:08:51 9/22/2004 15:00:00 9/22/2004 15:20:00 20 680 11:20 29 266 9/22/2004 15:48:51 9/22/2004 16:08:51 9/22/2004 16:00:00 9/22/2004 16:20:00 20 700 11:40 30 266 9/22/2004 16:48:51 9/22/2004 18:08:51 9/22/2004 17:00:00 9/22/2004 18:20:00 80 780 13:00 31 266 9/22/2004 18:48:51 9/22/2004 19:08:51 9/22/2004 19:00:00 9/22/2004 19:20:00 20 800 13:20 32 266 9/22/2004 19:48:51 9/22/2004 20:08:51 9/22/2004 20:00:00 9/22/2004 20:20:00 20 820 13:40 33 266 9/22/2004 20:48:51 9/22/2004 21:08:51 9/22/2004 21:00:00 9/22/2004 21:20:00 20 840 14:00 34 266 9/22/2004 21:48:51 9/22/2004 22:08:51 9/22/2004 22:00:00 9/22/2004 22:20:00 20 860 14:20 35 266 9/22/2004 22:48:51 9/22/2004 23:08:51 9/22/2004 23:00:00 9/22/2004 23:20:00 20 880 14:40 36 266 9/22/2004 23:48:51 9/23/2004 0:08:51 9/23/2004 0:00:00 9/23/2004 0:20:00 20 900 15:00 37 267 9/23/2004 0:48:51 9/23/2004 1:08:51 9/23/2004 1:00:00 9/23/2004 1:20:00 20 920 15:20 38 267 9/23/2004 1:48:51 9/23/2004 2:08:51 9/23/2004 2:00:00 9/23/2004 2:20:00 20 940 15:40 39 267 9/23/2004 2:48:51 9/23/2004 3:08:51 9/23/2004 3:00:00 9/23/2004 3:20:00 20 960 16:00 40 267 9/23/2004 3:48:51 9/23/2004 4:08:51 9/23/2004 4:00:00 9/23/2004 4:20:00 20 980 16:20 41 267 9/23/2004 4:48:51 9/23/2004 6:08:51 9/23/2004 5:00:00 9/23/2004 6:20:00 80 1060 17:40


39

T1600 T1600

cum cum LOAPEX start TX LOAPEX end TX VLA start RX VLA end RX duration duration duration TX day UTC UTC UTC UTC min min hr:mn 2004 1 268 9/24/2004 15:41:59 9/24/2004 16:01:59 9/24/2004 16:00:00 9/24/2004 16:20:00 20 20 0:20 2 268 9/24/2004 16:41:59 9/24/2004 18:01:59 9/24/2004 17:00:00 9/24/2004 18:20:00 80 100 1:40 3 268 9/24/2004 18:41:59 9/24/2004 19:01:59 9/24/2004 19:00:00 9/24/2004 19:20:00 20 120 2:00 4 268 9/24/2004 19:41:59 9/24/2004 20:01:59 9/24/2004 20:00:00 9/24/2004 20:20:00 20 140 2:20 5 268 9/24/2004 20:41:59 9/24/2004 21:01:59 9/24/2004 21:00:00 9/24/2004 21:20:00 20 160 2:40 6 268 9/24/2004 21:41:59 9/24/2004 22:01:59 9/24/2004 22:00:00 9/24/2004 22:20:00 20 180 3:00 7 268 9/24/2004 22:41:59 9/24/2004 23:01:59 9/24/2004 23:00:00 9/24/2004 23:20:00 20 200 3:20 8 268 9/24/2004 23:41:59 9/25/2004 0:01:59 9/25/2004 0:00:00 9/25/2004 0:20:00 20 220 3:40 9 269 9/25/2004 0:41:59 9/25/2004 1:01:59 9/25/2004 1:00:00 9/25/2004 1:20:00 20 240 4:00 10 269 9/25/2004 1:41:59 9/25/2004 2:01:59 9/25/2004 2:00:00 9/25/2004 2:20:00 20 260 4:20 11 269 9/25/2004 2:41:59 9/25/2004 3:01:59 9/25/2004 3:00:00 9/25/2004 3:20:00 20 280 4:40 12 269 9/25/2004 3:41:59 9/25/2004 4:01:59 9/25/2004 4:00:00 9/25/2004 4:20:00 20 300 5:00 13 269 9/25/2004 4:41:59 9/25/2004 6:01:59 9/25/2004 5:00:00 9/25/2004 6:20:00 80 380 6:20 14 269 9/25/2004 6:41:59 9/25/2004 7:01:59 9/25/2004 7:00:00 9/25/2004 7:20:00 20 400 6:40 15 269 9/25/2004 7:41:59 9/25/2004 8:01:59 9/25/2004 8:00:00 9/25/2004 8:20:00 20 420 7:00 16 269 9/25/2004 8:41:59 9/25/2004 9:01:59 9/25/2004 9:00:00 9/25/2004 9:20:00 20 440 7:20 17 269 9/25/2004 9:41:59 9/25/2004 10:01:59 9/25/2004 10:00:00 9/25/2004 10:20:00 20 460 7:40 18 269 9/25/2004 10:41:59 9/25/2004 11:01:59 9/25/2004 11:00:00 9/25/2004 11:20:00 20 480 8:00 19 269 9/25/2004 11:41:59 9/25/2004 12:01:59 9/25/2004 12:00:00 9/25/2004 12:20:00 20 500 8:20 20 269 9/25/2004 12:41:59 9/25/2004 13:01:59 9/25/2004 13:00:00 9/25/2004 13:20:00 20 520 8:40 21 269 9/25/2004 13:41:59 9/25/2004 14:01:59 9/25/2004 14:00:00 9/25/2004 14:20:00 20 540 9:00 22 269 9/25/2004 14:41:59 9/25/2004 15:01:59 9/25/2004 15:00:00 9/25/2004 15:20:00 20 560 9:20 23 269 9/25/2004 15:41:59 9/25/2004 16:01:59 9/25/2004 16:00:00 9/25/2004 16:20:00 20 580 9:40 24 269 9/25/2004 16:41:59 9/25/2004 18:01:59 9/25/2004 17:00:00 9/25/2004 18:20:00 80 660 11:00 25 269 9/25/2004 18:41:59 9/25/2004 19:01:59 9/25/2004 19:00:00 9/25/2004 19:20:00 20 680 11:20 26 269 9/25/2004 19:41:59 9/25/2004 20:01:59 9/25/2004 20:00:00 9/25/2004 20:20:00 20 700 11:40 27 269 9/25/2004 20:41:59 9/25/2004 21:01:59 9/25/2004 21:00:00 9/25/2004 21:20:00 20 720 12:00 28 269 9/25/2004 21:41:59 9/25/2004 22:01:59 9/25/2004 22:00:00 9/25/2004 22:20:00 20 740 12:20 29 269 9/25/2004 22:41:59 9/25/2004 23:01:59 9/25/2004 23:00:00 9/25/2004 23:20:00 20 760 12:40 30 269 9/25/2004 23:41:59 9/26/2004 0:01:59 9/26/2004 0:00:00 9/26/2004 0:20:00 20 780 13:00 31 270 9/26/2004 0:41:59 9/26/2004 1:01:59 9/26/2004 1:00:00 9/26/2004 1:20:00 20 800 13:20 32 270 9/26/2004 1:41:59 9/26/2004 2:01:59 9/26/2004 2:00:00 9/26/2004 2:20:00 20 820 13:40 33 270 9/26/2004 2:41:59 9/26/2004 3:01:59 9/26/2004 3:00:00 9/26/2004 3:20:00 20 840 14:00 34 270 9/26/2004 3:41:59 9/26/2004 4:01:59 9/26/2004 4:00:00 9/26/2004 4:20:00 20 860 14:20


40

T2300 T2300

cum cum LOAPEX start TX LOAPEX end TX VLA start RX VLA end RX duration duration duration TX day UTC UTC UTC UTC min min hr:mn 2004 1 271 9/27/2004 17:34:06 9/27/2004 17:54:06 9/27/2004 18:00:00 9/27/2004 18:20:00 20 20 0:20 2 271 9/27/2004 18:34:06 9/27/2004 18:54:06 9/27/2004 19:00:00 9/27/2004 19:20:00 20 40 0:40 3 271 9/27/2004 19:34:06 9/27/2004 19:54:06 9/27/2004 20:00:00 9/27/2004 20:20:00 20 60 1:00 4 271 9/27/2004 20:34:06 9/27/2004 20:54:06 9/27/2004 21:00:00 9/27/2004 21:20:00 20 80 1:20 5 271 9/27/2004 21:34:06 9/27/2004 21:54:06 9/27/2004 22:00:00 9/27/2004 22:20:00 20 100 1:40 6 271 9/27/2004 22:34:06 9/27/2004 22:54:06 9/27/2004 23:00:00 9/27/2004 23:20:00 20 120 2:00 7 271 9/27/2004 23:34:06 9/27/2004 23:54:06 9/28/2004 0:00:00 9/28/2004 0:20:00 20 140 2:20 8 272 9/28/2004 0:34:06 9/28/2004 0:54:06 9/28/2004 1:00:00 9/28/2004 1:20:00 20 160 2:40 9 272 9/28/2004 1:34:06 9/28/2004 1:54:06 9/28/2004 2:00:00 9/28/2004 2:20:00 20 180 3:00 10 272 9/28/2004 2:34:06 9/28/2004 2:54:06 9/28/2004 3:00:00 9/28/2004 3:20:00 20 200 3:20 11 272 9/28/2004 3:34:06 9/28/2004 3:54:06 9/28/2004 4:00:00 9/28/2004 4:20:00 20 220 3:40 12 272 9/28/2004 4:34:06 9/28/2004 5:54:06 9/28/2004 5:00:00 9/28/2004 6:20:00 80 300 5:00 13 272 9/28/2004 6:34:06 9/28/2004 6:54:06 9/28/2004 7:00:00 9/28/2004 7:20:00 20 320 5:20 14 272 9/28/2004 7:34:06 9/28/2004 7:54:06 9/28/2004 8:00:00 9/28/2004 8:20:00 20 340 5:40 15 272 9/28/2004 8:34:06 9/28/2004 8:54:06 9/28/2004 9:00:00 9/28/2004 9:20:00 20 360 6:00 16 272 9/28/2004 9:34:06 9/28/2004 9:54:06 9/28/2004 10:00:00 9/28/2004 10:20:00 20 380 6:20 17 272 9/28/2004 10:34:06 9/28/2004 10:54:06 9/28/2004 11:00:00 9/28/2004 11:20:00 20 400 6:40 18 272 9/28/2004 11:34:06 9/28/2004 11:54:06 9/28/2004 12:00:00 9/28/2004 12:20:00 20 420 7:00 19 272 9/28/2004 12:34:06 9/28/2004 12:54:06 9/28/2004 13:00:00 9/28/2004 13:20:00 20 440 7:20 20 272 9/28/2004 13:34:06 9/28/2004 13:54:06 9/28/2004 14:00:00 9/28/2004 14:20:00 20 460 7:40 21 272 9/28/2004 14:34:06 9/28/2004 14:54:06 9/28/2004 15:00:00 9/28/2004 15:20:00 20 480 8:00 22 272 9/28/2004 15:34:06 9/28/2004 15:54:06 9/28/2004 16:00:00 9/28/2004 16:20:00 20 500 8:20 23 272 9/28/2004 16:34:06 9/28/2004 17:54:06 9/28/2004 17:00:00 9/28/2004 18:20:00 80 580 9:40 24 272 9/28/2004 18:34:06 9/28/2004 18:54:06 9/28/2004 19:00:00 9/28/2004 19:20:00 20 600 10:00 25 272 9/28/2004 19:34:06 9/28/2004 19:54:06 9/28/2004 20:00:00 9/28/2004 20:20:00 20 620 10:20 26 272 9/28/2004 20:34:06 9/28/2004 20:54:06 9/28/2004 21:00:00 9/28/2004 21:20:00 20 640 10:40 27 272 9/28/2004 21:34:06 9/28/2004 21:54:06 9/28/2004 22:00:00 9/28/2004 22:20:00 20 660 11:00 28 272 9/28/2004 22:34:06 9/28/2004 22:54:06 9/28/2004 23:00:00 9/28/2004 23:20:00 20 680 11:20 29 272 9/28/2004 23:34:06 9/28/2004 23:54:06 9/29/2004 0:00:00 9/29/2004 0:20:00 20 700 11:40 30 273 9/29/2004 0:34:06 9/29/2004 0:54:06 9/29/2004 1:00:00 9/29/2004 1:20:00 20 720 12:00 31 273 9/29/2004 1:34:06 9/29/2004 1:54:06 9/29/2004 2:00:00 9/29/2004 2:20:00 20 740 12:20 32 273 9/29/2004 2:34:06 9/29/2004 2:54:06 9/29/2004 3:00:00 9/29/2004 3:20:00 20 760 12:40 33 273 9/29/2004 3:34:06 9/29/2004 3:54:06 9/29/2004 4:00:00 9/29/2004 4:20:00 20 780 13:00 34 273 9/29/2004 4:34:06 9/29/2004 5:54:06 9/29/2004 5:00:00 9/29/2004 6:20:00 80 860 14:20 35 273 9/29/2004 6:34:06 9/29/2004 6:54:06 9/29/2004 7:00:00 9/29/2004 7:20:00 20 880 14:40 36 273 9/29/2004 7:34:06 9/29/2004 7:54:06 9/29/2004 8:00:00 9/29/2004 8:20:00 20 900 15:00 37 273 9/29/2004 8:34:06 9/29/2004 8:54:06 9/29/2004 9:00:00 9/29/2004 9:20:00 20 920 15:20 38 273 9/29/2004 9:34:06 9/29/2004 9:54:06 9/29/2004 10:00:00 9/29/2004 10:20:00 20 940 15:40 39 273 9/29/2004 10:34:06 9/29/2004 10:54:06 9/29/2004 11:00:00 9/29/2004 11:20:00 20 960 16:00 40 273 9/29/2004 11:34:06 9/29/2004 11:54:06 9/29/2004 12:00:00 9/29/2004 12:20:00 20 980 16:20


41

41 273 9/29/2004 12:34:06 9/29/2004 12:54:06 9/29/2004 13:00:00 9/29/2004 13:20:00 20 1000 16:40 42 273 9/29/2004 13:34:06 9/29/2004 13:54:06 9/29/2004 14:00:00 9/29/2004 14:20:00 20 1020 17:00 43 273 9/29/2004 14:34:06 9/29/2004 14:54:06 9/29/2004 15:00:00 9/29/2004 15:20:00 20 1040 17:20 44 273 9/29/2004 15:34:06 9/29/2004 15:54:06 9/29/2004 16:00:00 9/29/2004 16:20:00 20 1060 17:40 45 273 9/29/2004 16:34:06 9/29/2004 17:54:06 9/29/2004 17:00:00 9/29/2004 18:20:00 80 1140 19:00 46 273 9/29/2004 18:34:06 9/29/2004 18:54:06 9/29/2004 19:00:00 9/29/2004 19:20:00 20 1160 19:20 47 273 9/29/2004 19:34:06 9/29/2004 19:54:06 9/29/2004 20:00:00 9/29/2004 20:20:00 20 1180 19:40 48 273 9/29/2004 20:34:06 9/29/2004 20:54:06 9/29/2004 21:00:00 9/29/2004 21:20:00 20 1200 20:00 49 273 9/29/2004 21:34:06 9/29/2004 21:54:06 9/29/2004 22:00:00 9/29/2004 22:20:00 20 1220 20:20 50 273 9/29/2004 22:34:06 9/29/2004 22:54:06 9/29/2004 23:00:00 9/29/2004 23:20:00 20 1240 20:40 51 273 9/29/2004 23:34:06 9/29/2004 23:54:06 9/30/2004 0:00:00 9/30/2004 0:20:00 20 1260 21:00 52 274 9/30/2004 0:34:06 9/30/2004 0:54:06 9/30/2004 1:00:00 9/30/2004 1:20:00 20 1280 21:20


42

T3200 T3200 cum cum LOAPEX start TX LOAPEX end TX VLA start RX VLA end RX duration duration duration TX day UTC UTC UTC UTC min min hr:mn 2004 1 276 10/2/2004 0:23:59 10/2/2004 0:43:59 10/2/2004 1:00:00 10/2/2004 1:20:00 20 20 0:20 2 276 10/2/2004 1:23:59 10/2/2004 1:43:59 10/2/2004 2:00:00 10/2/2004 2:20:00 20 40 0:40 3 276 10/2/2004 2:23:59 10/2/2004 2:43:59 10/2/2004 3:00:00 10/2/2004 3:20:00 20 60 1:00 4 276 10/2/2004 3:23:59 10/2/2004 3:43:59 10/2/2004 4:00:00 10/2/2004 4:20:00 20 80 1:20 5 276 10/2/2004 4:23:59 10/2/2004 5:43:59 10/2/2004 5:00:00 10/2/2004 6:20:00 80 160 2:40 6 276 10/2/2004 6:23:59 10/2/2004 6:43:59 10/2/2004 7:00:00 10/2/2004 7:20:00 20 180 3:00 7 276 10/2/2004 7:23:59 10/2/2004 7:43:59 10/2/2004 8:00:00 10/2/2004 8:20:00 20 200 3:20 8 276 10/2/2004 8:23:59 10/2/2004 8:43:59 10/2/2004 9:00:00 10/2/2004 9:20:00 20 220 3:40 9 276 10/2/2004 9:23:59 10/2/2004 9:43:59 10/2/2004 10:00:00 10/2/2004 10:20:00 20 240 4:00 10 276 10/2/2004 10:23:59 10/2/2004 10:43:59 10/2/2004 11:00:00 10/2/2004 11:20:00 20 260 4:20 11 276 10/2/2004 11:23:59 10/2/2004 11:43:59 10/2/2004 12:00:00 10/2/2004 12:20:00 20 280 4:40 12 276 10/2/2004 12:23:59 10/2/2004 12:43:59 10/2/2004 13:00:00 10/2/2004 13:20:00 20 300 5:00 13 276 10/2/2004 13:23:59 10/2/2004 13:43:59 10/2/2004 14:00:00 10/2/2004 14:20:00 20 320 5:20 14 276 10/2/2004 14:23:59 10/2/2004 14:43:59 10/2/2004 15:00:00 10/2/2004 15:20:00 20 340 5:40 15 276 10/2/2004 15:23:59 10/2/2004 15:43:59 10/2/2004 16:00:00 10/2/2004 16:20:00 20 360 6:00 16 276 10/2/2004 16:23:59 10/2/2004 17:43:59 10/2/2004 17:00:00 10/2/2004 18:20:00 80 440 7:20 17 276 10/2/2004 18:23:59 10/2/2004 18:43:59 10/2/2004 19:00:00 10/2/2004 19:20:00 20 460 7:40 18 276 10/2/2004 19:23:59 10/2/2004 19:43:59 10/2/2004 20:00:00 10/2/2004 20:20:00 20 480 8:00 19 276 10/2/2004 20:23:59 10/2/2004 20:43:59 10/2/2004 21:00:00 10/2/2004 21:20:00 20 500 8:20 20 276 10/2/2004 21:23:59 10/2/2004 21:43:59 10/2/2004 22:00:00 10/2/2004 22:20:00 20 520 8:40 21 276 10/2/2004 22:23:59 10/2/2004 22:43:59 10/2/2004 23:00:00 10/2/2004 23:20:00 20 540 9:00 22 276 10/2/2004 23:23:59 10/2/2004 23:43:59 10/3/2004 0:00:00 10/3/2004 0:20:00 20 560 9:20 23 277 10/3/2004 0:23:59 10/3/2004 0:43:59 10/3/2004 1:00:00 10/3/2004 1:20:00 20 580 9:40 24 277 10/3/2004 1:23:59 10/3/2004 1:43:59 10/3/2004 2:00:00 10/3/2004 2:20:00 20 600 10:00 25 277 10/3/2004 2:23:59 10/3/2004 2:43:59 10/3/2004 3:00:00 10/3/2004 3:20:00 20 620 10:20 26 277 10/3/2004 3:23:59 10/3/2004 3:43:59 10/3/2004 4:00:00 10/3/2004 4:20:00 20 640 10:40 27 277 10/3/2004 4:23:59 10/3/2004 5:43:59 10/3/2004 5:00:00 10/3/2004 6:20:00 80 720 12:00 28 277 10/3/2004 6:23:59 10/3/2004 6:43:59 10/3/2004 7:00:00 10/3/2004 7:20:00 20 740 12:20 29 277 10/3/2004 7:23:59 10/3/2004 7:43:59 10/3/2004 8:00:00 10/3/2004 8:20:00 20 760 12:40 30 277 10/3/2004 8:23:59 10/3/2004 8:43:59 10/3/2004 9:00:00 10/3/2004 9:20:00 20 780 13:00 31 277 10/3/2004 9:23:59 10/3/2004 9:43:59 10/3/2004 10:00:00 10/3/2004 10:20:00 20 800 13:20 32 277 10/3/2004 10:23:59 10/3/2004 10:43:59 10/3/2004 11:00:00 10/3/2004 11:20:00 20 820 13:40 33 277 10/3/2004 11:23:59 10/3/2004 11:43:59 10/3/2004 12:00:00 10/3/2004 12:20:00 20 840 14:00 34 277 10/3/2004 12:23:59 10/3/2004 12:43:59 10/3/2004 13:00:00 10/3/2004 13:20:00 20 860 14:20 35 277 10/3/2004 13:23:59 10/3/2004 13:43:59 10/3/2004 14:00:00 10/3/2004 14:20:00 20 880 14:40 36 277 10/3/2004 14:23:59 10/3/2004 14:43:59 10/3/2004 15:00:00 10/3/2004 15:20:00 20 900 15:00 37 277 10/3/2004 15:23:59 10/3/2004 15:43:59 10/3/2004 16:00:00 10/3/2004 16:20:00 20 920 15:20 38 277 10/3/2004 16:23:59 10/3/2004 17:43:59 10/3/2004 17:00:00 10/3/2004 18:20:00 80 1000 16:40 39 277 10/3/2004 18:23:59 10/3/2004 18:43:59 10/3/2004 19:00:00 10/3/2004 19:20:00 20 1020 17:00 40 277 10/3/2004 19:23:59 10/3/2004 19:43:59 10/3/2004 20:00:00 10/3/2004 20:20:00 20 1040 17:20 41 277 10/3/2004 20:23:59 10/3/2004 20:43:59 10/3/2004 21:00:00 10/3/2004 21:20:00 20 1060 17:40


43

42 277 10/3/2004 21:23:59 10/3/2004 21:43:59 10/3/2004 22:00:00 10/3/2004 22:20:00 20 1080 18:00 43 277 10/3/2004 22:23:59 10/3/2004 22:43:59 10/3/2004 23:00:00 10/3/2004 23:20:00 20 1100 18:20 44 277 10/3/2004 23:23:59 10/3/2004 23:43:59 10/4/2004 0:00:00 10/4/2004 0:20:00 20 1120 18:40 45 278 10/4/2004 0:23:59 10/4/2004 0:43:59 10/4/2004 1:00:00 10/4/2004 1:20:00 20 1140 19:00 46 278 10/4/2004 1:23:59 10/4/2004 1:43:59 10/4/2004 2:00:00 10/4/2004 2:20:00 20 1160 19:20 47 278 10/4/2004 2:23:59 10/4/2004 2:43:59 10/4/2004 3:00:00 10/4/2004 3:20:00 20 1180 19:40 48 278 10/4/2004 3:23:59 10/4/2004 3:43:59 10/4/2004 4:00:00 10/4/2004 4:20:00 20 1200 20:00


44

Kauai Kauai cum cum LOAPEX start TX LOAPEX end TX VLA start RX VLA end RX duration duration duration TX day UTC UTC UTC UTC min min hr:mn 2004 1 282 10/8/2004 4:32:35 10/8/2004 5:52:35 10/8/2004 5:00:00 10/8/2004 6:20:00 80 80 1:20 2 282 10/8/2004 6:32:35 10/8/2004 6:52:35 10/8/2004 7:00:00 10/8/2004 7:20:00 20 80 1:20 3 282 10/8/2004 7:32:35 10/8/2004 7:52:35 10/8/2004 8:00:00 10/8/2004 8:20:00 20 100 1:40 4 282 10/8/2004 8:32:35 10/8/2004 8:52:35 10/8/2004 9:00:00 10/8/2004 9:20:00 20 120 2:00 5 282 10/8/2004 9:32:35 10/8/2004 9:52:35 10/8/2004 10:00:00 10/8/2004 10:20:00 20 140 2:20 6 282 10/8/2004 10:32:35 10/8/2004 10:52:35 10/8/2004 11:00:00 10/8/2004 11:20:00 20 160 2:40 7 282 10/8/2004 11:32:35 10/8/2004 11:52:35 10/8/2004 12:00:00 10/8/2004 12:20:00 20 180 3:00 8 282 10/8/2004 12:32:35 10/8/2004 12:52:35 10/8/2004 13:00:00 10/8/2004 13:20:00 20 200 3:20 9 282 10/8/2004 13:32:35 10/8/2004 13:52:35 10/8/2004 14:00:00 10/8/2004 14:20:00 20 220 3:40 10 282 10/8/2004 14:32:35 10/8/2004 14:52:35 10/8/2004 15:00:00 10/8/2004 15:20:00 20 240 4:00 11 282 10/8/2004 15:32:35 10/8/2004 15:52:35 10/8/2004 16:00:00 10/8/2004 16:20:00 20 260 4:20 12 282 10/8/2004 16:32:35 10/8/2004 17:52:35 10/8/2004 17:00:00 10/8/2004 18:20:00 80 340 5:40 13 282 10/8/2004 18:32:35 10/8/2004 18:52:35 10/8/2004 19:00:00 10/8/2004 19:20:00 20 360 6:00 14 282 10/8/2004 19:32:35 10/8/2004 19:52:35 10/8/2004 20:00:00 10/8/2004 20:20:00 20 380 6:20 15 282 10/8/2004 20:32:35 10/8/2004 20:52:35 10/8/2004 21:00:00 10/8/2004 21:20:00 20 400 6:40 16 282 10/8/2004 21:32:35 10/8/2004 21:52:35 10/8/2004 22:00:00 10/8/2004 22:20:00 20 420 7:00 17 282 10/8/2004 22:32:35 10/8/2004 22:52:35 10/8/2004 23:00:00 10/8/2004 23:20:00 20 440 7:20 18 282 10/8/2004 23:32:35 10/8/2004 23:52:35 10/9/2004 0:00:00 10/9/2004 0:20:00 20 460 7:40 19 283 10/9/2004 0:32:35 10/9/2004 0:52:35 10/9/2004 1:00:00 10/9/2004 1:20:00 20 480 8:00 20 283 10/9/2004 1:32:35 10/9/2004 1:52:35 10/9/2004 2:00:00 10/9/2004 2:20:00 20 500 8:20 21 283 10/9/2004 2:32:35 10/9/2004 2:52:35 10/9/2004 3:00:00 10/9/2004 3:20:00 20 520 8:40 22 283 10/9/2004 3:32:35 10/9/2004 3:52:35 10/9/2004 4:00:00 10/9/2004 4:20:00 20 540 9:00 23 283 10/9/2004 4:32:35 10/9/2004 5:52:35 10/9/2004 5:00:00 10/9/2004 6:20:00 80 620 10:20 24 283 10/9/2004 6:32:35 10/9/2004 6:52:35 10/9/2004 7:00:00 10/9/2004 7:20:00 20 640 10:40 25 283 10/9/2004 7:32:35 10/9/2004 7:52:35 10/9/2004 8:00:00 10/9/2004 8:20:00 20 660 11:00 26 283 10/9/2004 8:32:35 10/9/2004 8:52:35 10/9/2004 9:00:00 10/9/2004 9:20:00 20 680 11:20 27 283 10/9/2004 9:32:35 10/9/2004 9:52:35 10/9/2004 10:00:00 10/9/2004 10:20:00 20 700 11:40 28 283 10/9/2004 10:32:35 10/9/2004 10:52:35 10/9/2004 11:00:00 10/9/2004 11:20:00 20 720 12:00 29 283 10/9/2004 11:32:35 10/9/2004 11:52:35 10/9/2004 12:00:00 10/9/2004 12:20:00 20 740 12:20 30 283 10/9/2004 12:32:35 10/9/2004 12:52:35 10/9/2004 13:00:00 10/9/2004 13:20:00 20 760 12:40 31 283 10/9/2004 13:32:35 10/9/2004 13:52:35 10/9/2004 14:00:00 10/9/2004 14:20:00 20 780 13:00 32 283 10/9/2004 14:32:35 10/9/2004 14:52:35 10/9/2004 15:00:00 10/9/2004 15:20:00 20 800 13:20 33 283 10/9/2004 15:32:35 10/9/2004 15:52:35 10/9/2004 16:00:00 10/9/2004 16:20:00 20 820 13:40 34 283 10/9/2004 16:32:35 10/9/2004 17:52:35 10/9/2004 17:00:00 10/9/2004 18:20:00 80 900 15:00 35 283 10/9/2004 18:32:35 10/9/2004 18:52:35 10/9/2004 19:00:00 10/9/2004 19:20:00 20 920 15:20 36 283 10/9/2004 19:32:35 10/9/2004 19:52:35 10/9/2004 20:00:00 10/9/2004 20:20:00 20 940 15:40 37 283 10/9/2004 20:32:35 10/9/2004 20:52:35 10/9/2004 21:00:00 10/9/2004 21:20:00 20 960 16:00 38 283 10/9/2004 21:32:35 10/9/2004 21:52:35 10/9/2004 22:00:00 10/9/2004 22:20:00 20 980 16:20 39 283 10/9/2004 22:32:35 10/9/2004 22:52:35 10/9/2004 23:00:00 10/9/2004 23:20:00 20 1000 16:40 40 283 10/9/2004 23:32:35 10/9/2004 23:52:35 10/10/2004 0:00:00 10/10/2004 0:20:00 20 1020 17:00 41 284 10/10/2004 0:32:35 10/10/2004 0:52:35 10/10/2004 1:00:00 10/10/2004 1:20:00 20 1040 17:20


45

42 284 10/10/2004 1:32:35 10/10/2004 1:52:35 10/10/2004 2:00:00 10/10/2004 2:20:00 20 1060 17:40 43 284 10/10/2004 2:32:35 10/10/2004 2:52:35 10/10/2004 3:00:00 10/10/2004 3:20:00 20 1080 18:00 44 284 10/10/2004 3:32:35 10/10/2004 3:52:35 10/10/2004 4:00:00 10/10/2004 4:20:00 20 1100 18:20 45 284 10/10/2004 4:32:35 10/10/2004 5:52:35 80 1180 19:40

Long-range Ocean Acoustic Propagation EXperiment LOAPEX...

Documents

Transcript of Long-range Ocean Acoustic Propagation EXperiment LOAPEX...