LondonLondon "If you're tired of London, then you're tired of "If you're tired of London, then you're tired of

living, because there is everything that you can living, because there is everything that you can expect from life" - so wrote Samuel Johnson in expect from life" - so wrote Samuel Johnson in 1777. And today, he would have all of the great 1777. And today, he would have all of the great places in the city, which stretches to the banks of places in the city, which stretches to the banks of the Thames, which flows from Hampton Court the Thames, which flows from Hampton Court and the Houses of Parliament to St. Paul's and the Houses of Parliament to St. Paul's Cathedral, London Bridge and the Tower of Cathedral, London Bridge and the Tower of London and beyond to Greenwich and the sea.London and beyond to Greenwich and the sea.

Today, London is a major international center Today, London is a major international center and covers about 625 square. miles. This is a and covers about 625 square. miles. This is a wonderful world, which many foreign tourists are wonderful world, which many foreign tourists are seen first with the height of the plane, wondering seen first with the height of the plane, wondering zigzag ribbon of the Thames and the beauty of zigzag ribbon of the Thames and the beauty of the many bridges.the many bridges.

History of London, documented and goes back to History of London, documented and goes back to the time when the place of Westminster was still the time when the place of Westminster was still a swamp. The Romans settled in the territory of a swamp. The Romans settled in the territory of the modern City region in about 60 AD, built a the modern City region in about 60 AD, built a bridge across the Thames, and created the bridge across the Thames, and created the famous commercial center, attracts many famous commercial center, attracts many traders. Value of Westminster, which was traders. Value of Westminster, which was originally built as a royal palace shortly before originally built as a royal palace shortly before the invasion in 1066 William - the Conqueror, the invasion in 1066 William - the Conqueror, began to increase after it became a place for began to increase after it became a place for meetings of the government. The palace was not meetings of the government. The palace was not far from the Thames, close to Westminster far from the Thames, close to Westminster Abbey, a few miles from the City.Abbey, a few miles from the City.

Big Ben, the voice of London, shows the exact Big Ben, the voice of London, shows the exact time since 1859. Construction of the clock tower time since 1859. Construction of the clock tower height at 320 pounds began in 1837 with the height at 320 pounds began in 1837 with the ascent to the throne of Queen Victoria. At this ascent to the throne of Queen Victoria. At this time there was a reconstruction of the buildings time there was a reconstruction of the buildings of Parliament, affected by fire in 1834. Designer of Parliament, affected by fire in 1834. Designer hours, Sir Edmund Grimtorp, architect and hours, Sir Edmund Grimtorp, architect and clockmaker died before the bell, weighing 13.5 clockmaker died before the bell, weighing 13.5 tons was set for the four clock faces, the area of tons was set for the four clock faces, the area of which 23 square meters. pound.which 23 square meters. pound.

Лондон в Средние века

Современный Лондон

Tower Tower In the book, devoted to 900 anniversary of the In the book, devoted to 900 anniversary of the

Tower, the Duke of Edinburgh, wrote that "in Tower, the Duke of Edinburgh, wrote that "in its history, the Tower of London was a fortress, its history, the Tower of London was a fortress, and palace, and the repository of royal jewels, and palace, and the repository of royal jewels, and the arsenal, and mint and a prison, and and the arsenal, and mint and a prison, and the observatory and zoo and tourist attractions the observatory and zoo and tourist attractions ". First, the royal family lived in a well-". First, the royal family lived in a well-protected the White Tower, the thickness of protected the White Tower, the thickness of the walls of which reaches I5 feet. So-called the walls of which reaches I5 feet. So-called "Traitors' Gate" leading to the river, "Traitors' Gate" leading to the river, reminiscent of the past, when before they were reminiscent of the past, when before they were famous prisoners sentenced to death. Among famous prisoners sentenced to death. Among the prisoners were Sir Walter Raleigh, who the prisoners were Sir Walter Raleigh, who spent 13 years in the Tower, and Queen Anne spent 13 years in the Tower, and Queen Anne Boleyn. But the future Queen Elizabeth 1 was Boleyn. But the future Queen Elizabeth 1 was released and crowned. Judging by the released and crowned. Judging by the documentary evidence of the suffering of documentary evidence of the suffering of prisoners in the days of the Reformation, ill-prisoners in the days of the Reformation, ill-treatment has become the norm. The treatment has become the norm. The collection of royal jewels had been razed, but collection of royal jewels had been razed, but with the return of the monarchy Stuart dynasty with the return of the monarchy Stuart dynasty revived the original idea to create a museum to revived the original idea to create a museum to commemorate the military achievements of the commemorate the military achievements of the King and country. In 1834. Royal Menagerie King and country. In 1834. Royal Menagerie was moved to the zoo, and were left alone in was moved to the zoo, and were left alone in the Tower ravens. Today the Tower, which the Tower ravens. Today the Tower, which already is neither a palace nor Tauertyurmoy already is neither a palace nor Tauertyurmoy London, has retained traditional features, London, has retained traditional features, ranging from clothing Beefeater (soldier ranging from clothing Beefeater (soldier protection) to stand on ceremony Tower. Most protection) to stand on ceremony Tower. Most of the royal jewels back to the period after the of the royal jewels back to the period after the English Republic, but some ancient items are English Republic, but some ancient items are to an earlier time and are used during the to an earlier time and are used during the sacred moments of the coronation. Among sacred moments of the coronation. Among them, a spoon, which probably refers to the them, a spoon, which probably refers to the end HIIv?? and the sacred vessel, which may end HIIv?? and the sacred vessel, which may be used at the coronation of Henry IV at be used at the coronation of Henry IV at 1399g. Edward's Crown, weighing about 5 1399g. Edward's Crown, weighing about 5 pounds was made in 1661g. for the coronation pounds was made in 1661g. for the coronation of Charles 11, Crown, Queen Victoria (1838g.) of Charles 11, Crown, Queen Victoria (1838g.) is decorated with ruby "Black Prince".is decorated with ruby "Black Prince". Тауэрский ворон

StonehengeStonehenge Giant construction Stonehenge - the stone puzzle at Giant construction Stonehenge - the stone puzzle at

the heart of Europe, as called this wonderful the heart of Europe, as called this wonderful monument to one of the researchers Dr. Umlmor monument to one of the researchers Dr. Umlmor Trever. This ancient building situated in England, Trever. This ancient building situated in England, now, archaeologists agreed that this architectural now, archaeologists agreed that this architectural monument built in three phases between 3500 and monument built in three phases between 3500 and 1100 years. BC. Stonehenge I was a circular ditch 1100 years. BC. Stonehenge I was a circular ditch with two rooms, and possibly served as a cemetery. with two rooms, and possibly served as a cemetery. In the circle along the outer wall are 56 small In the circle along the outer wall are 56 small funeral "Aubrey holes", so named in honor of John funeral "Aubrey holes", so named in honor of John Aubrey, who first described them in the XVII Aubrey, who first described them in the XVII century. To the north-east of the entrance to the century. To the north-east of the entrance to the ring stood a huge, seven-Heel Stone. During the ring stood a huge, seven-Heel Stone. During the construction of Stonehenge II was constructed construction of Stonehenge II was constructed earthen walkway between the Heel stone and the earthen walkway between the Heel stone and the entrance. Been erected two rings of 80 huge entrance. Been erected two rings of 80 huge boulders of blue color, which probably brought over boulders of blue color, which probably brought over 320 km from South Wales. At the final stage of 320 km from South Wales. At the final stage of construction was a permutation of megaliths. The construction was a permutation of megaliths. The blue stones were replaced circular colonnade of 30 blue stones were replaced circular colonnade of 30 trilitov, each of which consisted of two upright trilitov, each of which consisted of two upright stones and build on a horizontal plate. Inside the stones and build on a horizontal plate. Inside the ring was installed horseshoe of five separate ring was installed horseshoe of five separate trilitov. trilitov.

In general, Stonehenge is a construction of 82 five-In general, Stonehenge is a construction of 82 five-ton megaliths, 30 blocks of stone, weighing 25 tons ton megaliths, 30 blocks of stone, weighing 25 tons and 5 huge so-called trilitov, stones, weighing up to and 5 huge so-called trilitov, stones, weighing up to 50 tons. Folded stone blocks form the arch, which 50 tons. Folded stone blocks form the arch, which served as a perfect indicator cardinal. Until served as a perfect indicator cardinal. Until recently, scientists assumed that this monument recently, scientists assumed that this monument was erected in 3100 BC, lived in the British Isles was erected in 3100 BC, lived in the British Isles tribes to monitor the Sun and the Moon. But the tribes to monitor the Sun and the Moon. But the latest data of modern science are forced to latest data of modern science are forced to reconsider many of the conclusions of researchers. reconsider many of the conclusions of researchers.

Trafalgar SquareTrafalgar Square living in Trafalgar Square pigeons moved here living in Trafalgar Square pigeons moved here

from the coastal cliffs of the British. Now they rock from the coastal cliffs of the British. Now they rock - the cross of the church of St. Martin, the dome of - the cross of the church of St. Martin, the dome of the National Gallery and National Portrait Gallery the National Gallery and National Portrait Gallery and the cocked Admiral Nelson, who is on the 44-and the cocked Admiral Nelson, who is on the 44-meter column. Below this is not visible, but the meter column. Below this is not visible, but the right sleeve with Horatio Nelson is empty, the right sleeve with Horatio Nelson is empty, the right eye either. Admiral died in 1805 after its right eye either. Admiral died in 1805 after its most resounding victory - the battle of Trafalgar, most resounding victory - the battle of Trafalgar, during which the British defeated the Franco-during which the British defeated the Franco-Spanish fleet and achieved complete domination of Spanish fleet and achieved complete domination of the sea. Beneath a national hero - mad flow, but the sea. Beneath a national hero - mad flow, but not water, and people. (Incidentally, automobile not water, and people. (Incidentally, automobile traffic on the area blocked off recently. Motorists traffic on the area blocked off recently. Motorists cursed the initiator, the Mayor of London Ken cursed the initiator, the Mayor of London Ken Livingstone, all the other terrible satisfied.) You Livingstone, all the other terrible satisfied.) You can climb the surrounding Nelson's lions and can climb the surrounding Nelson's lions and outside the company with Japanese tourists and outside the company with Japanese tourists and pigeons out to admire the surrounding bustle, but pigeons out to admire the surrounding bustle, but it is best to learn from the windows of an it is best to learn from the windows of an exemplary bar Rockwell - he had the right column exemplary bar Rockwell - he had the right column on the first floor of the hotel The Trafalgar.on the first floor of the hotel The Trafalgar.

From the equestrian statue of Charles I, standing From the equestrian statue of Charles I, standing in front of Nelson, had once tried to get rid of. in front of Nelson, had once tried to get rid of. Carl, cast in 1633, looks at Whitehall - where in Carl, cast in 1633, looks at Whitehall - where in 1649 he had his own penalty. Bronze is the King of 1649 he had his own penalty. Bronze is the King of the Republicans have sold craftsman - to melt. the Republicans have sold craftsman - to melt. Instead, the master of a statue buried in the Instead, the master of a statue buried in the garden, beating softly on the monarch pieces of garden, beating softly on the monarch pieces of bronze, together a small fortune on souvenirs. bronze, together a small fortune on souvenirs. After the Restoration, the statue was re-sold to After the Restoration, the statue was re-sold to Charles II and is set on the very spot where the Charles II and is set on the very spot where the executioners executed Charles I. executioners executed Charles I.

Tower BridgeTower Bridge Tower Bridge was built in 1894 in the Tower Bridge was built in 1894 in the

Gothic style. Its construction has been Gothic style. Its construction has been spent over 1 million pounds, and since spent over 1 million pounds, and since his divorce about 1 million times to skip his divorce about 1 million times to skip the crust Bley. People were allowed to the crust Bley. People were allowed to visit the bridge since 1982. On the visit the bridge since 1982. On the bridge are the engine room with bridge are the engine room with hydraulic equipment, preserved after hydraulic equipment, preserved after the electrification of 1976., The control the electrification of 1976., The control room of the exhibition. Visitors can go to room of the exhibition. Visitors can go to the other side of the footpath between the other side of the footpath between the two towers, Docks St. Catherine, the two towers, Docks St. Catherine, located an area of 23 ARKOV between located an area of 23 ARKOV between Tower and the London docks attract Tower and the London docks attract visitors with its collection of historic visitors with its collection of historic ships, Dickens Inn hotel, new shops and ships, Dickens Inn hotel, new shops and a harbor for yachts. "Belfast", a powerful a harbor for yachts. "Belfast", a powerful British cruiser during the Second World British cruiser during the Second World War, moored river. Already in the 20-ies War, moored river. Already in the 20-ies of the XIX century. Docks were filled of the XIX century. Docks were filled with foreign merchant ships with ivory, with foreign merchant ships with ivory, marble, wool, rubber, tea and wine, but marble, wool, rubber, tea and wine, but because larger ships were moored at the because larger ships were moored at the mouth of the river, docks and mouth of the river, docks and warehouses were collapsed. Today there warehouses were collapsed. Today there are flourishing World Trade Center and are flourishing World Trade Center and the Hotel Tower Thistly.the Hotel Tower Thistly.

Big BenBig Ben These clocks on the tower of the Parliament of the United These clocks on the tower of the Parliament of the United

Kingdom can hear around the world. Microphones Radio, Kingdom can hear around the world. Microphones Radio, Air Force fight to pass every hour. It is the first stroke of Big Air Force fight to pass every hour. It is the first stroke of Big Ben on the night of 31 to 1 on the planet is officially Ben on the night of 31 to 1 on the planet is officially international interim standard should enter the new international interim standard should enter the new millennium.millennium.

In Big Ben tourists are not allowed to get on top of 96 meter In Big Ben tourists are not allowed to get on top of 96 meter tower can only by a narrow spiral staircase. 334 steps lead tower can only by a narrow spiral staircase. 334 steps lead to a small open space in the center of which is the to a small open space in the center of which is the legendary bell. Big Ben and there is only one bell. Its height legendary bell. Big Ben and there is only one bell. Its height is whiter than 2 meters and a diameter equal to nearly 3 is whiter than 2 meters and a diameter equal to nearly 3 meters.meters.

The name Big Ben is surrounded by interesting stories. The The name Big Ben is surrounded by interesting stories. The official version: the bell is named after the chief of official version: the bell is named after the chief of construction sulfur Benjamin Hola. For his impressive size construction sulfur Benjamin Hola. For his impressive size foreman nicknamed Big Ben. Another version - the bell got foreman nicknamed Big Ben. Another version - the bell got its name from the strongman and boxer since Queen its name from the strongman and boxer since Queen Victoria. Victoria.

Big Ben Big Ben

Big Ben and its surrounding other small bells ringing knock Big Ben and its surrounding other small bells ringing knock out the following words: "Through this time of the Lord out the following words: "Through this time of the Lord keeps me, and his strength will not allow anyone to stumble keeps me, and his strength will not allow anyone to stumble 'After the battle, chimes the first blow of the hammer on Big 'After the battle, chimes the first blow of the hammer on Big Ben coincides exactly with the first second of the hour. Ben coincides exactly with the first second of the hour. Every 2 days mechanism are carefully screened and grease, Every 2 days mechanism are carefully screened and grease, recorded daily temperature and pressure. But, like any recorded daily temperature and pressure. But, like any clockwork, the clock on the tower of the British Parliament clockwork, the clock on the tower of the British Parliament are sometimes late or in a hurry. I must say that the error is are sometimes late or in a hurry. I must say that the error is not the most 1,5 - 2 seconds. To remedy the situation need not the most 1,5 - 2 seconds. To remedy the situation need only a coin, an old English penny. Nobody knows exactly only a coin, an old English penny. Nobody knows exactly who first had the idea to use the coins, but the idea worked. who first had the idea to use the coins, but the idea worked. Old English penny, placed on the pendulum Dina 4 meters Old English penny, placed on the pendulum Dina 4 meters accelerates its movement to 2.5 seconds per day. Adding or accelerates its movement to 2.5 seconds per day. Adding or removing the penny, the superintendent thus achieves removing the penny, the superintendent thus achieves accuracy. Mechanism, despite its nearly 1.5 centuries of accuracy. Mechanism, despite its nearly 1.5 centuries of history and weight of 5 tons, works perfectly.history and weight of 5 tons, works perfectly.

Dials of Big Ben look at all 4 sides of the world. They were Dials of Big Ben look at all 4 sides of the world. They were made out of Birmingham opal, clockwise from cast iron, and made out of Birmingham opal, clockwise from cast iron, and minute are made of copper sheet. It is estimated that the minute are made of copper sheet. It is estimated that the minute hands are held for a year, a total distance of 190 km.minute hands are held for a year, a total distance of 190 km.