Chapter 34Franklin D. Roosevelt and

the Shadow of War Essential Questions

1) How did the United States deal with her Latin American neighbors?

2) How did dictatorship of the world start the flames for World War II?

3) What were the main causes of World War II for the Allies and the United States?

4) How did the attack on Pearl Harbor effect the US?

Vocabulary Words

*London Economic Conference *Destroyer Deal*Tydings-McDuffie Act in 1934 *The Lend-Lease Bill *Roosevelt’s Good Neighbor Policy *The Atlantic Conference *Reciprocal Trade Agreement Act *The Atlantic Charter *Rome-Berlin Axis of 1936 *Reuben James *Tripartite Pact*Johnson Debt Default Act*Nye Committee *Neutrality Acts in 1935, 1936, and 1937*Spanish Civil War *“Quarantine Speech” *Munich Conference *Russo-German Nonaggression Pact*Neutrality Act of 1939*The Havana Conference

The London Conference• Meeting of the sixty-six nation met in the summer of 1933.

Reasons for this conference?- Set up an attack on the global depression- Stabilize the value of various nations’ currencies.- Exchange-rate stabilization for currency

Roosevelt began to second guess his decision of sending American delegates to the conference.

- Wanted to stimulate American’s recovery at home- Did not want to sacrifice the recovery of America for international

cooperationRoosevelt sent a message to the conference, scolding them for trying to

stabilizing currency and withdrew America from the conference.

The world was plunged deeper into economic depression after Roosevelt’s message and the conference was ended.

Freedom for the Filipinos and Recognition for the

RussiansFor the Philippines’ freedom was marked with the Tydings-McDuffie

Act of 1934. Freedom was given to them after a 12 year period of economic stabilized country.

Roosevelt’s One International Move:- Finally recognized the Soviet Union in 1933- Gave them diplomatic recognition for a chance to trade- Also wanted them for power against possible German threat

Becoming a Good Neighbor

“I would dedicate this nation to the policy of the Good Neighbor.”

Roosevelt’s Good Neighbor Policy- Wanted new relations with Latin America- No miliarty strength would be used in Latin American.

The last of the Marines left Haiti, Cuba, and Panama the following year in 1934.

Mexico tested the policy by seizing American oil properties. This proved that the Good Neighbor policy was very successful.

Secretary Hull’s Reciprocal Trade Agreement

Cordell Hull, Secretary of State, believed that low tariffs meant that there would be higher trade.

Reciprocal Trade Agreement Act was passed to create low tariff policies.

- It cut tariff rates in half by cutting down some parts of the Hawley-Smoot tariff.

- Started the low-tariff trend that would dominate the post-WWII period

Storm-Cellar Isolationism

The aftermath of World War 1 helped spark the totalitarian regimes.- Joseph Stalin in the USSR- Benito Mussolini in Italy- Adolf Hitler in Germany

The only thing that matters in a totalitarian nation is the state. The individual rights mean nothing.

Hitler was the most dangerous of them all at the time. He had a reputation of telling lies that people believed.

Germany and Italy linked up after they agreed on the Rome-Berlin Axis of 1936.

Storm-Cellar Isolationism cont.

Japan was also becoming a dictatorship, becoming isolated and trying to create a mighty Japanese empire.

- They ignored the Washington Naval Treaty, rearming their nation.- Also quit the League of Nations

In 1940, Japan joined together with Germany and Italy with the Tripartite Pact.

Power Battles

With Italy under the rule of Mussolini, there was a lot of show.- Attacked and beat Ethiopia in 1935.- Loved to show their victories, even over poor countries

The League of Nations did nothing to stop this power and it died off as a powerless idea.

America was simply isolated to all of the European powers. No one in the US wanted to get into more problems like WWI.

- Tried to get stay out of trouble by passing the Johnson Debt Default Act

- This act forbid countries that owed money to the US to take out anymore loans.

Congress Legislates Neutrality

The Nye Committee was created in 1934, studying the idea that munitions producers only helped to start wars and then earned profits.

To keep from going to war, Congress passed the Neutrality Acts in 1935, 1936, and 1937. Restrictions were set up when the president declared war.

1) Americans could not sail on a nation-at-war ship.2) Could not sell munitions3) Make loans on belligerents.

US trying to avoid another World War, declared absolute neutrality no matter how hideous one side looked.

America Dooms Loyalist Spain

Between the years of 1936 and 1939, the Spanish Civil War broke out.- A mini WWI- Gen. Francisco Franco, leader of the fascist government, fought

against a republican democratic government.

America wanted to help, but the isolationism ruling would not let them.

Italy and Germany did lend a hand to Franco.- Hitler used this as a testing ground for his tanks and planes.- In the end, Franco came out successful and on top.

America let their navy get weaker in the event of not helping. Congress passed a law to help build up the navy in 1938, but it was a little late.

Appeasing Japan and Germany

Japan invaded China in 1937.- Since FDR did not declare war, the Neutrality Acts were not invoked.- Both China and Japan could still buy from America.

In response to the outbreaks, FDR gave his “Quarantine Speech” in 1937.- In this speech, he asked America to quarantine the aggressors and to

side against them, aiming towards Italy and Japan.- This was a step away from isolationism

Japan hit again, sinking the American gunboat the Panay.- Two were killed and 30 wounded.- Japan apologized and paid for the damages.- Americans in China were beaten and jailed as they took out their

anti-American frustrations.- This further supported American isolationism

Back In Europe

Hitler was causing mayhem back in the European region of the world.

1) The Treaty of Versailles was broken by him- He made military service mandatory- He marched troops into the Rhineland region

With his book, Mein Kampf, branded into the minds of the Germans, Jews were started to be prosecuted under the Nazis.

- First restrictions were set up on the Jews.- Corralling them into “ghettos” was next.- Then they were set to labor camps.- The “final solution” was the death camps.

A total of about 6 million Jews were killed in the Holocaust, an overall total of 11 million people.

Hitler’s Reign of Terror

Hitler continued his reign by taking the nation of Austria in 1938, but he wanted more power under him.

His next step was to take over Sudetenland, which was a section of Czechoslovakia that held mostly Germans.

- Each step for Hitler was claimed to be his last.- Soon, every major power was willing to give into Hitler

The Munich Conference showed how powerful Hitler was when the Prime Minister of Britain, Neville Chamberlain agreed to let him have Sudetenland.

Hitler broke his promise with the Prime Minister by taking over Czechoslovakia completely in March of 1939

Hitler’s Belligerency and U.S. Neutrality

The world was stunned with the signing of the Russo-German Nonaggression Pact between Germany and Russia.

- This said that Stalin and Hitler promised not to fight one another- This opened the door for Germany’s attack on Poland, which took place

on September 1, 1939 and the nation was overrun in two weeks.

With Britian and France still not doing anything, they said that if Poland was taken over, then war would certainly break out.

When Poland was taken over, France and Britain declared war and World War II began officially.

The US, sticking with its neutraility, rooted for Britain and France to win the war.

- They helped out with passing the Neutrality Act of 1939, which said that the US would sell war material on a “cash-and-carry” basis, no US ships would carry the items.

The Fall of France

With Poland under Hitler’s control, he moved his troops and supplies to the West to attack France. There was a pause in the war at this point.

- Only action at this point was when USSR attacked Finland, who was funded by the US and defeated Russia.

- It ended when Hitler suddenly attacked and conquered Denmark and Norway, then the Netherlands and Belgium

An attack on France came quickly afterwards and they surrendered quickly afterwards too, by late June of 1940

This left Britain being the only European power between US and Nazi Germany

- FDR called for America to build up the military.- A conscription law was passed, which trained 1.2 million troops

during peacetime.

Havana Conference

The threat of Germany was starting to spread across the world at this point.

It was feared that the Dutch, Danish, and French Latin American countries would be taken over by the Germans.

The Havana Conference was called to order.- It was agreed that the policy of the Monroe Doctrine would be

shared between 21 American countries.

Bolstering Britain with the Destroyer Deal (1940)

Britain was the next target on Hitler’s list, being the only major European country left in power. His first attack involved bombing, but that was quickly stopped.

- The British Royal Air Force fought back and halted Germany in the Battle of Britain

Two American voices spoke up on the issues of the war

America First Committee Committee to Defend the Allies*Set up by isolationists *Set up by Interventionists*Charles Lindbergh was aLeader

Both sides campaigned, but FDR went down the middle route with the Destroyer Deal, Americans transferred 50 old destroyers from WWI to Britain

This showed that the US was moving towards intervention.

FDR Shatters the Two-Term Tradition (1940)

1940 was also an election year.

Wendell L. Willkie Franklin Roosevelt*Captured Republican nomination *Nominated for a third term*Criticized the New Deal *”Better a third term a third-*Foreign affairs concerns were the rater”same for both of them *Promised not to send

boys to any foreign war

FDR won again, winning 449 to 82

Congress Passes the Landmark Lend-Lease Law

Britain was in need of help from the US, mostly in the money area. FDR wanted to help, but he knew that he didn’t want another debt like WWI

- FDR simply loaned weapons and ships to the British to help. They could use and then return them

The Lend-Lease Bill was passes and the US became the “arsenal of democracy”

- The bill had America send $50 billion worth of arms and material to the Allies

- This marked the abandonment of isolation. Germany had avoided American ships until one was sunk on May 21, 1941.

Hitler’s Assault on the Soviet Union Spawns the Atlantic Character

In June of 1941, the pact that Germany made with Russia was broken when he invaded the country. Neither of them trusted the other.

People began to think that the Germans would quickly defeat the Russians

- FDR sent $1 billion to Russia to help defend Moscow.- The red army slowed the Nazis until the winter, where they froze

at the gates of the city.

The Atlantic Conference

The Atlantic Conference in August of 1941 was the meeting of Winston Churchill of England and FDR in Newfoundland

During the conference, the Atlantic Charter was formed and was okayed by the USSR later on. This charter set up goals for after the war was won.

- Main points of them were reflective of Wilson’s Fourteen Points- No territorial or government changes without the people’s vote.- Disarmament would be sought- A new peace-keeping organization would be set up, like the

League of Nations.

Isolationists in the US failed to see that the US was not neutral anymore and criticized the Atlantic Conference and the Charter

U.S. Destroyers and Hitler’s U-Boats Clash

Sending of materials to Britain was a risky thing for the United States.

- Seeing this, FDR set up a system where merchant ships would be escorted by US warships to Iceland and then the British would take over the escorting.

Even with this policy, Germans still attacked the American destroyer Greer. FDR declared a shoot-on-sight policy at that time.

- Germans still attacked American ships, killing 11 men on Kearny- The destroyer Reuben James was torpedoed and sunk off the

coast of Iceland, killing over 100 Americans.

With seeing this, Congress pulled out of the outdated Neutrality Act of 1939. Merchant ships could not arm and enter combat zones.

Surprise Assault at Pearl Harbor

During the World War, Japan was still trying to go towards their empire goal. They were beating the Chinese.

To help protect the Chinese, the US put an embargo on Japan. This cut off the oil supply to Japan, which they needed for their empire.

Japan saw that their only solution was to attack, but the US feared that they would attack British Malaya or the Philippines.

- They wouldn’t try to attack Hawaii, not an all-out attack like that.

Pearl Harbor

An all-out attack on Hawaii was what came to the United States, when Japan attacked Pearl Harbor.

- This was one of the most surprising in history.- The attacked happened on December 7, 1941- Several ships were sunk or damaged, including the U.S.S. Arizona- 3,000 Americans were killed or wounded in the attack.

The US still had aircraft carriers out over sea. This was the only good news, as if it would it would have been different, then the American naval situation would have been hopeless.

On December 8, the United States declared war on Japan.

On December 11, Germany and Italy declared war on the US and they declared war right back to them.

War was now official.

American’s Transformation from Bystander to Belligerent

Pearl Harbor galvanized the will of America.

By December 8, there was no disagreement about isolation of the United States.

The United States have been wanting to stop Germany and Japan for years, but they also wanted to it from a convenient distance.

Those days were now over.

ReviewAnswers at the end of the review slides.

1) What was the main reason for the London Conference?A. To discuss the goals for after WWIIB. To talk about global depressionC. To create a worldwide currencyD. To discuss the election of 1940

2) Match the dictator to the correct country.

A. 1-A, 2-B, 3-CB. 1-C, 2-A, 3-BC. 1-A, 2-C, 3-B

1. Joseph Stalin A. USSR

2. Adolf Hitler B. Italy

3. Benito Mussolini

C. Germany

Review Cont.

3) What was the pact that was created between Germany, Italy, and Japan?A. Tripartite PactB. League of NationsC. Nye Committee D. Johnson Debt Default Act

4) What was the cause of the Spanish Civil War?A. To quarantine the aggressors and to side against themB. Stop attacks from JapanC. To help fight against the World WarD. Fascist government fighting against a republican democratic government.

Review Cont.

5) What stunned the world about the Russo-German Nonaggression Pact?A. Russia and Germany promised not to attack one anotherB. Hitler surrendered.C. Russia and Germany joined forcesD. Gave France the opportunity to win the war

6) What was formed during the Atlantic Conference?A. The Lend-Lease Bill B. The Destroyer DealC. The Atlantic CharterD. The Tripartite Pact

Review Answers

1) B2) C3) A4) D5) A6) c