Lombardini - Pathology of Laboratory Fish.ppt - … sheath tumors ... Clinical findings: Ocular...

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MAJ Eric D. Lombardini, VMD, MSc., DACVPM, DACVP

Chief, Division of Comparative Pathology

Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute

Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences

Overview:

Fish research modelsFish research models

Fish necropsy

Research complications

Infectious diseases

Neoplastic diseases

Non‐infectious diseases Photo:10 & 104

Teleosts

Bony fish

Greater than 18,000 species described

Photo: 11 Photo 12

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Extraordinary diversity

Photos: 1-4

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More Toadfish in Space: NASA will Study Balance in Two Wood’s Hole Toadfish, a Senator and Six Astronauts in Upcoming Shuttle Mission (1996 mission)

Photo: 7

1908 Nobel Prize in Physiology

Phagocytosis after experimenting on the larvae of starfish

Photo: 40

Photo: 41

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Historical use of fish in research

Genetics

Embryology

Renal physiology

Endocrinology

Nerve physiology

Toxicology

Morphology

Nutrition

Pharmacology

Parasitology

Specific neoplastic models

Photo: 8

More than just Zebrafish… Swordtail‐ Genetics of melanomas in Xiphoporus fishes

Trout‐coding sequences of the MHCII beta chain of homozygous rainbow trout

White perch‐Using white perch to study abnormal hepatic copper metabolism

Japanese medaka‐Freshwater fish in research on radiation biology

Goldfish‐The goldfish visual pathway: Intermediate filament proteins in nerve growth and development

Elasmobranchs‐In vitro metabolism of the pre‐carcinogen aflatoxin B1 by liver Elasmobranchs‐In vitro metabolism of the pre‐carcinogen aflatoxin B1 by liver preparations of the calf, nurse shark and clearnose skate

Anglerfish‐Simultaneous assessment of prohormone transport and processing in four separate islet cell types

Salmon‐Advantages of using aquatic animals for biomedical research on reproductive toxicology

Eel‐Effects of anaesthesia and surgery on levels of adrenaline and noradrenaline in blood plasma of the eel

Toadfish‐Ichthyotoxins from the oyster toadfish

Etc…

Fish Models

Examples include: Melanoma Diabetes Mellitus Neurofibromatosis Hepatic copper storage disease (Wilson’s disease)p pp g ( ) Oro‐facial‐digital syndrome Hepatocellular carcinoma Dehydration studies Na/K‐ATPase activity in muscle Renal excretion of xenobiotics Genotoxic and epigenetic carcinogenesis Gene regulation and developmental genetics Mutagenesis

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Benefits of transgenic fish versus mammals in research

External fertilization

Transparent embryos

Ploidy manipulation

Sex manipulation

Rapid growth

Total environment control

Increased availability of standardized genetic stock

Genetic mechanisms correlate well with rodents and humans

Photo: 105

TransparentZebrafish

Cell Stem Cell, Volume 2, Issue 2,183-189, 7 February 2008

Embryology:Convergent extension movements and ciliary function are mediated by ofd1, a zebrafish orthologue of the human oral‐facial‐digital type 1 syndrome gene

Glomerular function and structure in ofd1MO‐injected embryos.MO injected embryos.

Hum Mol Genet. 2009 January 15; 18(2): 289–303.

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Neuroanatomy:

Figure 1 ‐ 4 day old zebrafish embryo labelled with SV2 and acetylated tubulin antibodies showing axon tracts(green) and neuropil(red)viewed from lateral(top) and dorsal(bottom) orientations.

www.ucl.ac.uk/zebrafish‐group/research/neuroanatomy.php

Carcinogenesis:tp53mutant zebrafish develop malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors

Fig. 5. Tumorigenesis features of tp53 M214K mutant zebrafish. (A‐D) When compared with wild‐type zebrafish (A and C), zMPNST development in tp53 mutant zebrafish is identifiable upon external observation because of ocular (B) or abdominal tumor localizations (D). (E‐H) When compared with wild‐type zebrafish (E and G),histopathology staining with hematoxylin/eosin reveals zMPNST in the eye (F) and abdominal cavity (H),as indicated by the stars (×4). (I‐K) Histopathological features of tumors (I) composed predominantly of spindle cells (J) andto a varying degree of epitheloid cells (K) are consistent with the diagnosis of zMPNST. [Bar, 200 μm (E, F, I‐K).]

PNAS January 11, 2005 vol. 102 no. 2 407‐412

Melanoma:

Review Article: Genetic and environmental melanoma models in fishPigment cell and melanoma research; 2010‐Gordon‐Kosswigmodel (Sd‐ Spotted Disease)‐Xmrk‐2 Oncogene overexpression‐loss of the Diff tumor suppressor

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Toxicology:Identification of a Primary Target of Thalidomide Teratogenicity Takumi Ito, Hideki Ando, Takayuki Suzuki, Toshihiko Ogura, Kentaro Hotta, Yoshimasa Imamura, Yuki Yamaguchi, and Hiroshi HandaScience 12 March 2010: 1345‐1350.

MUTATION In embryos, thalidomide‐induced malformations, bottom, of a fin of a zebrafish, left, and a wing of a chick, right, using mutated cereblon,a protein. NYTimes 17 March 2010

Necropsy:

Fish Necropsy (Generic)

Swim Bladder

Gills

LiverHeart

(Atrium;Ventricle; Bulbus arteriosus)

Gills

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Stomach Intestine/rectum

ovaryPyloric ceca


Kidney

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Pathology General Concepts Necrotizing versus Granulomatous disease

Variation in leukocytes between species

74 bacterial pathogens of fish, dozens of fungi, h d d f k i h d f i hundreds of known viruses, thousands of parasites, innumerable toxins and miscellaneous or physiological pathologies.

Emerging diseases

Viral Infections DNA:

Herpesvirus

Iridovirus

Adenovirus

RNA: RNA:

Picornavirus

Paramyxovirus

Reovirus

Togavirus

Birnavirus

Rhabdovirus

Retrovirus

Piscine iridovirus Gross findings:

Range in appearance from miliary pale nodules to a cutaneous mass effect.

Histopathological findings: Histopathological findings:

Markedly hypertrophic dermal fibroblasts (lymphocystis cells). Cells may measure > 300 µm with vacuolated to granular pale basophilic cytoplasm surrounded by a 10‐30µm amphophilic hyaline wall. Occasionally there is the presence of basophilic fibrillar inclusion material.

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Lymphocystis

Photo: 20

Lymphocystis

Photo: 46

Lymphocysitis

Photo: 45

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Lymphocystis

Lymphocystis

Lymphocystis

Photo: 21

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Journal of Fish Diseases, Volume 33 Issue 2 , Pages 93 ‐ 186 (February 2010)

Iridovirus infections in finfish – critical review with emphasis on ranaviruses (p 95‐122)

Liver of redfin perch, found dead 10 days post‐bath inoculation with epizootic haematopoietic necrosis virus. Hepatocytes that surround a focus of hepatic necrosis frequently contain basophilic intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies (arrows) (H & E, bar = 50 µm).

Photo: 114

Carp Pox (CyHV‐1)

Photo: 34 & 35

Carp Pox

Photo: 44

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KHV Koi herpesvirus (KHV) is a highly contagious viral disease that may cause significant morbidity and mortality in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) (Hedrick et al 2000; OATA 2001)et al. 2000; OATA 2001)

The white patches are due to necrosis (death) of the gill tissue. Gill lesions caused by KHV disease are the most common clinical signs in affected koi. Other external signs of KHV may include bleeding gills, sunken eyes, pale patches or blisters on the skin.

Koi herpesvirus (KHV) disease (CyHV‐3)

Photo: 14

Koi Herpesvirus

Photos: 70 & 71

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KHV

Photo: 80

IcHV‐1

Photo: 99 & 100

VHS (Viral hemorrhagic septicemia)

Affects >50 species of fish (Fresh water and marine)

Multiple strains

Family Rhabdoviridae

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:VHS.png

y

Gross: Visceral, cutaneous and muscular petechial hemorrhage

Exopthalmus, ascites, eccymosesaround eyes, skin, gills and fins

Histo: Variable necrosis of kidneys (hematopoetic 1st), spleen, liver, and skeletal muscle

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VHS

Photo: 29

VHS

Photo: 30

Spring Viremia of Carp

Photo: 83

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Ulcerative Dermatitis in Winter Flounder

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Bacterial Infectious Diseases In zebrafish, the pneumatic duct acts as the primary point of invasion for systemic fungal and bacterial infections, spreading to the gas bladder

Primarily opportunistic infections of which the 1° Primarily opportunistic infections of which the 1°agents: Aeromonas sp. and Pseudomonas sp.

Clinical signs of Gram negative septicemia are non‐specific and include: ascites, exopthalmia, cutaneous hemorrhages (body and fins), cutaneous ulceration

Non‐specific signs of septicemia Ascites or “Dropsy”

Photo: 43 &45

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Non‐specific signs of septicemia Exopthalmia

Photo: 28

Non‐specific signs of septicemia Cutaneous hemorrhages

Photo: 19

Non‐specific signs of septicemia Ulceration

Photo: 32

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Aeromonas salmonicida Furunculosis of salmonids

Goldfish Ulcer Disease

Carp Erythrodermatitis

Trout Ulcer Disease.

Several other species of Aeromonas, including: A. hydrophila, A. formicans, A. liquefaciens, and A. hydrophila complex are capable of causing a disease known as “Motile Aeromonas Septicemia” or “Bacterial Hemorrhagic Septicemia”.

Photo: 36

Furunculosis Aeromonas salmonicida

(4 subspecies: salmonicida, achromogenes, masoucida and smithia

Opportunist resulting in septicemia

Predominantly salmonid fishes, but also affects goldfish and other cyprinids.

“Furunculosis” is derived from the presence of “blisters” or furuncules on the surface of chronically infected fish

Significant resistance to both Terramycin and sulfamerazine

Furunculosis

Photo: 78

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Photos: 37 & 91

Koi Ulcer Disease

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Yersinia ruckeri

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Enteric septicemia of catfish (ESC)

Edwardsiella ictaluri

Photo: 53

Edwardsiella tarda (Emphysematous Putrefactive Disease EPD)

Photos: 38 & 39

Renibacterium salmonarium Gross findings: Muscular cavitation; Vesicular dermatitis (Spawning rash); necrotizing nephritis & splenitis.

Histopathological findings: Granulomatous and necrotizing nephritis, splenitis, hepatitis, endocarditis and pancreatitis; occasionally with giant cell formation. Histiocytes are expanded by intracytoplasmic gram‐positive bacteria

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Renibacterium salmonarium

Renibacterium salmonrium

Streptococcus

Photo: 17

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Streptococcus Clinical findings: Ocular hemorrhage, cutaneous hemorrhage, exopthalmia, corneal opacity, dropsy and ulceration.

Gross Findings: Abdominal serosanguinous fluid, splenomegaly, hepatic pallor, endocarditis and nephritis Many Streps infect the brain and nervous nephritis. Many Streps infect the brain and nervous system of fish, explaining the erratic swimming frequently observed in infected fish.

Isolated Streptococcal pathogens in fish: S. iniae

S. difficilis

S. parauberis

S. milleri

S. shiloi

Mycobacteriosis

Mycobacterium marinum

Mycobacterium chelonae

Mycobacterium fortuitum

Photo: 89

Mycobacteriosis

Abdominal cavity: Peritonitis, hepatitis, splenitis, granulomatous, multifocal, severePhoto: 13

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Mycobacteriummarinum

Mycobacteriosis Mycobacteria as Environmental Portent in Chesapeake Bay Fish Species, Emerging Infectious Diseases: Volume 13, Number 2–February 2007

Occurrence of Mycobacterium spp. in ornamental fish in Italy, Journal of Fish Diseases, 2008 Jun;31(6):433‐41.

Husbandry stress exacerbates mycobacterial infections in adult zebrafish, Danio rerio (Hamilton), Journal of Fish Diseases, 2009, 32, 931–941

Gliding bacteria

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Flavobacterium columnare

Photo: 42 & 98

Photo: 50

Histopathology and Ultrastructure of Segmented Filamentous Bacteria–Associated Rainbow Trout Gastroenteritis; Veterinary Pathology 47(2) 220‐230

Photo: 93

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Piscirickettsia salmonis

Photo: 81

Protozoae

EpistylisIchthyobodo necator

Epistylis

Trichodina Glossatella

Microsporidiae Glugea, Ichthyosporidium, Loma, Pseudoloma, Microgemma, Microsporidium Mrazekia, Nosema, Pleistophora, Spraguea, Tetramicra, and Theragra.

Photo: 54

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Microsporidiae

Microsporidiae

Microsporidiae

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Pleistophora hyphessobryconis

Pseudoloma neurophilia

Photo: 75

Glugea stephani

Photo: 67

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Glugea sp.

Photos: 68 & 69

Myxosporidiae

Photo: 51

Henneguya salminicola

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Henneguya sp. xenomas

Photos: 65 & 66

Myxoma and trematode

Hamburger gill disease

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Myxobolus cerebralis Gross Findings: Severe scoliosis, frequently with black discoloration of the tail, and with chronicity, misshapen head and jaws

Histopathological Findings: Cartilage degeneration and necrosis, granulomatous chondritis with intralesional ovoid to ellipsoidal spores (5 15µm) with intralesional ovoid to ellipsoidal spores (5‐15µm) with 2 piriform‐shaped polar capsules at the anterior end

Photos: 119

Myxobolus cerebralis

Photos: 76 & 77

Myxobolus cerebralis

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Myxobolus sp.

Figure 2—Photomicrograph of an impression smear prepared from a biopsy specimen of the oral cavity mass in the goldfish in Figure 1. Notice a large cluster of epithelial cells (blue) and numerous mature Myxobolus sp spores (red). Modified acid‐fast stain; bar = 25 μm.

JAVMA, Vol 236, No. 6, March 15, 2010

Myxobolus sp.

Figure 3—Photomicrograph of a paraffin‐embedded section of a biopsy specimen of the oral cavity mass in the goldfish in Figure 1. The mass tissue contains a single large, late‐stage, polysporous, histozoic plasmodial pseudocyst (borders of this structure are demarcated by arrows) and evidence of inflammation. H&E stain; bar = 100 μm.

JAVMA, Vol 236, No. 6, March 15, 2010

Myxozoa

Renal myxozoanosis in weedy sea dragons, Phyllopteryxtaeniolatus (Lacepe` de), caused by Sinuolinea phyllopteryxan. sp.Journal of Fish Diseases 2008, 31, 27–35

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Tetrahymena sp. infection in guppies, Poecilia reticulata Peters: parasite characterization and pathology of infected fish, Journal of Fish Diseases 2009, 32, 845–855

Severe Scuticociliate (Philasterides dicentrarchi) Infection in a Population of Sea Dragons, Vet Pathol 45:546–550 (2008)

Photos: 115 & 116

Tetrahymena corlissi

Tetrahymena corlissi

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Tetrahymenacorlissi

Ichthyophthirius multifiliis Gross findings:

Up to 1 mm elevated nodules in a miliary pattern along body, gills and fins

May coalesce or progress to erosion and ulceration due to irritationto irritation

Histopathological findings:

Oval holotrich ciliated parasite which forms intraepithelial cysts composed of a 1‐2 µm hyaline wall.

Small circular oral opening, dark granules and a horseshoe/crescent shaped basophilic macronucleus

+/‐ Hyperplasia of neighboring epithelium

Photos: 95 & 96

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Ichthyophthirius multifiliis

Ichthyophthirius multifiliis

Piscinoodinium sp.

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Piscinoodinium sp.

Ichthyobodonecator

Photos: 118

Coccidiae

Photos: 101 & 103

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Hole‐in‐the‐Head DiseaseHead and Lateral Line Erosion

Hexamita sp.?

Photo: 52

Fungal

Photos: 79 & 92

Saprolegnia

Photo: 22

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Saprolegnia

Photo: 23

Parasitic Nematodes

Cestodes

Trematodes

Pentastomes

Arthropods

Nematodes

Photo: 47

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Eustrongylides sp.Eustrongylides ignotus infecting commercial bass, and other fish in the southeastern USA, Journal of Fish Diseases 2009, 32, 795–799

Photos: 15 & 26

Acanthocephalids

Photo: 107

Cestodes

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Asian Fish Tapeworm: Bothriocephalus acheilognathi

Photo: 97

Ligula intestinalis

Photo: 24

Digenetic trematodes

Photomicrographs: MAJ Jeremy Bearss

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Black spot disease

Photo: 86

Trematode metacercariae

Photo: 27

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Monogenean trematodes

Monogeneantrematodes

Photomicrographs: MAJ Jeremy Bearss

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Diplostomum sp.

Photo: 109

Pentastomes

Photo: 16 & 108

Arthropods

Photo: 25 & 117

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Neoplastic

Photo: Sarah Johnson & 120

Melanoma

Melanoma

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Fibrosarcoma

Photo: 61

Bi‐colored Damselfish Schwannoma

Photo: 73

Neurofibroma

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PNST

Peripheral Nerve Sheath tumor

Dermatofibroma of Angelfish

Photo: 113

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Walleye Dermal sarcoma

Photo: 87

Walleye Dermal Sarcoma

Photo: 88

Lymphoma

Photo: 85 & 110

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Lymphoma

Lymphoma

Basal cell carcinoma

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Branchial carcinoma

Seminoma

Photo: 58

Seminoma

Photo: 59

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Nephroblastoma

Ependymoma

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Neuronal Embryonal Tumors in Fish; Vet Pathol published online 31 December 2009

Photo: 92

Hepatocellular carcinoma

Photo: 102

Cholangiocarcinoma

Photo: 60 112

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Papilloma (Cyrinid herpesvirus 1)

Photo: 72

Viral papillomas of Brown bullhead catfish

Photo: 111

Reported Zebrafish tumors Seminoma (Most common spontaneous

tumor)

Ovarian papillary adenocarcinoma

Adenocarcinoma

Small cell carcinoma of intestine at Ampulla of Vater

Hepatocellular adenoma/carcinoma

Biliary carcinoma/Cholangiocarcinoma

Myxoma/myxosarcoma

Fibrosarcoma

Chordoma

Hemangioma (Retrobulbar hemangioma)

Rhabomyoma/rhabdomyosarcoma

Chondrosarcoma

Osteoma/osteosarcoma

PNST Hepatoblastoma

Nephroblastoma

Renal cell carcinoma

Thyroid adenocarcinoma

Ultimobranchial tumor

Gas bladder adenoma/adenocarcinoma

Pancreatic acinar cell adenoma/carcinoma

Pancreatic ductal adenoma

Islet cell adenoma

Lymphoma

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia

PNST

Melanoma

Complex‐compound odotoma of the pharyngeal teeth

Neuroblastoma/neuroectodermal tumor

Medulloepithelioma

Ganglioglioma

Branchioblastoma

Epidermal papilloma

SCC

Teratoma

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Miscellaneous

Figure 2. Adult female sand tiger shark withstomach prolapse through the right third gillslit.

Figure 1. Internal view of stomach prolapsein a sand tiger shark. Note also the spleen(arrow) is pulled up into the ventral throatregion.

Journal of Fish Diseases 2008, 31, 311–315; Gastric prolapse in sand tiger sharks

Pericardial effusion and dilated cardiomyopathy

Photo: 55

Nephrocalcinosis

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Hepatic megalocytosis

Photo: 56

Gas Bubble Disease

Photo: 57

Gas Bubble Disease: Supersaturation

Photo: 84

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Goiter

Goiter

Cardiomyopathy syndrome

Photo: 82

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Knockdown of Bicaudal C in Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Causes Cystic Kidneys: A Nonmammalian Model of Polycystic Kidney Disease

Bouvrette et al.

Comparative Medicine, Volume 60, Number 2, April 2010 , pp. 96‐106(11)

Dilatation of the pronephric ducts (arrows) and cysts which form in the single glomerulus (arrowheads)

Photo: 106

Cardiac dissecting hemorrhage

Figure 1 Dissecting haemorrhage of the ventricle in rainbow trout. (a) Cut surfaceof the formalin‐fixed ventricle showing haemorrhage along the lateral wall. (b) Sickle‐shaped haemorrhagebetween compact and spongious ventricular myocardium (H&E, bar = 1 cm). (c) Detailshowing haemorrhage and compact myocardium with focus of inflammation to the left (H&E, bar = 50 lm).Journal of Fish Diseases 2009, 32, 1041–1043; Dissecting haemorrhage in rainbow trout

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55. http://zebrafish.org/zirc/health/Disease_images/BigHeartGross4.jpg


57. http://zebrafish.org/zirc/health/Disease_images/GasBubbleDis4.jpg

58. http://zebrafish.org/zirc/health/Disease_images/GrossSeminoma4.jpg

59. http://zebrafish.org/zirc/health/Disease_images/seminoma24.jpg

60. http://zebrafish.org/zirc/health/Disease_images/LiverTumorsDMBA4.jpg

61. http://zebrafish.org/zirc/health/Disease_images/SpincleCellGrossB4.jpg

62. http://zebrafish.org/zirc/health/Disease_images/SpindleCellEye4.jpg

63.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Henneguya_salminicola_in_flesh_of_coho_salmon,_BC,_Canada.JPG

64. http://www.virtualslides.psu.edu/zebrafish.jsp?compare1=08B98770‐2FC7‐5057‐42CF‐8695A7F9C030&

91. http://www.koi‐fish.co.uk/acatalog/ulcer.jpg

92. http://kentsimmons.uwinnipeg.ca/16cm05/16labman05/lb2pg3_files/saprolegnia4.jpg

93. http://vet.sagepub.com/content/47/2/220.full.pdf+html

94. http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S0074‐02762005000200011&script=sci_arttext

95. http://nippyfish.net/Ich4.jpg

96. http://www.vet.cornell.edu/PUBLIC/FishDisease/AquaticProg/highlights/Ich/ICH1.JPG

97. http://www.cnr.vt.edu/fisheries/afs/AFS_education_fisheries_techniques_visuals_chap_14_add.htm

98. http://www.cnr.vt.edu/fisheries/afs/fisheries_techniques

99. http://www.cnr.vt.edu/fisheries/afs/fisheries_techniques/Chapter14/Channel%20catfish%20virus%202.jpg

100. http://www.cnr.vt.edu/fisheries/afs/fisheries_techniques/Chapter14/Channel%20catfish%20virus%201.jpg

101. http://www.alaineknipes.com/parasite_photos/index.html

102. http://www.nature.com/nprot/journal/v5/n3/thumbs/nprot.2010.8‐F5.jpg

103. http://www.alaineknipes.com/parasite_photos/index.html

104. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/75/F_de_Castelnau‐poissonsPl12.jpg

105. http://www.sciencedaily.com/images/2009/05/090507121953‐large.jpg

106. http://renalfellow.blogspot.com/2009/05/zebrafish‐model‐of‐cystic‐kidney.html

107. http://www.mybay.umd.edu/parasites.html

108. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/FA/FA11400.pdf

109. http://www.thefishsite.com/articles/102/invasion‐of‐the‐eye‐flukes\

110. http://www.seagrant.umn.edu/fisheries/img/parasites/lymphosarcoma_b.jpg

111. http://www.glfc.org/tumor/f2b.gif

112. http://www.glfc.org/tumor/f5a.gif

113. http://www.ultimatebettas.com/index.php?showtopic=8863

114. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi‐bin/fulltext/123227302/PDFSTART



117. http://www.state.me.us/ifw/fishing/health/vol2issue2.htm


119. http://www.forumaquario.com.br/portal/tx_doencas.html

120. http://www.epa.gov/glnpo/aoc/presque/catfish‐tumors.jpg

5/6/2010

56

References Histology:

1. http://zfatlas.psu.edu/reference.php

2. http://training.fws.gov/CSP/fish/histo1.html

3. http://aquaticpath.umd.edu/fhm/

4. http://www.vspo.us/vspo

Neoplasia:

5 D J S itb POLA t 2008 5. Dr. Jan Spitbergen POLA notes 2008

6. Registry for Tumors in Lower Animals

General:

7. Edward Noga, Fish Diseases, Diagnosis and treatment, 2000

8. Ronald Roberts, Fish Pathology, 2003

9. Greg Lewbart, Ornamental fish (Self assessment colour review), 1998

10. Gary Ostrander, The laboratory fish, 2000

11. Erwin Amlacher, Textbook of fish diseases, 1970

12. Fish diseases vol 1 and vol 2, (Ed.) J Eiras et al., 2008

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