Logical deduction (With Activity)
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Transcript of Logical deduction (With Activity)
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LOGICAL DEDUCTION
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Deduction and Syllogism
Deduction is a process of reasoning where we begin with a general truth to a particular conclusion.
Syllogism is the set of arguments that derives a conclusion from two previous statements called “premises”.
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Quantity of Arguments
Quantity
Universal- signaled by the qualifiers all and no.All humans are mortal beings.No male is female.
Particular- signaled by the qualifiers some, few, most of, not all, ect.Some birds can fly.Not all mammals live on land.
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Quality of Arguments
Quality Affirmative- consenting to
something.All humans are mortal beings.Some birds can fly.
Negative- negating or denying somethingNo male is female.Not all mammals live on land.
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Premises and Terms of Syllogisms
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Major Premise
The first argument that contains the Middle Term and Major Term. Major Term is the predicate of the Major
Premise and the Conclusion. Example:
All mortal beings will die.All human beings are mortal
beings.Therefore, all human beings will
die.
Major TermMajor
Premise
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Minor Premise
The second argument that contains the Minor Term and the Middle Term. Minor Term is the subject of the Minor
Premise and the Conclusion. Example:
All mortal beings will die.All human beings are mortal
beings.Therefore, all human beings
will die.
Minor Premise
Minor Term
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Middle Term
The subject of the Major Premise and the predicate of the Minor premise. Example:
All mortal beings will die.All human beings are mortal
beings.Therefore, all human beings will
die.
Middle Term
Middle Term
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RULES FOR DERIVING CONCLUSIONS FROM TWO GIVEN PREMISES
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Rule 1
The conclusion must not contain the Middle Term.
Example:No male is female.John is male.Therefore, female is
male???
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Rule 2
No term can be distributed in the conclusion unless it is distributed in the premises.
Example:
All cats have fur.Some furs are orange.Therefore, some fur
are cats???some cats are
orange???
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Rule 3
The middle term should he distributed at least once in the premises. Otherwise, the conclusion cannot follow. Example:
All cats have fur.Some furs are orange.Therefore, some fur
are cats???some cats are
orange???
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Rule 4
No conclusion follows if both the premises are particular. Example:
Some that can fly are birds.Some ducks can fly.Therefore, some ducks are birds.
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Rule 5
No conclusion follows if both the premises are negative. Example:
No mango is bitter.No balsam apple is mango.Therefore, no apple is
bitter???
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Rule 6
No conclusion follows if the major premise is particular and the minor premise is negative. Example:
Some dogs are bulls.No tigers are dogs.No dogs are tigers.???
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Rule 7
If one premise is negative, the conclusion must be negative. Example:
All grasses are trees.
No tree is shrub.
No grasses are shrubs.
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Rule 8
If one premise is particular, the conclusion must be particular. Example:
Some boys are thieves.
All thieves are bandits.
Some boys are bandits.
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Rule 9
If both the premises are affirmative, the conclusion must be affirmative. Example:All women are mothers.All sisters are womenAll sisters are mothers.
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Rule 10
If both the premises are universal, the conclusion must be universal. Examples:
All mortal beings will die.All human beings are mortal
beings.Therefore, all human beings will
die.
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All humans will die. ___________________________ Lito will die.
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___________________________ All whales are mammals All whales have lungs.
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All animals are living beings. Some flying objects are animals. ___________________________
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Angles <90° are Acute Angles. Angle ABC is 40°. ___________________________
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___________________________ Beef is a red meat Beef contains iron.
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All birds have feathers. ___________________________ Roosters have feathers.