Proposition

external sign of judgment provides reason, explanation to support a judgment made expresses an idea, explanation feeling or emotion. can be analyzed as either true or false

definition a statement which affirms or denies something about a reality or object

Elements of a Proposition

Subject term

the point under discussion the central focus or the main idea or the content in a proposition term to be affirmed or denied

Predicate term tells or describes something about the main idea (or the subject term) in a proposition that w/c is to be affirmed or denied of the subject

Copula

the connector b/w the subject & the predicate term; generally using the verb “to be”

Kinds of a Proposition

Categorical

proposition by which the affirmation or denial b/w two concepts is expressed in an Absolute, Immediate, Direct or Unconditional manner

Hypothetical

proposition by which the affirmation or denial b/w two concepts is expressed in an Indirect & Conditional manner

If man can think then he is rational.

Mangyans are the minorities from Mindoro.

Kinds of hypothetical PropositionConditional

contains antecedent & consequent statements

If man can think then he is rational

Disjunctive

presents alternatives but one of these alternative will prove to be true & the other will be false

Either you love me or you hate me

Kinds of hypothetical Proposition

Conjunctive

denies the simultaneous possibility of two alternatives

Man can not be rational & irrational at the same time

4 Standard forms of C.P.

All government officials are natural-born citizens No involuntary act is a conscious act Several movie directors are passionate Not all commentators are objective

Quantity or Extension of the Proposition

The quantity of the proposition can be determined by checking the quantifiers used in each proposition

Universal if it implies each & every member of the class or if it signifies general expression & ideas common quantifiers are “all, every, no, no one, nobody, nothing, none, whoever, whenever, whichever, whomever, whatever, whenever”

Singular

if it refers to something definite or refers to only one.

Nouns, personal pronouns, collective nouns are example of singular quantifier

Particular if it pertains to a part of a whole or less than the whole, or something definite

indefinite pronouns are most commonly used particular quantifiers like “many, several. Most, few, almost all, not all, some, part, etc.

Quality of the Proposition

The quality of proposition is determined by the quality of the copula

Affirmative

whenever the predicate term accepts something of the subject term

Negative whenever the predicate term negates or denies something of the subject term

All roses are flowers.

A squash is not an eggplant.

PropositionProposition QuantityQuantity QualityQuality

AA Universal or Universal or SingularSingular

AffirmativeAffirmative

EE Universal or Universal or SingularSingular

NegativeNegative

II ParticularParticular AffirmativeAffirmative

OO ParticularParticular NegativeNegative

Quantity or Extension of the Predicate

Is entirely different from the quantity of the proposition

to determined the quantity of the predicate, the point of reference will be the quality of the proposition, whether affirmative or affirmative

Particular if the quality of the proposition is affirmative, the quantity of the predicate is automatically particular

if the quality of the proposition is negative, the quantity of the predicate is automatically universal

Universal

This modern technology is the solution to our problem

Most ideas were not expressed

Subject term Predicate term

Quantity of proposition

Quality of the Prop.

Symbol Quantity of the predicate

Government officials

Natural-born citizens

Universal Affirmative A Particular

Involuntary act Conscious act

Universal Negative E Universal

Movie directors Passionate Particular Affirmative I Particular

Commentators Objective Particular Negative O Universal

All government officials are natural-born citizens No involuntary act is a conscious act Several movie directors are passionate Not all commentators are objective

All affirmative propositions share their extensions to the subject terms and by doing so the predicate gives some of its parts to the subject subject is drawn to the extension of the predicate

In Negative propositions the subject is excluded from the extension of the predicate No relationship exists b/w the subject and the predicate