Loadstatic loador dead load

live loads, deadloads andimpact loads

dynamic loador invisibleload

wind and earthquake

Ching, F. (2008). Building construction illustrated (4th ed.). Hoboken, New Jersey:John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2.08.

Load support

Clay bricktypes

pressedbrick

cutbrick

A4 sheet

ways to support

largetouchingsurface area

thick wall

air tight cube

stiffness

quick intransfering load

- Load types

Knowledge Maps (weekly elearning and reading modules)

Knowledge Map (theatre session)

- Ways to support heavy load by weak support

Week - 1

stiffness

Materials

Strength

Stiffness Shape

Materialbehaviours

Economysustainability

steel

compression

tension

brick

FlexiblilityLinear

Planar

Volumetric

isotropic

anisotropic

price availibility

manufacturingeffects on theenvironment

efficiency

ropeconcrete

- Plan section

Plan section is a horizontal cut drawing ofthe inner part of a room or a buildingoverlooking the place from 2/3 of the height.Thus, it includes all the materials under the2/3 height. (Fig.1)

- Drawing the sections

- Elevation section

Elevation section is a vertical cutdrawing of a room or a building. (Fig.2)

- The drawing of these two sections depictsdifferent materials of a room or a building.

Fig. 1

Fig.2

- Material Behaviours

Studio session report

- Load

Load from the building isdistributed to the groundby load paths in therespective beams andcolumns. (Fig. 5)

- Compression

Compression works well inhard materials such asrocks. This method wascommon in the ancientperiod as there is no steeldevelopment. (Fig, 3)

- Tension

Tension works well withsome materials such assteel and ropes. (Fig.4)

Fig. 3

Fig. 4

- Force

A diagram of a forceindicates 3 things:

magnitude, direction andsense. (Fig. 6)

Fig. 5

Fig. 6

- Model Making - Medium Density Fibreboard (MDF) tower

- Chosen type - circular based tower whichwalls will be narrower as it goes up.- By doing so, MDF cubes are used lesser andlesser although it is going upwards.- Then square type structure will continue atthe end of the circular structure in order to goup higher. (Fig. 7), (Fig. 10)

- The arch is supported by 2 strong columnswhich are made by touching the cubes closely.This makes compression between the cubes to bestronger. (Fig. 9)

Fig. 7

Fig. 9

Fig. 8

The cubes are arranged in a style of 1cube above 2and made to form vertical columns. Compressionbetween the cubes allows the structure to go up.(Fig. 8)

Fig. 10 Fig. 11 Fig. 12

Glossary

Load Path - the path where load is transferred to the groundMasonry - a structure of combination of mortar and other materials such as bricksCompression - compression happens when two opposite external forces act upon anobject making the substances in the object compact.Reaction Force - a force reacted from the object when a force is applied to an object.Point Load - a load which exerct at a point rather than all over the place.Beam - specific materials such as timber which are placed in horizontal position andused in supporting load, roof, etc...

Load

support

joint

Light plasticbowl+ rocks

limitednumber ofstraws

high water tank

pins

common typesof joints problems

possible solution

wobble andweak instrength

Pin joints

use two pins in thejoints and makefoundation for thestructure

• Knowledge map (theatre session)

Structural systems solidcompression

arch

frame

skeletal

efficient fortransferringload

membrane

found instadiums

cover largearea

Hybrid

skeletal+membrane

skeletal+plain surface

• Knowledge map (weekly elearning and reading modules)

- Structural systems

- Making model of high water tank

Week- 2

constructing systems

structural system

enclosure system

service/mechanicalsystems

verticalextension abovethe foundation

columns, beams,walls supportingfloor and roofsturctures

foundation orsubstructure

roof and exteriorwalls

barriers for

doors

windows Interior wallsand partitions

outside weather,moisture, heat,airflow

noise

security

water supplysystem

sewage disposalsystem

heating, ventilatingand air-conditioningsystems

electricalsystem

veritcal transportationsystems

fire-fightingsystems

waste disposaland recyclingsystems

pin joints+concreteor slab

common

used for moving

Fixed joints

Joints

Rollar Joints

Pin joints

- Joints

- Constructing systems

Ching, F. (2008). Building construction illustrated (4th ed.). Hoboken, New Jersey:John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2.03.

- The amount of load transferredto the ground by the columnsdepends on the distance betweenthe load and the columns.

- Like electric current, most ofthe load go to the nearestcolumn. Therefore, in thediagram, column A has more loadthan column B.

• Transferring loads and columns

- All columns do not carry loadto the ground.

- In the diagram, column C isnot carrying the load but it hasa downward force to balance thestructure.

• Pin Joint and reinforcement

If a force is applied from one side of thestructure,

The structure can become like this.

Studio session report

Fig. 3 Fig. 4

Fig. 2

Fig. 1

In diagonal bracing, the structure is reinforced by two braces which can produce tensionor compression force when an outside applys.In sheer bracing, the small braces stabalised the structure by making the columns unableto move.

• Model making - structural system

- The structure chosen to work is triangular based model. The decision is madebecause of the limited amount of materials and the stability of triangular structure.(Fig.7)

- In making joints, surface area for the glue to be appliedis made to be large so that every wood is glued moreeffectively and load is transferred by more surface of thewood. (Fig.8)

Fig.7 Fig.8 Fig.9

- The ascending woods are reinforced by diagonal bracing method to stablise thestructure as it becomes higher. This make tension or compression when a force is appliedto the model. So, the model can be still stable. (Fig.3)

Fig. 5 Fig. 6

- The structure becomes weaker and starts to wobble as it goes up although there arereinforcements. This can be because of the columns which are arranged in differentstyles. (Fig. 10)

Fig.10 Fig.11

- After finishing the top part, the structure seems to be quite stable as the load of thetop part make the wobble base to be straight and stronge to some distance. (Fig.11)

Glossary

- Structural joint - a junction of two structure which is connected by joint.- Stability - a quality of a structure which cannot be moved or rotated or bent.- Tension - tension occurs when there are two forces acting to an object in oppositedirections- Frame - one of the components of a structure which is basic and important insupporting other components.- Bracing - a kind of reinforcement- Column - a vertical structure of a building which transfer loads from the above tothe ground.

Week 3

Knowledge Maps

Lot 6concrete structures (situ) as the accessibleentrance is too narrow for large vehicles.

- When building the foundation of the building,concrete soldier piles or beams will be insertednear 1888 building. Between the beams, therewill be timber lagging or concrete retaining wallwhich will retain the soil from falling down (asshown in the picture.The job of the retaining walls is to stablise thesides of the foundation wall (Newton, 2014).

Oval pallivion- Structural system of the building consistsof concrete block wall, timber and steel.- Steel is used for long beams orcantilevers especially in the canopy roofstructure as timber is limited to its length(as shown it the picture with red boxes).- Timber is used for columns inside thebuilding where moisture is not high.

- Foam used for concreteis made of steel as thereare no bubbles on theconcrete surface and theyare smooth and nofinishing is needed.

- The columns are the only structure systemwhich carry load in this building. Beamstransfer loads between the columns (as shown inthe diagram above).

adapted from Ching (2008, p. 3.07)

- Concrete blocks has holes which are filledwith reinforcing steel rods with concretemixture.

New architecture building

- The cantilever - load from the overhangingcantilever is tied back by the diagonal steelto the columns and then to the ground. Thestructure is built to have 2degree up as itwill fall down 2degree after finishing thestructure.

- Concrete (precast and situ) is used for forstructural and wall systems.- Precast walls are attached to the concreteslab as curtain walls and the wall panels aresupported by the structural frame which isconcrete (as shown in green box in thepicture).

The University sport building BeaurepaireCentre

- Steel columns and beams are the structuralsystem.- The structure alone is weak to resist windand any movement so the sheer walls arebuilt at each end and in the middle of thebuilding to get the resisting strength.- The sheer wall acts as shown in thepicture (the red arrow is the lateral force).

Ching (2008, p. 7.24)

- Servicing are install under theconcrete slab but they are left as in thepicture untill the ceiling is installed.

- This type of sheer bracing can also resist forcesfrom above and below as it acts like a closedbox.

- Glass are installed between the sheer wall formaximising natural light inside the building.

Union house

- The structural system of the Union houseextension is mansonry brick wall.- Foams are used between some course andperpend as expansion gaps and joints formovement controll and prevent cracking.

Art west - steel truss

- Truss is relatively light structure,cheap and efficient.- Truss is used for roofing andservicing such as lighting for the area.

South car park

- Concrete columns are the main structure of the car park.- The odd number or the even number of the slabs and the columns are poured firstand the remaining are connected with them. This is because the load of the slab willbe too heavy for scafflolding if all the slabs are poured at once.- The columns are modified so that plants above are able to absorb water.- Reinforcing steel bars in the concrete columns are easily exposable as the concreteis not thick enough. Thus, the steel rods started to rust due to the moisture from theabove of the slabs.

- If the mansonry of the building started to crack, thejoints will stop the cracking line thus the wholebuilding is not damaged.- Expansion joints allow the bricks to move if thereare some minor movemments in the soil.

Glossary

Moment- applied load to a beam or a structural element that creates the element tobend or rotate.Retaining wall- a wall structure that retain earth from beside and carrys load fromabove.Strip footing- a footin which length is shorter than breadth.Slab on ground- a concrete slab poured on the ground.Substructure- part of foundation that supports structures above.Slab plate - carry verticle forces and spread the forces between the columns (usuallysupported by beams)Beams - horizontal element carry vertical load using bending resistance.stut - slender element, carry load parallel to its axis (compression).Curtain wall- an exterior wall supported wholly by the steel or concrete structure frameof a building and carrying no loads other than its own weight and wind loads.

Week 4

KnowledgeMaps

Scale activities (terms and how they are arranged

ScaleScale described in the A3 size drawings are actually the scales of the building in A1size paper. Therefore, the measurements obtained from the drawings should bemultiplied by 20 to obtain the actual building's measurement.

AnnotationSome abbreviations and numbers used to annotate the building are explained in Legendand abbreviation legend. The rest are described in the commentary which is in the lastpages of the drawing set.

Working drawing conventionsUnits such as glass and concrete walls, columns and doors and windows are drawn inspecific way to be able to distinguished. In addition, the drawings are explained in thelegend. In this way, the builders and the clients know what kind of materials are used.

Compare with actual building- Not everything in the drawing is visible inthe actual building during the site visit. Forexample, all of the roof structural elementsare not seen.- Thus, there are more visible information inthe drawings.- But, there are some changes in the actualsite which are not included in the drawing.For example, barbeque area is not in thedrawing.

Comparison of the scale of the building andthe scale of the drawings.There will be some minor dimension errors inthe actual building where materials aredifficult to be adjusted according to the scalein the drawings.

Differences between architectural drawing andstructural drawingArchitecture drawings often include 3Ddrawing to help visualising the structure. Italso include more about how to construct thestructures.

One of the Architecture drawings. (OvalPavilion, Cox Architecture, Melboure)

One of structural drawings (Oval Pavilion,Cox Architecture, Melbourne)

1. Title Block

List the types of information found in the title block on the floor plan page.- Title- Contacts of architect, engineers and consultants- Scales, orientation- Dates of issues (changes)

Why might this information be important?- Title shows the part of the building that the drawing represents.- Given contacts make easier to connect with the consultants if there is any case in the siteand the client knows who to contact.- Scales give the actual building's measurement and orientation makes clear which directionthe building is facing.

2. Drawing content- Plans

What type of information is shown in this floor plan?- References for the types of materials, dimensions, total surface areas of rooms, tiltdegrees, references for the details of some areas, types of rooms, stairs, clouds which areshowing the changes in plans, surroundings of the building, fire rating, places of columnsand specific materials in some rooms.

Provide an example of the dimensions as they appear on this floor plan? What units areused for the dimensions?- The length of the side of service yard and kitchen is 6650. Millimeter and meter squareare used in the dimensions.

Is there a grid? What system is used for identifying the grid lines?- There is a grid. Structural system is used. Grid lines connect the columns from the Northand from the East.

What is the purpose of the legend?- Legend explains the notations and initials used the drawing, the types of the walls andfire ratings.

Why are some parts of the drawing annotated? Illustrate how the annotations areassociated with the relevant part of the drawing.- Some parts are annotated to describe the changes to be made, to show the type ofmaterials used, to describe how the materials are placed and to describe some insignificantpart of the building in the drawing such as ridge.

Illustrate how references to other drawings areshown on the plan. What do these symbolsmean?The combination of a letter and numbers isthe page number of other drawings and thenumber above is the number of the diagram inthe page. Example is seen in the pictures.

Illustrate how floor levels are noted on the plan?- Floor levels are shown by the sign FALL and degree with an arrow that shows the slope.

Are some areas of the drawing clouded? Why?- Clouds show the places which needs to be changed.

3. Drawing content – Elevations

- What type of information is shown in this elevation? How does it differ from theinformation shown on the plan?Materials used for the exteriors are shown by abbreviations and measurements of exteriorare also shown. Some information about the materials are only easily visible in theelevation and it shows the exterior views of the building.

- Are dimensions shown? If so, how do they differ from the dimensions on the plan?Provide an example of the dimensions as they relate to the elevation.There are dimensions. They are the same as those shown on the plan. For example thedistance between Line 6 and 7 in the plan is 6250mm and the distance between line 6 and7 in the elevation is also 6250mm.

- What types of levels are shown on the elevations? Illustrate how levels are shown inrelation to the elevation.The basement level is not shown on the elevations. Only the ground floor is shown. Theelevation shows the exterior part of the building what we would actually see from theground level.

- Is there a grid? If so, how/ where is it shown?There is a grid. It is the same as the grid in the plans. So, they are drawn according tothe columns.

- What types of information on the elevations are expressed using words? Illustrate howthis is done.The places which need to be changed and the details of some parts which are not visiblein lateral view are described in words.

How are windows and doors identified?Provide an example of each. Is there arationale to their numbering? What dothese numbers mean? Can you find theanswer somewhere in the drawings?

- Windows and doors are noted by thenumbers tagged wiht respective roomnumber. For example as from the picture,D02/2.04 indicates that the door is thesecond door of the room 2.04. W04/2.04shows that the window is the fourthwindow W04 of the room 2.04.

4. Drawing content – Sections

- What type of information is shown in this section? How does it differ from theinformation shown on the plan and elevation?Sections show the information which are included in the plan in side view. However,unlike elevation, it also shows exterior and interior of the whole building includingbasement level. Unlike plan, it shows in vertical section.

- Illustrate how the section drawing differentiates between building elements that arecut through and those that are shown in elevation (beyond).In section it is drawn as a lateral cut through section showing the interior parts.

- Provide examples of how different materials are shown on the sections.The external structure of the building is ripped off to show the materials used inside(as shown in the picture).

5. Drawing content – Details

- What sorts of things are detailed?Things which interior parts such as joints are difficult to be seen in plan, elevationand section are detailed.- Are the details compressed using break lines? Why?The details use compressed use break lines because some parts can be left out in thedrawings as they are just repeating structure as the others.

- Provide examples of how different materials are shown on drawings at this scale.In details, the details of the materialscontaining in the structure are shown.The picture shows the details of one of thestairs of the building.

- Illustrate how the doors and windows areidentified on the elevations.They are identified by the door or windownumber tag with room number.

Glossary

Joist- horizontal timbers or steel which support floors while spanning between wallsand beams.Steel Decking- layout for concrete slab. This decking acts as reinforcement for theconcrete and it cannot be removed from the concrete after the concrete is stiff.Span- the distance between centers of joistsGirder- a large beam that supports other joists along its length.Concrete Plank- concrete flat beam used for flooring.Spacing- spacing between a centre of joist to the other centre of joist.

Week 5

Knowledge Maps

The structural system - built materials - formcore (main)- light, strong in some orientions,cardboard - base and the three cylindercolumns, glue

Steel is used over timber for the long trussbeam of the structure because of thelimitations timber's length.

Structural system of the canopyThe main structural system are the threecylinder columns and the main beam truss andthe cantilevers with truss which run to manydirections from the truss. In actural building,all the materials used are steel.

Classification of structural systems according totheir systems

The three cylinder columns carry loads fromall of the structure to the ground.

The truss beam distribute loads between thethree columns and carry loads from thecantilevers.

The cantilevers will carry loads which will bethe roof to the beams.

Materials used - form core (main)- light, strong in certain orientions,cardboard - the three cylinder columns. It is rolled to get the maximum strength.glue - for the joints.

cantilever beamsrunning to themain beam

Comparison with others

Joints are made by gluing the touched twoformcores. To give the glue large area tostick, some parts are cut.

The main three columns will transfer loadfrom the whole structure to the ground.

The over all performance of the model iswobble but stiff. This is because the actualstructure also relies on the timber columnswhich locate inside and behind the canopy.

The other group who had to build another partof the canopy used balsa wood and maskingtapes for joints for the whole structure. Thestructure needs props as that part's load relies onthe three cylinder columns of the other part ofthe canopy.

The remaining group uses white card to buildthe whole structure. One big column and wallsin the floor level are carrying all the load abovewhile walls on second level carry their loadabove and transfer back to the structures in floorlevel.

Glossary

Stud- vertical structural which is used in stud frames.Nogging- horizontal member which reduce buckling of studs in stud frames.Axial Load- longitudinal force acting on a structural member.Seasoned Timber- timber which water content is less than 15%.