Locomotor system Organs and structures concerning with the animal movements Passive skeletal...
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Transcript of Locomotor system Organs and structures concerning with the animal movements Passive skeletal...
Locomotor systemLocomotor system
Organs and structures concerning with the animal movementsPassive skeletal
structureBones (osteology)Joints (artherolog)
Active skeletal structure
Muscles (myology)
Dr: Ahmed Saber Vet. Anat. 1. 2008
OsteologyOsteology Def: it is the science deals with
the bonesFunctions of bones1. give the body shape (through skeleton)2. Storage of minerals (calcium)3. Storage of lipids (yellow marrow)4. Blood cell production (red marrow)5. Protection6. Leverage (force of motion)
Dr: Ahmed Saber Vet. Anat. 1. 2008
Classification of Classification of bonesbones
I- according to shape, position and function
1-long or tubular bones•Long, cylindrical with Long, cylindrical with central cavitycentral cavity•have long body, proximal have long body, proximal and distal extremitiesand distal extremities•Present in limbs as Present in limbs as humerus, radius and femur humerus, radius and femur •Act as supporting column Act as supporting column and leversand levers
Dr: Ahmed Saber Vet. Anat. 1. 2008
1-long or tubular bones (cont)
Reduced long bone: have very small have very small central cavity as central cavity as small metatarsal small metatarsal and metacarpal and metacarpal bonebone
elongated bone: have no medullary have no medullary cavity as ribscavity as ribs
Smal
l met
acar
pal
larg
e m
etac
arpa
l
Rib
Dr: Ahmed Saber Vet. Anat. 1. 2008
2- flat bones Is plate likeIs plate like give area for muscles give area for muscles
attachmentsattachments Protect underline vital Protect underline vital
organorgan Scapula, pelvic bone Scapula, pelvic bone
and skulland skull3- short bones Has similar Has similar
dimensionsdimensions diffuse and reduce diffuse and reduce
concussion concussion carpal and tarsal bonecarpal and tarsal bone Carpal bones
Dr: Ahmed Saber Vet. Anat. 1. 2008
4- Irregular bones irregular in shapeirregular in shape single bone & median single bone & median
positionposition As vertebrae As vertebrae 5- sesamoid bones Present between Present between
tendons and joint tendons and joint reduce the frictions reduce the frictions
between tendons and between tendons and bonesbones
As proximal and distal As proximal and distal sesamoid bonessesamoid bones
larg
e m
etac
arpa
l
Prox
imal
ses
amoi
d
vertebra
Dr: Ahmed Saber Vet. Anat. 1. 2008
6- pneumatic bone Have air spaces instead of Have air spaces instead of
central cavitycentral cavity As Para-nasal sinus of As Para-nasal sinus of
mammalmammal the majority of birds skeletonthe majority of birds skeleton
Dr: Ahmed Saber Vet. Anat. 1. 2008
1- compact bone Forming the external dense shell of all bones Its thickness is differ
– thick in the middle and thin at the extremitiesthick in the middle and thin at the extremities
II- according to their structures
Compact bone
Medullary cavity
Periosteum
Dr: Ahmed Saber Vet. Anat. 1. 2008
Haversian system or osteonHaversian system or osteon: is the : is the microscopical structure of bonesmicroscopical structure of bones
Dr: Ahmed Saber Vet. Anat. 1. 2008
2- Spongy bones Delicates bony
spicules and trabeculae
have spongy appearance
Its spaces is filled by bone marrow
The spongy bone (trajectories) fill the short bones
And fill the extremities of long bones
Spongy bone
Bony trabeculae
Compact bone
Marrow space
Dr: Ahmed Saber Vet. Anat. 1. 2008
1- endochondral bones:
from hyaline cartilagefrom hyaline cartilage
All except skull and flat boneAll except skull and flat bone2- intramembranous bones:
From fibrous membranesFrom fibrous membranes
Cranial and flat bonesCranial and flat bones
III- according to their development
Dr: Ahmed Saber Vet. Anat. 1. 2008
1- Axial bones: unpaired, in medain line Skull, vertebrae, sternum
2- Appendicular bones: bone of limbs
3- Splanchnic or visceral bones: within soft tissues os cordis of ruminant, os penis of dog, os diaphragmatic of camel
IV- according to their position
Dr: Ahmed Saber Vet. Anat. 1. 2008
Cross anatomical Cross anatomical components of long components of long
bonebonePeriosteum Compact bone
Endosteum Medullary cavity
Dr: Ahmed Saber Vet. Anat. 1. 2008
1-Periosteum(the outer connective tissue covering), it divided into
– Outer protective layer (more fibers)
– Inner cellular layer (osteogenic )
Its function – Isolate bone from
surrounding tissues– route for circulatory and
nervous supply– bone growth and repair
Outer fibrouslayer
Inner cellularlayer
Dr: Ahmed Saber Vet. Anat. 1. 2008
2- Compact substanceThick at the shaft and thin at extremities
3- Spongy bone at the extremities
4- Medullary cavitycontain the marrow
5- Bone marrowin the central cavity of long bones and in the central cavity of long bones and within the spaces of spongy bonewithin the spaces of spongy bone
Dr: Ahmed Saber Vet. Anat. 1. 2008
types of bone marrow– Red marrow (mainly in young and rich in
blood forming cells)– Yellow marrow( in adult, much amount of
fat cells)– Gelatinous (degenerated yellow marrow in
senile animal or badly nourished animal) 6- Endosteum
– thin fibrous membrane – lined the central cavity and haversian
canals of long bone.– covers the trabeculae of spongy bones
Dr: Ahmed Saber Vet. Anat. 1. 2008
Gross anatomical Gross anatomical regions of long boneregions of long bone
1.Middle body (shaft or diaphysis)
2.Proximal and distal extremities (epiphysis)
3.In young the growth zone (metaphysis) is located between epiphysis and diaphysis)
4. in adult metaphysis become ossify know as epiphyseal lineDr: Ahmed Saber Vet. Anat. 1. 2008
Epiphysis
Epiphyseal line ormetaphysis in young
Diaphysis
Epiphysis
Epiphyseal line ormetaphysis in young
Articular cartilage
Spongy bone
Periosteum
Compact bone
Endosteum
Medullary cavity
Dr: Ahmed Saber Vet. Anat. 1. 2008
Gross structures of Gross structures of short, irregular and short, irregular and flat bonesflat bones
In the skull the spongy bones is called diploe, contain diploic veins
Compact layer
Spongy bone (trabeculae, spaces, endosteum and marrow
Compact layer
Periosteum
Periosteum
Dr: Ahmed Saber Vet. Anat. 1. 2008
Chemical composition of Chemical composition of bonesbones
A-organic material (35%)cells, osteoid (ground sulfated mucopolysaccharides) and collagen fibersit provides toughness and elasticity
B- inorganic materials (65%)mostly calcium and phosphorusit provides hardness to bones
The bones are hard structures consists of 5% water and 95% solid materials, that divided
into
Dr: Ahmed Saber Vet. Anat. 1. 2008
Blood and nerve supply of Blood and nerve supply of bonesbones
1- Arterial blood supply
I. medullary or nutrient artery
II. periosteal arteries
III. epiphseal arteries
IV. metaphyseal arteries
Dr: Ahmed Saber Vet. Anat. 1. 2008
2- Venous drainage few accompany arteries but the majoirty not accompany the
arteries, they emerge near the articular surfaces
3- Lymph vessels forming channels within periosteum and
haversian canals larger lymphatic passes with the veins
4- Nerve supplyvasomotor (autonomic) to vesselssensory fibers distributed mainly in the
periosteumDr: Ahmed Saber Vet. Anat. 1. 2008
Skeleton Skeleton
1- Exoskeletonfrom ectodermshells, scales of fish, feather of birds, hair and hoofs of mammals
2- Endoskeletonfrom mesoderm (except notochord from endoderm)bones and cartilages of animal
It is the framework of hard structures (bones & cartilages) which support the soft tissues,
and is divided into
Dr: Ahmed Saber Vet. Anat. 1. 2008
Classification of Classification of mammalian skeletonmammalian skeleton
1- Axial skeletonskull, vertebrae, ribs and sternum
2- Appendicular skeletonbones of limbs
3- Splanchnic or visceral skeletonos penis of dog, os cordis of ruminant, os diaphragmaticus of camel
Dr: Ahmed Saber Vet. Anat. 1. 2008