Locomotion and Support 1-1

8/11/2019 Locomotion and Support 1-1

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LOCOMOTION AND SUPPORT[CHAPTER BIOLOGY FORM 5]

2.1 Support and Locomotion in Humans and Animals

1. Support and locomotion in humans and animals

2. Appreciating a healthy musculoskeletal system

3. Support in plants


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a) Locomotionthe ability of an organism to move from one place to anotherb) Movementa change in position in any part of an organisms body

consists ofHuman Skeletal System

Types of skeleton in animals

Hydrostatic skeleton

Found in soft-bodiedinvertebrates

The skeleton containsfluid within the bodycavity

The fluid is kept under

pressure to maintainthe shape of the body

Earthworm

Exoskeleton

Found in bodies ofarthropods (insects andcrabs)

It is made up of chitin

Supports and protectsinternal organs

Crab

Endoskeleton

Found in all vertebrates

It consists of hard andtough skeleton of bones

It is made up of calciumand phosphate

Important for support,

protection, locomotionand formation oferythrocytes

Necessity oflocomotion

To search the food

To search for shelter

To search for the mate

To run away from predators

Axial skeleton

Appendicular skeleton

Function of skeletal

system

For muscle attachment

Stores calcium and phosphate

Produces blood cells

Protects internal organs

Provide shape and support


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Axial skeleton


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Vertebrae

Vertebral column

Ribcage

Has a pair of transverseforamen through which bloodvessels and nerve pass


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Appendicular skeleton

Spinous process

For attachment of muscle

and ligament

Facets

To articulate or join with

another vertebra

Vertebral foramen

To contain spinal cord

Vertebral arch

Protects the spinal cord

Transverse process

For attachment of muscle andligament

Centrum

Gives support and bear the

weight of lower back

Lumbar vertebra

Spinous process arelong and directed

downwards

Large centrum to

bear the weight ofthe lower back


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Pectoral girdle Pelvic girdle

Forelimb bones Hindlimb bones

Exercises1. Diagram below shows the human skeleton. Label the structure in the diagram.


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2. Diagram 2 shows a human vertebral column. Label the structures and state the number of P, Q, R,S and T.

Tendons and ligaments


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Joint - the place where two or more bones meet

Tendonsconnect muscles to bones

Tendons are tough, strong, flexible but not elastic

Tendons ensure that the pulling force exerted by the muscular contraction is transmitted to the

bone, to pull the bone and cause movement

Ligamentsare flexible, strong and elastic connective tissues that join bone to other bone at a

joint

Ligaments allow bone to move and prevent disclocation of the joints during movement

A typical synovial joint

A joint which has a cavity filled with fluid

Freely movable

Types of joints

Cartilageis a soft tissue that

reduces friction and absorbs

mechanical shock during movement.

Synovial fluidis secreted

by synovial membrane

acts as a lubricant and

reduces friction between

bones durin movement.

Triceps muscles


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Skeletal muscles

Type of joints Function Examples

Ball and socket joints Allows rotational

movement of bones in all

directions

Allow the swinging of

arms and legs in acircular motion

Shoulder joints

(between the humerus

and the pectoral

girdle)

Hip joint(between the femur

and the pelvic girdle)

Hinge joints Allows the movement of

bones in one plane only

Knee

Elbow

Finger bones Toe bones

Immovable joints Not allowed any movement

of the bones

Skull


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Skeletal musclesare tissues which can contract and relax to allow movement of the bones

Produce movements by exerting the pulling force on the tendons that are attached to the bones

Skeletal muscles must work in pairsantagonistic pairs

When one muscle contracts, the other muscle relaxes

Consequences of impaired musculoskeletal system on support and locomotion

When the arm is bent A strai htened arm

When the biceps contracts, thetendons transmits the pullingforce produced by the contractionto the forearm

At the same time, the tricepsrelaxes

The elbow joint bends and theradius and ulna are pulledupwards

The forearm moves upwards

When the triceps contracts and thebiceps relaxes, the radius and ulna

are pulled downwards

The forearm is straightened


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Muscle cramps An involuntary, forcibly contracted muscle that does not relax

When a cramp begins, the spinal cord stimulates the muscle to

keep contracting

Causes: inadequate stretching, muscle fatigue

Muscular dystrophy Caused by the progressive degeneration and weakness of the

skeletal muscles which control movement

Caused by a mutated gene which is found on X chromosome

The mutated gene causes the body unable to produce the

proteins needed to build and maintain healthy muscles

Mainly affected boys

There is no cure for muscular dystrophy

Osteoporosis Common disease among elderly women

The bones become thinner, more brittle and more porous

Can be prevented by taking enough amount of calcium,

phosphorus and vitamin D

Regular exercise can reduce likelihood of bone fractures and

help to reduce bone mineral loss

Arthritis A condition where the joints become swollen, stiff and painful

Osteoarthritis is caused by wear and tear of the cartilage inside

certain joints

The production of synovial fluid in the joints will decrease due

to ageing process

Cartilage between bones becomes thinner and ligaments

shorten and lose some of their elasticity

The mechanism of locomotion in animals

i) Animal with a hydrostatic skeleton : earthworm


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1. When circular musclecontract, thelongitudinal muscles

relax2. The organismbecomes shorter andthinner

3. When circular musclerelax, the longitudinalmuscles contract

4. The organismbecomes shorter andthicker

5. The circular andlongitudinal muscles

contract rhythmicallyto produce wavesalong the body

6. An earthworm hasbristle called chaetae

which anchor parts ofthe body to the groundso that the other partscan be pulled towardsit

ii) Animal with an exoskeleton : grasshopper

1. A grasshopper has antagonistic muscles : flexor and extensor muscles2. Flexor muscles bend a joint while extensor muscles straighten it3. The rear legs are adapted for hopping; the legs are long and muscular4. When the flexor muscles in the upper part of legs contract, the lower legs are

pulled towards the bodythe hind legs are folded in a Z shape and ready forjump

5. When the extensor muscles contract, the legs jerk backwards, propelling thegrasshopper forwards and upwards into the air

iii) Animal with an endoskeleton : fish

Myotomes are W-shaped muscleblocks that make up each side of the

body of a fish

When the muscles on one sidecontract, those on other side relax


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2.2 Appreciating a healthy musculoskeletal system

Dorsal fin: controls

rolling and yawing of fish

Pelvic fin:

Controls the pitchof the fish

Control rolling offish

Pectoral fin:

Controls the pitch ofthe fish, causing it toswim upward anddownward

Helps in slowingdown stopping

Ventral fin: controls

rolling and yawing of

fish

To reduce water resistance:

Has sleek and streamlined bodyshape

Overlapping scales on the bodyface backwards

The body covered by a slimycoating

Many bony fish have swimbladder to maintain buoyancy in

Caudal fin/tail:

Provides thrustand controls the

fishs direction


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2.3 Support in plants

Support in aquatic and terrestrial plants

Aquatic plants Terrestrial plants

Ways to maintain healthy

musculoskeletal system

Good posture

Regular exercise

Proper attire for daily activities

Take a balanced dietconsist of

calcium and phosphorus

Importance of support

in plants

To allow plant to grow towardssunlight in order forphotosynthesis

To allow the plants to stay upright

To ensure the fruits are in strategicposition for effective dispersal of

seeds

To allow leaves in proper positionfor maximum absorption of

sunlight


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i. Submerged plants i. Herbaceous plants

Supported by the turgidity of the parenchymaand collenchymas cells

The thickening of the cell walls with cellulose

and pectin in collenchymas cells provideadditional mechanical strength

ii. Floating plants

Water hyacinth

Have broad leaves that are firm but flexibleto resist tearing by wave action

Have aerenchyma tissuesin the stems andleavesprovide buoyancy so that plant canfloat on the surface of the water

ii. Woody plant

Supported by sclerenchymaand xylemtissues

Plants usually undergoes secondary growth toform large amount of secondary xylem called

wood

Objective questions

1 Figure 1 shows part of human forelimb.

Have thin, narrow and flexible leavesprevent from being damaged by watercurrent

There are air sacsinside the leaves andstems which keep the plant floatingclose to the surface to obtain maximumsunlight

The stems have no woody tissues


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Figure 1

What are P, Q, R and S in Figure 1?

P Q R S

A Ulna Ligament Biceps Humerus

B Scapula Ligament Biceps Radius

C Humerus Tendon Triceps Ulna

D Scapula Tendon Triceps Radius

2 Figure 2 shows a human lumbar vertebra.

What is the function of X and Y in Figure 2?A Protection for spinal cordB Surfaces for muscle attachmentC Surfaces for vertebral jointsD Surfaces for rib articulation

Figure 2


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3 Diagram below shows an elbow joint. Which of the following parts labelled A, B, C or D is toughand elastic?

4 Diagram below shows a human arm.

If tendon X was torn off, what happens to the arm?A The elbow joint loosens upB The fingers cannot gripC The arm cannot be bentD The lower arm cannot twist

5 Diagram below shows a knee joint.

Which of the following tissues joins X to Y?A. LigamentB. TendonC. AdiposeD. Cartilage


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6 Diagram below shows the structure of a human forearm.

What happens to the parts P, Q, R and S which cause the arm to be in the position as shown in the

diagram?

P Q R S

A. Relaxes Contracts Is pushed downwards Is pushed downwards

B. Contracts Relaxes Is pushed downwards Is pushed downwards

C. Relaxes Contracts Is pulled upwards Is pulled upwards

D. Contracts Relaxes Is pulled upwards Is pulled upwards

7 The diagram shows human bones.

Which bones are part of the axial skeleton?

A. P and SB. Q and RC. P, Q and RD. Q, R and S

Q

P

S

R


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8 P, Q, R and S in diagram below are vertebrae found along the spine.

Which of the following shows the correct arrangement of the vertebrae in the spine?A. R, S, P, QB. P, Q, R, SC. Q, R, S, PD. S, P, R, Q

9 Diagram below shows part of the human skeletal system.

What is X?

A. UlnaB. ScapulaC. HumerusD. Clavicle


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10 A man is complaining of frequent back pains due to an injury. Which of the following would helpreduce his problem?

I Eat plenty of proteinII Practice a good postureIII Do vigorous exerciseIV Avoid carrying heavy objects

A. I and IIB. I and IIIC. II and IVD. III and IV

11 Diagram below shows a bending leg.

Which of the following muscle actions will straighten the leg?

Quadriceps femoris Biceps femoris

A. Contracts Contracts

B. Contracts Relaxes

C. Relaxes Relaxes

D. Relaxes Contracts

12 Which bones make up the pectoral girdle?A Ulna and radius

B Humerus and radiusC Clavicle and humerusD Clavicle and scapula


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13 Diagram below shows the changes of posture in a womans skeleton as she grows older due to lackof certain hormones and nutrients.

What are these hormones and nutrient?A Progesterone and ferum

B Progesterone and calciumC Oestrogen and ferumD Oestrogen and calcium

14 The following are characteristics related to locomotion in animals.

Which animal is correctly matched to their characteristics?

15 Diagram below shows a vertebra P in human vertebral column Q.

PHas a hydrostatic skeleton

QHas a streamlined body

RHas long rear legs

SHas antagonistic muscles


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Which part of vertebral column A, B, C or D in Q contains vertebra P?

16 Diagram below shows an artificial joints in a knee.

Which disease relates to the usage of artificial joints?A Gout C OsteoarthritisB Osteoporosis D Muscular dystrophy


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17 Diagram below shows the cross section of the thorax of a bird.

What happen if muscle P is injured?A The bird will not be able to glide

B The bird will not be able to move forwardC The bird will not be able to move its wings upwards and forward

D The bird will not be able to move its wings downwards and backwards

18 Diagram below shows the human skeleton.

Which bone, A, , C or D forms part of the axial skeleton?

Subjective questions


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1 Diagram 1.1 and Diagram 1.2 show different positions of a forearm during a movement.

Diagram 1.1 Diagram 1.2

(a) Complete Diagram 1.1 by drawing the triceps muscle which is involved in the movement of the

forearm.[2 marks]

(b) State oneadaptive characteristics of tissue P shown in Diagram 1.1 which helps in the

movement of the forearm.

. [1 mark]

(c) Explain the action of the muscles which cause the movement of the forearm in Diagram 1.2.

..

..

..

..

[3 marks]

(d) Diagram 1.3 shows a joint at the knee.

Diagram 1.3

Explain the health problem normally faced by an old person when tissue X is impaired.


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.

.

.

.

[3 marks]

(e) An athlete must do a warming up exercise before starting an event. Explain why.

[3 marks]

2 Diagram 2 shows human muscles and bones involved in bending the leg.

Diagram 2

(a)(i) Name X.

X :

[1 mark]

(ii) State one function of X.

[1 mark]


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(b) Describe briefly how the characteristic of X is adapted for its function as stated in 2(a)(ii).

.

[2 marks]

(c)(i) State onefunction of ligament in Diagram 2.

[1 mark]

(ii) Ligament of a gymnast are more flexible compared to ordinary people. Explain the statement.

..

..

. .

..

[2 marks]

(d) Some marathon runners experience muscle cramps at the end of a race.

(i) What is muscle cramps?

...

[1 mark]

(ii) State onecause of muscle cramps among athlete.

.. [1 mark]

(e) Suggest three ways in which a person can maintain a healthy musculoskeletal system.

1.

2.

3. [3 marks]

Locomotion and Support 1-1

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