Loch Cleat - botany.unibe.ch · Loch Cleat / \ \ \ ) \ / \ / 0 \tl 0 0 ,---I " '\ I "-I ( , \ I "-...
52
Loch Cleat
Transcript of Loch Cleat - botany.unibe.ch · Loch Cleat / \ \ \ ) \ / \ / 0 \tl 0 0 ,---I " '\ I "-I ( , \ I "-...
Loch Cleat
/ \ \
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.... --- -- -- - "'" -,... ----",/-- '300 - "-
,- \ , CNOC ROLL ,-- - -, ,
, ,,- - - - -350
, I I I
" .
0 100 200 300 400 500 Yards ~ ______ ~ ______ ~ ______ ~ _________ ' __ ~ __ -J'
0 100
-#I: Coring site .-
200 300 400 Metre.
'150" Contours at 50 ft intervals
Road
• Settlements
.......
"-\.
\ \
\ I t
Figure 56. Map of the Loch Cleat area ahowing the coring .ite and the surrounding
topography.
Ilb
N
t
"-,. \ "~ \
\ \ I I \ , I
l \ \ \ I
127
o 10
Radiocarbon years B. P. xla'
FlgUfe sg. Ptoc of radioc.Mbon ~ 89MMI MdkMnt depth tot the L.och a-t COfe... TlM cM9th of MCNment uMd rOf HCh umpfe and the po •• ible ,"'Of of the ~ cMt.,minallonl .t • .nown by
lhe y.,Uc.at MId hot'lzonc .. eompcInWItl of lhe shaded fKlanvt ...
Anal W Williams, 1975·76
Figure 9. Post-glacial pollen diagram from Loch Cleat, Isle of Skye. Major pollen and spore types only are shown and are plotted against radiocarbon age based on ten radiocarbon dates. Scale at base of diagram shows percentages for black silhouettes. All values are percentages of total determinable pollen. Undiff. = undifferentiated.
11
Loch Fada
850
'49
'49
o 0·25
{:;:;:;:;::=l LiUor~lIa unifJora-lobf,ja dorrmannrl
t.:.:. :1 Schotnof>/ectus lacustris-Phr"tmirts communis
fm (Iff}( rostrat.a-Mtnyanrhn "ir°tiat ..
~ Nymphau alba-Poramottton n.1Uns
~ Juncus acuti(1orus-Filipendu/a ulmar;"
LOCH FADA
0·75 1-0 KILOMETRES
H!H.H Caru ros(raU-Aulacomnium pa/uure
t.:::::~::::::J Trichophoreto-Callunetum bOI
~ C"lIunttum vultuis and Atrosro-Futuctlum (sp. poor)
mmIllillJ Alchemilltto-Atrosto-ftSWCtlUm
1111111 Cliffs o Corin&: site
'49
Figure 15. Sketch map of Loch Fada and its surrounds, showing vegetation, topography, and the location of the coring site. Contours are shown in feet, and the coordinates refer to the National Grid. Vegetational types follow Chapter 4·
128
s-e.:: "< til ~v
i ~}
VHI
4000
32 Y. & A. Vasari: Late- and Post-glacial vegetation in lochs of Scotland
loc.h fo.cl.o..) N.S ~je..
f~ :~ ,
Sooe r:::-
G:::oo
,~-.
$0%> ;;;L~_
BETULA 3! ~ g z < '" C C 1\ 411 III &
ALNUS CORYLUS ~
~ ;:;
L C Z
~ ~
D.:"::~~ GRAMI,NCAC _ 4-__ _
CYP(RACCA£
TRtE.S SHRUBS HeRBS £ RtC ALES L
GRASSES
FIG. 11. Loch Fada: Pollen diagram. Letter symbols: In Compositae column: L = Liguliflorae. In Plantago column: 1 = lanceolata, m = maritima, me = media. In Varia column: Ch = Chenopodiaceae, Cr = Crud/erae, E = Epilobium, G = Galium, S = Scrophula
riaceae, T = Thalictrum, U = Urtica, V = Valeriana. pcs = pieces.
IT., ,
.L. +1 ..
\. IlT I
f.. .. 1
Il.T .1 .. .T
tl .' I L
W"
, IG = .
•. ~. L_ 1
• )1 : :: I~I 7 1; 1200
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:200: ~ . tOO t i .00 I ----- • •
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IT
IT
1100 I 100 , :
!iOO i 1100\
tG )QQ'
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IT I'IOO! G 100 I
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I 100 i)' iloo • .100 ! 100 i I ~ ! 1'00 1 -
I~ .. I.~: IL m 100
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IIPt-~c',.J .. --": ~. ~. - ~·.I C> It Ie I ~~ ,00L ~ • 1\
\ • I , J L \ ... L. \4 I ... \. I~ ..J l ... L.. L.. L.. 2~ _, J......' j L.. "---' 1 __ 1_ .... L.. L.. •. _L_J 1_ ... __ , _ ,_ I
111 iI1".,'" 'C'. ~'. ~'. ~' .... ·j.O Ie".!', ~". ~·I. ~',. m,ll'; 10 10 J(. .0 ~'." .:/,0 J'C,', ~'" ',',
c nLICES ~ r ISOtT(S < z '" i\ <
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:t n til ! '" ~ 3 = i r; rl _ 1"'1 •
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O[ .... T,.. Ie .... )
475
500
600
625
650
... t
-
~---
...., 10 20 .0 60 80 tOO to 20 10 20 to 10 o 20 1020 10 to to to to to 10
a:m TREES _ SHRUBS
130
Reglonol pollen assemblage lone:.
Belulo· Cor ylus assemblage lone
Betula nona
assemblage zone
------Betula Gramlneat·
assemblage zone Rumell ----- -
Juniperus assemblage assemblage
zone lone ------
Selaginello
assembloge
lone
Lycopodium. Cyperaceae
assemblage zone
I I
c::::J DWARF SHAU8S t:::l H(RBS Anal. H.J.B.Birks. 1967 - 6B.
Figure 3. Late-glacial and early post-glacial pollen diagram from Loch Fada. Isle of Skye. Major pollen and spore types only are shown. Scale at base of diagram shows percentages for black silhouettes. All values are percentages of total determinable pollen and spores. Undiff. = undifferentiated.
Ijj
DEPTH lem)
700
725
~
---1---1---1--- --- --- ---
---
e--, o " 20 40 60 BO 100 10 20 10 20 10
m TREES _ SHRUBS
o DWARF SHRUBS ~ HERBS Anal. H.J.B.Birks, 1967 - 68
6
Figure 2. Late-glacial and early post-glacial pollen diagram from Loch Meodal, Isle of Skye. Major pollen and spore types only are shown. Scale at base of diagram shows percentages for black silhouettes. All values are percentages of total determinable pollen and spores. UndilT. = undifferentiated.
Radiocarbon years B. P. x103
.r. Shown by lhol nrtlcat and horizontal components of 1M .n.ded rect~.
Belulo - Corylus
assembloge zone
Betula nona ! Gromineoe-
OSS~mbIOQe I oss~~~~o'Qe su zone lone
Belulo
assemblage zone
Juniperus ossembloQe
__ !uJ>!,o!,!,_ Gromineoe-
SeloQlOelia Rume,;
assembloqe ossembloqe
subzone
I lone
9
Anal. W Williams, 1973 - 74
Figure 8. Post-glacial pollen diagram from Loch Meodal, Isle of Skye. Major pollen and spore lypes only are shown and are plotted against radiocarbon age based on len radiocarbon dates. Scale al base of diagram shows percentages for black silhouettes. All values are percentages of lolal detenninable pollen. Undiff. = undifferentiated.
134
"c 'I£ARS BP
The Storr & Trotternish Ridge landforms
Figure 52: Reconstructed cross-section through the SlOrr landslide. Based on
Anderson and Dunham (1966).
Figure 5.1: The Old Man o/Storrand other pinnacles o/slipped rock, Coire Faoin,
The Storr.
54
'\l
'\l '\l II
• •
II '\l '\l 49
Frost-shattered tors
N\ N\ Frost-weathered rock outcrops
f\P Cliffs
y~ Talus slopes
II II Ice-moulded bedrock
'\l '\l Glacial drift
L L Landslip terrain
D Windblown sand
Earth hummocks and relief stripes
[ffiJ "}!,
. .. U.l I I ..1>-'1
7191.
-S<lO-
o
55
L
L
L
L {?
'" L
Frost- weathered regolith
Active sorted patterned ground
Solifluction lobes
Ploughing boulders
Periglacial trimline
Heights in metres
Contours at 100 m intervals
500 m
o 500 • t
Horizonal and vertical scale
Figure 5.3: Reconstructed cross-section through the Quiraing landslide. Based on
Anderson and Dunham (1966).
Figure 4.1: Geomorphological map o/The Storr, the highest peak in Trottemish
E
iJU
<'"
1/ ull/ <00
lands~p block (not ice-mooldedl
~ Landslip block (ice-mouldedl
t::.:: Roclc avalanche deposH
t t Hummocky landslip terrain
<:: lower IimH of landslipping
/:: End or lateral moraines
«~ DrffI~mH
nn Hummockydrffl
£- Fluted or streamlined drill
- Undulating or dissected drift
"'", Ice-moulded bedrock
~ Roches moutonnee.
'l~ ice-moulded bedrock showing orientalioo of moolding
• Frost shattered tors
[G}j Frost-weathered debris manU.
f'"v .... SoIlftu<:lion lobe. or sheelS
-- - lower ~H of soIlftucted debris
Peat> 1 m thick
~ Water bodies
~ Contours at 100 m Intervals
o 2km ·L ______ ~ ____ ~!
Fig. 2. Geomorphological map of the Trottemish Escarpment. (A) Southern half. (B) Northern half.
Table 4.1
Influence of lithology on the distribution of periglacal features
Lithology: Granite or Gabbro or ~asalt above Basalt Torridon granophyre eucrite trimline below Sandstone
trimline
Type area: Red Hills Cuillins Trottemish Trottemish Kyleakin andBla Escarpment Escarpment Hills Bheinn
Frost regolith Widespread Localised Widespread - -
Tors - - Localised - -
Boulder lobes Widespread - Localised - -
Active solifluction - - Widespread - -
Ploughing boulders - - Localised - -
Turf-banked terraces Widespread - Localised -
Earth hummocks - - Localised Localised -
Active frost sorting Localised Localised Widespread Widespread -
Deflation scars Widespread Localised Widespread Widespread Localised
Windblown sand - - Localised - -
Talus Localised Localised Localised Widespread Localised
Avalanche tongues Localised Localised - -
Debris flows Widespread Localised Localised Localised -
ci 6 e 500 c; E .5 .. "0
il '" <
100
ci 6 500 .. i E .5 .. "0
j
100
o 48
South
1 49
2 50
Seabch M6r 330m
3 51
Oroba n.an Beinn Beinn Each Mbeadoaach fda
S73m S79m 611m
4 52
Bullch BeaS
457 m
5 53
Han.nal 668m
I
8ealach .'Chuim
489 m
Bioda Buidhe 4'" m
7 55
Bullch Hannal 49Jm
8 56
9 57
Malina Suiramach
5·0 m
10 58
-====- ae.llch III Leacaidh
488 m 536 m
North
11 59
Sran Vourlinn 363m
I-=:=:~=!-=I;..:-.c"~~~". -----~""" .. ""'c.~,._L __________ _ ~~
I
Bul.cb Cbaiplin SI6m
Bealtcb .' Mboramhain
~~ SJOm
12 60
490m
South
13 61
14 62
15 63
Builth Ui,e 293 m
16 64
_
In situ froa.·wutbc:rcd debris
283 m
17 65
18 66
r-Tl SotiOucted debris l!..!..::.J
19 67
255 m
20 68
21 69
T FrosH, .. eathercd lor
22 70
23 71
,...-;] Tetnin oo.cur<d L!...LJ by peal coYer
12km 60 no<1hlng
24km 72 no<1hlng
Fig. 5. Relief of the Trotternish Escarpment plotted against a north-south projection plane, and showing the lower limits of in situ frost weathered detritus, soliflucted debris, the altitudes of frost-shattered tors, and the upper limit of glacially-scoured bedrock.
\ \ \
'" ~ \ \ \ \ I I I I
//1 1
I I \ \
, " ",
\ \ I I \ I \ 59 \
Former glacier margin
Cliffs
Summit heights in metres
I \ \
1 I' .... - J 58
I I
1 1 48
1
i ,./" /' #/
1
1 1
1
\ \ ,
1
0{ ~
I I I t t I I \ I \ The Storr
" 719""
-----
o
, , ,
I I \ \ ,
'~, \ \ \ \
\ I
'-q, .. , I \ \ , ,
1 ..... -, 55
Contours at 50 m intervals
1000 m
'----" .... ,
<fil !5
1 \ \
, 1
I I \ 1 I
I I I
1
\ I
8
Fig. 6. Contoured reconstruction of the dimensions of two locally-nourished readvance glaciers that developed on the east side of the Trottemish Escarpment after the wastage of the last ice sheet. (A) the Cuithir Glacier; (B) the Scamadal Glacier.
1':;/
IJ~
[2£) Land below 300 m
II1II Land over 300 m
o 10 Ian , !
Fig. 9. Possible maximum lateral extent of the last Scottish ice sheet in the Minches, estimated from the gradient and altitude of the periglacial trimline that descends from south to north along the Trottemish Escarpment. These estimated ice margins assume continued northwards ice movement, and do not take into account possible deflection by ice moving north-west from Wester Ross.
TABLE 2. Calculation of the lateral extent of the last ice sheet from trimline data
Lateral extent Assumed Altitude of Ice-sheet Trimline Distance (L) of ice sheet depth to ice-sheet thickness gradient Basal shear to ice-sheet to north of seabed surface (h) (a) stress (r) margin Trotternish
(metres) (metres) (metres) (m/km) (kPa) (kilometres) (kilometres)
l. Storr-Beinn Mheadonach transect
60 543 603 5.6 30 54.0 34.8
120 543 663 5.6 33 59.4 40.2
2. Storr-Meal! na Suiramach transect (maximum trimline gradient)
60 508 568 7.0 35 40.6 25.6 120 508 628 7.0 39 44.9 29.9
Devensian late-glacial
o Km 10 ~'--------------'
Land over 600m • Other sites mentioned in text
li!i!l!i!ll:llilililililililllill 300· 600m New sites reported in this paper
D Land below 300m o Approx. limits of Loch Lomond stadial ice
FIG. 2. The Isle or Skye showing the location or pollen sites and the limits or the Loch Lomond Stadial glaciers around the Cuillin Hills and in the Kyleakin Hills.
139
140
DEPTH (em)
700
725
o
Limit of local readvance glaciers in southern Skye
Lateglacial pollen sites
Flandrian pollen sites
V Varragill S 1 Stigachan 1 S2 Sligachan 2 S3 Sligachan3 M Marsco
L1 Luib 1 L2 Luib 2 L3 Luib 3 CO Clach Oscar GA Glen Arroch
--_ High raised shorelines
~ Contours at 100m intervals
r-" AriHes '610 Summits + ''''"It,rno.nts I
\> 10
km
Figure 3 Loch Lomond Readvance ice limits, raised shorelines and pollen sites in south-central Skye.
o 0 20
m TREES
60 eo _ SHRUBS
o OWARF SHRUBS e::::l HER8S
Figure 2.
t f;;:~ f;;:~ "
t ~~ ~~ l <:-~ ~'IJ l (,0 <0'
~ ~ ~ ~ ~. O~
~~ ~" ,," ~;:, S-0
.f;;:'IJ
~;:, &~ is '!l'IJ ~
<Q~ Q..0q 'l V rl () Q..)
r--'
---
~
10
Anal. H.J.B.Birks, 1967 - 68
Late-glacial and early post-glacial pollen diagram from Loch Meodal, Isle of Skye. Major pollen and spore types only are shown. Scale at base of diagram shows percentages for black silhouettes. All values are percentages of total determinable pollen and spores. Undiff. = undifferentiated.
ReQioMI poilen
ossembloge ZOMS
Betulo - Corylus
ossembloQe lone
Betuta nona i Gram;n.a.-
QSS~mblOqe oss~~~~olQe su zone zone
Betulo
ossembloQe lone
Juniperus
_~S!~!.~~l~ Grommeoe-
Seloqinello Rumex
assemblage assembloge
subzone I zone
I
i
Dt"-TH le m)
425
3~O
37~
Req-onol pel't" onemblOqt lones
Belulo· COfyluS ossembloqe lone
141
Lyo)POdIum ~ Cyperoctoe onembloqe lone
1020 40 10 10 IX)
IIID TIO(5 _ """"'.
CJ o-.JIff SHftVls.e::::l H(ftlS
c:J ...o(T[MIlNA8L£
'" 20 10 ZO () ZO 0020 <0 I) 10 ZO I) () 10 I() 10
Anol. H.J.B.Birks, 1968
Figure 4. Late-glacial and early post-glacial pollen diagram from Loch Cill Chriosd. Isle of Skye. Major pollen and spore types only are shown:Scale at base of diagram shows percentages for black silhouettes. All values are percentages of total determinable and indeterminable pollen and spores. Undiff. = undifferentiated.
I--'
-
- ~-
--
i--. 10 20 40 60 80 100 10 20 10 20 10 10 10 1020 1020
IlIl TREES _ SMRUBS
Reqionol pollen ossembloqe lone';.
Belula - Corylus assemblage lone
Betula nona O$ .. mbloqe
lone
------Belulo GromlOeae ~
assemblage lone Rumex ------
Juniperus ossembloqt ossembloQt
lone lone ------
SeloQinella
ossembloQe
lone
Lycopodium -Cyperaceae
assemblage lone
c:J OW.R. SMRU8S c::::J MERes Anol. H.J.B.Birks, 1967 - 68
Figure 3. Late-glacial and early post-glacial pollen diagram from Loch Fada. Isle of Skye. Major pollen and spore types only are shown. Scale at base of diagram shows percentages for black silhouettes. All values are percentages of total determinable pollen and spores. Undiff. = undifferentiated.
325
350
Belula· Cory Ius assemblage zone
~~~~e~ril! I Gr~r:;~~~e. ossembloqe ossembloQe
1----r.--.IIl--I---I- _____ I,_+_,,,u,,,b,,zo,,,ne,......+_-,,zo,,,n,,.e_-I
E(lcoceae assembloge
subzone Lycopodium. Cyperoceoe assemblage
-_. __ .-_. -- -- -- ------- zone
~L-_______ ~
" 20
lIID TREES
<06000
_ SHRUBS " o OWARf C H€R8S
SHAves Anal. HJ.B Birks, 1968- 71
~ C E-c 0 .., ~ ~
8000
9000
10000
11000
12000
1)000
14000
Figure 5. Late-glacial and early post-glacial pollen diagram from Lochan Coir'a'Ghobhainn, Isle of Skye. Major pollen and spore types only are shown. Scale at base of diagram shows percentages for black silhouettes. All values are percentages of total determinable pollen and spores. UndilT. = undifferentiated.
tflub-Co(r'us ;usembbce tone
GrJmftltJe-Rumtll
l,copod,llmCr~,~cue luembl"'ce
• Ihdiourbon dne
subzone
o Anomllous radiocarbon date
lOCH AN COIR' A' GHOBHAINN
LOCH Clll CHRIOSO
LOCH HEALl
LOCH
FAOA LOCH HEOO:,l
G(Jml!w.1t--RlI~1I luembllce tone
GrJm;MURumu lIIuembla,e
1<000
Figure 27. Corrdation chart of Late-Devensian and early Flandrian pollen zones on the Isle of Skye. Radiocarbon dates are shown by solid circles; the vertical line indicates the reported single standard deviation. Anomalous radiocarbon dates are shown by open circles, and they are plotted by stratigraphic position, not age.
.: ..
WOODLAND LOCMAN COl'" ",'GH08HAlNN LOCH aLL CH"'OSO LOCH HEAL T LOCH fAO"
.000
.000
.-C
10000
11000
11000 +--LLtI-------LiJI--------j leG·'
L~~.t 's'r' HOOO +----------'--'--------1 1----------1~1------____1, ~ II-----_L
l-C l·e
iliiiliiill 14000 020 ..
.000 GRASSLAND
.000
111111111111111 o 10 ..., 600
1111111111111 o 10 40 400
I1I11111111 o lO ..
~ 10000
'" " >-
g 11000
~ ~
.9: 11000 +-LUm-------j1 'J .
"" '" a:
1<000
1000
.000
10000
11000
.. 000
1000
JUNIPERUS
I 10
LOCH"N C~~: A' GHOSH".NN
I 10
LOCH CILl CHAIOSD
10
LOCH HEAlT LOCH fADA LOCH HEOOAl .000
'000
10000
I.
\------_\_ 11000
lee·1 Of
" ll000+---------'---'------------r---y-----------~~~----- 1'----------1- nooo l.c I I
,,000 10 20
.... SHRUB HEATH
....
rT"T1 o 10
l-C
r-r1-r1 o 10 10
,-,-,-, o 10
. .cf.--_.-+
.. 000
lOCO
.000
10"'" -----+ 10000
""'" 11000
nooo ... -1-'--'YL---------l..:..t..j~,-------< ;\-------1- 11000
nOOO1----------~-~-------r~i0~-----f_~i~------~
II I III 111111 I o 10 ..
fTTTTT1 ,. fTTTTT1 20
l.c ITTTl o 20
I#~----+ nooo
fTTTT1l o 20
Figure 32. Summation curves for five groups or pollen and spore types based on the present ecological preferenca of the tax.a concerned at the five sites investigated. The groups are defined in Chapter 1+ and are cxpreued u percentages of total determinable poUeo and spores, excluding obligate aquatic taxa. A constant ve.rtica.l scale of radiocarbon yean I.P. i.a wed, based on the correlation chart in Fig. 27, and the sample levels are distributed within each pollen zone at distances proportionaJ to their initial interva.b of sampling. Scale at base of each curve gives percentages for shaded silhouette. The pollen a.ssanbJage zone. are also &hown. Abbreviations: B = Bthl.l4. Bn = Bthda MM, C = Cyperaceae. E = Ericaceae. C = Gramineac. ] = JIDlipmu, L = Lyct>/»diJun, R as JW.ma. S = Stlatirulla.
143
144
CHIONOPHILOUS
LOCHAN CDIP.: A" GH08HAINN LOCH CILl CHklOSO LOCH HEALT LOCH FAOA LOCH HEOOAl .000 .000
.·C !-- .·C
¥ 1\ f-;:G:;:
~ E EI\J\------------+--~-------------_G~~------------~ r~ l-C rt 80 :r-$;-U-------1I~~~--~
10000
11000 r---
'000
.-C .-C .·C
.000
r----+ 10000 r--8n-G·R
I---f_---+Il000
8 ~ _ Cl , ;. Ii)
1l000~--L~_cL~ __ ll~'---------4~V~~,-------1 r--
l----+ 11000
~ 11000~------------~-~--------1-l~-C-r--------~l--C~~-------'
0-
11000 ?; 0-
O· O·
~ 1<000 r-r-TI o 1
rT'T""1 o 1
r-r--r-1 o 1
r-T'""T> o 1 ~
r-r--r-1 o 1 1<000
0-o " CHIONOPHOBOUS 8000
8-C
'000 - f_---------; 8-C .-------IIp e....c 8-e a.e
I-jz. k-s:--------t,,_,1---------1r-r-t----------j_l----\- 10000
l-C r 8n en 8n·C.R
1l000!-- h·t---------4--F-~-'· -------___j -f------+ 11000
I ~ I ~
10000 - E
11000 I--- lCG-1 ~~i.-r--------I~;f---------! -LeC·'
- - ts>i;--------I
.£ ~ b ~ ~ l' WI
11000 +-----------~-..:.--------1,-'-_C"'"f~D;;;r-------1,~-c""1ir~~:-------I S "b'---\_II000
11000
rT'T""1 r-rT'"1 r-r-r-l rT'T""1 1<000 o 1 o 1 o 1 o 1
MONTANE HEATHS
1000 lOCHAN COII\' A' GHOIIHAINN LOCH (Ill CHI\IOSO LOCH HEA.lT LOCH FAOA LOCH H£ODAL
1000
8-C '000 .-c t--------, .000
8-C .-C .-C 10000 1----+ 10000
11000 f-----+ 11000
Il 000 -r--"1-...L_ l----+I1000
0-o " '< 2 J
;D1l000+------------.:....----------;-~_r'" kJ'---+ 11000 ;D .. 0.
~. 0-o " '<
5
111111111111111 1<000 o S 10
8000 SPRINGS
111111111111111 o S 10 1<000
.. 0. O·
~ 0-o " .000 '<
" 5 ."'0 '000 r-- .-C 1(-------..., 8-C .~1---------, r----.--~ v-·-------j
l" ,000 ~
p3p!: I -p J.G-I\.
10000 !-- E
l_C }.. '. -
11000 :----
80 h' __ ~ tf------------__I f--,--------~
11000 .---..-'--"l---------L~~ 0>,,/;,,------__1 lCG-lh ~>
.·C
__ 1I;>---. ------------1r--f-------+ 10000
6n 8n-G·P..
8 I' "
p;:-- >
I---t----+"000
11----+ 11000
I)OOO1---------------------------------~r--,~.?-----------__1--~~~----------___j '-C ;p
lee·, ~ f);----+ 1)000
1<000 r-r-T'O
I r-r-rl o 1
'-C r-r-T'O o I
». r-r-r-1
1
Figure 33. Summation curves for four groups of pollen and spore typet bued on the present ecological preferences of the taxa concerned. See Chapter lot and caption to Figure 32 for further explanation and abbreviations.
14000
Regl()(1
Site
BOOO
-9000- -
CUILUN
LOCHAN COIR' A' GHOBHAINN
Loco! b.rth-holtl .oodlond wiTh some QtOSSIOnd
Juniper Kfub end QfOuiond
Snowbe6s oM .. Ien,iy. soltfkICl.on
Rrxomil,ium heath., 'now beds.. and rore birth (09s.e,
SUARDAL
LOCH CILL CHRIOSD
~r SCrub (W\d speciu-'ich 9'01s>ond
Snowl>t<ls ond open IPfcies· '~h Qfotslond
SC>«iH. rkh Ql'onklnd with te01t.,.d birch (09"'
Sptcitt - ,ieh orouktnd with juni.pt, Ktub
NORTHERN SKYE
LOCH FADA
Birch·hozt' scrub ond ",oll·herb communities
/H1vIO none heath, ,,0"'<100. end wiIo. thickets
Juniptr senb and Qfossklnd, with ,omt willoW1. 'loIH*b" conYnr.niIie1.,
end kx:OI birch COP"'
Juniper ICrub and Qtouklnd, .ilh tome willoW1 and "oil-herbs
Spec;" - fieh 9fO"lOnd and "to\.!t.b· tonn'ounIHt'
SLEAT
LOCH MEODAL
&1tIh not"IO heath OtId open bitch woodland
Boreh 1II'OOd1ot'od With .illo., ond IQ!I·hetbs
M(>tf ond wtllow Ktub
13000- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
ErlCoce<>vl heoth .ith [H/'vrt) I'I(}r)O and 9'otllond
Rocomilrium Malh and -'.11. fttkJ
Figure 6. Generalised comparison of the inferred late-glacial and early post-glacial vegetational history of the Isle of Skye based on Lochan Coir'a'Ghobhainn, Loch Cill Chriosd, Loch Fada, and Loch Meodal.
8000-:
9000-
- -10000-----
i - -nOOO---4
i
i J
- -12000~
I
=" I
1
TABLE I 2.2. Comparison of the percentage of floristic TABLE I2·3· Comparison of the percentage
elements in the Late-Devensian flora and the representation of floristic elements in the Late-
present vascular plant flora of Skye pollen flora (excluding macrofossils) and the modern pollen flora of Skye
Late Devensian Modem Late-
Flora Flora Devensian Modem Flora Flora
Per- Per- --v
Floristic Element Total centage Total centage Per- Per-Floristic Element Total centage Total centage
I. Atlantic (a) Southern Atlantic 0 0 II 1.8 I. Atlantic (b) Northern Atlantic 0 0 6 1.0 (a) Southern Atlantic 0 0 3 1.5 (c) Widespread Atlantic 4 2·5 35 5·9 (b) Northern Atlantic 0 0 0·5 (d) Mediterranean Atlantic 0 0 0.2 (c) Widespread Atlantic 4 2.8 12 5.8
Total 4 2·5 53 8·9 (d) Mediterranean Atlantic 0 0 0 0
2. Sub-Atlantic Total 4 2.8 16 7.8
(a) Southern Sub-Atlantic 0 0 8 1.4 2. Sub-Atlantic (b) Northern Sub-Atlantic 4 2·5 6 1.0 (a) Southern Sub-Atlantic 0 0 0 0 (c) Widespread Sub-Atlantic 14 8.8 102 17·3 (b) Northern Sub-Atlantic 3 2.1 3 1.5
Total 18 11.3 116 19·7 (c) Widespread Sub-Atlantic 13 9.0 29 14. 1
Continental Total 16 II.I 32 15·5 3·
(a) Southern Continental 5 3. 1 18 3.1 3· Continental (b) Northern Continental 17 10·7 73 12·4 (a) Southern Continental 5 H 5 2·4 (c) Widespread Continental 0.6 29 4·9 (b) Northern Continental 15 10·4 22 10·7
Total 23 14·4 120 20·4 (c) Widespread Continental 0·7 4 1.9
4· Northern-Montane 5 3. 1 14 2·4 Total 23 14·5 31 15. 1
5· Arctic-Subarctic 4 2·5 14 2·4 4· Northern-Montane 5 3·4 4 1.9 6. Arctic-Alpine 20 12.6 39 6.6 5· Arctic-Subarctic 4 2.8 4 1.9
7· Arctic-Alpine/Alpine I 0.6 0 0 6. Arctic-Alpine 18 12·4 18 8.8 8. Alpine 0 0 0.2 7· Arctic-Alpine/Alpine I 0·7 0 0
9- Widespread Species 42 26.0 229 38.7 8. Alpine 0 0 0 0 10_ North American 0.6 0.2 9· Widespread Species 37 25·7 56 27.2 II. Endemic 0 0 I 0.2 10. North American I 0·7 I 0·5 12. Unclassified 40 25.0 2 0·3 II. Endemic 0 0 0 0
13· Introduced 0.6 12_ Unclassified 37 25·7 43 21.0
159 5Sg 13· Introduced 0·7
144 205
14~
146
TAB LEI 2 .4. Contribution £if floristic elements to the Late-Devensian pollen flora and pollen rain of Skye
-Percentage of Percentage of total pollen total pollen
Floristic Element flora rain
I. Atlantic (a) Southern Atlantic 0 0
(b) Northern Atlantic 0 0 (c) Widespread Atlantic 2.8 0·39 (d) Mediterranean Atlantic 0 0
Total 2.8 0·39
2. Sub-Atlantic (a) Southern Sub-Atlantic 0 0 (b) Northern Sub-Atlantic 2.1 I. II
(c) Widespread Sub-Atlantic 9.0 7. 17
Total 11.1 8.27
3· Continental (a) Southern Continental H 0.04 (b) Northern Continental 10·4 9.90 (c) Widespread Continental 0·7 0.22
Total 14·5 10.17
4· Northern-Montane 3·4 5. 17 5· Arctic-Subarctic 2.8 0.22 6. Arctic-Alpine 12·4 14.46 7. Arctic-Alpine/Alpine 0·7 0.002 8. Alpine 0 0 9. Widespread Species 25·7 3-45
10. North American 0·7 0.002 II. Endemic 0 0 12. Unclassified 25·7 57.87 13· Introduced 0·7 0.002
CALCIPHILES
101rlfidUlmtype
CALCIFUGES
~ I I I 13 01
U I I I 13 01
! U I I 13 01
U I I I 13 01
mTijl:-.. SS ''''',p'"; •• ,,.., .. ,;. ~
M</.m.".m I I D i ~ H
::~mo S .. ;(n" .. po';';(''''
::~IJJ] S, .. (n" .;.~ ...
~I. EI U I I I Op'.,I.nom "',,,.m
:!mJ L,'~;.m .. I".
~1 EU ! • I L,,~;om ./p;,.m
~1 E. I II I CfJP1olf,mm, cristu
SPECIES THAT AVOID THE POOREST SOILS
u .., ~
U ... 1: U 1:
" .... '.m.i~I' m,'" I ~! ~ A ~ I ~ !3::
UrI'"
loMd.(.comicu/'1Iit I i U 13° 1
BASIPHILES
!«trCh,,,m/llfl,,,, .. .. I IF: Sui(fJl,,,,~d(1 • I I I 13~l 1ol1fOttutn 'fi"p,rllml .. II I 13~1 1. biuolU
.... /chemill, I , I ] If: INDIFFERENT
Suifl'" IItll"IJ
\ I ! II 13~OS
U I SilftM dl~" ,ype .. I S"II"I,h<!Jolfu
::~t • I • I S,d/,,;, .od,"_
:: ~1mJ "/~"'" 0.1 EiI' , U '",nl"o ',ncto''''
01 Eii U .. f.,m.",p.
Figure 34. Rdative frequencies for pollen and IpOre types of taxa that occur in the present edaphic categories defined in Chapter 5, expressed as a pc::rcentage of the tota.l number of determinable poUen a.nd tpora, excluding obligate aquatic taxa. PoUen totals: Loch Gill Chriosd 8433; Loch Fada 10504i Loch Mult 92:15i Lochan Coir' a' Ghobhainn 21757; Loch MeodaJ 907+
147
148
E.2J Seu .. 0< "O$.I·_.~N defncvl
••.. "t" .... >4~ .. ·\I~~lf .... 1oPOI1ed _. ~C •• 'h
", '0:: Glk~IJy mou~ bedfoc\
....... -FfOSI· ..... Urtoe..f'dbKtroc::tOl ~OC."'urlkt
~ Hummoct, dtm
~ Hulf:'<ldt.h
.:::- Uno:W""'901 d,u«It'd df.tl
'!Y"UIC~
L:Mof_'~' ,.-Oost>nc1drlhloo'wt
~: ~ ~~Ied 91«-.11 ....... '
IX St ... ~ ~ Roxton mouf~ :: L~ode IOd sc¥
<a Wl"W( bodOM
::7 ....... . """'"""" 1J2· ~ ht-tg/lls .., ~lfH
~ Contours" 100 m "'If'f"~
SCAlPAY
~ .....:..::~-.y Y_.,.. y::;./):_ '"' .... 1;:..., -..,., .. or:.. -Y "f_ <i
-. Y-' Y vI y ~ .. y \Y "(
-. Y-.Y\Y9 - -. ............. y y y
"! '!
Figure 3 Glacial geomorphology of the Cuillin Hills, Bla Bheinn and Red Hills.
.:./' ,.. ,.-:.-.0_
~:-:~,;;.;.I'. .. --
Former glacier margin () Independent glaciers ~ Steep rock slopes
/.~/ _ ...... - Contours at 50 m /~ intervals
O~, ____ ~ __ ~ ____ ~~km
.t ./
Figure 4 Reconstruction of the dimensions of the Cuillin Icefield and other former glaciers in the area of the Cuillin Hills, Bla Bheinn and Red Hills. The lower diagram is an oblique view of the Cuillin Icefield and surrounding corrie glaciers drawn by D. I. Benn, and reproduced here with his permission.
149 '
152
VaH.gill ShoaChln Siloachan Shoachln Manco Luib lulb Luib Clach Olea' Glan AHoeh
Ganatali.ad .. quanea of Local PoVan
.... mbl'ga Zon •• (Stag .. t· to) NO 473348 NO 4U325 NO 4773 t5 NO HUGe NO 413257 NO 567271 NO 5U2ra NO 567268 NO $59222 NG 752208
10_ Bahli.·Corylu. • • • • • • • • • • Stlula·Junlptful • • • • • a. JunlpatuI·Stlula • • 7. Junlptru,·Empttrum (8atula) • • • • 6. Empttrum.Junlp.rul (Sltwa) • • 5. Empatrum·Gr,mlna.1 (Lycopodium) • • • • • 4. Empalrum • • • = 3. Empllrum·Gramin ... (Salula) • • • = 2 O'.min •••. Rum .. ·Emp.tfum (Lycopodium) • • 1. Gr.min ••• ·Rum .. (lycopodium) • •
Figure 8.1: Generalised sequence of early Flandrian pollen zones in the Scollish Highlands and the earliest zone identified in each of the 10 sites from Skye located within the Loch Lomond Stadia I ice limits.
0 600
o ~ 400
§. 200
i "
SOUTH NORTH
Coru<sk GIJCter MA.RSeO
SUGACHAN 2
_----lce·sc()Ufed bedrock ----_+_
1~ 20
DlSlance (km)
Figure 8.2: Location ofFlandrian sUes in the S/igachan-Varragil/ area and
generalised profile of the Cuillin Icefield.
0
~ 8
<Il 7 w z
zO 6 ..:N C:W O(!) 5 z < . ":...J ...JID 4 u.:::;;
~~ 3 a:<Il ..:< w
:Z 2
w ...J ...J 0 a. 0
0 2
• CLACH OSCAR
LUIB 1 LUIB 2
• SliGACHAN 3
MARSCO· .LUIB 3
SliGACHAN 2
4 6 8 10 12
DISTANCE FROM ICE SOURCE (km)
• SliGACHAN 1
VARRAGILL •
14 16
Figure 8.3: Earliest pollen zone recorded for nine sites located within the Loch Lomond Stadial ice limits plotted against distance from ice source.
Holocene vegetational history
....-Predominant _--birch - ha zel forest _-/
BY LOCH ASSYNT-""'r-_.:::..a " //" -/ _/
.--LOCH SIONASCAIG---"'-c--' (Pennington et a!. 1972)
LOCH CLEAT
• LOCH CLAIR \ • BY LOCH
COULTRIE
LOCH MEODAL
t/'(] (J,
I
ASHIK
DOILEAD
Predominant pine forest with some birch and oak
Predominant oak forest with birch. ash. elm and alder
• GAllOWAY (Birks 1972)
153
LOCHAN DO/LEAD. MORAR PENINSULA, ANAL W WILLIAMS. 1974 -75.
til UJ
rC
~
10
<f:-'? ~ f?'? ..!,.'<; -,0
->.." o"" f? '? f? 0'? 0"
«~0,"~~0~~<'; ~0'? v <J '?"
30 so 1) 10 1) 10 30 so "10 TOTAL POLLEN
>:J'? ~ «'?<) rp'? ~'? '?~ ~'?
« .-J.'V' ~0 0' ~0 '? r<': 0<'; ~f.(; ,,+<.; o~ ,,'<.; v 'V' "V C->'"
0'? >:J'? 0'? >:J'? >:J'? \ ~ O"" ~<o ':{0V :t:-"" "" ~~ 0'? «~ ,?O «0 <.:~'? ,?,V .# ¢''' '? ~ <.;0
1) 1) 1) 1) 1) 1) 10 30
rp'?
"'" 0'V' -<-~" ..!,.0" ~ '? '? ~'?
<:)~~,,0~ ~~ -<-f.(; <.;'?v 0~'?
SO 70 10 10 10 30 so
,,'? ->..«~ O,,'? f?'" <.: '?~<.;«; ,?<';~~->..«~ n~ A':Y'? 0~<:)~
-0'<~ ,~'?'?/ ~~~~ ~ <.:~ i'
" '? ,,?' ->..' "v r, Jl >:J" 0"v ,,'? / '\ R-'? ,?V ~'V' ~~~~~C ~:'" ,<.;'? '? « ~,?<.;f.(; «,,\~ '?"" &f.(; 0~" 0'? «0
0
~ « '?"" ,?0C rp-::
10 10 1) 1) 1) 10 10 30
<.:,,, ~ 0" >:J~ ~'? <.:"" '?o
r-,<:S '\'<; ,.!- ~ ,.J:-->..«_ 0'< ~0 ~i 'i'0
rp" rt .f «- ,?(j <) ~ '<"\:/
LOCAL POLLE N
ZONE
LO-5 !
" LD-S
,
" . ,. LD-1. ,
LD - 3
L D - 2
__ ,',v .. ~j LD-' '"
1) 1) 10 10 10
"c YEARS
8 P
[ Ir
f
I 1.000
5000
8000 ~
tomo
~ VI .,.
LOCH MEODAL.ISLE OF SKYE. ANAl. w. WILLIAMS. 1973-71..
-"_ x ..l.,<f:v ~ ..... -? b "..l.,'<.~<v ~~ &- . ~ '?"'?-;;.
~ S ~~ ~ ,?{:J ~ ~~ h f?' ,,~~'? 0" 0~ ~v ,~ §~~ LS'?' ~~o'? -;lrv<O'Q.Q. v&'~ ~{J ~+ § ,,~ ~~'?~0' -t~<v~ o~\~+
~ ~:;j ~ '" ~ b ~ ~'? ~ 0 to'?':y~ -<-«) ..sS ~~ ~"~.;y~~ ~<v <f'rP "p'?' ~0~ ~ ~~'? ~~
14C ,_,,0"~ ~ ~0{<OV~~~0'? ~v'? ~~ ~v#~+ ~" &~~~ ~~ ~<V~~~~¢:.(5->~:4:-~~ ..l.,~~o.~"«) -K-~~ YEARS EP.<oV Q.~ Q.0 ,?O 0" V" ~" ~~ Q.~ V ,?Y' vO -<-«) <J 0~ 0" Q.o ~ ~ '?"-«v ~ </?" Q.'" \)~ q.
:::; I - II "'l-'-'f-'-'f-'-'~~I 't-'-'t-'-'t-'-'~L: I I , , 't-'-'Lo:' I I' 'I I , " , 'r'-'I-'-'~., 'I 'I 'I 'L ' " 'I ---.-.-r.-;.::;'--..t--,- •• 1 ....
:: t ..
'4C
v
IV
III
LML-5
I r~--~
10 30 50 10 tl 10 10 10 30 50 10 10 10 tl Xl
0'0 TOTAL POLLEN
,.... OJ OJ
Loch Heod.al
Stratigraphic plot ot atanda..rdleed DCe with TSU 100.00 (uainq chord diatance)
:ssYo s.a..p1. ag88 at.d DCa .00000 .0.000 .08000 .12000 .16000 .20000 .HOOO
.00000 • 13U62 .• H ................ Hl .. H~ I I I 100.00 .11066. • ••••••• ++++++f++++.+++++:Y I I I 200.00 .096773 .++++++++++++++++++++++~\ I I I I 300.00 .100522 .++++++++++.++.+++++++? I I I I 400.00 .088701 .+++++.+++.++++++++++t I I I I 500.00 .051452 .++++++++++t+t I I I I I 600.00 .OC5966 .+++++++++.t I I I I I 700.00 .052177 .+++++++tt+++ .. I I I I I 800.00 .025515 ,++"+". I I I I I 900.00 .023206 .++++++ I I I I I 1000.0 .020509 .+++++ I I I I I 1100.0 .027637 .+++.+++ I I I I I 1200.0 .032003 •••• ++++t I I I I I 1300.0 .03),(26 .+ •• ++.++ I I I I I 1400.0 .028579 .+.++ ••• I I I I I 1500.0 .041296 .+ ••••• +++. I I I I I 1600.0 .OU847 •• + •• +.+ ••• + I I I I I 1700.0 .0.6200 ••• ++ ••• ++++t I I I I I 1800.0 .05'616 .+ ••• ++ ............ I I I I I 1900.0 .058319 .............. +++ ... I I I I I 2000.0 .036540 .+"." ••••• I I I I I I 2100.0 .041041 .............. I I I I I 2200.0 .041657 .+++++.+++. I I I I I 2300.0 .050211 .+.+++.+++ •• +" I I I I I 2400.0 .058862 .+ •••• + •• +++++ •• I I I I I 2500.0 .056969 · .+++.+.+f++f+t I I I I I 2600.0 .067885 .++++++++.f •• +.ff. I I I I I 2700.0 .080618 .+ •• f ••• fff.++f++++++ I I I I 2800.0 .059116 .••••••••••• ff •• I I I I I 2900.0 .067762 •• + •• f.+.++ ••• + ••• I I I I I 3000.0 .075850 • ++++····+······++++1 I I I I 3100.0 .053108 ••••••• +.+.+++ I I I I I 3200.0 .0C~I377 .++.+ •••• +++. I I I I I 3300.0 .05633' .+.++.++++ •• +++ I I I I I 3400.0 .047581 •••• +++++ •••• I I I I I 3500.0 .05U80 .+.+++ ••• + •• ++ I I I I I 3600.0 .0'2138 •• +.+++.+++. I I I I I 3700.0 .0.3198 .+++ •• +++++. I I I I I 3800.0 .058320 • +.+ ++++++++++ +. I I I I I 3900.0 .053134 .+++++.++.+ •• + I I I I I 4000.0 .069765 • +++++++++++ +.++++ I I I I I 4100.0 .061062 .++++ ••• +.++++++ I I I I I 4200.0 .05976. ..+.+ ••• +++ ••••• I I I I I 4300.0 .087589 •••• ++++.+ + ••• + ••••• + •• I I I I 4400.0 .060772 • + + ••••• +++.+. +. I I I I I I 4500.0 .052483 .+ •••• ++++ •• +. I I I I I 4600.0 .060660 • .+ ••• + ••••• ++ •• I
I I I I I
.700.0 .07824.7 • + ++++++++.++++ ••••• + I I I I 4800.0 .1069.7 .++++ ••• ++.+ •• ++.+.+++.~ I I I I 4900.0 .085672 • + +++. +.++++++.+ ++ ++++ I I I I 5000.0 .076339 .+·++·+++········+··1 I I I I 5100.0 .036807 .·+····++·1 I I I I I 5200.0 .038U5 •• + •••••••• I I I I I 5300.0 .028786 ••••••• + I I I I I I 5400.0 .027660 .++.+ ••• I I I I I I 5500.0 .032028 .+.+++ •• + I I I I I I 5600.0 .035953 .++.+.+ ••• I I I I I I 5700.0 .035731 .++++··+··1 I I I I I 5800.0 .031195 •••• + •• +. I I I I I I 5900.0 .029899 •••• +.+. I I I I I I 6000.0 .036277 •••••• ii+i I I I I I I 6100.0 .058353 .+i+i+ii.+ii++++ I I I I I 6200.0 .075982 .i.+ •• i+++++.+++++++ I I I I I 6300.0 .061596 .++.++ ••• +++++ •• I I I I I 6400.0 .068083 • ++++ ••• +. +. + ••••• I I I I I 6500.0 .055720 .+ •• + •• + ••••••• I I I I I 6600.0 .045401 •••• ++++++++ I I I I I 6700.0 .020128 .+++++ I I I I I I 6800.0 .020013 .++.++ I I I I I I 6900.0 .021286 •• ++.+ I I I I I I 7000.0 .021643 .+++++ I I I I I I 7100.0 .022424 ,++++++ I I I I I I 7200.0 .023422 .++++++ I I I I I I 7300.0 .019862 ...... I I I I I I 7.00.0 .023138 .++ •• +. I I I I I I 7500.0 .02.290 .++.++. I I I I I I 7600.0 .027680 ........ I I I I I I 7700.0 .021862 •• + ••• I I I I I I 7800.0 .020995 .+++++ I I I I I 7900.0 .021456 .++.++ I I I I I I 8000.0 .023319 .+.+.+. I I I I I I 8100.0 .022207 ••• ++ •• I I I I I I
8200.0 .020612 .+.++. I I 8300.0 .020C83 •• + ••• I I 64.00.0 .026086 •• +++++. I I 8500.0 .030409 .+ •••• ++. I 1-S600.0 .027020 .+++.++. I I 8700.0 . 025763 •• +++++ I I 8800.0 .03.248 .+++·++·+·1 I 8900.0 .039036 •• +++ •• ++++ I 9000.0 .043303 .+++.+++++++ I 9100.0 .062926 • ••• +++ •••• +.+ + •• I 9200.0 .057797 • +++ ++.++.++ + •• I 9300.0 .11714.0 • .++++.+ ++ ++ +.++ •• + ••••••• + I 9400.0 .081976 • +++ ++.+ •• + •• + +++ •••• I 9500.0 .133064 I 9600.0 .158467 I 9700.0 .14.6365 • .++.+ ++ +++.+.+. + •••• + +~ ++.+ +++ • .+!. • ..t .. I 9800.0 .072525 .++.+++++++++++++++ I -I I 9900.0 .0924.7 .++++++++++++++++++++++l I I 10000. .077595 .+++++ •••• ++ •••• ++ •• I I I I 10100. .093012 ···+···+······+++···+·+f I I
.00000 .0.000 .08000 .12000 .16000 .20000 . UOOO I
LOCH ASHIK. ISLE OF SKYE. ANAL. w. WILLIAMS. 1975.
i ~'" ~
,v"'l.>' ~ ~ n"'~ .""-~ ~<J ~ ",{:i,v~ ~_ ~v <? R~ 0' ~ ~"" Q;.<C; V. <? LV ~CJ O~ n.~~
,v'" <?.:f-
..... ,;;.'<<;
~'" 0" <;,,,~.::s '<-r-,c:. ,.l.' ~~'" S:,Q;.CJ ~'" ,v'::p"~~'" ,v'" ~~~'vQ;..:s \ ~ ~" 0-0~..:f A "Q;.v oQ;.'QQ;.~ -# ~ ",.9 v.- '\ Gj <.: ~ ","?-" ,,0Q;.
10 30 so 10 30 lJ lJ lJ lJ 1) 1) lJ 1) 30 1) 1) 30
"to TOTAL POLLEN
~'" ~ 0~ ~'v"\.';::;,''';
«,Q;.~~~~ ~<J .,::;; ~ ,,~
~~'v ~~
0Q;.'?'
so ?o 1) 1) 30 SO 10 30
~'v ~ ~'v <?'v " 0.::s ,,~ ~/( .<;,
,,,"'" h' 'v ~ ~'?' ~~ ~ .... -P ~ ~ ~ "Q!. ~.J..<?' ~"#- 'v0 ~~ .!.'",~..;j ~~ 0'" ~ .J..<?''' ,,<C; O'? ~c:. S:, ~r ~~ /<.
L</} .$'" ,v"~ ," ~' <?Q;.~Q;.~~~~ ,,'?' (,'v~ ~ r-, v. f\4 .~+ '?' ,v~"~'v~~v";'~"" (}"'~ .... ~~~'v~~0':p<S-'?' ,.c,<s-~,,'v~ ~i;'~"~0~~~
.".,. ~ ~-,,0 ~v C v 51-' .... ,.J.. ..... v.~.J..0 ~',.\.~.",?, Q;." Q;.~ '<.~"?-, <P ",v ~<C;~'?'<?"Y<p" <P"OQ;. <?<<J,;:,'('4 ... ·
LOCAL POLLEN ZONE
"
"c YEARSB.P
o
LAK'6 H-2oo
I I k l I I' I I po I.. 1 I . ,'v, 11-1.000 _ 11 __
LAK-1.
LAK-2 IrXlOOO LAK"
10 1)1Oll1) 30'1)10101010 1) 10 'I) 10 'I) 30
~ U -
.J..:JO
Loch A.hUt
Btrat1qraphic plot of atandardiaed DC ..... ith TBU 100.00 (udnq chord diBtance)
55% Ballple age. atd. DC. .00000 ,OJOOO .06000 .09000 .12000 .15000 .18000
.00000 .018964 .++++++ I II I I 100.00 .017832 I II I I 200.00 .017934 .++.+++ I II I I 300.00 .015072 .+++++ I I I 400.00 .011413 ,++++ I II I I 500.00 .010326 .++. I
II I I
600.00 .009963 •• + • I I I 100.00 .026861 • +++++++++ I II I I 800.00 .039'09 .+++++++++++++ ' I I I 900.00 .042946 • +++++++++++++ .. II I I 1000.0 .050111 • +++ •••• +t •••••• ++
" I I
1100.0 .011609 •• +t ••• I I 1200.0 .015511 .+++++
II I I
1300.0 .0164(8 .•• +t. I I UOO.O .023111 .++++++++ II I I 1500.0 .02062' .+++++++ I I I 1600.0 .019101 •• + ••••• II I I 1700.0 .019123 .+t ••••• rI I I 1800.0 .023192 .+ ••••••• I I 1900.0 .030440 •• ++ ••••••• II I I 2000.0 .030525 .++++++++++ I I 2100.0 .030911 .++++++++++
Ii I I
2200.0 .0'2166 • ++++++++++++++ I I 2300.0 .048781 • +++++ +++++++++++
Ii I I
2'00.0 .0'5921 • +++++++++++++ ++ I I 2500.0 .DUCOa .+t •••••••••••••
Ii I I
2600.0 .031145 .++++++++++++ I I 2100.0 .014142 .+++.++++++++ I I I 2800.0 .021'96 .+++++++++ I II I I 2900.0 .029923 .++++++++++ I I I 3000.0 .031'71 .++++++++++++ II I I 3100.0 .0'9088 • +++++++++++++++ + I I I 3200.0 .050990 • +++++++++++++++++ II I I 3300.0 .010309 • +++++ ++++++ ++++++++++++ I I 3(00.0 .064161 • +++++++++ ++++++++++ ++ I I I 3500.0 .059188 • +++++++++++ ++++ ff+++ II I I 3600.0 .0626'2 • .++++++.+ ++++++++++++ I I 3700.0 .051388 .+++++++++++++++++++1 ! I I I 3800.0 .083082 .+++f+.++++++++f+.+.++.+++f+. I I I 3900.0 .085797 • +.f+. f+.+.+ •• ++f++ ••• ++ +++++t I I I '000.0 .087155 • .+.++ +++ ++ •• +++ ++++ ++ + + + + + +. I I 4100.0 .118632 I I '200.0 .098139 • +++++.+++++++ ++ •• ++++ +++.++ +.++ I I '300.0 .086149 • ++++.++++ f+++++++++++++++ +++ I I 4400.0 .058505 • +++++ +++.++ +++.+++.+ Ii I I 4500.0 .033331 .+++++++++.+ I I I '600.0 .033140 .++.++.++.++ II I I 4100.0 .040794 • +.+.+ •• +.+ •• f. I I I '800.0 .031806 •• + ••• ++++ •• II I I '900.0 .0295'9 .+ •••• + •••• I I I 5000.0 .025523 .+ •• ++ •• +., Ii I I 5100.0 .022191 .+ ••• +.++ I I I 5200.0 .022'71 .+.++.++ I r\ I I 5300.0 .024161 .++++++ •• I I I 5'00.0 .029091 •••• + ••••• + d I I 5500.0 .0311~1 • ++++.+ •• +++ I I 5600.0 .030281 .++++++++++
rI I I 5700.0 .030184 .++.+++++++ I I 5800.0 0022519 .++++++++ I Ii I I 5900.0 .023332 .+++++ •• + I I I 6000.0 .026244 .+.+ •• ++++ I rI I I 6100.0 .038'53 •• + •••••••••• + I I 6200.0 .029265 .+ •••••• +f. Ii I I 6300.0 .029'93 .++++ ••• ++. I I 6400.0 .030'15 0+ •• ++++.·. d I I 6500.0 .035903 •• ++.+++ •••• + I I 6600.0 .031558 .++ ••• +++++ ••• Ii I I 6100.0 .036968 0++++ •• +++.++ I I 6800.0 .0389'0 .++.+++++++.++ I I I 6900.0 .0'9866 0++.++++ +.+. ++++.+ 'i I I 1000.0 .035296 .++++.+++++++ I I 1100.0 .036653 .++.++.+ •• ++. II I I 1200.0 .039698 .++.++.++ •••• + I I I 1300.0 .041925 .++ •• +++.+ ••• +.
Ii I I
7400.0 .053032 • + .+++ ••• +.++++ •••• I I 7500.0 .040771 .++.+.+++ •••• +. Ii I I 7600.0 .035593 •• +.+ ••• +.+ •• I I 7700.0 .048089 ................. I I I 7800.0 .050867 .+.f+ ••••••••••••• II I I 7900.0 .051149 .++ ••••••• + ••••••• I I 8000.0 .043655 ................
rI I I
8100.0 .0'3214 •••••••• ++ ••••• I I
8200.0 .031850 •••••• +++ •• + I' 8300.0 .035122 .++ •• + •••• +++ I 8'00.0 .041955 .••••• + •• +.+++. II 8500.0 .046061 .+ •• + ••• ++ •••• ++ I 8600.0 .039832 ••• +.++ ••••••• II 8700.0 .025514 .+ ••• +.+ •• , I 8800.0 .024311 .+ •• +++++ I II 8900.0 .024034 •••••••• + I 9000.0 .024152 ......... I I 9100.0 .042188 .+ ••• ++ ••• +.+ •• II 9200.0 .053276 •• + •• + •• ++.+.f ••• +. I 9300.0 .074068 • ••• +f + •••••••• + ++ +.+++ ••• I 9400.0 • 128550 9500.0 .140532 • +++ •• ++ ++ + •• + •• ++++ .++++.+. + ••• + ••• +. +. +
9600.0 .078674 • + ••••• ++.++ ++ f+.+ ++++.+ ••• II 9700.0 .075184 • .+ •• +++ ++ +.++ .++++++++++.
9800.0 .075107 :::::::::::::::::::::::::: ! I 9900.0 .0751l0 10000. .098287 ............................. > 10100. .086405 • + +. +++.+ •• + ••• ++++ •• + •••• +++
10200. .043306 · .+.+ •••••• + .+. I II 10300. .045274 •••••• ++.+.++ ••• I I 10400. .041965 .+ •••••• + •••••• I II 10500. .045304 .+++ •••••••••••• I l~9000 .00000 .03000 .06000 .12000 .15000 .18000
lOCH CLEAT, ISLE OF SKYE, ANAL. w. WILLIAMS 1975-76
~0 ~'?' ~'?' ~0 ~ ~ ~x,0\x,~-0c.:3'?' :<;-00'?' ~{J x,,,0~~V~ "G'?' .t~
i:-0 v+ <J"?'
14C ..... V,,'?' YEARS q;x,
C:}" b" ~ V ..... " X ~ x,+c.:, GO ~0 ~"..;j 100 c.,v0 <,:i'; .(,., G 100 ~0 ~~ <p~ O~<Q ,Jx,~ ~v0~~ v~,.y -s:-~ !<.x,~ Cj \:j v" '?''' n~ ~'?' ~ ~ ... X ~ 0'?'''
10 30 50 10 "/, TOTAL POLLEN
b\ ~.;55
GO~
30
-<:-x, ~vv x,.
~~'?'v~'?' ~x,"?' -<:-x,(j G'?'''v <J~.t
<v ~ -l.,~ Q,x, ..... -l.,Q, '?' (/< c.? ..... '?' ..... .J.. r-: .f-> ,;:. ,,,,,<3- ' ,,'?' _ ".:f- ~ , is' x, ~'. 0" V' ,"<:~} ~ ,,0'?' ,?,c.:"Q, Q,<V x,~ c.,~ S:.. ,;:;+ ~«. ~~,.:,)0 ..... v '?' 0 ~ ..... ""'.J.. ~ ~ -i!' \>' X'<: "" >J' <3' c.,<V ,w -0 -l.,Q, '?' , ..... ",-0 n~"?' ,,"?' c.,«'; ~ 0 «.~ ,?,\:j <'1~ \>' 0'" vv ...... ~" '?' A"" .... () ~ ~ qs ~ "" ~ x,.+ x,~ :<;-c.:, ~~" ~{.- ~b'?' ~,?,<J" O(j <p(j ~x, d' ~ 0'?' i:--0 ~,.l' $- ~-0 ~«.; ~~ 0X, S' c.,G"- .f ~Q, ~ ~r§ ;:l.,<t' ~(j t0~ ,?,(j LOCAL ~ «." <it Gx, Q,O .f ~x, 0-::5 Q," ~O Q,0 0~ ,;:.-(. Q, ..... x, 04 4~ POLLEN
, ··-----1
" .--.".~
I LCH
LCT-2
20 10 10 10 10 10 10 20 20 () 10 10 10
14C YEARS BP
-I , 6000'1
-i ,
., <
800°1
~
..... 01 v:;
lOU
Loch Cleat
Stratigraphic plot or standardi.ed DCa with Tau 100.00
(udng chord dl.t..ance)
!l5'i. Sample agee atd DC_ ,00000 .03000 .06000 .09000 .12000 .15000 .18000
.00000 .053120 .++'-'- •••••• '-'-'- ••••• I I I 100.00 .026790 ot •••••••• I I I I 200.00 .031311 o·t •••••• .-. I I I 300.00 .052834 ,t+t.-.- ••• .-.-.- ••••••• I I I 400.00 .066224 ." ++ ++++ ++++ ++ ++ ++ ++++.+ I I I 500.00 .087426 .+t ••••••••••••••••••••••••••• I I I 600.00 .096752 : ::::::: :::::::: :::::::::::: :::::1 I I 700.00 .095819 I I 800.00 .069854 ............................... ~ I I 900.00 .100205 ." ++ •• +.++ ++++ ++ ++++.+ +++ .. ++ +++ .. + I I 1000.0 .100912 • +++++++++++++ ++ •• ++ ++ ot •• + •• ++ ++ + I I llOO.O .08161) .++'-'-.'-+ ••••••• '- •••••••••• '-. I I I 1200.0 .080389 • +++++ ++++++++++++.+ ++ ++ ++ ++ I I I 1300.0 .05157011 • +++++ ++ •••••• ++ ++ I I I I 1400.0 .068454 • ++ +++++++ +++++++++ + ++ ++ I ! I I 1500.0 .043755 • + ++ ++++++ ++++++ I I I 1600.0 .0 .. 464 .+++++-++++++++++ I I I 1700.0 .049097 • + ++++++++ ++ +++ ++ I I I 1800.0 .05(11.6 • +++ ++++++++.+++ ++ + I I I 1900.0 .045245 • +++ ++++ ++++++++ I I I 2000.0 .061145 • +++++++ ++ t++++++++++ I I I 2100.0 .0459(1 .++++-+++++-++++++ I I I I 2200.0 .042935 • +++++++- +++++++ I I I I 2300.0 .049098 • + ++ ++++++ +++++++ I I I I 2400.0 .056679 • +++++ ++-++ ++ ++ ++ ++++ I I I I 2500.0 .076960 • +++++++ ++ ++ ++++ ++ ++ ++ +++++ I I I 2600.0 ,094967
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: + I I I 2700.0 .092587 I. I 2800.0 .073306 • +++++ +-+++++ ++ ++++ ++ ++ ++ + I I I 2900.0 .095661 • +-++++ +-+++ ++++ ++ +-+++ +- + ++++++ ++ ++ + I I I 3000.0 .091766 • +++++ ++++ +-+++ ++ ++++ ++ ++ ++ ++ + +++ I I 3100.0 .0.9644 .+++++++++++++++++ I I 3200.0 .042974 • + ++ ++++++ +++++ I I 3300.0 .03850. ,+++++++++++++ I I 3.00.0 .036858 .++++++++++++ I I 3500.0 • 036439 .++++++++++++ I I 3600.0 .041120 .++++++++++++++ I I 3700.0 .0)3237 .++++-++t++++ I I 3800.0 .037664 .+t+t+++++++++ I I 3900.0 .064297 • +++++t+++++++ t+++ ++++ I I 4000.0 .064471 • +++++++++++++++++++ ++ I I 4100.0 .064493 ,+++++ ++ +++t ++++++++++ I I 4200.0 ,068888 • +++t+++t+ t+++++++++++++ I I 4300.0 .068271 ,+++++++++ ++++++ ++++++ ++ I I 4400.0 .078154 • + ++ ++ ++++++++++ +++tt+++++ +- I I 4500.0 .040117 .+++++++++++++ I I I 4600.0 .035217 .++++++++++++ I I I 4700.0 .057276 .+++++++++++++++++++ 1 I I 4800.0 .055280 • +++++++++++tt+++++ I I I 4900.0 .046551 • +++++ +t+t tt++++ + I I I 5000.0 .046038 • +++++++++++++++ I I I 5100.0 .053827 • +++++++++++++ ++ ++ + I I I 5200.0 .066914 • ++++++++++++++++++++++ I I 5300.0 .072820 • +++ ++++++++++++++++ +++++ I I 5400.0 .046607 • +++++++++++++ +++ I I I 5500.0 .038783 ,+++++++++t+++ I I I 5600.0 .040202 .+++++++++++++ I I I 5700.0 .022949 .++++t+++ I I I I 5800.0 .014996 .+++++ I I I I 5900.0 .013862 .+t+++ I I I I 6000.0 .013949 ,+++++ I I I I 6100.0 .023488 .++++++++ I I I I 6200.0 .018380 .++++++ I I I I 6300.0 .018269 .++++++ I I I I 6400.0 .032159 .+++++++++++ I I I 6500.0 .059964 • +++ ++++++++ ++ ++ ++ +++ I I 6600.0 .035621 .++++++++++++ I I I 6700.0 .029319 .++++++++++ I I I 6800.0 .032865 .+++-++++++++ I I I 6900.0 .017192 .++++++ I I I I 7000.0 .017323 .++++++ I I I I 7100.0 .017659 .++++++ I I I I 7200.0 .018355 .++++++ I I I I 7300.0 .018972 .++++++ I I I I 7400.0 .028380 • +++++++++ I I I I 7500.0 .035044 .++++++++++++ I I I 7600.0 .043686 • +++ ++ ++++++ ++++ I I I 7700.0 .037123 .++++++++++++ I I I 7800.0 .02900 .+++++++++-+ I I I 1900.0 .034461 .++++++++++-+ I I I 8000.0 .0322.2 .+++++++++++ I I I 8100.0 .034359 .+++++t+++++ I I I
8200.0 .030811 .++++++++++ I I I 8300.0 .038993 .+++++++++++++ I I I 8400.0 .051896 .+++++++++++++++++++1 I I 8500.0 .066483 .+++++++++++++++++++++~ I I 8600.0 .082161 '+++++++++++++++++++++++++~I 1 I 8700.0 .081090 .+++++++++++++++++++++1*+++ -"'1 I 8800.0 .097014 .++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ~ I 8900.0 .112750 • +++++++++++++++++++ ++ ,.+++++++~+}~t + .. I 9000.0 .056611 • +++++++++++++++++++1 ----I I 9100.0 .051646 • +++ ++.+ ++++ ++++++ I I I 9200.0 .053195 • + ++++++ ++ +++ + +++ ++ I I I 9300.0 .054495 • + ++++ ++ +++++++++++ I I I 9400.0 .048150 • + ++++ ++++++++++ + I I I 9500.0 .0.52635 .++++++++++++++++++ 1 I I 9600.0 .063058 .+++++++++++++++++++++ I I I 9700.0 .061992 .+++++++++++++++++++++ -----L I 9800.0 .138907 • + ++++++ ++ ++ ++ +++++++ +:t ++ ++++ + + -;;;-+ +++Tn :r+_ t++
9900.0 .114166 .++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++ -I 10000. .09071.5 .+++++++++++++++++++++++++ I 10100. .067224 .+++++++++++++++++++++ I 10200. .047637 .++++++++++++++++ I I I
.00000 .03000 . 06000 .09000 .12000 .15000 .18000
161
Average rat.-o! -chang's for Loch A.hik, Loch Cleat, Loch H.e0d41
+ SS ".<:
Sampl •• OM avg oc. hAlrl .00000 .03000 .06000 .09000 .12000 .15000 .18000
.00000 .067849 ••• t+++++ •• +t+++++++++ •• I I 100.00 .051769 .tt ••••••••••••••• I I I 200.00 .0'8675 .++++ •••••••••••• I I I )00.00 .056H3 . ·············++····1 I I 400.00 .056113 • •••• ++ ••• ++++ •••••• , I I 500.00 .049735 .................. I I I 600.00 .05089. • ••••• +++ ••• ++ •••• I I I 700.00 .058288 . ····+++············1 I I 800.00 .051593 ••••••••• + •••••••• I I I 900.00 .055452 .+++++++++++.++++++ I I I 1000.0 .057391 ." ++.+.+ ++++.-+ +++. ·+1 I I 1100.0 .042286 • +++ ++++.+++.+. I I I 1200.0 .042656 • +++++++++++ +++ I I I 1300.0 .033816 •• ++++++++++ I I I Uoo.a .040048 .tt ••••••••••• I I I 1500.0 .035225 .tt •••••••••• I I I 1600.0 .036331 .+++++++++++. I I I 1100.0 .038340 .+ ••••• '- •••• '-. I I I 1800.0 .O·()91' .+++++++++++++++ I I I 1900.0 .0"668 .+++++++++++++++ I I I 2000.0 .042737 .++++++++++++++ I I I 2100.0 .039298 .+++++++++++++ I I I 2200.0 .042253 .++++++++++++++ I I I 2300.0 .049363 .++++++++++++++++ I I I 2400.0 .053823 .++++++++++++++++++ I I I 2500.0 .059446 • +++ ++++ ++++ ++ ++ +++ ++ I I 2600.0 .066732 • + ++++++ +++++ + ++ ++ + + ++ + I I 2100.0 .069316 • +++ ++++++ ++++ ++ + + + + ++ ++ I I 2800.0 .053306 • +++++ ++ ++++++ ++ ++ + I I I 2900.0 .064449 • +++++++ ++++++++ ++ ++++ I I 3000.0 .068362 • +++++ ++++ ++++++++ ++++ ++ I I 3100.0 .050613 • +++++++++++++ ++++ I I 3200.0 .047780 • ++++++++++++++++ I I 3300.0 .055049 • + ++++ ++ ++++++ +++++ I I 3400.0 .049600 • +++ ++++ ++++++++++ I I 3500.0 .049035 • ++++++++++++++++ I I 3600.0 .048633 • +++ ++++++++++ +++ I I 3700.0 .044608 .+++++++++++++++ I I 3800.0 .059689 • + ++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++ +++ I I 3900.0 .067743 • +++ ++++++ ++++ ++++ +++++ + I I 4000.0 .073799 .+++++++++ ++ +++++ +++++ ++++ I I 4100.0 .081396 • +++++++++++++ ++++++++ ++++ + + I I 4200.0 .015591 • +++ ++++++++ ++ ++ ++ ++++++ ++ I I 4300.0 .080810 • +++ ++++++++ ++++++++++++++ ++ I I 4400.0 .065810 • +++++++++ ++++++ ++ +++++ I I 4500.0 .041971 • +++++ ++++++++ + I I I 4600.0 .043006 .++++++++++++++ I I I 4700.0 .058112 • +++++++++++++++ +++++ I I 4800.0 .064.618 • +++++++++++++++++++ +++ I I 4900.0 .053924 • ++++++++++++++++++ I I I 5000.0 .049300 • ++++++++++++++++ I I I '100.0 .031810 .+++++++++++++ I I I '200.0 .042610 • ++++++++++++++ I I I 5300.0 .041989 • ++++++++++++++ I I I 5400.0 .034453 .+++++++++++ I I I '500.0 .034119 • +++++++++++ I I I 5600.0 .035419 .++++++++++++ I I I 5100.0 .029621 .++++++++++ I I I '800.0 .022903 .++++++++ I I I I '900.0 .022364 .+++++++ I I I I 6000.0 .025490 .++++++++ I I I I 6100.0 .040098 .+++++++++++++ I I I 6200.0 .OU209 • +++ ++++++ ++++ + I I I 6300.0 ,0364.53 .++++++++++++ I I I 6400.0 .043512 • +++++++++++ ++ ++ I I I 6500.0 .050529 • +++++++++++++++ ++ I I I 6600,0 .039521 .+++++++++++++ I I I 6100.0 .028805 .++++++++++ I I I 6800.0 .030606 .++++++++++ I I I 6900.0 .029"8 .++++++++++ I I I 1000.0 .024754. .++++++++ I I I I 1100.0 .025579 .+++++++++ I I I I 1200.0 .021158 • +++++++++ I I I I 1300.0 .026920 .+++++++++ I I I I 74.00,0 .0)4850 .++++++++++++ I I I 1500.0 .Oll368 .+++++++++++ I I I 1600.0 .035653 .++++++++++++ I I I 1100.0 .035691 .++++++++++++ I I I 7800.0 .033635 .+++++++++++ I I I 7900.0 .035889 ,++++++++++++ I I I 8000.0 .033012 .+++++++++++ I I I 8100.0 .033280 .+++++++++++ I I I 8200.0 .021158 .+++++++++ I I I I 8300.0 .031733 .+++++++++++ I I I 04.00.0 .041919 .++++++++++++++ I I I 8500.0 .041651 .++++++++t+t+t+++ I I I
8600.0 .049671 .+++++++++++++++++ I 8700.0 .044122 • +++++++++ ++++ ++ I 8800.0 .051858 • + ++ +++ + ++ ++++ ++ ++ I 8900.0 .058607 • +++++ ++++ ++++ ++ ++ +++ I 9000.0 .04.1355 .++++++++++++++ I I 9100.0 .052253 .+++++++++++++++++ I I 9200.0 .05C756 .++++++++++++++++++ I I 9300.0 .001901 .+++++++++++++++++++++++++++ I 9400.0 .086225 · .. · ........ ·· ................ 7 9500.0 .108744 .++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 9600.0 .100066 ,++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
9700.0 .094514. .+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 9000.0 .095513 .+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
9900.0 .093914. ,++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 10000. ,085552 .+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++1
10100. .082214. .+++++++++++++++++++++++++++ I 10200. .0454.72 .+++++++++++++++ I 10300. .OU274 .+++++++++++++++ I 104.00. .OU96S .++++++++++++++ I 10500. .04.5304. .+++++++++++++++ I
.00000 .03000 .06000 .09000 .12000 .15000 .18000
t ~S,%
162
Region
Site
o
1000 -- -
2000 ---
3000 -- -
4000 ---
5000 ---
6000 ---
NORTHERN SKYE
LOCH CLEAT
Landscape virtuolly Iree~$ Abundant
meadows and cereal cultivoHon
Gtossk>nds obundont with some arable forminq and toll. herb meodows. Heaths k)col Birch-
hazel- willow scrub (ore
Grasslands frequent. Birch - hozel- willow
scrub rOft
Frequent Qfosslonds ond some orob~ agriculture. Birch ~hozel-willow scrub
oec05ionol.
Birch - hozel scrub with Alnus, Sorbus (Jucuporio, PrlKKlS podvs, and Solix.
Grasslands and lOll-herbs locally frequent.
KYLEAKIN
LOCH ASHIK
Landscape vIrtually Ireeless
Abundant bogs and heaths Birch woods very rare wilh some
O~rcus ond Anus
Birch woods Iocol Heaths, grosslands,
and boqs common
Pint - birch woo4s- 8091. t.aIht. md '¥ouknd loco!.
Sirch- holtl woo:a:;t;tnd~or-olht., boQs and
Birch - hazel- older woods O~rcU$, Ulmus, and Sorbus aucuporia rare
Heaths, bogs, and 9rasslonds local
-
-
-
SLEAT
LOCH MEODAL
Landscape virtually treeless Gmssland ond boo· abundant
Birchwoods local with some older and hazel Heaths abundant, 9fossland and
bogs frequent
Birch - hazel- older woods Grosslonds and heaths frequent Bogs occasional
Birch - hozel- older woods O~rctlS very rare Grosslonds and heolhs frequenl Boqs local
Birth - hozel- older woods. Ulmus very rare Grasslands and healhs local
Birch - hazel- older woods Ouercus, Ulmus, Populus, and Serbus (1(ICuporio rare
o
1000
--- 2000
--- 3000
--- 4000
-- - 5000
--- 6000
7000 --- --- 7000 -Birch - hozel scrub with Serbus OUC(lporio, Solix, ond Pnnus podus. Grasslands and
1011- herbs locally f .. quenl -
Birch - hazel woods with some OcJtrcus, lJ/mus, S<xiJus ovcupGria, Solix, and Prtmus pod us. Heaths, OO9s, and
Qrosslonds klcol
Birch - hozel woods with some ~rcus,lAmus,
and Populus. Solix locally common Ferns and tOIl- herbs common
8000 - - - --- 8000
Birch-willow scrub_ -Grasslonds and 1011- herbs local
Birch· hazel woods with Solix, Sorbus oucuporlo,PnHKJs podvs, ferns, ond toll ~ herbs
Birch - hazel woods with Salix, Populus, ferns and 1011- herbs
9000 --- --- 9000
Juniper scrub, species - rich grasslands, 1011- herbs, and local birch copses Juniper scrub, birCh copses, cnd 9fossland
10000 10000
Figure 11. Generalised comparison of the inferred post-glacial vegetational history of the Isle of Skye based on pollen-stratigraphical data from Loch Cleat, Loch Ashik, and Loch Meodal.
163
WOODLAND CORYLUS/MYR ICA
JUNIPERUS SALIX-TALL HERBS-FERNS SHRUB HEATH
_ •. "..c.
:// -I~'------------"---J : I ~! ~J- ! "---------" ......
II-<' .... ~-~
, , .
lloooJ o 10k-. r~ 6~
,..,.
GRASSLAND MIRES
' ...... ., ... f, _____ ..,. c ... -.- '" __ ~ """ ____ C,-, .. I)I __ ...... ' ..... 1'_ .. _ ~."r ___ ".e" ••. ~ .... ,,,. ............ _'''- '''' _ .......... 10'" _,,_"- _ ._ ... ----. ................ < , •••
~-- ,..t.!Dd •• ~ C·(_K_C •• ~C..~ ".c,.._ ... J'~ ,.et:Iel '- ................ _ ""~!g!> '-<...,y O.~ A.~ S.~ U.~
°l I~
'j 3l
I 41
! i
51 I
61 I
7-, i
J ,j
I
LOCH CLEAT
-----j
i I ------l I
°
G-C
G-B-P!
B-Co-Pe
G-R :
I
°
LOCH A~HIK
----1 i
--1 !
I ----,
!
i
-~ 1-
B-A-C.
P-A
S-A-G
S-A-U
B-Co-Pe
G-R
LOCH MEODAL
~ . ~ : I I j
\----°
B-A-PI
B-A-G
B-A-U
B-Co-p"
G-R
, °
LOCHAN DOILEAD
G-C
B-A-PI
Q-A-G
Q-A-U
B-A-U
B-Co-Pe I
G-Rl
-, 4
Figure 72 Flandllan lotal pollen Influ. <;Ufve~ plalled 3g,;un!>1 lime I 14C years 8P .,03
I lOf the lour sites Inve~119aled The scale .11 the base of each <;llhouetted prollie IS .,04 grdlns cm· 2 year 1
The regional pollen assemblage lones and Sub'Zones ate <;hown If 01 abofeVlallons see FI9 681 -- eroSion
rO ~
l-, i
r2
r3
;-4
'-5
-6
-7
-8
-9
1'°
~
~
"
QUERCUS ULMUS
LCT LAK LML LD LCT LAK LML LD
o
2
3
4
5
6
7·
8
9
10
--------1 I 1 I
F.., ..... '1II!i Compau\>". , .. "" .... "1.110" 01 It,. poll." ,,,,II .... CuhH 1.I()J9'.'''~ e,.,.'., .... ·" of
~.: ?J~;~~.~~~::;'-:·~~.1··''1r'~';~ .,.f ~.4'~~ ·t~~1~Wr~~~~~~· I ;'·;~.;N"-
SORBUS"(;PRUNUS . JUNIPERUS
AUCUPARIA CF,: R~~:f~DUS COMMUNIS
LCT LAKLMl: LD··;:itck=ti~~L'I:.D' LeT LAK LML LD
--,--,--,--,
. ";'::"'t,';';;" .,
--Ir;f{~'---,3f~,-
_I..l--
-t---,--,--,-. -,
-1-1-1 \
-.--.-,,-----
---.---,---,---------
~-~- -Jtn------~,-------1 , ,
6tCJ""~1 I,m. h"",oc:.'bon 1 •• " 010l
, IOf I,.,. to ....... 1., , .. _,.,,,,,)1 .. 0 leT .loeh C .. .at. lAK • Loch A .. ", ••. lJoIl.loch Meod.et. LO .~II Doll.ad,
,.... 0'\ til
ltJtJ
PLANTAGO PTERIDIUM OSMUNDA
LANCEOLATA AQUILINUM REGALIS
" LCT LAK LML LD LCT LAK LML LD LCT LAK LML LD
0
- -- -- -- -- -- --
2 -- -- -- --
3 .--- -- --
4 -- -- -- --
5 -- -- --- -- -- -- -- --
6 -- -- --- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
7 -- --- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
8 -- --- -- -- -- ~- -- -- --
9 -- --- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
--~-----~ ..--- --~~--- ~~--1~ 1 I 1 I 1 1
F'gule 17 Comparal,ve representation of the E.!.M!!R9Q...J~- Ptefldlum aQu.ilJD,..U.a\ and ~~ IOlIux
curves 1.103 9,alns em 2 yecu'"
plalled agalnsl lime iradlQcarbon years B.P.x10J , lor the bur Sites IIlvestigaled.
leT. Loch Cleat l AK . lOCh Ashlk LML: loch Meodal LO: lochan OoHead • very low .nnux values and
SporadiC Qccuuences
0
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
NYMPHAEA
LCT LAK LML LD
o
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
2
-TYPE'
LCT LAK LML
------,~,.---1· 3~
>~-
ISOETES
'ECHINOSPORA
'" '" LCT LAK LML LD
... -~_I-'--._.-
-t--'-1-'-
,....--.----,~...-------
1 1 1 1
EQUISETUM
LCT LAK LML LD'"
,-----,,-----,~--.----,
1 1 1 1
Figure 79. Comparative representation of the ~)'~ and Potamogelon .type poNen. and Isoetes eChinos~~;· and liQuisetum spore influ. curves 1,,103 grains cm2 year'l plotted against
influx vatue~ and time Ix103
radiocarbon years S,?I for the four sites investigated, LeT ,Loch Cleat. LAK. loch Ash!k. LML: Loch Meoda!, LO .Lochan Doilead. ,.. very low
sporadic occurrences
o
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
~
~ '-l
Holocene I Late - glacial! f Holocene
2~
Loch Cleat
:=:: 20 ~
~ ~ 15 2
'0 Qj 10 .0 E "
Loch Meodol c
E 5
lrl a. >< w
0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 = 6000 7000 eooo 9000 10000 11000
I· C years B.P
Loch Ashik -- Loch Cleat -- Loch Meodol ~
Figure 3 Plot of expected number of pollen and spore taxa (E(T,,)) against estimated radiocarbon age of each sample at three sites on the Isle of Skye (Loch Cleat. Loch Ashik. Loch Mcodal) for the Holocene and Devensian latcglacial/Holocene transition. E(T,,) is based on the lowest count in the three sequences (n = 142).
~ 0\ 00
o
'.'
Belulo
,'.
f.: "",: approximate extent of , Loch Lomond - stadial
ice in Scotland
• o • l>.
, o
10000 - 10400 B P 9750 - 9950 B P 9500 - 9700 B P 9450 - 9000 B P
, 50
50 001.4;1 ..
• .. :::;
r-~:""'-I0000
"!
• •
•
• -_---eA--IOOOO ------------..... -----
FIG. 2. Isochrone map of the rational limit of Betula pollen in the British Isles. The isochrones are based on data indicated by dots and triangles and are shown as radiocarbon years HP. The approximate extent of Loch Lomond Stadial ice in Scotland is also shown (mainly based on Sissons (191l3) with minor additions from various other sources).
169
l'l2
'.
Quercus ~.r(2 r1'$F' a
(/
6000 .~.
'"
o 50 100 Km
o 50 100 Miles
8500
9000
9500----..
FIG. 5. Isochrone map of the rational limit of Quercus pollen in the British Isles. The isochrones arc hased on data from the sites indicated hy dots and are shown as radiocarhon years SP. Sites where there is no pollen-analytical evidence for local presence arc shown as open circle's.
r-----------------------------------------------------~~--------------_r------~-----_.
I
o
o
Alnus glut/nosa
I 50
.'
i KlO MI ..
-'---7500
FIG. 7. lsochrone map of the rational limit of Alnus glutirlOsa pollen in the British Isles. The is()chrones are hased on data from the sites indicated by dots and are shown as radiocarbon years OP. Siies where there is no pollen-analytical evidence for local presence are shown a, open circles. The question mark at the east side of Loch Lomond renects the uncertainty of this date due to a possible 'discontinuity in both sedimentation rate and the sediment' (Stewart (!t 01., 1984) at Duhh Lochan. .
173
174
o I
o
Pinus sy/vestris
t . 50 100 Km
50 !do Miles
I I /
I /
/ /
I /
I
,-/
8500/
"
I ",..--
1 9000 ,-/ / ,-
/ . /
8000
///,;/.
FIG. 6. Isochronc map of the rational limit of Pinus sylveslris pollen in the British Isles. The isochrones are based on data from the sites indicated by dots and are shown as radiocarhon years BP. Sites where there is no pollen-analytical evidence for local presence are shown as open circles.
Pinus sylvestris history
9 o 1 2 3 4 E' I I I I I I I I I I , , , , , , , , I ' I I , I , I I I I I , I I I , I I , I' , , , I I , , , I' VI( , , , , I' , , , , "~ [' , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , 'j ,0
?~"\ I f I \ 16
J )"{ :1. ""'i 15
J I l Y, 14
jl (" I 13
A .~ / I q 12
[,,, """1""",,, I""", ,'jl""", "I"" '" "I", "'" ,I"""" ,I, """', '4" "" "0 o 4 5 6
FIG. 1. Presumed natural distribution of P. sylvestris in the British Isles today, based on Steven and Carlisle (1959) and Perring and Walters (1962). The area within the line is the probable historical
distribution before clearance (McVean and Ratcliffe, 1962).
9 0 ..., 0 E' I , I , I , , , I' , , , , , , , , I I I , , , , , , I I' , I I , , I , , I ' , , , I , , , , I' VI( , , , , I' , , , , "~ [I I I , I I I I I' , , I , II I, I I
FIG. 2. Distribution of post-glacial macrofossil remains of P. sylvestris in the British Isles, plotted by 10 km squares of the National Grid. The reference(s) for each point is available from the author.
~ .... tJ
~~ li84- L n I \ I 16
~ J~ 'R£:!tp M '1J tttll 15
j I ~ - ~o I '\. ~4 ;..... ~~Ol 7350 \
Vi?Jr ED n\ ]3
~ .~ I J n S j2 ~ C;;:Ai'
F" , , , , , " I" , ,'," , I,!, , , , ! ,:rI, , , , , ,';~" I"" " , , , I, , , , , " , , I", , , " , , I, " , '" , , 14 ' , , , ,3 0 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
FIG. 6. Distribution of P. sylvestris in the British Isles at about 4000 BP (shaded area). Symbols as Fig. 4.
o "U 2 3 4 E' , , , , , , , , I ' , , , · , · · , I ' , , · , , · , , I' , , , , · , , , I' , , , , , · , , I' VI( , , , • I' , , , · · '3 [' , , , , , , , I , , , , " , " I 10
9~ I' -~bY ~ 1 ~
?.JJ~""" I ( I \ j6 .;.'"""\ -( /
~ J~ 'R£(llJ~: =p rrut ] 5
~ I ;Xl" ~f r I 'y j4 7 7 ~ 1, \
~I I ~ncL n\ ]3
"9 .~ I ,< n '1 12 ~ ~- J/
[""." •• 1.""""1""""·;1 •• ",.",1", •• ,,,,1,,""",1"",.".1"".""1&,,., • .3 0 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 f>
FIG. 7. Distribution of P. sylvestris in the British Isles during historic times (shaded area). Symbols as Fig. 4, except X. additional squares where P. sylvestris is presumed native today (from Fig. 1).
~ .. c
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Ball, M.E. (1983) Native woodlands of the Inner Hebrides. Proc.Royal Soc. Edinburgh, 83B, 319-340.
Ballantyne, C.K (1989) The Loch Lomond Readvance on the Isle of Skye, Scotland: glacier reconstruction and palaeoclimatic implications. J. Quat. Science 4, 95-108.
Ballantyne, C.K (1990) The late Quaternary glacial history of the Trotternish Escarpment, Isle of Skye, Scotland, and its implications for ice-sheet reconstruction. Proc. Geol. Ass. 101, 171-186.
Ballantyne, C.K, Benn, D.l., Lowe, J.1. and Walker, M.le. (1991) The Quaternary of the Isle of Skye Field Guide. Quaternary Research Association, Cambridge, 173 pp.
Bennett, KD. (1984) The post-glacial history of Pinus sylvestris in the British Isles. Quat. Sci. Rev. 3, 133-155.
Birks, H.I.B. (1970) Inwashed pollen spectra at Loch Fada, Isle of Skye. New Phytol. 69, 807-820.
Birks, H.1.B. (1973) Past and Present Vegetation of the Isle of Skye - a palaeoecological study. Cambridge University Press, 415 pp.
Birks, H.1.B. (1989) Holocene isochrone maps and patterns of tree-spreading in the British Isles. 1. Biogeography 16, 503-540.
Birks, H.lB. and Birks, H.H. (1974) Studies on the bryophyte flora and vegetation of the Isle of Skye. 1. Flora. 1 Bryology 8, 19-64 and 197-254.
Corley, M.F.V. (1983) Ecology and phytogeographical affinities of the bryophytes in the Inner Hebrides. Proc. Royal Soc. Edinburgh, 83B, 373-402.
Currie, A. and Murray, e. (1983) Flora and vegetation of the Inner Hebrides. Proc. Royal Soc. Edinburgh, 83B, 293-318.
McVean, D.N. and Ratcliffe, D.A. (1962) Plant communities of the Scottish Highlands. Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London, 445 pp.
Murray, C.W. and Birks, H.1.B. (1980) The Botanist in Skye. Botanical Society of the British Isles, 67 pp.
Ratcliffe, D.A. (1968) An ecological account of Atlantic Bryophytes in the British Isles. New Phytol. 67, 365-439.
Ratcliffe, D.A. (1977) Highland Flora. Highlands and Islands Development Board, 110 pp. Vasari, Y. and Vasari, A. (1968) Late- and post-glacial macrophytic vegetation in the lochs
of northern Scotland. Acta Botanica Fennica 80, 120 pp. Walker, M.J.C., Ballantyne, e.K, Lowe, 1.1. and Sutherland, D.G. (1984) A reinterpretation
of the lateglacial environmental history of the Isle of Skye, Inner Hebrides, Scotland. 1. Quat. Science 3, 135-146.
Walker, M.J.C. and Lowe, II (1990) Reconstructing the environmental history of the last glacial-interglacial transition: evidence from the Isle of Skye, Inner Hebrides, Scotland Quat. Sci. Rev. 9, 15-49.
Williams, W. (1976) The Flandrian Vegetational History of the Isle of Skye and the Morar Peninsula. Ph.D. thesis, University of Cambridge (2 volumes).
111
