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LOCATION OF CONFERENCE HALL

Robertson Hall, Princeton, NJ 08540

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LOCATION OF MEETING VENUES

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CONFERENCE COMMITTEE

President

Xiaogang Wu (Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, HKSAR)

Co-sponsor

Yu Xie (Princeton University, USA)

Program committee

Xiaogang Wu (Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, HKSAR)

Emily Hannum (University of Pennsylvania, USA)

Xiaoling Shu (University of California Davis, USA)

Lijun Song (Vanderbilt University, USA)

Anning Hu (Fudan University, CHINA)

CONFERENCE SECRETARIATS

Duoduo Xu (Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, HKSAR)

Phillip Rush (Princeton University, USA)

Shaoping She (Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, HKSAR)

CONFERENCE VOLUNTEERS

Bing Tian (Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, HKSAR)

Mengyu Liu (Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, HKSAR)

Ming Zhao (New York University, USA)

Jun Yin (Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, HKSAR)

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ORGANIZERS

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PROGRAMME OUTLINE

Friday August 10th 2018

Time Details Venue

8:30 – 9:00 Registration and Reception Bernstein

Gallery

9:00 – 10:00

Opening Ceremony and Welcome by Representative of Princeton University Prof. Yu Xie Prof. Xiaogang Wu Prof. Yanjie Bian (Guest of Honor)

Chair: Emily Hannum

Bowl 016

10:00 – 10:30 Coffee Break and Group Photo Taking Bernstein

Gallery

10:30 – 12:00 (90 min’)

Parallel Sessions 1.1 Big Data and Computational Social Science 1.2 Education and Schooling Process 1.3 Gender Norms and Attitudes 1.4 Migrants and Immigrants 1.5 Family and Domestic Labor 1.6 Hospitals, Patients and Medicine

Bowl 016 Bowl 001 Bowl 002 Rm. 005 Rm. 023 Rm. 029

12:00 – 13:20 Lunch Bernstein

Gallery

13:20 – 14:50 (90 min’)

Parallel Sessions 2.1 Marriage and Assortative Mating 2.2 Intergenerational Transfer and Mobility 2.3 Gender Inequality 2.4 Mental Health and Subjective Well-being 2.5 Income and Housing Inequality 2.6 Firms and Organizations


14:50 – 15:00 Coffee Break Bernstein

Gallery

15:00 – 16:30 (90 min’)

Parallel Sessions 3.1 Values and Attitudes 3.2 Migration and People's Well-being 3.3 Neighborhood, Community and Nationalism 3.4 Physical and Cognitive Health 3.5 Trust, Social Capital and Networks 3.6 Governance and Civil Society


16:30 – 16:40 Coffee Break Bernstein

Gallery

16:40 – 18:00 (80 min’)

Plenary Session：Social Survey Data Collection

in China QiangRen (CFPS) Weidong Wang (CGSS) Yucheng Liang (CLDS) Xiulin Sun (SUNS)

Bowl 016

18:00 – 18:30 Transport to Dinner Venue Prospect Avenue

18:30 – 20:30 Conference Dinner Presentation of Recipients for the Nan Lin Student Paper Award

Shanghai Park

9:00 Shuttle Bus Departure for Philadelphia Prospect Avenue

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PANEL SESSIONS

Parallel Sessions: 10:30 – 12:00

Session No. & Title Paper Title Author(s)

1.1 Big Data and Computational Social Science Chair: Siwei Cheng Venue: Bowl 016

The Media Coverage and Public Perceptions of Inequality in China

Xi Song*, Yinxian Zhang

Mapping Public Concerns about Class Immobility in China

Yunsong Chen

The Domestic Media Slant in a Global Context Xinguang Fan

Multiplex Social Networks in Rural Honduras Yongren Shi

Paying Money for Freedom: Effects of Monetary Compensation on Sentencing for Traffic Accident Crime in China

Tianji Cai

1.2 Education and Schooling Process Chair: Anning Hu Venue: Bowl 001

Unfulfilled Promise of Educational Meritocracy? Academic Ability and Urban-Rural Gap in Access to Higher Education in China

Angran Li

Effects of Schools on the Academic Ability of Students During Basic Education in China

Hao Yin

In Search of the “Best Option Available”: Outsourcing Secondary Education to the U.S. and the Anxiety of Chinese Urban Upper-Middle-Class

Siqi Tu

College Major Choices among Chinese International Undergraduate Students in America

Yingyi Ma

No Other Way: Middle Class Self-Exclusion in the College Application Process

Yi-Lin Chiang

1.3 Gender Norms and Attitudes Chair: Yue Qian Venue: Bowl 002

Transition and Evolution in China: Cohort and Historical Dynamics in Gender and Sexual Attitudes in 2010-2015*

Xiaoling Shu*, Bowen Zhu

The Gender Attitude of Youth: How Gansu Rural Youth Perceive Family and Marriage

Yuping Zhang*, Peggy Kong

More Than Just Breadwinners: How Chinese Male Migrant Workers’ Family Relationships Shape Their Factory Labor Process

Rachel Yu Guo

A Comprehensive Review of China's Family Planning Policy: Bringing Women Back

Shuangshuang Yang*, Yingchun Ji

The Multifaceted Meanings of Educational Attainment in Mate Selection for Online Daters in Shanghai

Siqi Xiao

1.4 Migrants and Immigrants Chair: Zhuoni Zhang Venue: Rm. 005

Labor and Return Migration in China: 1982-2015 John Zhongdong Ma

Trajectories of Entrepreneurship for Chinese Immigrants: New Method and Findings

Han Liu*, Zai Liang

Whom Does a Government Perceive as Immigrants before They Even Come? Results from a Survey of 1505 U.S. Nonimmigrant Visa Applicants in Mainland China

Jacob Thomas

Subjective Perceptions of Distributive Justice among Migrants with Progressive Urbanization in Chinese Metropolis: An Examination on Multiple Reference Groups

Yuanteng Wang

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1.5 Family and Domestic Labor Chair: HongweiXu Venue: Rm. 023

Foreign Domestic Helpers Hiring, Labor Force Participation and Time Allocation of Married Women in Hong Kong

Guangye He

From Scattering to Gathering: The "Condensed Buffer" for Domestic Helpers in Hong Kong

Aijia Li

Women's Education, Intergenerational Coresidence, and Household Decision-Making in China

Cheng Cheng

Contemporary Chinese Women's Housework Time Mengsha Luo

Gender Gap in Children's Housework Time in Rural and Urban China: The Moderating Effects of Parental Education, Children's Education and Parental Educational Attitudes

Yixiao Liu

1.6 Hospitals, Patients and Medicine Chair: Feng Hao Venue: Rm. 029

Structured Performance: Family Identity and Networks in Chinese Hospitals

Cynthia Baiqing Zhang

Remaking the Sick Role: Tuberculosis Patients in Republican and Contemporary China

Rachel Core

Of Fields, Boundaries, and Translations: Scientific Strategies in Traditional Chinese Medicine Research

Larry Au

Dismantling the Black-Box: Negotiations on the Credibility of a “Scientific Fact” in China's GM-Food Controversies

Wanheng Hu



2.1 Marriage and Assortative Mating Chair: Feinian Chen Venue: Bowl 016

(De-)Institutionalization of the Chinese Marriage? Educational and Age Assortative Mating in First and Higher-Order Marriages

Yue Qian*, Yang Hu

Marry Up, Socialize Up? Educational Hypergamy, Gender, and Social Capital in Three Societies

Lijun Song

Differential Fertility, Assortative Mating and Economic Inequality: An Unintended Consequence of China's One-Child Policy

Fangqi Wen

Recent Patterns and Trends of Educational Assortative Mating in Urban China: a New Look at the Hukou System

Xuewen Yan

Educational Attainment and Transition to First Marriage in China

Ming Zhao

2.2 Intergenerational Transfer and Mobility Chair: Xiang Zhou Venue: Bowl 001

Physical and Mental Health of Chinese Grandparents Caring for Grandchildren and Great-Grandparents

Hongwei Xu

Are Children from Divorced Single-Parent Families More Disadvantaged? New Evidence from the China Family Panel Studies

Chunni Zhang

Impacts of Parents' Socio-Economic Characteristics on Children's Wealth

Yongai Jin

Cost or Commitment? Multigenerational Education Attainments and Midlife Transfers to Parents in China

Yifei Hou

Understanding Job Mobility Pattern in Contemporary China: a Comparative Study based on CFPS and PSID

Yang Zhou*, Yu Xie

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2.3 Gender Inequality Chair: Yingchun Ji Venue: Bowl 002

The Hidden Inequality: College Expansion, Family Background and Gender Wage Gap in China

Duoduo Xu*, Bing Tian

Double Disadvantage? Internal Graduate Migration, Gender and the Labor Market Outcome among Recent College Graduates in China

Mengyao Zhao

Gender-Math Stereotype, Biased Self-Assessment, and Aspiration in STEM Careers: The Gender Gap among Early Adolescents in China

Ran Liu

Gender and Urban-Rural Difference on the Work-Life Conflict in Contemporary China

Rui Li

2.4 Mental Health and Subjective Well-being Chair: Jun Xu Venue: Rm. 005

Social Support Protects against the Negative Effects of Abuse on Psychological Resilience in a Sample of Older Chinese Adults

Yiqing Yang*, Ming Wen

Who Are More Depressed? Gender, Marital Transitions and Mental Health in China

Yang Zhang

The Mutual Relationship between Depression and Educational Outcomes in China: a Comprehensive Examination

Wensong Shen

Moving beyond Living Arrangements: The Role of Family and Friendship Ties in Promoting Psychological Well-Being for Urban and Rural Older Adults in China

Dan Tang, Zhiyong Lin*, Feinian Chen

Class Affinity, Mobility Trajectory and Individual's Subjective Well-Being in Taiwan

Ka U Ng*, Kin Man Wan

2.5 Income and Housing Inequality Chair: TianjiCai Venue: Rm. 023

Expanding Homeownership and Rising Housing Inequality: The Impact of the Hukou Stratification and Class Division in Transitional Urban China

Miranda Qiong Wu

Intra-Household Property Rights and Well-Being: Evidence from the 2011 Chinese Divorce Reform

Emma Xiaolu Zang

From Traditional and Socialist Communities to Commercial-Housing: The Association between Neighborhood Types and Health in China

Lei Lei*, Zhiyong Lin

English Proficiency and Earnings Inequality: Occupational Language Exclusion in Hong Kong

Mengyu Liu

The Politics of Financialization and Income Inequality Bowei Hu*, Thung-Hong Lin

2.6 Firms and Organizations Chair: Danching Ruan Venue: Rm. 029

Another Face of "Politicized Capitalism": Private Entrepreneur's Political Entitlement and Post-Socialist Institutional Change in Reforming China (1995-2012)

Chengzuo Tang

Embedded in Multiple Fields: Global Dimensions and National Adoptions of Corporate Social Responsibility

Zixin Li

When Do the Last Become First? Multi-Dimensional Institutional Complexity, Predatory Practices and the Rise of China's Private Enterprises

Le Lin

Homophily or Complementarity? Choice of Co-Investment Partners of Chinese Venture Capital Firms

Likun Cao*, Lu Zheng, Jie Ren

From Iron Rice Bowl to Silver Spoon: Changing Relationship between Origin, Education and Entry of Class in Contemporary China, 1949-2006

Xiaolei Zhang

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3.1 Values and Attitudes Chair: Yunsong Chen Venue: Bowl 016

Parental Education and College Students’ Attitudes toward Love: Survey Evidence from China

Anning Hu*, Xiaogang Wu

The Intergenerational Transmission of Beliefs about Meritocracy

Zhonglu Li

Cultivating Values while Diffusing Knowledge: Evidence from the 8th Curriculum Reform in China

Bingdao Zheng

How Does Your Neighbors’ Intergroup Bias Affect Your Social Identity? The Case of Hong Kong

Duoduo Xu*, Zhuoni Zhang

3.2 Migration and People's Well-being Chair: John Zhongdong Ma Venue: Bowl 001

Short and Long-Term Outcomes of the Left-Behind in China

Li-Chung Hu, Wensong Shen, Emily Hannum*

Subjective Well-Being among Left-Behind Children in Rural China: The Role of Ecological Assets and Individual Strength

Danhua Lin*, Xiaoyun Chai, Xiaoyan Li, Zhi Ye, Yuxuan Li

Parental Migration and Anemia Status of Children in Rural China

Feinuo Sun*, Zai Liang

Hukou System, Mechanisms, and Health Stratification across the Life Course in Rural and Urban China

Qian Song

3.3 Neighborhood, Community and Nationalism Chair: Xiaoling Shu Venue: Bowl 002

Neighborhood Environments and Declines in Functional Health among Middle-Aged and Older People in China

Ye Luo*, Lingling Zhang, Xi Pan

Community Matters: Urban Residents’ Perception of Public Services in China

Feibei Zheng

Does Higher Accessibility to Neighborhood Service Reduce People's Perception of Their Poverty Status in Hong Kong?

Chenhong Peng *, YikWa Law, Paul Yip

Chinese Citizen or Global Citizen? Nationalism and Cosmopolitanism at An International School in Beijing

Natalie A.E. Young

Disaggregating Nationalism: Comparative Analysis of Consumer Nationalism and Cultural Nationalism among Chinese

Zongshi Chen*, Zikui Wei

3.4 Physical and Cognitive Health Chair: QiangRen Venue: Rm. 005

Implementation of Political Disciplines and Its Effects on the Physical Health among the Governmental Officials in China

Jie Zhang

Inequalities, Institutional Transformations, and Infirmities in Urban China

Jun Xu*, Wei Zhao, Fang Gong

Rural-Urban Disparities in Caesarean Delivery in Underdeveloped Areas in China: Evidence from Electronic Health Records

Lili Kang*, Ning Zhang, Bo Zhang, Biao Xu

Youth of the Chinese Cultural Revolution: a Study of the ‘Sent-Down’ Experiences and Later Life Health

Liming Li

Leisure Activities and Cognitive Health among the Middle-Aged and Older Chinese

Min Li

3.5 Trust, Social Capital and Networks Chair: Lijun Song Venue: Rm. 023

Work Unit Housing Compounds and Elite Social Capital Reproduction in Urban China under Mao

Danching Ruan

Maoist Traumas: The Impact of Sent-Down Experience on Trust

Jun Yin

Education Lowers Social Trust in Transitional China Cary Zhiming Wu*, Zhilei Shi

Social Capital and Community Satisfaction in Shanghai: a Multilevel Model

Junan Zhang

Trust Pattern and Preference for Redistribution in China

Lingnan He

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3.6 Governance and Civil Society Chair: Xiulian Ma Venue: Rm. 029

Discipline the Party: From Rectification Campaigns to Intra-Party Educational Activities

Zhifan Luo

Commercialization of Internet-Opinion Management: How Does the Market Engaged into State Control in China.

Rui Hou

Environmental Information Discourse and Environmental Non-Governmental Organizations: Evidence from 113 Chinese Cities

Chung-Pei Pien

A Multilevel Analysis of Environmental Concern: Evidence from China

Feng Hao*, Lijun Song

The Politics of Education Policy in China Min Yu*, Christopher B. Crowley

Plenary Session: 16:40 – 18:00 Session No. & Title Social Survey Data Presenter

Social Survey Data Collection in China Chair: Xiaogang Wu Discussants: Yu Xie, YanjieBian Venue: Bowl 016

China Family Panel Studies,CFPS Qiang Ren

Chinese General Social Survey,CGSS Weidong Wang

China Labor-force Dynamics Survey, CLDS Yucheng Liang

Shanghai Urban Neighborhood Survey, SUNS Xiulin Sun

Notes: * indicates corresponding author.

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PAPER ABSTRACTS

Friday 10 August 2018 – Conference Day 10:30 – 12:00

Session 1.1 Big Data and Computational Social Science Bowl 016

The Media Coverage and Public Perceptions of Inequality in China

Xi Song*, University of Chicago

Yinxian Zhang, University of Chicago

ABSTRACT: Inequality, especially income inequality, has grown markedly since China’s economic reform, with particularly rapid acceleration occurring over the past two decades. Yet, unlike some other societies with a similar trend in inequality, the Chinese government has tried to avoid drawing attention to this reality by, for example, refusing to release official data on the Gini coefficient – a measure of economic inequality – during some years or to provide original microdata that are used to construct published national economic statistics. This government practice may have shaped the media coverage of inequality, a key channel through which public belief and attitudes are constructed. The present project examines how inequality is perceived, publicized, and interpreted in an authoritarian society wherein media and government practices are not independent, but rather the former is to varying degrees influenced by political power. We offer the first large-scale, multiple source content analysis of hundreds of millions of articles and posts published by 91 traditional newspapers, 11 new digital media outlets, and 245 individual social media services over the period of 2003-2018. Drawing on word2vector models and deep learning methods, we estimate the distribution of inequality topics alongside with sentiment classification. Our results show that although the Chinese government has overtly identified “rising inequality as a threat to a harmonious society” and actively developed solutions, it has also tried to manipulate the public perception of inequality by (1) suppressing the reporting on inequality in state-owned media and (2) interpreting rising inequality as a product of economic growth rather than market failure.

Mapping Public Concerns about Class Immobility in China

Yunsong Chen, Nanjing University

ABSTRACT: Public concerns about class immobility represent awareness of social closure and economic inequality on the part of members of the public, reflecting a driving force for political changes. We provide the first representative portrait and empirical analysis of the growing immobility concerns among the Chinese. Using online query volume data from Baidu, the most widely used search engine in China, we extract the overall index of searching immobility-related words to measure the provincial level of concerns about immobility. We found that concerns about immobility rose dramatically from around 2008 and slightly decreased from 2012 and that all provinces show similar tendencies. We fit dynamic panel models using the Generalized Method of Moments estimator and found that the level of public concerns about class immobility in a province is profoundly affected by a series of the province’s political and socioeconomic conditions.

The Domestic Media Slant in a Global Context

Xinguang Fan, University of Washington

ABSTRACT: This study examines to what extent domestic media reports internal events differently from foreign media in terms of coverage and framing. Previous literature on news production focuses heavily on variations in event coverage and description tone of domestic media, but fails to take into account the cross-nation variation in media environment and the rising importance of international coverage. This study argues that the divergence of domestic and foreign media reporting is an undermined dimension to understand news production as a purposive behavior. Drawing on the related literature on media slant and data from more than 240 million news articles from 28,308 online media sites, it innovatively develops an index to calibrate the coverage and tone slant of domestic media relative to foreign media in the world. Based on the index, the study posits two findings. At the national level, stricter media control is associated with domestic media’s tendency of less covering conflict events and more positive tones to report internal news relative to foreign media. For a specific domestic media outlet, government-owned or more popular domestic media sites are more likely to serve the role of propaganda spreaders, and stricter media control amplifies such a relationship. I conclude by discussing the methodological and theoretical implication of this study.

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Multiplex Social Networks in Rural Honduras

Yongren Shi, Yale University

ABSTRACT: Classical accounts of modernization suggest that by introducing modern institutions and infrastructure to rural or less developed societies, indigenous social networks undergo a shift from multiplex social relationships, in which individuals maintain multi-functional, repeated and intimate social bonds with a handful of kin and friends, to simplex social relationships, in which individuals keep single purposed, instrumental and transient ties with many others. However, a comprehensive research program regarding the magnitude, mechanisms and consequences of such transitions of social networks is rarely conducted largely due to the stringent data requirement. In this paper, we rely on a large-scale dataset of complete multiplex networks from 176 villages in rural Honduras to address a set of fundamental questions regarding network multiplexity and its association with communal institutions and infrastructure. We started with an investigation of the structural contexts that give rise to multiplexity of social ties. Then, with a novel index of network overlap, which calculates the extent to which networks of different types of relationship overlap with one another, we looked deep into the associations between the overlap index and village-level indicators, including school, hospital, church, electricity, road, among many others. Lastly, we showed that overlap of multiplex networks can predict the magnitude of consensus of both correct and false of health knowledge in villages.

Paying Money for Freedom: Effects of Monetary Compensation on Sentencing for Traffic Accident Crime in China

TianjiCai, University of Macau

ABSTRACT: Objectives: The current study seeks to understand the role that monetary compensation plays on the joint occurrence of imprisonment and probation for the traffic accident crime in China. Drawing from three possible approaches to a lenient punishment in the Chinese judicial system, we argue that monetary compensation influences the decision towards a more lenient punishment primarily through probation, in that it directly boosts the chances of being granted probation over more severe legal penalties, and leads to the heaping of sentence length to thirty-six months, which happens to be the maximum length eligible for probation. Methods: All sentence documents for the first trial from 2014 to 2016 were retrieved. The final dataset contains 109,025 observations. Following a joint model approach with both the sentence length and probation as outcomes, we utilized a Zero-Truncated-Generalized-Inflated-Poisson (ZTGIP) model to address the distributional characteristics of sentence length, e.g., discrete integers, non-zero values, and heaping on certain points. To avoid detecting the effects of little scientific importance due to our large sample size, all results were evaluated using Bootstrapping techniques. Results: We found that the likelihood of probation increases when monetary compensation is provided, and that the monetary compensation does not make a significant difference on the length of sentence for those defendants receiving less than 36 months imprisonment. When the heaping was taken into consideration, the monetary compensation is only positively associated with the chance of inflation at the value of 36 months, and the probation itself becomes not significant in predicting sentence length. Conclusions: The significant positive relationship between monetary compensation and lenient sentencing outcomes suggests that monetary compensation plays a crucial role in the Chinese judicial process. Our study will not only help researchers to better understand the legal process in China, but it will also benefit the larger community as an example of utilizing new sources of data.


Session 1.2 Education and Schooling Process Bowl 001

Unfulfilled Promise of Educational Meritocracy? Academic Ability and Urban-Rural Gap in Access to Higher Education in China

Angran Li, University of Connecticut

ABSTRACT: This study develops a theoretical framework to explain the relationship between meritocracy and higher education inequality. I conceptualize three prototypes of educational meritocracy, including utopian, fallacious, and ostensible, based on two fundamental assumptions: the equal opportunity and efficacy principles. Focusing on the Chinese context of the urban-rural gap in college enrollment, this study examines the heterogeneous positive effects of academic ability on urban and rural adolescents’ college enrollment. Using data from China Family Panel Studies (2010-2014), the results reveal that the positive effects of academic ability on college enrollment are more homogenous for urban adolescents. On the contrary,

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academic ability has less impact on low-achieving rural adolescents’ college enrollment, but it has stronger influences on high-achieving rural adolescents’ enrollment in academic colleges. Regardless the impacts of academic ability, low-achieving urban adolescents are more likely to enroll in vocational colleges. The finding suggests that meritocracy ostensibly legitimizes higher education inequalities through high-achieving rural adolescents’ upward mobility, but low-achieving rural adolescents are still disadvantaged in transforming their demonstrated academic ability into better qualifications for higher education opportunities.

Effects of Schools on the Academic Ability of Students During Basic Education in China

Hao Yin, Fudan University

ABSTRACT: What effects do heterogeneous schools, especially elite schools, have on individual students? Different theories have resulted in two competing perspectives, "small-frog-big-pond" and "big-frog-small-pond". Some scholars promote high-quality schools based on educational resource accumulation and peer effects; the others advocate general schools based on "winner-take-all" market theory and the "frog-pond" model. Utilizing a multilevel linear model with longitudinal data from 2744 students at the top or bottom in their schools on the China Educational Panel Study (CEPS), the paper shows that elite schools have a positive effect on students' academic abilities. A comparative analysis of education in China and the United States suggests that this finding is mainly due to the long-term unequal distribution of educational resources and uniformly defined admission criteria during basic education in China.

In Search of the “Best Option Available”: Outsourcing Secondary Education to the U.S. and the Anxiety of Chinese Urban Upper-Middle-Class

Siqi Tu, The City University of New York

ABSTRACT: Urban upper-middle-class Chinese parents are increasingly sending their children to the U.S. for private high schools, to escape the test-oriented, and extremely competitive educational system in China. Based on 35 interviews with parents in megacities in China, Beijing, Guangzhou, Shanghai, I document the reasons behind these families’ educational strategy to “outsource” secondary education, and its resemblance to “gated” consumption choices. Though perceiving such choice as the “best option available”, these parents remain anxious as they are caught in the dilemma of balancing their obsession with outcomes against the concern to provide their child a more “well-rounded”, “happy”, and “carefree” educational path that is more commonly associated with western education. This research shed light on the struggles and strategies regarding education and stratification for a privileged group in a neoliberalizing urban China. The lived experiences of these families also provide a productive lens for further theorizing the implication of seemingly individualized and apolitical educational strategies on state-society relationship.

College Major Choices among Chinese International Undergraduate Students in America

Yingyi Ma, Syracuse University

ABSTRACT: Given most Chinese international students in American universities use family funds to pay for their studies here in the U.S, they are often considered privileged. Does their family privilege lead them to gravitate towards non-technical fields such as humanities and social sciences? Would their family resources lead them to lean towards non-practical fields? The short answer to the above questions are both no. Contrary to the usual relationship between family resources and college major choices, Chinese international students who come from privileged families rich with educational, cultural and economic resources, are still overwhelmingly choosing practical and technical fields, such as STEM fields and business. Using mixed-methods, this study investigates into the reasons for the above paradox.

No Other Way: Middle Class Self-Exclusion in the College Application Process

Yi-Lin Chiang, National Chengchi University

ABSTRACT: Studies show that advantaged classes mark status boundaries by excluding others from accessing goods or opportunities. This study instead shows that the advantaged classes draw boundaries by engaging in self-exclusion from less desirable trajectories. Drawing on observations and interviews with middle-class Chinese American parents and their high school children, I find that the parents perceive children’s college attendance as essential and reject the possibility of not going to college. Similarly, the

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students consider college attendance taken-for-granted and lack the option of skipping college. By showing how advantaged families self-exclude from undesirable educational pathways, this study reveals a key mechanism of distinction and highlights the internalized of class-based perceptions with which parents and children maintain status boundaries. The findings carry implications for theories of cultural capital and educational inequality.


Session 1.3 Gender Norms and Attitudes Bowl 002

Transition and Evolution in China: Cohort and Historical Dynamics in Gender and Sexual Attitudes in 2010-2015*

Xiaoling Shu*, University of California Davis

Bowen Zhu, University of California Davis

ABSTRACT: Despite overwhelming evidence of worsened gender equalities in the labor and marriage market in China, we know very little about cohort and period dynamics of gender and sexual attitudes in China, particularly in the period since 2007. We bridge this gap in our knowledge using data from the China General Social Survey from 2010-2015 (N = 45,860). Using a series of cross-classified age-period-cohort logistic regression models, we unravel the impact of birth cohort, historical times, and cohort characteristics on gender and sexual attitudes. There are both cohort- and period-related changes in sexual attitudes, but gender attitudes remained stagnated over time despite a liberal trend among the younger cohorts. Cohort transitions are accounted for by compositional change in individual characteristics of different cohorts. The rise of individualism in the two youngest cohorts born in the later 1970s and later also appear to be associated with more liberal gender and sexual attitudes among their members.

The Gender Attitude of Youth: How Gansu Rural Youth Perceive Family and Marriage

Yuping Zhang*, Lehigh University

Peggy Kong, Lehigh University

ABSTRACT: Gansu Survey of Children and Family surveyed 2000 rural children in Gansu when they were 9-12 years old. These children were revisited several time, and the last survey was conducted in 2015. These children are now in their middle to late twenties, growing up during the economic reform. Many of them have formed their own families. In this paper, we examine mostly descriptively their attitudes towards love, marriage and family. We also explore whether the youth attitudes are related to their parents’ gender attitude when they were teenagers about 10 years ago. The preliminary descriptive analysis show that there is clearly a gender difference in youth attitudes, and youth with different levels of education have quite different views. However, the analysis show little influence of their parents’ gender attitudes in the past on young people’s belief today.

More Than Just Breadwinners: How Chinese Male Migrant Workers’ Family Relationships Shape Their Factory Labor Process

Rachel Yu Guo, University of Maryland, College Park

ABSTRACT: Family has been central to studies of female factory workers, as labor scholars elaborate on how being daughters, wives, and mothers influences women’s work experiences in factories. In contrast, studies of male factory workers rarely consider family as an integral part of their labor experiences. And the discussion of work-family articulation for male factory workers is usually reduced to the idea of men providing for their families through making money at work. This article addresses this imbalance in the labor studies literature and proposes that family relationships are also indispensable for understanding the labor process of male workers and merit comprehensive empirical investigation. Drawing on the evidence from an ethnographic study with the male rural migrant workers in a Chinese factory, I explain how the male migrant workers’ gendered family relationships as sons, husbands, and fathers played important roles in shaping their participation in factory work as well as the dynamics of labor relations. This article contributes to the field of labor studies by bringing family back to the analysis of male workers’ factory experiences. It also challenges the gender stereotype of the male breadwinner/female caregiver and presents men, especially working-class

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men, as having complicated and culturally-specific experiences of family involvement beyond being the provider.

A Comprehensive Review of China's Family Planning Policy: Bringing Women Back

Shuangshuang Yang*, Shanghai University

Yingchun Ji, Shanghai University

ABSTRACT: The famous one-child family planning policy, had been implemented for over four decades; this “tradition” however, was put to an end by the announcement of selective two-child policy in 2013 and then universal two-child policy in 2015. Adopting a gender perspective, this review integrates both empirical and conceptual research on changes of China’s family planning policies from 1970s up to now. Contrary to most previous studies that depict Chinese women as powerless and fragile receivers of family planning policies, this research presents these women as active cooperators who struggle between work-family conflicts. After a thorough review, we have identified changing gender ideology during different periods and dynamics of women’s labor force participation as key mechanisms to understand women’s reactions to the one-child policy, which shapes the enforcement, modifications, effects and the end of the policy. We further discuss new gender and family dynamics under universal two-child policy. This study is the first review to comprehensively discuss China’s family planning policy in a gender perspective. It has significant implications to understand and evaluate the current universal two-child policy.

The Multifaceted Meanings of Educational Attainment in Mate Selection for Online Daters in Shanghai

Siqi Xiao, University of British Columbia

ABSTRACT: Educational homogamy and hypergamy are consistently desirable in Chinese marriage market. Most urban highly-educated women still tend to marry with male counterparts who have equal or higher educational attainment. While existing research has focused mainly on the quantitative analysis of homogamy and hypergamy in mate selection, less discussion is drawn on the qualitative narratives of both female and males’ perceptions of education and marriage. Building on the interview data collected by Qian and Shen at Shanghai in 2017, this paper takes a ground theory approach to analyze transcripts from 29 respondents of both genders, who have a variety of educational backgrounds. The ongoing study seeks to discover the multifaceted meanings of educational attainment related to mate selection and marital choices for current respondents, and how the attached meanings may contribute to the phenomenon of educational homogamy or hypergamy and the gender dynamics within marriage market in Shanghai. Seven themes have emerged from analyzing half of the data and an innovative heterogeneous comparison framework within the relatively highly-educated sample has been evolved in the second stage. The complete analysis aims to be finished in June. Implications of this paper speak against to the stigmatization of “leftover women” while demystifying the consistent educational hypergamy among urban highly-educated women.


Session 1.4 Migrants and Immigrants Rm. 005

Labor and Return Migration in China: 1982-2015

John Zhongdong Ma, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology

ABSTRACT: Based on all census microdata available in China, we estimated the volume and rate of five-year intercounty migration, and documented trends of migration in China over different periods of its economic transition between 1982 and 2015. In the period from 1987 to 2010, its volume increased continuously from 31 to 146 million whereas the rate enhanced from 3.1 to 11.8% which was about two thirds of the rate of U.S.A. According to the most recent population survey, however, both its volume and its rate reduced considerably in 2015 to 124 million and to 9.3% from its peaked ones in 2010, respectively, signaling the start of a turnaround of migration in the most populous country. The turnaround is also confirmed at the provincial level, reflected by the decreasing and increasing flow to the more and less developed regions, respectively, as well as the previously increased but recently declining rate of (net) outmigration and (net) inmigration in the sending and receiving regions, respectively. A considerable portion of returned migrants were found settled in the county seat or small towns apart from their registered rural villages. Being similar to the industrial and aging

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experience of Japan, China is likely to follow Japan’s footsteps of continuous mobility decline in the coming decades.

Trajectories of Entrepreneurship for Chinese Immigrants: New Method and Findings

Han Liu*, State University of New York at Albany

Zai Liang, State University of New York at Albany

ABSTRACT: By adopting sequence analysis in immigrant business research, this study identified four distinctive patterns from Chinese business owners in 6 states in the United States. These four patterns are distinguished alongside two dimensions: number of businesses and business ownership. Except for identifying these four patterns, this study also examined determinants and assimilation outcomes associated with entrepreneurship trajectories. Our results show that there is a temporal shift from late start to early start for immigrant businesses and that cooperation, both with family members and with non-family members, spurs the business owner’s propensity of inter-ethnicity hiring. The contribution of this study mainly lies on the methodological ground. The technique of sequence analysis transforms the orientation from timing and rates of business formation into the whole trajectory of entrepreneur activities. This transition brings a new perspective to the field, which may lead to theoretically relevant findings on both Chinese immigrants and other racial or ethnic groups.

Whom Does a Government Perceive as Immigrants before They Even Come? Results from a Survey of 1505 U.S. Nonimmigrant Visa Applicants in Mainland China

Jacob Thomas, University of California, Los Angeles

ABSTRACT: A state’s control over exit and entry over its own citizens--a form in migration control less often examined by international migration scholars—may often seem arbitrary and unsystematic. Yet this can be highly consequential in terms of international travel and migratory opportunities, particularly in highly populated countries from which many people cross borders. In this paper, I test two competing theories under what circumstances may an authoritarian state may block the exit and/or entry of citizens it perceives as politically threatening to its legitimacy: 1) the state may consider that permitting a citizen’s exit and preventing his/her entry will greatly reduce the legitimacy threat, since the state can much more easily limit the impact that the citizen’s “voice” has while the citizen is abroad (North 1970); or 2) they may consider that permitting exit may enable the citizen to accumulate greater financial and social resources with which they can even more recklessly and safely damage the reputation of the regime by sending political remittances (Anderson 1992) . In this paper, I analyze historically how the People’s Republic of China (hereafter PRC) has implemented its laws on the control of exit and entry of its citizens with regards to subpopulations and political/social movements. I quantitatively and qualitatively analyze a database of 162 present or former PRC citizens that have engaged in political behavior offensive to the PRC and that since 1949 either the PRC has either denied a passport, prevented exit or entry, or arrested and/or imprisoned on criminal charges. I conclude that how states differentially enforce policies over entry and exit are most strongly associated with whether the issues their advocated issues, ethnicity, intervention by foreign actors, and public recognition by foreign individuals and organizations contributes to what we know about.

Subjective Perceptions of Distributive Justice among Migrants with Progressive Urbanization in Chinese Metropolis: An Examination on Multiple Reference Groups

Yuanteng Wang, Shanghai University

ABSTRACT: In this paper, the main aim is to differentiate diverse social groups to be distinguished according to population information, such as hukou place now, hukou place origin, hukou type now, hukou type origin, and offset the shortcomings ignored by prior researches on subjective perceptions of distributive justice. Focusing on detailed comparisons among native residents, permanent migrants (xinshimin or xinyimin) and temporary migrants (liudongrenkou) in Chinese metropolis, this paper attempts to examine the diverse perceptions of distributive justice using latest data of SUNS (Shanghai Urban Neighborhood Survey) in 2017. In a word, under the background of the progressive urbanization in urban China, there are two main tasks to investigate subjective perceptions of distributive justice among diverse residents:1) describing and comparing the different attitude of social groups; 2) examining complicated reference standards of diverse social groups.

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Session 1.5 Family and Domestic Labor Rm. 023

Foreign Domestic Helpers Hiring, Labor Force Participation and Time Allocation of Married Women in Hong Kong

Guangye He, Nanjing University

ABSTRACT: Based on the data from the Hong Kong Panel Study of Social Dynamics (HKPSSD), this article examines the causal effect of hiring a foreign domestic helper on married women’s labor supply and time allocation. We show that hiring a foreign domestic helper promotes women’s labor force participation, increases the amount of time they spend on paid work, and reduces their housework hours. Further analysis suggests that the effects of hiring helper on women’s labor supply, especially their work hours, vary substantially across different social groups. The positive effect of hiring domestic helpers on work hours is the greatest among married women who hold upper secondary education, live in subsidized housing, and their spousal income is low. Often, they work longer hours to meet family needs. For women from better-off families, however, the insignificant effect of hiring a helper suggests that this might simply be a lifestyle choice.

From Scattering to Gathering: The "Condensed Buffer" for Domestic Helpers in Hong Kong

Aijia Li, Chinese University of Hong Kong

ABSTRACT: Social support has been proved to moderate negative impact of stress on health. Foreign domestic helpers in Hong Kong, at ‘the receiving end’ of the global networked economy (Massey 1991), not only have heavy work load, but also face much stress as deprived minority group. Based on two month fieldwork and in-depth interviews, this research finds their weekly gathering could generates a “condensed buffer”, which aggregates emotional, informational and institutional supports to release their stresses in only one day. Their high homogeneous social network (same gender, occupation and experience) maximizes empathetic interaction and active companion that are taken as buffering effect of stresses. Also, Hong Kong society enhances this gathering via providing the fundamental basis, such as enough public space, convenient transportation and positive attitudes of local people. Even though it is impossible for these foreign helpers to establish a real ethnic enclave in destinations, they find another way to integrate ethnic resources and supports. This experience might be meaning for other migrant workers and global cities.

Women's Education, Intergenerational Coresidence, and Household Decision-Making in China

Cheng Cheng, Princeton University

ABSTRACT: This study examines how intergenerational coresidence modifies the association between women’s education and their household decision-making power in China. Background: Past research on how married women’s education increases their decision-making power at home has focused primarily on nuclear families. This paper extends prior research by examining how this association varies by household structure. It compares women living with their husbands and those living with both their husbands and parents-in-law. Method: This paper used data from the China Family Panel Studies in 2010 and 2014. It employed Marginal Structural Models to address that certain pre-existing characteristics selecting women of less power into intergenerational coresidence may be endogenous to women’s education. Results: In nuclear households, women with a higher level of education have a higher probability of having the final say on household decisions. In multigenerational households, however, where women lived with their parents-in-law, a higher level of education of women is not associated with an increase in women’s decision-making power. Conclusion: Coresidence with husbands’ parents undermines the effect of women’s education on their decision-making power. Implications: These results have important implications for marital power inequality in aging societies where intergenerational relations and households are increasingly important.

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Contemporary Chinese Women's Housework Time

Mengsha Luo, The University of Hong Kong

ABSTRACT: It has been said that from the Maoist era to the post-Mao era, there is a “backlash” against gender equality in the post-Mao era. Post-Mao Chinese seem to re-embrace the separate-ideology of men working outside the household and women inside the household. The current study contributes to this discussion by investigating the division of household tasks among contemporary Chinese married couples. Using the Chinese General Social Survey Wave 2012, it sets out to answer two main questions: First, to what extent the four classical hypotheses in explaining housework divisions, the autonomy theory, the relative resources hypothesis (also called the economic dependence or bargaining hypothesis), gender display hypothesis, and gender neutralization hypothesis, still hold for the Early-Reform Cohort and the Late-Reform Cohort. Second, are there any differences in factors affecting rural wife and urban wife’s housework time? Regression results examining factors related to wives’ housework time and Seemingly Unrelated Regression (SUR) test show great differences in predictors of housework time between wives from the Early-Reform Cohort and wives from the Late-Reform Cohort. Results reveals a diminished “doing gender” effect among the Late-Reform rural wives. It also finds a reduced role of Party membership as a bargaining tool in reducing wife’s housework time, which partially provides evidence for the Market Transition Theory.

Gender Gap in Children's Housework Time in Rural and Urban China: The Moderating Effects of Parental Education, Children's Education and Parental Educational Attitudes

Yixiao Liu, Xi'an Jiaotong University

ABSTRACT: Gendered pattern of housework division exists among children in Chinese families: daughters are involved in more housework than sons. Using data derived from 2014 China Education Panel Survey (CEPS), a nationally representative survey, this article gains an insight into the moderating effects of certain educational factors on the gender gap of children’s daily housework time in rural and urban China. The aim of this paper is to answer the following question: whether parental more education, children’s better academic abilities and parental more positive educational attitudes narrow the gender gap of children’s housework. After conducting OLS analysis, the results reveal that 1) Maternal more education narrows the gender gap significantly both in rural and urban areas. In rural areas, maternal education matters for (negative effect) daughter’s housework but not for sons’; in urban areas, maternal education matters for both daughters’ and sons’ housework with the directions being opposite: mother’s more education means less housework for daughters but more housework for sons. 2) Paternal education has no significant moderating effects on the gender gap of children’s housework both in rural and urban areas, although for overall group, it lowers children’s housework time. 3) Children’s previous higher academic achievements significantly narrow the gender gap in housework with a negative effect being stronger for girls than for boys, both in rural and urban areas. 4) Parental educational requirement significantly narrows the gender gap in children’s housework both in rural and urban areas. In rural areas, educational requirement negatively affects daughters’ housework but has no effect on sons’; in urban areas, educational requirement affects both daughters and sons with the directions being opposite: existence of parental educational requirement means less housework for girls but more housework for boys.


1.6 Hospitals, Patients and Medicine Rm. 029

Structured Performance: Family Identity and Networks in Chinese Hospitals

Cynthia Baiqing Zhang, Central Washington University

ABSTRACT: Using “discourse analysis,” I show how family identities are split, complemented, and most importantly structured by hospitals in China. The performance of family members as patients and caregivers is managed by the actors themselves from situation to situation. However, the sequence of the performance and the composition of situational players (situational social networks) are structured by various on-stage players (doctors and nurses) using medical knowledge and space manipulation and off-stage players (stake holders of hospital profit and the usage of profit). The medicalized power extends to health consequences and performance at patients’ home. The discourse includes observations within hospitals and clinics, conversations inside and outside of hospitals and clinics via face-to-face meetings and electronic communications from November 25 to December 30, 2017 in two hospitals and one community clinic in Zibo

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City, one hospital in Jinan City, and physicians in Beijing.

Remaking the Sick Role: Tuberculosis Patients in Republican and Contemporary China

Rachel Core, Stetson University

ABSTRACT: This comparative historical sociological paper will contrast patients’ lived experience with tuberculosis (TB) in Shanghai during the Republican Era with that of contemporary patients. Prior to the discovery of antibiotics effective for controlling mycobacterium tuberculosis in the middle part of the twentieth century, sanitariums played a prominent role in treating TB patients. With no known cure, tuberculosis sufferers needed to be isolated from healthy individuals in order to prevent transmission. This paper draws upon documents from the Shanghai Municipal Archives to investigate sanitariums as total institutions, which became contested spaces where health behavioral norm formation occurred. Since the 1940s and 1950s, effective antibiotics for treating TB have existed, but growing inequality in the post-1978 Reform Era has contributed to differential access to both preventive care, as well as tuberculosis treatment. Today, TB is an anachronistic disease—remaining stubbornly part of Chinese society, despite phenomenal economic growth. Shanghai currently has some of China’s most advanced health facilities, but health insurance coverage in the post-socialist era is incomplete. Persons who have been left behind during China’s rise as a global economic powerhouse find themselves most vulnerable to disease, with the fewest resources for treatment. Using data from interviews with 45 contemporary TB patients, this paper illustrates that despite not being physically isolated, patients still feel isolated due to stigma associated with the disease.

Of Fields, Boundaries, and Translations: Scientific Strategies in Traditional Chinese Medicine Research

Larry Au, Columbia University

ABSTRACT: This paper examines the scientific strategies of researchers who attempt to bring "good ideas" from traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) to the biomedical sciences through scientific academic publishing. The paper is based on semi-structured interviews with 51 scientists and clinical researchers in Hong Kong, Macau, Mainland China, and Taiwan. An analysis of the interview data centered on the attitude that respondents held towards the permissibility of transgressing the boundary that separates TCM from the biomedical sciences shows four types of boundary orientations: boundary reinforcement, boundary crossing, boundary blurring, and boundary rejection. Using a field theoretical approach that is informed by actor network theory, the paper analyzes the associated socio-material translational strategies that inhibit or enable different researchers to traffic their good ideas intelligible to the global scientific community. The paper concludes with comparisons to other cases of interdisciplinary research and looks for lessons that can be generalized to other instances of knowledge integration.

Dismantling the Black-Box: Negotiations on the Credibility of a “Scientific Fact” in China's GM-Food Controversies

Wanheng Hu, Cornell University

ABSTRACT: Despite the mistrust of or resistance to concrete techno-scientific initiatives, science in general still holds great authority among the parties in techno-scientific controversies. Scientific evidence very often remains one of the most powerful weapons in the armory for protagonists to fortify their positions. However, in many cases both sides are able to mobilize scientific claims that are very often directly or indirectly contradictory to each other. Establishing the credibility of such claims is crucial for winning the argument. This paper seeks to shed light on negotiations over the credibility of “black boxed” scientific claims in the context of their consumption and circulation by examining the disputes over the commodification of genetically modified food (GM food) in China. Through discourse analysis of two episodes of television debates, I identify four tactics (as well as their antithetical forms) that the proponents and opponents, as knowledge consumers, employ to argue whether GM food is safe for human bodies: bandwagon argument, power of logic, enrolling authorities, and procedural legitimacy. I further discuss how these strategies form a “Credibility Circle”, and how they actually work in the establishment of and negotiation over the credibility of GM food safety as scientific evidence. Just as scientific knowledge is not self-revealing truth after it is successfully produced and stabilized, it is not a free-circulating currency when it is being mobilized and consumed.

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2.1 Marriage and Assortative Mating Bowl 016

(De-)Institutionalization of the Chinese Marriage? Educational and Age Assortative Mating in First and Higher-Order Marriages

Yue Qian*, University of British Columbia

Yang Hu, Lancaster University

ABSTRACT: The decline in first marriage and the rising rate of divorce are accompanied by a sharp increase in the number of remarriages in contemporary China. Drawing on the institutionalist and preference-opportunity perspectives on union formation, we compare assortative mating patterns between first and higher-order marriages. Our empirical analysis uses pooled data from multiple waves of the Chinese General Social Survey and China Family Panel Studies between 2010 and 2015. Log-linear models show that educational homogamy is more likely to occur in first than in higher-order marriages. Multinomial logit models indicate that compared to their first-married peers, remarried men and women are more likely to marry a spouse who are older rather than younger than themselves. Our findings underline that the (de-)institutionalization of marriage should be considered in multiple distinctive dimension (e.g., age and education). The age-pairing difference between first and higher-order marriages suggests that the stigma associated with divorce and remarriage potentially undermines men’s and women’s bargaining position and mating opportunities in China’s marriage market.

Marry Up, Socialize Up? Educational Hypergamy, Gender, and Social Capital in Three Societies

Lijun Song, Vanderbilt University

ABSTRACT: Does marrying up help socializing up the status hierarchy? Does that impact vary by gender and society? This study represents the first effort to systematically examine the effect of hypergamy on social networking and further the variation of that effect by gender and society. Our outcome of interest is network-based social capital (i.e., network members' socioeconomic status). We propose five hypotheses. The hypergamy-as-an-upward-mobility- strategy argument hypothesizes that hypergamy (versus homogamy or hypogamy) facilitates access to social capital. The gendered compensation argument predicts that hypergamy benefits women more than men in access to social capital, while the gendered mobilization argument expects the opposite. The relational dependence explanation and the inequality structure explanation respectively hypothesize that hypergamy promotes access to social capital to a greater degree in collectivistic (versus individualistic) and more egalitarian societies. We analyze nationally representative data collected from three societies: the United States, urban China, and Taiwan. We measure educational hypergamy and social capital as network members’ occupational status. Although varying by social capital indicator, our results in general support the hypergamy-as-an-upward-mobility-strategy argument in all three societies, the gendered compensation argument in the United States, the gendered mobilization argument in urban China and Taiwan, and the inequality structure explanation across three societies. We discuss the theoretical and methodological implications of our findings.

Differential Fertility, Assortative Mating and Economic Inequality: An Unintended Consequence of China's One-Child Policy

Fangqi Wen, New York University

ABSTRACT: This study examines a new type of assortative mating and its economic consequences. Previous research has suggested that economically better-off individuals tend to marry each other, which further affects the macro-level economic inequality. In the case of China, differential fertility, reinforced by the implementation of the One-Child Policy, results in a situation that singletons on average come from higher status families. Therefore, we hypothesize that 1) as the only child status signals a better earning potential and a more promising prospect of wealth inheritance, only children have economic incentives to marry each other; 2) this kind of marital sorting contributes to the economic advantages of only child couples (both the wife and husband singletons) over non-only child couples. By adopting data from the Chinese Family Panel Studies, we demonstrate that growing up as an only child has a positively significant effect on marrying another only child. In addition, by exploiting the plausibly exogenous shock of China’s One-Child Policy, we show that only child

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couples generally earn higher income, receive more monetary transfer and own more expensive homes than other couples. These findings reveal that the increase of inequality among married couples might be an unintended consequence of China’s One-Child Policy

Recent Patterns and Trends of Educational Assortative Mating in Urban China: a New Look at the Hukou System

Xuewen Yan, Cornell University

ABSTRACT: Using pooled national survey data, this study investigates newly-emerging trends of educational assortative mating in urban China since 1990. The analysis goes beyond prior studies by extending the time series through 2013 and by having an innovative focus on the comparison between settled and migrant couples divided by the institution of urban/rural hukou. Results from log-linear modelling show that China’s well-documented reform-era increase in educational homogamy has stabilised in urban areas over the past two decades. Yet this overall constancy masks hukou-based heterogeneity: educational homogamy strengthened among urban-hukou settled couples but fluctuated trendlessly among rural-hukou migrant couples, so that the pronounced growth for settled couples following China’s higher educational expansion was counteracted entirely by a downward fluctuation within migrant couples. Moreover, hypergamy emerged as a new pattern of assortative mating during the given period, which is driven exclusively by marriages between rural-hukou husbands and urban-hukou wives. Respectively, these findings suggest the continued tightening up among privileged urban-hukou holders, and gendered exchange of urban hukou with more education. Jointly, they call for a distinction between hukou-based and spatial-based conceptualisations of China’s rural-urban divide.

Educational Attainment and Transition to First Marriage in China

Ming Zhao, New York University

ABSTRACT: Using the Chinese General Social Surveys in 2010, 2012, 2013, and 2015, this article examines the effects of education on marriage timing for both men and women in different economic-reform periods and urban-rural areas. The Kaplan-Meier survival estimates suggest that marriage patterns by education are distinguishable for men in different contexts but generally consistent for women. Relying on the estimates predicted by the discrete-time logit models, I further find, first, for men, college always delayed marriage at early ages while advancing marriage at later ages. Second, if men with a primary-school education failed to marry at middle 20s, they were more likely to remain unmarried than men with a higher-level education thereafter, regardless of periods and areas. Additionally, middle school and high school began to represent later marriage for urban men in the late-reform period. Finally, for women, as long as educational level was higher than primary school, it delayed marriage until later ages when the differences became narrowed. These results indicate that delayed marriage practiced by primary-school men and college women is not a current social issue but may be intensified recently by the imbalanced sex ratio and increased housing prices, combined with the traditional hypergamy.


2.2 Intergenerational Transfer and Mobility Bowl 001

Physical and Mental Health of Chinese Grandparents Caring for Grandchildren and Great-Grandparents

Hongwei Xu, University of Michigan

ABSTRACT: The increasing worldwide prevalence and intensity of grandparenting has attracted an attention to its health implications for caregivers against the backdrop of population aging. Thanks to prolonged life expectancy and reduced infant mortality, extended families that comprise four generations, co-residential or not, are no longer rare in China. The current study examines health consequences when Chinese grandparents provide care to not only grandchildren but also their own elderly parents or parents-in-law (i.e., great-grandparents). Drawing on data from the 2011-2013 China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS), mental health was captured by levels of life satisfaction and depressive symptoms, and physical health was measured by levels of high sensitivity C-reactive protein (CRP), an inflammatory marker. Overall grandparents who cared for grandchildren only had better mental and physical health, compared with non-

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caregivers. There was some evidence that the ‘sandwich’ grandparents who cared for both grandchildren and great-grandparents reported greater life satisfaction and fewer depressive symptoms compared with non-caregivers. The health advantage of caregiving was most pronounced in urban grandmothers whose caregiving conformed to the gender norm and who did so mostly to seek emotional reward instead of an intergenerational time-for-money exchange. In contrast, rural grandmothers were the most vulnerable group and their health disadvantage seemed to arise from caring for great-grandparents. These findings highlight the importance of rural-urban context and gender role in studying the health effect of intergenerational caregiving on Chinese grandparents.

Are Children from Divorced Single-Parent Families More Disadvantaged? New Evidence from the China Family Panel Studies

Chunni Zhang, Peking University

ABSTRACT: Since the beginning of the twenty-first century, the stability of marriage and the family in China has been challenged by climbing divorce rates. Divorced single parenthood has become more prevalent. Nevertheless, divorced single parenthood and its impact on child outcomes have not been studied as much in China as in the West. Most studies in Western societies have reported disadvantaged child outcomes associated with parents’ divorce and single parenthood. This has been attributed in part to the prevalence of divorce among low socioeconomic parents and lack of child monitoring when one parent has left. In China, however, there are buffering mechanisms that may reduce the negative impact of parents’ divorce on children. One is positive selection in socioeconomic status among divorced parents. Another is the high involvement of grandparents in childcare. Using data from the 2010, 2012, and 2014 waves of the China Family Panel Studies, this study examines the effect on a child’s well-being of parental divorce versus marital conflict between parents who remain married. More than 30 indicators from five dimensions of child well-being were evaluated. The results showed that children living with divorced single mothers did not perform worse than children from intact families in most aspects, whereas children living with divorced single fathers were more disadvantaged in academic performance, subjective well-being, and interpersonal relationships. Children from intact families witnessed frequent quarrels between their parents who remained married, resulting in negative impacts on most of the above outcomes.

Impacts of Parents' Socio-Economic Characteristics on Children's Wealth

Yongai Jin, Renmin University

ABSTRACT: Household wealth distribution with high inequality has become a distinct feature of the society in contemporary China. Intergenerational wealth transfer makes significant impacts on the level and distribution of household wealth in the country. With employing the China Family Panel Studies survey data in 2010 and 2012, this paper investigates the mechanism through which parents socio-economic characteristics affect adult children’s wealth from the perspective of intergenerational transmission. The findings suggest the particularity of intergenerational wealth transfer in China. There are three ways in which parents would affect children’s wealth: making influences through affecting children’s education, occupation and income; through affecting children’s economic behaviors in terms of consumption, savings and investment; through direct property transfer and bequest. In addition, remarkable cohort differences are shown in the results of influences parents make on children’s wealth, which are mainly embodied in housing asset.

Cost or Commitment? Multigenerational Education Attainments and Midlife Transfers to Parents in China

Yifei Hou, Purdue University

ABSTRACT: Education has been treated as an indicator of individual’s opportunity cost impeding the provision of filial supports to older parents; little is known, however, about whether educational attainment could add to the commitment of adult children for providing time and money transfers to older parents with whom they do not coreside. Using a dyadic sample of 2,610 middle-aged individuals from different families who have at least one older parents alive (N=5,138) with whom they do not coreside constructed from China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study 2013 wave, this study tests the effects of multigenerational education attainments on time and money transfers that the middle-aged adults provides to older parents. Consistent with contingent commitment theories, models explaining conditional hours of assistance and net

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value of child-to-parent financial transfers show that higher educated individuals give more time and money supports to older parents with whom they do not coreside. Contrary to the hypothesis that higher educated individuals substitute time for financial support as a strategic alternation, I find positive effects of individuals’ educational attainment on likelihoods of time and money transfers. Finally, consistent with family lineage and reciprocity hypothesis, father’s educational attainment is positively related to the time and money support an individual adult child provides to their older parents. The findings provide empirical evidence supporting the positive effect of multigenerational education attainment on filial supports provided to older parents in the context of inter-household transfers. Because the evidence does not support the assumption that education leads to intergenerational egotism, future studies should be wary of assuming educational attainment as a factor of individual’s opportunity cost inhibiting filial supports.

Understanding Job Mobility Pattern in Contemporary China: a Comparative Study based on CFPS and PSID

Yang Zhou*, Peking University

Yu Xie, Princeton University

ABSTRACT: Based on the comparison between China and the US labor market and using data from CFPS and PSID, we study the level, distribution, and socioeconomic patterns of job mobility in contemporary China. In this paper, we first discuss the different social context between China and the US that bring the specific opportunity structure of job mobility. The differences in economic development levels, culture traditions and institutional arrangements in social context shape the labor market and job mobility pattern deeply and therefore, we argue that job mobility is not always as good as we thought. There is a duality of job mobility both among individuals and in the whole society. Second, we build several indexes and use percentile share method to analyze job mobility rates by different groups and their uneven distribution. Using person-month data, we calculate job mobility rate in a typical month in 2012 in overall sample and by gender, age, educational attainment, hukou/race groups between China and the US. Compared with the US, we find a lower overall level of job mobility rate, a more skewed distribution, and a higher concentration of mobility in socioeconomically disadvantaged groups, such as the elderly, the less-educated, and those from rural origin. We attribute the differences in job mobility between China and the U.S. to different social contexts and social structures in the two countries. The result also affirms the importance to understand the duality of the concept “mobility,” which could mean either upward or downward mobility. In contemporary China, those socioeconomically disadvantaged people may suffer downward job mobility.


2.3 Gender Inequality Bowl 002

The Hidden Inequality: College Expansion, Family Background and Gender Wage Gap in China

Duoduo Xu*, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology

Bing Tian, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology

ABSTRACT: The rising female advantage in college attendance and completion has been observed in many countries, including China. Mounting evidence has shown that one of the important reasons for the decline and eventual reversal of gender gap in higher education is that women benefited relatively more from expanding educational opportunities. However, an essential yet often neglected fact is that this gender-egalitarian process in education has not occurred uniformly across all types of families, which leads to a highly selected group of female students in college. Using data from the China Family Panel Studies, we proved that the female advantage in college entrance among younger cohorts only existed in urban high-SES families, while women from rural and low-SES families were still deprived of equal educational opportunities due to persisting gender norms and son preferences. Using data from the Beijing College Students Panel Survey, we confirmed this positive selection of female students on family backgrounds. After taking into account the selectivity issue using propensity score matching methods, the insignificant gender wage gap among college graduates reemerged.

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Double Disadvantage? Internal Graduate Migration, Gender and the Labor Market Outcome among Recent College Graduates in China

Mengyao Zhao, Bielefeld University

ABSTRACT: In the context of international migration, immigrant women are found to be at a double disadvantage in labor market both of being immigrants and women. In Chinese graduate labor market, a similar phenomenon exists where segregations in employment opportunities follow the lines of gender and the Household Registration (Hukou) system. Although China has witnessed a rapid increase in women enrolled in tertiary education, female graduates encounter difficulties translating their educational success into labor market outcomes because of the increasing gender discrimination in the marketized economy. In addition, even though internal graduate migration is thought to be a strategy to improve an individual’s income in Western countries, in China, migrants have limited access to the urban labor market as a result of their outsider status as defined by hukou system. Based on the data from a national representative survey, this paper examines how internal graduate migration interacts with gender and play a key role in producing inequality among recent college graduates in China. Results show that, on one hand, female graduate migrants have less chance to enter state sector which affords institutional protection against gender discrimination. On the other hand, the effect of geographical mobility (migration) varies by employment sectors and female graduate migrants who end up in non-state sector suffer discrimination in earnings attainment. Overall, female migrants are a highly selective group in terms of human capital characteristics, but they are disadvantaged twice in the labor market because of the existing barriers based on gender and hukou locality.

Gender-Math Stereotype, Biased Self-Assessment, and Aspiration in STEM Careers: The Gender Gap among Early Adolescents in China

Ran Liu, University of Pennsylvania

ABSTRACT: This paper provides an important perspective to understand the paradox between the closing gender gap in math performance and the persistent gender gap in STEM careers. Utilizing nationally representative data of middle school students in China, this paper addresses the limitations of the stereotype threat literature by including individual-level measurements of the gender-math stereotype, or the belief that boys are naturally better than girls in math, into the analysis. Findings demonstrate that gender-math stereotypes endorsed by students, parents, and peers are associated with a gender gap in favor of boys in students’ self-assessment of math-learning competency even after controlling for their math performance. This biased self-assessment further relates to a gender gap in students’ aspiration for science and engineering careers. This paper discusses the policy implications of the findings.

Gender and Urban-Rural Difference on the Work-Life Conflict in Contemporary China

Rui Li, Kyushu University

ABSTRACT: 1. Aim Previous works related to work-life conflict have been done in the field of Human Resource and Economics are most likely to focus on the conflict between work and family role. Fewer studies are found in sociology field, and rare are found on discussing the usage of leisure time, people’s personal life (especially women’s) seems to be always ignored in this field as they have to be either at work or the actor of “caring”. In this research, work-life conflict will be introduced as work (working hours and work pressure), family (family care, housework and family pressure) and usage of leisure time. In other words, it will involve three big components: working demand, family demand, and usage of leisure time.This study will also examine the influence of other relative factors on work-life conflict. 2. Data & Methods For this purpose, a quantitative analysis was held which focuses on discussing how work, family role and self-development influenced each other by examining the relationship among the three factors. This research will employ a face to face interview which was jointly hosted by International Social Survey Program: Family and Changing Gender Roles IV and the National Research Center, Renmin University of China. The data was collected in China General Social Survey 2012 (CGSS2012) (Part M) which consisted of 11761 adults aged 18 to 96; since not all the samples were answering questionnaire B, after accounting for missing values on key variables, a remaining valid sample of 3639 respondents were used in the analyses. 3. Preliminary Results Work and family role do have a negative effect on each other. Work also appears a negative effect on usage of leisure time.Higher education will decrease working hours as well as time on taking care of family members at a certain level in the urban area. 4. Conclusion This research aim to explore the interactive relationship between work, family role and leisure time. We should be aware of the gender differences in all three dimensions. Education is important when considering usage of leisure time. We should invest more on women’

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education in rural area. The findings of this research will inspire more research on work-life conflict in the rural area.


2.4 Mental Health and Subjective Well-being Rm. 005

Social Support Protects against the Negative Effects of Abuse on Psychological Resilience in a Sample of Older Chinese Adults

Yiqing Yang*, Western Carolina University

Ming Wen, University of Utah

Sonia Salari, University of Utah

ABSTRACT: This study examines whether elder abuse is associated with low levels of resilience and whether social support is a moderator of this potential association. Measures of any mistreatment (verbal, physical, or financial), the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS) and a seven-item resilience scale were administered in 2014 to a sample of 432 community-dwelling older adults aged 60–79 years in Linxi County of Northern China. Hierarchical regression models are employed to explore the relationship between abuse and resilience and to test whether social support moderates this posited link. The Johnson-Neyman technique is used to plot the region of significance to illustrate the conditional effect of abuse. Findings reveal that mistreatment is significantly related to low levels of resilience adjusting for confounding factors. A significant interaction term of mistreatment × social support is also found (b=. 11, p<. 05). The Johnson-Neyman plot identifies that the conditional effect of elder abuse is significant when the values of social support lie below 69 (t = -3.08, 95%CI= (-2.58, -.57), p<0.01). Findings support the theoretical argument that social support provides coping resources that buffer individuals from the undesirable consequences associated with mistreatment. Improvements in older adults’ resilience need to consider preventing abuse and increasing social support. Findings confirm the negative association of elder abuse with resilience and indicate that the mistreatment-resilience link conditions on levels of social support. Enhancing social support might be a new insight to maintain resilience among older Chinese adults, especially for those who were abused.

Who Are More Depressed? Gender, Marital Transitions and Mental Health in China

Yang Zhang, University of Michigan

ABSTRACT: The increase in the postponement of marriage and divorce rates in the past decades has challenged the marriage institution in China. It becomes crucial and timely to examine the consequence of marital transitions on the subsequent mental health of Chinese people and its gender differences. Yet, the gender difference in the association between marital status/transitions and mental health in China is still an unexplored research question. Drawing data on three waves of China Family Panel Studies, this study tracked marital transitions between 2010 and 2014 and categorized respondents into three groups: (1) people who are in stably marital status; (2) people who experienced marital gain; (3) people who experienced marital loss. Using two-level models, the study found that people who are stably divorced and widowed between 2010 and 2014 have more depressive symptoms than people who are in stable marriage. Furthermore, females are more likely to be depressed than males among people who are stably divorced. Compared with people who are in stable marriage, people who got divorced or got widowed between 2010 and 2014 have more depressive symptoms but no gender difference is shown. Inconsistent with previous studies, this study found that marital gain is not associated with enhanced mental health at least in the short-term.

The Mutual Relationship between Depression and Educational Outcomes in China: a Comprehensive Examination

Wensong Shen, University of Pennsylvania

ABSTRACT: Education and depression are two important factors that affect human well-being. However, existing studies are limited in their capacity to illuminate the complete relationship between depression and education, due to the neglect of the “mutuality” in the relationship between depression and educational outcomes, and insufficient attention to the multiple mechanisms that link educational outcomes and depression. This paper aims to fill these gaps by taking China as a study case. Using structural equation

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modeling, this paper explores the dynamic relationship between depression and educational outcomes by analyzing three latest longitudinal and nationally or provincially representative datasets in China: China Family Panel Studies (CFPS, 2010, 2012 and 2014), China Educational Panel Survey (2013-2014), and Gansu Survey of Children and Families (GSCF, 2000, 2009, and 2015). Specifically, three main questions are addressed. First, is there a mutual, rather than unidirectional, relationship between depression and educational achievement? Second, what are the mechanisms linking educational achievement and depression? Third, in the long run, how do depression, educational achievement, and educational attainment interplay to shape children’s academic and psychological well-being? Results show that there is a mutual and negative relationship between depression and educational outcomes. Higher educational achievement leads to lower depression levels and higher depression levels result in lower educational achievement. This relationship is mediated by peers’ unfriendliness, parents’ expectations, and teachers’ criticism. Specifically, higher educational achievement leads to less peers’ unfriendliness, less pressure from parents’ expectations, and less teachers’ criticism, which result in lower depression levels. From a long-term perspective, higher early educational achievement predicts lower later depression, and depression is associated with reduced educational attainment. Completed educational attainment, in turn, is protective against depression in later years, after controlling for previous depression.

Moving beyond Living Arrangements: The Role of Family and Friendship Ties in Promoting Psychological Well-Being for Urban and Rural Older Adults in China

Dan Tang, Renmin University of China

Zhiyong Lin*, University of Maryland, College Park

Feinian Chen, University of Maryland

ABSTRACT: This study examines the interplay among living arrangements, social networks, and depressive symptoms among Chinese older adults. Methods: Data are derived from the 2014 baseline survey of the China Longitudinal Aging Social Survey (CLASS), a nationally representative data of older adults (N = 7,477). This study examines the association between living arrangements and depressive symptoms of older adults, and further addresses the moderating role of social networks (measured as family ties and friendship ties) on this perceived association. Results: Our results show that older adults living with both spouse and adult children report better psychological well-being than those living alone while show no differences from those living only with spouse or children. Older adults living alone in rural areas are further disadvantaged than those living alone in urban places. We, however, find that the negative effect of living alone on psychological well-being can be reduced or even eliminated when older adults have strong friendship ties in rural China. We also find that for rural older adults living only with children, their psychological well-being is strongly conditioned on their family ties, that is, they are extremely disadvantaged when having weak family ties while benefit most from strong family ties. Conclusions: The effects of living arrangements on psychological well-being in later life are conditioned on older adults’ social networks and vary between rural and urban China.

Class Affinity, Mobility Trajectory and Individual's Subjective Well-Being in Taiwan

Ka U Ng*, National Taiwan University

Kin Man Wan, Chinese University of Hong Kong

ABSTRACT: Previous studies have demonstrated mixed results of the relationship between class mobility and life satisfaction, as the dissociative effects and life condition effects are offset with each other. This article examines the impact of mobility trajectory on subjective well-being in Taiwan. I argue that class affinity plays a critical role on decreasing dissociative effect on subjective well-being, hypothesizing people who experience shorter upward mobility trajectory are more likely to have better subjective well-being than those who experience longer upward mobility trajectory. Based on five waves of Taiwan Social Change Survey (TSCS) data, the ordered logistic regression shows that people who experience shorter upward mobility are positively related to subjective well-being, whereas people who experience longer upward mobility have no significant relationship to subjective well-being. The findings highlight the important role of class affinity in well-being and social stratification studies.

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2.5 Income and Housing Inequality Rm. 023

Expanding Homeownership and Rising Housing Inequality: The Impact of the Hukou Stratification and Class Division in Transitional Urban China

Miranda Qiong Wu, University of Connecticut

ABSTRACT: While recent housing reforms in China have led to a dramatic rise in homeowners, there has been a growing recognition of the homeownership gap. Housing inequality has been well studied, but little attention has been paid to individual homeownership and the impact of hukou system and class structure in transitional urban China. Using the 2010-2013 Chinese General Social Survey, I apply fixed-effects logistic regressions and sheaf coefficients estimations to investigate the effects of the hukou stratification and class structure on individual homeownership. I conceptualize the hukou stratification in three dimensions and construct a class framework by linking the market transition debate with Wright’s class theory. The findings reveal that the hukou stratification plays the most crucial role in determining the chances of being a homeowner. The findings indicate a mixture of state and market mechanisms shaping the homeownership gap.

Intra-Household Property Rights and Well-Being: Evidence from the 2011 Chinese Divorce Reform

Emma Xiaolu Zang, Duke University

ABSTRACT: This study examines the effect of intra-household property rights on household members’ well-being by exploiting the 2011 Chinese divorce reform. This reform transfers ownership of the family home to the registered buyer, most often the husband, in the event of a divorce. Prior to this legal change, the family home was considered joint property. I examine two contrasting sets of hypotheses. For immediate effects, the divorce-threat bargaining model predicts that the divorce reform will reduce women’s well-being while increasing men’s well-being, whereas the structural sexism theories predict that the divorce reform will decrease both women’s and men’s well-being. Results show that the 2011 Chinese divorce reform hurts both men and women through encouraging patriarchy, which is consistent with the prediction of the structural sexism theories. For longer-term effects, the divorce-threat bargaining model and the structural sexism theories predict the consequences of the divorce reform will persist in the long run, whereas the separate-spheres bargaining model predicts that the effects can be transitory when marriage binding exists. I find that the effects of the legal change were weakened or disappeared entirely in the long run, suggesting that the bride price practice in China likely served as marriage binding.

From Traditional and Socialist Communities to Commercial-Housing: The Association between Neighborhood Types and Health in China

Lei Lei*, University of Maryland

Zhiyong Lin, University of Maryland, College Park

ABSTRACT: The urban structure in China has been transformed profoundly during rounds of economic reforms. Various types of neighborhoods have emerged in different stages of urban transition over the past 60 years. These neighborhoods are organized in distinct ways and provide different economic, social, and physical environment for residents. In this study, we examine whether the type of neighborhood is associated with adult health after accounting for individual and family characteristics. Using longitudinal data from the China Labor-force Dynamics Survey (2012 and 2014), we estimate ordered logistic regression models with lagged dependent variable predicting self-rated health. Results show that living in traditional communities in old districts and work-unit compounds is associated with better health as compared with many other types of neighborhoods (such as government institution compounds, commercial housing communities, and migrant enclaves) among adults older than 50 years. Neighborhood types do not matter for the health of younger adults (ages 18-49). In addition, the proportion of poor households and migrant population in a neighborhood are negatively associated with individual health.

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English Proficiency and Earnings Inequality: Occupational Language Exclusion in Hong Kong

Mengyu Liu, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology

ABSTRACT: Occupational language exclusion means that specific language skills are a prerequisite for occupations with high pays. This paper exposes the phenomenon of occupational language exclusion and examines the relations between English proficiency and earnings in Hong Kong, where both Chinese and English are official languages. Using data from the Hong Kong Panel Study of Social Dynamics (HKPSSD), I find that Hongkongers with higher English proficiency earn more than those with lower English proficiency. Occupational language exclusion, measured by the percentage of individuals with English skills in each occupation, explains the positive relationship between English proficiency and earnings. Decomposition results show that between-occupation differentials represent the major earnings differentials between Hongkongers with and without English skills. Furthermore, the gender pay gap narrows as people’s English proficiency increases. Occupational language exclusion provides a new perspective to understand relations between language proficiency and earnings inequality.

The Politics of Financialization and Income Inequality

Bowei Hu*, Academia Sinica

Thung-Hong Lin, Academia Sinica

ABSTRACT: This article reexamines the association between financialization and income inequality from the perspective of comparative political economy. We argue that financialization in either the private or the public sector generally increases Gini coefficients across countries. In addition, financialization in democracies results in lower income inequality than in autocracies because increased credit is more broadly accessible in democratic countries, but increased credit in autocracies is confined to a small group of political coalitions. Therefore, the association between financialization and income inequality is moderated in democracies. Data were collected from 103 countries during 1981–2012 and analyzed with fixed-effects models. The results support the theory that credit expansion in the private and the public sector is exploited by economic and state elites who mobilize financial resources to obtain enormous revenues, thereby exacerbating income inequality. Furthermore, the interaction between democracy and increased credit in the private and the public sector results in lower Gini coefficients. This article extends the understanding of financialization to the private and the public sector and suggests a policy implication that to moderate income inequality financialization should be governed by democratic institutions.


2.6 Firms and Organizations Rm. 029

Another Face of "Politicized Capitalism": Private Entrepreneur's Political Entitlement and Post-Socialist Institutional Change in Reforming China (1995-2012)

Chengzuo Tang, The University of Chicago

ABSTRACT: In the background of the "developmental miracle" supported by a rapidly growing private economy in China's post-socialist transition, this paper examines the entry chance of the emerging private entrepreneur into the local political institution under Party-state polity, namely the membership and duty status attained in People's Congress (PC) and People's Political Consultative Conference (PPCC), spanning from the 1990's to 2010's. Theoretically, this paper addresses the economic actor's political engagement as significant and meaningful social action that blurs the state-market boundary conversely, and further inquires into the potential relationship between the engagement likelihood and social network of the economic actor in an evolving restructured employment regime, which both challenge and reflect upon the dominant paradigm and conventional issue of the existing literature in political economy and economic sociology. Specifically, we would construct and test between a "political market" and an "elite reproduction" model, to reach an insightful understanding and effective prediction of the formal entitlement of private entrepreneur in political institution over the past decades. The Chinese Private Entrepreneur Survey (CPES 1995/2004/2012 in anticipation) would be used for data analysis. Further discussion on the implication about the sociopolitical structure, institutional change, and state-market relation as exhibited by transitional China's case, would be served finally.

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Embedded in Multiple Fields: Global Dimensions and National Adoptions of Corporate Social Responsibility

Zixin Li, University of California at Berkeley

ABSTRACT: Corporate social responsibility (CSR) has multiple dimensions and the dimensions are individually appropriated. Scholars have not generated the dimensions from a large corporate corpus or quantitatively compared the adoptions across nations. The paper explores 1) what are CSR dimensions adopted by companies? 2) How do adoptions vary across countries? 3) Why do adoptions vary? I computationally induce six CSR dimensions from 7,892 web pages of technology companies in the United States and China. Through statistical analysis, I find companies in two countries adopt the same set of dimensions, yet have different foci within the set. I conduct 24 interviews to explain the findings. Interviews suggest institutional theory as an explanation. However, theorists have not discussed how organizations are embedded in multiple fields with different isomorphism processes and institutional logics. I delineate this mechanism, which explains both qualitative similarity and quantitative difference of CSR dimensions in two countries.

When Do the Last Become First? Multi-Dimensional Institutional Complexity, Predatory Practices and the Rise of China's Private Enterprises

Le Lin, University of Hawaii

ABSTRACT: Post-socialist market transition concerns not only the rise of the private sector but also what type of private enterprises become market leaders. Organizations that are compliant with cooperation norms or those that build solid ties with the state, according to existing literature, are likely to win out. Drawing on China’s education and training industry (ETI), this article shows a different pattern: underdog organizations, a particular model of prototypical private enterprises whose founders were marginalized by the state and whose practices were noncompliant with formal state regulations and cooperation norms, became market leaders. I develop the concept of multi-dimensional institutional complexity. I show that the ETI’s multi-dimensional institutional complexity has two social sources: a giant state education system and a vibrant informal economy. Despite being situated in the same institutionally complex field, competing models enjoy differentiated accesses to the state education system and the informal economy for resources and organizational repertoires. With greater access the informal economy than other two models, underdog organizations develop non-market predatory practices. I argue that these non-market predatory practices interacted with multi-dimensional institutional complexity, making underdog organizations market leaders. Theoretically, this paper specifies institutional complexity as a social condition under which marginalized and predatory organizations and individuals leap from the last to the first. It also outline the competition among multiple organizational models as a novel dynamic of field change under institutional complexity. I discuss the implications of my research for studying the rise of China’s private sector at the end.

Homophily or Complementarity? Choice of Co-Investment Partners of Chinese Venture Capital Firms

Likun Cao*, Lu Zheng, Jie Ren

Tsinghua University

ABSTRACT: Many studies have investigated the co-investment pattern of Chinese Venture Capital (VC) Firms. However, since previous researches have not taken the social and economic context of VC investment into consideration, the relationship between VC attributes and co-investment patterns is dubious. Based on the co-investment network data of Chinese VC firms between 2005 and 2013, results from our ERGM regression analysis show that VC firms tend to partner with firms with similar characteristics in general; however, this preference for homophily decreases in a more stable and open market environment. We argue that, although diversified VC background promotes the portfolio company's performance and VC firms’ financial return, most VC firms syndicate on a basis of trust and long-term relationship. The logic of embeddedness, instead of the logic of rational choice, plays a decisive role in Chinese VCs’ syndication.

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From Iron Rice Bowl to Silver Spoon: Changing Relationship between Origin, Education and Entry of Class in Contemporary China, 1949-2006

Xiaolei Zhang, Independent Researcher

ABSTRACT: Three main theoretical paradigms are applied to intergenerational mobility research: modernization thesis, inequality perspective and state-sponsored mobility specified for socialist countries. An operationalization based on classic status attainment model is provided in the article. Drawing on operationalized models and national representative data, this article examines the changing patterns of associations between social origins, education and entry of class (primary occupation status) in mobility processes in China from 1949-2006 using log-linear model and logistic regression models. Findings show 1) a relatively equal and state-sponsored mobility during pre-reform period and a considerably high level of OE, OD and ED association after 1979; 2) Farmers are institutionally discriminated with respect to hukou (household registration system) and other factors, thus suffer great inequality in educational and occupational attainment; 3) working class has experienced a declination and de-empowerment in terms of welfare and prestige.


3.1 Values and Attitudes Bowl 016

Parental Education and College Students’ Attitudes toward Love: Survey Evidence from China

Anning Hu*, Fudan University;

Xiaogang Wu, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology

ABSTRACT: Family formation in modern societies mostly involves the couple’s matching attitudes toward love (ATL), but studies of the determinants of those attitudes have not much advanced over several decades. This study constructs a gradational measure of ATL gauging the extent to which individuals subscribing to realistic or romantic ATL. It then investigates the association between the ATL of Chinese college students and the educational attainment of their parents. Analysis of panel data from the Beijing College Students Panel Survey show that students with better-educated parents are more likely to lean toward realistic rather than romantic ATL. The effect does not differ between male and female students, and is stable across college years. Mediation analyses further highlight that parental education propels college students to be more realistic mainly through promoting family income and fostering children’s endowment of objectified cultural capital.

The Intergenerational Transmission of Beliefs about Meritocracy

Zhonglu Li, Shenzhen University

ABSTRACT: It’s widely believed that allocation of occupational positions and social prestige in modern societies should be increasingly based upon meritocratic qualifications rather than ascribed characteristics .Yet, relatively little research has empirically examined how this prediction is perceived by ordinary people and whether parents transmit the beliefs about meritocracy to their children as well as its implications for the intergenerational transmission of social inequalities. Through analyzing the recently national representative data from China Family Panel Studies (CFPS2010), we find that there is a significantly positive relationship between parents and children’s beliefs about the relative importance of ascribed factors versus achieved factors for individual success, the relationship is robust after controlling a set of confounding variables. As for the heterogeneous effect, our results show that highly educated parents are more likely to transmit the meritocratic beliefs to their children than their lower-educated counterparts; and children who are currently at schooling are less likely to be affected by their parents’ values. We also find that children more believing in meritocracy are also more confident in their future life than their counterparts.

Cultivating Values while Diffusing Knowledge: Evidence from the 8th Curriculum Reform in China

Bingdao Zheng, Fudan University

ABSTRACT: The establishment of a common consensus in values and preferences is key to nation building.

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Based on data from Beijing College Students Panel Survey, this paper examines the causal effects of high school curriculum on students’ political attitudes and behaviors, using a difference-in-difference approach and an entropy balancing method. Our empirical results show that the 8th curriculum reform has achieved tremendous success in the moral construction among Chinese youths. Undergraduate who studied new textbooks in high school are more likely to resolutely implement the policy of the central; they have both higher intention and probability to apply for the Communist Party membership; they are more willing to pursue a career in the state sector; and they are less inclined to protest for their own interests. This study demonstrates the important role of basic education in shaping value system.

How Does Your Neighbors’ Intergroup Bias Affect Your Social Identity? The Case of Hong Kong

Duoduo Xu*, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology

Zhuoni Zhang, City University of Hong Kong

ABSTRACT: Recent political unrest and social movements in Hong Kong have contributed to a sharp deterioration of the Hong Kong-Mainland China relations. The political polarization among the general population and the rise of localism among certain groups have provoked a heated discussion on the social cleavage in Hong Kong. Using data from the Hong Kong Panel Study of Social Dynamics (HKPSSD) survey, we aim to investigate how people’s group identity is shaped by the social environment of residential neighborhood, and whether this impact is contingent on one’s social origin. Empirical results show that, when neighbors have low level of intergroup bias against mainlanders, residents within the neighborhood share a common identity despite of their places of birth; when neighbors have high level of intergroup bias against mainlanders, people tend to emphasize their own group identity based on social origins. Particularly, mainland-born Hong Kong residents exhibit stronger Chinese identity and weaker Hongkongese identity when living with biased neighbors. The findings reveal that, tolerance brings people together, prejudice drives people apart. While a friendly neighborhood environment promotes harmonious coexistence of people from various social origins, a hostile neighborhood environment reinforces peoples’ perceived group differences, and consequently leads to an identity divergence.


3.2 Migration and People's Well-being Bowl 001

Short and Long-Term Outcomes of the Left-Behind in China

Li-Chung Hu, National Chengchi University

Wensong Shen, University of Pennsylvania

Emily Hannum*, University of Pennsylvania

ABSTRACT: This report addresses the scope of China’s left-behind phenomenon and its roots in migration and education policies. It reviews evidence about disadvantages associated with left-behind status and discusses recent policy responses to the left-behind phenomenon. Empirical evidence is drawn from a national study of middle school students and a 15-year longitudinal case-study of children from rural Gansu, China. While a number of prior studies have shown mixed findings about the scale of educational disadvantage of left-behind children, compared to other groups, evidence presented here indicates that even after adjusting for school or community and household socioeconomic status, there are multiple domains in which homes of left-behind children are disadvantaged. They tend to live in households characterized by poorer health resources, cultural resources, and (by some measures) social resources. By definition, they lose access, at least temporarily, to the “human capital” of their absent parents. Children in the short term thus experience more physical, psychological, and (in the national comparison) educational disadvantages than their non-left-behind counterparts. In the long-term, our case study from Gansu Province suggests that father absence is associated with reduced educational attainment and possibly greater propensity to migrate, but not employment or long-term family relations. Overall, disadvantages appear to be more consistent and more generalized for mother-absent and dual-parent-absent families than for father-absent families. We discuss policy responses, and possible policy strategies, in the closing segment of the report. Policy reforms that obviate the need for children to be left behind are one evident solution to the problem, and some steps appear to be happening in this direction, but local resistance may be substantial. More immediately, boarding schools and community centers are commonly proposed policy solutions to address the immediate needs of left-

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behind children, with promise but some clear pitfalls. Other possible supports are discussed.

Subjective Well-Being among Left-Behind Children in Rural China: The Role of Ecological Assets and Individual Strength

Danhua Lin*, Xiaoyun Chai, Xiaoyan Li, Zhi Ye, Yuxuan Li

Beijing Normal University

ABSTRACT: Recently, a new means to investigating the mechanisms of positive development in left-behind children emerged from the positive youth development (PYD) approach. Grounded in the framework of PYD, this study was designed to examine how ecological assets (neighborhood social cohesion and trusting relationships with caregivers) and individual strength (resilience) predict subjective well-being among left-behind children. Methods: Altogether 1,449 left-behind children (50.70% boys; mean age = 12.11 years, SD = 1.84) were recruited to complete questionnaires designed to assess perceived neighborhood social cohesion, trusting relationships with caregivers, resilience, and subjective well-being. Results: The results show that neighborhood social cohesion and trusting relationships with caregivers positively predicted left-behind children’s subjective well-being. Moreover, structural equation modeling results reveal that resilience partially mediated the effect of neighborhood social cohesion and trusting relationships with caregivers on subjective well-being. Conclusions: In this research we identified key contextual and personal enablers for subjective well-being among left-behind children. The results provide some important implications regarding the manner in which subjective well-being can be promoted among left-behind children by increasing developmental ecological assets and enhancing inherent strengths.

Parental Migration and Anemia Status of Children in Rural China

Feinuo Sun*, State University of New York at Albany

Zai Liang, State University of New York at Albany

ABSTRACT: China has experienced the largest scale of migration in recent decades, which also influenced the wellbeing of children in many aspects. It is widely acknowledged that left-behind children (whose parents have migrated) suffered from lack of emotional support and supervision and are vulnerable for poor education and health outcomes. Using cross-sectional data from the 2009 wave of China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS), this paper focuses on the anemia status of children who are from families with migrant members. We find that net of other controlling variables, children whose parents both migrated have significantly higher possibility of having anemia compared to children with both parents present and children from households that no one migrated. Furthermore, having only mother migrated or both parents migrated can worsen children’s anemia status in contrast to having other relatives migrated but both parents presented. These findings show that the left behind children, especially those whose mother or both parents migrated are particularly vulnerable for poor health outcomes, which deserves more attention from researchers and policy-makers.

Hukou System, Mechanisms, and Health Stratification across the Life Course in Rural and Urban China

Song Qian, RAND Corporation

ABSTRACT: Research on health disparities has drawn increasing attention. However, outside the traditional domains of social institutions, there is no sufficient understanding of how other social institutions are associated with health disparities, especially in the developing world. Utilizing cumulative disadvantage and stress theories, this research investigates how hukou system in China, as a form of social stratification, is associated with a range of health outcomes in later life. We also assess the mechanisms accounting for these disparities. Our results show that those who were born in rural areas with rural hukou have been exposed to the highest level of hardships and adversities, from starvation and limited healthcare access in early life, to unhealthy behaviors, reduced family support, and low SES throughout the life course. Those who were born in urban areas with urban hukou have better self-rated health, mental health, and physical activities, but are exposed to higher risks of chronic conditions than rural hukouers in rural areas. Most of these differences are explained by socioeconomic disparities and childhood experiences between the two groups. Of the two urban residence groups with rural origins, those who have obtained urban hukou have less depressive symptoms and higher risks of diabetes than those who still have rural hukou. This is explained by differentials in SES and

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healthcare access. Urban migrants with rural hukou have higher risks of hypertension and fast pulse than those who remained in rural areas, which may be derived from the highly stressful urban environment where they tend to concentrate. We discuss these results in the context of China's unique social, economic, and political settings.


3.3 Neighborhood, Community and Nationalism Bowl 002

Neighborhood Environments and Declines in Functional Health among Middle-Aged and Older People in China

Ye Luo*, Clemson University

Lingling Zhang, Clemson University

Xi Pan, Texas State University

ABSTRACT: Despite the growing interest in the effect of neighborhood environments on functional health, most studies on older adults are based on cross-sectional survey data from the developed countries. This study examined the relationship between neighborhood environments and decline in functional health over time among older adults in China and whether this relationship differ between rural and urban residents. The three waves of the China Health and Retirement Study (CHARLS 2011-2015) were used. Three-level linear growth curve models were estimated to track trajectories of cognitive change over a 4-year period. Findings from this study can have important implications for infrastructure development and community buildings.

Community Matters: Urban Residents’ Perception of Public Services in China

Feibei Zheng, Nankai University

ABSTRACT: Spatial justice of public services is a significant dimension of urban governance. When designing the delivery system of public services, residents’ subjective justice should also be taken into account. Using the data of China General Social Survey in 2013, this article examines the perceptions of residents from different types of communities on compulsory education and immunization. The results from weighted regression analysis show that residents in commodity housing are more satisfied with compulsory education than those residents in old communities and work unit communities. It implies that, those residents from disadvantaged communities are more likely to feel deprived. To promote spatial justice of public services, local government should pay more attention to the subjective needs of residents in disadvantaged communities.

Does Higher Accessibility to Neighborhood Service Reduce People's Perception of Their Poverty Status in Hong Kong?

Chenhong Peng*, Yik Wa Law, Paul Yip

The University of Hong Kong

ABSTRACT: While studies that measure poverty using monetary indicators have been dominating the researches on poverty, the “subjective poverty” approach, which asks the respondents to evaluate their own poverty status, has been suggested as an alternative to measure poverty from the insiders’ perspective. The current study investigates the association between the accessibility to different types of neighborhood services and people’s perception of their poverty status. Data for individual-level characteristics were extracted from the first wave (2015) of the Hong Kong Panel Survey for Poverty Alleviation. The 2011 census data from the Census and Statistics Department were used to identify the neighborhood level characteristics. 22 types of neighborhood services were grouped with 7 categories: Health and care service, food service, emergence service, exchange service, transport, culture and entertainment, and physical activity and sports service. Subjective poverty is measured by asking the question “Do you think that you live in poverty according to your present living condition?” Multi-level logistic regression was adopted for statistical analysis. The results showed that higher accessibility to self-study room and rest garden/park in the neighborhood have been found to be associated with lower probability of self-assessed poverty status, after taking control of the individual and neighborhood level socio-economic-demographic characteristics.

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Chinese Citizen or Global Citizen? Nationalism and Cosmopolitanism at An International School in Beijing

Natalie A.E. Young, University of Pennsylvania

ABSTRACT: China is the largest consumer market for international education in the world, yet we do not know how this trend toward the internationalization of education in China may be transforming the identities and worldviews of Chinese youth. In this paper, I draw on survey and interview data I collected at an international high school in Beijing primarily attended by Chinese nationals to address this question. I show that, despite their unusually high levels of intercultural engagement and openness toward foreign ideas, people, and products, Chinese students at the international school demonstrate a strong sense of national pride and identity, likely due to the pervasive influence of the Chinese Communist Party’s Patriotic Education Campaign. Further, supplementary data collected at a standard curriculum school in China suggest that many of the cosmopolitan behaviors and attitudes observed at the international school relate to students’ status as urban youth, rather than their exposure to a globalized learning environment. Altogether, findings from the study raise issues with the argument that international education cultivates global citizenship. Further, students’ simultaneous expression of cosmopolitanism and nationalism flies in the face of theories that pit the forces of globalization and cosmopolitanism against the nation-state and nationalism. I develop the concept of “nationalistic cosmopolitanism” to describe Chinese students’ incorporation of cosmopolitan values and attitudes into nationalistic ideologies and discuss the implications of this form of nationalism for Chinese domestic politics and international affairs.

Disaggregating Nationalism: Comparative Analysis of Consumer Nationalism and Cultural Nationalism among Chinese

Zongshi Chen*, Zhejiang University

Zikui Wei, The University of Chicago

ABSTRACT: The current literature examined nationalism either through engaging in a monolithic way or through focusing on a particular type of nationalism. However, little research has compared the different types of nationalism. Building on the conceptualization of nationalism domains, this research argued disaggregating the domains of nationalism is important, and then compared consumer nationalism and cultural nationalism in China. On the basis of the supplemental survey of Chinese General Social Survey (2008), the findings of this research confirm that consumer nationalism and cultural nationalism are weakly associated. This study further shows that the effects of both age and education on cultural nationalism are larger than on consumer nationalism, and social status has negative influence on consumer nationalism but no effect on cultural nationalism.


3.4 Physical and Cognitive Health Rm. 005

Implementation of Political Disciplines and Its Effects on the Physical Health among the Governmental Officials in China

Jie Zhang, SUNY Buffalo State

ABSTRACT: The Communist Party of China (CPC) started to implement its Eight-Point Regulation (anti-corruption campaign) to limit the Chinese governmental officials in using the public resources as a strategy to discipline its membership after CPC 18th National Congress in 2012. Five years later, with the recent completion of the 19th National Congress, it is necessary to evaluate the efficacy of the enforced rules. It was speculated that the governmental officials’ physical health got to be improved as they were supposed to have stopped lavish over-drinking and eating with public funds. Methods: A total of 24,655 tests were recruited between January 2010 and December 2016 for this study. The sampled men and women ranged from 30 to 90 in years of age were all serving the governmental offices and in control of public resources. Data were obtained from interviews and the lab tests of the sampled individuals at their annual physical examinations. Major variables for study included FBG (Fasting Blood Glucose), TC (Total Cholesterol), LDL-C (Low Density Cholesterol), and HDL-C (High Density Cholesterol), TG (Triglycerides), and BMI (Body Mass Index). Tests were examined and compared between those obtained before and after December 2012 when the CPC Central Committee started a strict implementation of the Eight-Point Regulation for governmental officials. Findings:

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Basically, measures for all tests dropped for the sampled individuals after the CPC enforcement of the new rules. Analyses with each of the five-year age groups for each of the six health indicators illustrated the age group specific improvement of physical health due to the lack of over drinking and eating and the healthy life style. Interpretation: Better health for some Chinese governmental officials is a byproduct of the CPC’s anti-corruption campaign. The findings are of public health implications. In disease prevention and health promotion, governments can play very important roles.

Inequalities, Institutional Transformations, and Infirmities in Urban China

Jun Xu*, Ball State University

Wei Zhao, University of North Carolina at Charlotte

Fang Gong, Ball State University

ABSTRACT: Synthesizing health literature with the scholarship on social stratification in transitional societies, this paper investigates the effects of multidimensional socioeconomic status (SES) on three self-rated health measures in urban China, with a focus on education and communist party membership. Using data from the most recent Chinese General Social Survey, our analyses show that being a party member is associated with better self-rated health as well as health-related quality of life and work, and low levels of self-rated depression, whereas the effects of education appear to be more elusive than they usually are in Western societies. Such results suggest that the party-state has left lasting imprints even after almost four decades of economic reform, and the examination of individual attributes such as education has to be contextualized in the sociopolitical environment of China. Our results also illustrate the utility of including both global (education, income, employment status, and subjective SES) and local measures of SES (party membership and home ownership) in exploring its association with health in a typical non-Western transitional society.

Rural-Urban Disparities in Caesarean Delivery in Underdeveloped Areas in China: Evidence from Electronic Health Records

Lili Kang*, Inner Mongolia Medical University

Ning Zhang, University of Massachusetts

Bo Zhang, University of Massachusetts Medical School.

Biao Xu, Nanjing University

ABSTRACT: Objective Assess the rural-urban disparities between rural and urban areas using electronic health records in hospitals located in the Province of Inner Mongolia, an economically underdeveloped area in northeastern China. Methods A total of 61,980 women who delivered in three major public hospitals in Inner Mongolia between January 2012 and December 2016 were included in our study. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was applied to estimate the rural-urban disparities in cesarean rate. Results:The caesarean rate increased slightly, with a much higher increase among women in rural hospitals than in urban hospitals (49% vs. 38%, p 0.01). These disparities increased consistently. The result of Multivariate regression analysis established that women with rural residency were more likely to receive a cesarean than women in urban areas (OR = 1.64, 95% CI [1.39-1.94]) during labor. The risk of undergoing a cesarean was greater in rural hospitals among first-time mothers (OR = 1.48, 95% CI [1.11-1.98]), minorities (OR = 1.92, 95% CI [1.83-2.01]), and different age groups. Conclusions Caesarean rate increased in rural area. Rural-urban disparities in cesarean increased substantially over years. Policymakers should examine the underlying mechanisms and identify the characteristics of patients and physicians that may reduce such disparities.

Youth of the Chinese Cultural Revolution: a Study of the ‘Sent-Down’ Experiences and Later Life Health

Liming Li, University of Cambridge

ABSTRACT: In 1966 Chairman Mao launched a nationwide Send-Down Movement that resulted in approximately seventeen million youth ‘going up to the mountains and down to the villages’ for a number of years. Half a century has passed and now that the former sent-down youth are approaching the end of their working life, it becomes feasible to examine whether their earlier exposure to such adversities have generated long-term effects on their non material wellbeing. Drawing on the 2010 baseline survey of the China Family Panel Studies, I quantify the long-term effects of the Cultural Revolution by investigating whether, to what

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extent, and how the sent-down experiences have impacted the affected youth’s later life health. The results reveal later life health disadvantages among those who were sent down and stayed in rural areas for over five years relative to those who were never sent down. Further analysis by breaking down gender indicates that it is mainly women with over five years of sent-down experiences who fared worse, as they have a significantly higher probability of having diagnosed chronic diseases relative to women who were not sent down. Propensity score analysis reveals that such health penalties are mainly due to the selection effects of coming from a disadvantaged family background in the first place. Neither later life health behaviour nor life course events in socioeconomic attainment and family formation, however, are found to have significant mediating effects on the health penalties borne by those women.

Leisure Activities and Cognitive Health among the Middle-Aged and Older Chinese

Min Li, University of Florida

ABSTRACT: An improved understanding of the potentially protective role of leisure activities on cognitive health could aid in developing interventions to halt or slow cognitive impairment. This study investigates the association between different patterns of leisure activities (social and cognitive activities) and cognitive health. It also disentangles how gender conditions the role of leisure activities in shaping cognitive health in later life. Methods. This study uses data from China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) to examine level of leisure activity engagement and cognitive impairment. It limits to samples of respondents who were cognitively intact in 2013 and use binary Logit models to estimate how frequency of social and cognitive leisure activities in 2013 is associated with risk of cognitive impairment in 2015. Results. Respondents with higher frequency of social leisure activities tend to have lower risk of cognitive impairment. The association between social leisure activities and cognitive health is stronger among males than females. Discussion. Practitioners should recognize the value of leisure activity in protecting cognitive health and encourage its greater use.


3.5 Trust, Social Capital and Networks Rm. 023

Work Unit Housing Compounds and Elite Social Capital Reproduction in Urban China under Mao

Danching Ruan, Hong Kong Baptist University

ABSTRACT: In the first three decades under Communist rule (1949-1978), the Chinese government made great efforts to bring social equality to China, and in many aspects, such as housing, income, and medical care in urban China, they were quite successful. However, this picture has an unequal side. This paper addresses the issue of social connection and disconnection within the urban population in Mao’s China. Specifically, it studies the role of work unit housing compounds in facilitating social networking among children of the administrative or professional elite. The research site for the current study is Beijing. The data comes from in-depth interviews with people who grew up in Beijing between 1949 and 1978, and whose parents were administrative or professional elites. In recent years, many children of the elites have written memoirs about growing up in Beijing in Mao’s era, with some of these writings being published as articles or books and some posted on-line. This is another source of data for the current study.

Maoist Traumas: The Impact of Sent-Down Experience on Trust

Jun Yin, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology

ABSTRACT: The sent-down campaign is a large-scale social experiment mobilized by Chinese government from 1962 to 1979. Such historical events provide a great opportunity for us to examine how the state policy and individuals’ life course are closely intertwined. A large literature investigates the effects of sent-down experience on individual's education, marriage, labor market outcomes and socioeconomic status. Using the 2012 wave data of China Family Panel Studies, we examine the causal effect of sent-down experience on the individuals' trust towards local government and trust in strangers. Our study demonstrates that sent-down experience will weaken send-down youth’s trust towards local government as well as their trust in strangers. We find robust results with OLS and IV approach.

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Education Lowers Social Trust in Transitional China

Cary Zhiming Wu*, The University of British Columbia

Zhilei Shi, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law

ABSTRACT: Current studies largely conclude that the effect of education on trust is positive. This article argues that the effect could be negative in transitional societies where risks are widely perceived and less manageable. In these societies, being trusting is often worse than being not, and education increases people’s awareness of it, thereby generating a negative effect. We test this argument by studying China where risks and uncertainties are widespread due to the rapid transition from state-to capitalist society over the last several decades. The results of a two-stage instrumental variable analysis of data from from the Chinese Family Panel Survey (CFPS 2014) show that education increases the perception of risk and this in turn decreases trust. Our findings not only contribute to a recent debate on whether modernization has an erosive impact on social cohesion in China, but also shed light on how education might affect trust differently depending on the social and institutional setting.

Social Capital and Community Satisfaction in Shanghai: a Multilevel Model

Junan Zhang, Shanghai University

ABSTRACT: This study examined the association between social capital and community satisfaction, at both the individual and the community level, among residents in Shanghai. Previous analyses of factors influencing the residents’ satisfaction firmly emphasized individual level of social capital. Community level factors were less often emphasized. Moreover, whether community organizations have impact on community satisfaction have rarely been investigated. Using data from the 2016 Shanghai Urban Neighborhood Survey, a series of multilevel regression models were estimated in HLM6. The association between social capital, community organizations and community satisfaction was examined among 4043 adults from 100 communities in Shanghai. The results suggest the significant association between social capital, at both the structural and cognitive forms, and community satisfaction. Moreover, the number of community organization within the community was significantly related to residents’ satisfaction. The analysis shows that while the community organization are a very good predictor of community satisfaction in urban community, this association in rural community is unclear. This focus on specific form of organization will better enable community leaders to address the specific issues impacting residents’ satisfaction across the community.

Trust Pattern and Preference for Redistribution in China

Lingnan He, University of Chicago

ABSTRACT: Despite abundant literature theorizing the policy consequence of political trust, empirical work fails to reach a consensus over its implication on people’s attitudes for redistribution. Using evidence from the World Value Survey and the China General Social Survey, this analysis provides a tentative anatomy of Chinese political trust pattern and tests how this pattern systematically influences people’s redistributive preference formation. This paper further shows that uniform high trusters and uniform distruster, the individuals who demonstrate either equally high or low level of trust towards various political institutions and policies, generally have a lower preference for government’s redistribution effort compared to other citizens. In other words, differences in an individual’s trust towards various political objects can effectively explain their redistributive preference. The findings of paper not only specify how political trust can be linked with redistribution preference of individual in China, but also more generally contribute to current understanding of redistributive preference formation across national contexts by discovering the nuanced trust pattern underlying it.


3.6 Governance and Civil Society Rm. 029

Discipline the Party: From Rectification Campaigns to Intra-Party Educational Activities

Zhifan Luo, University at Albany – SUNY

ABSTRACT: Some China observers worry that the series of rectification efforts under the Xi Jinping

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administration has undermined the institution of collective leadership. Yet, I argue that we should situate the recent educational activities in the historical development of intra-Party disciplinary movements. How are the post-Deng educational activities tied to the preceding rectification campaigns, and how do they differ? What does this mean for the future of intra-Party governance in China? To answer these questions, I study the use of a closed-door rectification campaign from the 1940s-1980s and the subsequent adoption of intra-Party ‘educational activities.’ By comparing leadership structure, formal procedures, and forms of power at play in six selected cases across seven decades, I conclude that the campaign method has been institutionalized as an integral instrument of intra-Party governance, forging a three-stage procedure to fulfill the dual aims of education and deterrence. As a result of this evolution, extreme sanctions were discarded in the post-Deng era, with authoritative and distributive power reinforced, however, through lesser forms of sanctions. In the future, modified forms of rectification will be here to stay, but it remains to be determined how often the elements of punishment and coercion will be intensified in such activities.

Commercialization of Internet-Opinion Management: How Does the Market Engaged into State Control in China.

Rui Hou, Queen's University

ABSTRACT: Studying the cooperation between for-profit organizations and government agencies in the

industry of Chinese Internet opinion management(舆情产业), this paper directs attention to how the market is actively involved in the state control of Internet information. The target of this article is to present the whole ecology of the industry with which citizens’ online expression is systematically monitored and guided. It identifies 3 market actors whose competitiveness is deeply rooted in Chinese political context. Besides, through analyzing 3 popular forms of state-market cooperation in this industry, this paper shows, rather than being passively obedient to the administrative order of the state, non-state actors are actively engaged into the state control of Internet surveillance. In a digitalized era, the state control of surveillance is not configurated by a monopolistic state actor. Instead, a multi-subject governance underlies the foundations of Internet management in authoritarian contexts such as China.

Environmental Information Discourse and Environmental Non-Governmental Organizations: Evidence from 113 Chinese Cities

Chung-Pei Pien, Texas A&M University

ABSTRACT: This paper examines diverse ENGOs' roles in policy implementation processes in China. I address two major perspectives – top-down and bottom-up – having different assumptions regarding the question of whether the key NGOs are national or local. To identify ENGOs' characteristics and activities, I collect unique data from several NGO list-collecting organizations' websites. Combining with urban statistical yearbooks published by the Chinese government and the pollution information transparency index (PITI) released by an ENGO annually, I analyze diverse ENGOs' influences on the environmental information discourse in 113 cities. The result supports the bottom-up perspective. ENGOs focusing on local issues play a significant role in promoting the environmental information discourse. National ENGOs and local ENGOs collaborating with national ENGOs do not affect local cities' implementation of the environmental information discourse. This research's finding illustrate that while national ENGOs receive a lot of attentions, possess larger resources to align local ENGOs, and have larger opportunities to connect with international ENGOs, local ENGOs with local contexts and activities are able to influence local governments' urban environmental governance.

A Multilevel Analysis of Environmental Concern: Evidence from China

Feng Hao*, University of South Florida Sarasota Manatee

Lijun Song, Vanderbilt University

ABSTRACT: Environmental concern research is increasingly prominent and some cross-national studies have used the multilevel regression approach to analyze country-level factors that impact individual-level environmental concern. However, within each country, we know little about how contextual conditions shape environmental concern among its residents. China is the largest CO2 emitter in the world and most extant research about the Chinese public’s environmental concern have focused on individual-level predictors. We extend previous research by treating people’s environmental concern as functions of their individual characteristics, the circumstances of the provinces in which they live, and the interaction between the two. We

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also examine factors from the social network theory. We draw data from the 2010 Chinese General Social Survey, China Statistical Yearbook, and China Energy Statistical Yearbook. We find the economic and environmental conditions of provinces have significant impact on one’s environmental concern. Those provincial-level factors also interact with education. General social networking and trust are found to be effective. We discuss our findings in the context of extant literature and suggest implications for current policies.

The Politics of Education Policy in China

Min Yu*, Wayne State University

Christopher B. Crowley, Wayne State University

ABSTRACT: With the intention of building upon ongoing discussions surrounding both the conception and purposes of policy sociology, this article draws from archival data and detailed ethnographic data to

emphasize two important aspects that previous studies of China’s education policies have tended to underplay given their focus on social-economic perspectives. The first argument is that education policies have an underlying agenda that extends beyond that of simply addressing the educational needs of certain groups—as such, this article seeks to highlight the discursive functions of policy texts. The second argument is related and seeks to raise the question: for whom are these policies intended and who is best served by them?

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PARTICIPANT INDEX

Name Panel No.

Position Affiliation Email

Aijia Li 1.5 Graduate Student

Chinese University of Hong Kong

[email protected]

Angran Li 1.2 Graduate Student

University of Connecticut [email protected]

Anning Hu 1.2, 3.1 Professor Fudan University [email protected]

Bing Tian 2.3 Graduate Student

Hong Kong University of Science and Technology

[email protected]

Bingdao Zheng 3.1 Assistant Professor

Fudan University [email protected]

Bowei Hu 2.5 Graduate Student

Academia Sinica [email protected]

Bowen Zhu 1.3 Graduate Student

University of California Davis

[email protected]

Cary Zhiming Wu 3.5 Graduate Student

The University of British Columbia

[email protected]

Cheng Cheng 1.5 Graduate Student

Princeton University [email protected]

Chengzuo Tang 2.6 Graduate Student

The University of Chicago [email protected]

Chenhong Peng 3.3 Graduate Student


[email protected]

Christopher B. Crowley

3.6 Assistant Professor

Wayne State University [email protected]

Chung-Pei Pien 3.6 Graduate Student

Texas A&M University [email protected]

Chunni Zhang 2.2 Assistant Professor

Peking University [email protected]

Cynthia Baiqing Zhang

1.6 Assistant Professor

Central Washington University

[email protected]

Danching Ruan 2.6, 3.5 Professor Hong Kong Baptist University

[email protected]

Danhua Lin 3.2 Professor Beijing Normal University [email protected]

Duoduo Xu 2.3, 3.1 Research Assistant Professor


[email protected]

Emily Hannum Opening

, 3.2 Professor University of Pennsylvania [email protected]

Emma Xiaolu Zang 2.5 Graduate Student

Duke University [email protected]

Fangqi Wen 2.1 Graduate Student

New York University [email protected]

Feibei Zheng 3.3 Graduate Student

Nankai University [email protected]

Feinian Chen 2.1, 2.4 Professor University of Maryland [email protected]

Feinuo Sun 3.2 Graduate Student

State University of New York At Albany

[email protected]

Feng Hao 1.6, 3.6 Assistant Professor

University of South Florida Sarasota Manatee

[email protected]

Guangye He 1.5 Assistant Professor

Nanjing University [email protected]

Han Liu 1.4 Graduate Student

State University of New York At Albany

[email protected]

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Hao Yin 1.2 Graduate Student

Fudan University [email protected]

Hongwei Xu 1.5, 2.2 Research Assistant Professor

University of Michigan [email protected]

Jacob Thomas 1.4 Graduate Student

University of California, Los Angeles

[email protected]

Jie Zhang 3.4 Professor SUNY Buffalo State [email protected]

John Zhongdong Ma 1.4, 3.2 Associate Professor


[email protected]

Jun Xu 2.4, 3.4 Professor Ball State University [email protected]

Jun Yin 3.5 Graduate Student


[email protected]

Junan Zhang 3.5 Graduate Student

Shanghai University [email protected]

Ka U Ng 2.4 Graduate Student

National Taiwan University [email protected]

Larry Au 1.6 Graduate Student

Columbia University [email protected]

Le Lin 2.6 Assistant Professor

University of Hawaii [email protected]

Lei Lei 2.5 Postdoc Fellow

University of Maryland [email protected]

Li-Chung Hu 3.2 Assistant Professor

National Chengchi University

[email protected]

Lijun Song 2.1, 3.5,

3.6 Associate Professor

Vanderbilt University [email protected]

Likun Cao 2.6 Graduate Student

Tsinghua University [email protected]

Lili Kang 3.4 Graduate Student

Inner Mongolia Medical University

[email protected]

Liming Li 3.4 Graduate Student

University of Cambridge [email protected]

Lingnan He 3.5 Graduate Student

University of Chicago [email protected]

Mengsha Luo 1.5 Graduate Student


[email protected]

Mengyao Zhao 2.3 Graduate Student

Bielefeld University [email protected]

Mengyu Liu 2.5 Graduate Student


[email protected]

Min Li 3.4 Graduate Student

University of Florida [email protected]

Min Yu 3.6 Assistant Professor

Wayne State University [email protected]

Ming Wen 2.4 Professor University of Utah [email protected]

Ming Zhao 2.1 Graduate Student


Miranda Qiong Wu 2.5 Graduate Student

University of Connecticut [email protected]

Natalie A.E. Young 3.3 Graduate Student

University of Pennsylvania [email protected]

Qian Song 3.2 Postdoc Fellow

RAND Corporation [email protected]

Qiang Ren 3.4,

Plenary Session

Associate Professor


Rachel Core 1.6 Assistant Professor

Stetson University [email protected]

mailto:[email protected]

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Rachel Yu Guo 1.3 Graduate Student

University of Maryland, College Park

[email protected]

Ran Liu 2.3 Graduate Student


Rui Hou 3.6 Graduate Student

Queen's University [email protected]

Rui Li 2.3 Graduate Student

Kyushu University [email protected]

Shuangshuang Yang 1.3 Graduate Student


Siqi Tu 1.2 Graduate Student

The City University of New York

[email protected]

Siqi Xiao 1.3 Undergradua

te Student University of British Columbia

[email protected]

Siwei Cheng 1.1 Assistant Professor


Tianji Cai 1.1, 2.5 Assistant Professor

University of Macau [email protected]

Wanheng Hu 1.6 Graduate Student

Cornell University [email protected]

Weidong Wang Plenary Session

Professor Renmin University of China

[email protected]

Wensong Shen 2.4 Graduate Student


Xi Song 1.1 Assistant Professor

University of Chicago [email protected]

Xiang Zhou 2.2 Assistant Professor

Harvard University [email protected]

Xiaogang Wu

Opening, 3.1,

Plenary Session

Professor Hong Kong University of Science and Technology

[email protected]

Xiaolei Zhang 2.6 Graduate Student

Independent Researcher [email protected]

Xiaoling Shu 1.3, 3.3 Professor University of California Davis

[email protected]

Xinguang Fan 1.1 Graduate Student

University of Washington [email protected]

Xiulian Ma 3.6 Associate Professor

Chinese Academy of Governance

[email protected]

Xiulin Sun Plenary Session

Professor Shanghai University [email protected]

Xuewen Yan 2.1 Graduate Student

Cornell University [email protected]

Yang Zhang 2.4 Graduate Student

University of Michigan [email protected]

Yang Zhou 2.2 Graduate Student


Yanjie Bian Opening, Plenary Session

Professor Xi'an Jiaotong University [email protected]

Ye Luo 3.3 Associate Professor

Clemson University [email protected]

Yifei Hou 2.2 Graduate Student

Purdue University [email protected]

Yi-Lin Chiang 1.2 Assistant Professor

National Chengchi University

[email protected]

Yingchun Ji 1.3, 2.3 Professor Shanghai University [email protected]

http://en.xjtu.edu.cn/


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Yingyi Ma 1.2 Associate Professor

Syracuse University [email protected]

Yiqing Yang 2.4 Assistant Professor

Western Carolina University

[email protected]

Yixiao Liu 1.5 Graduate Student

Xi'an Jiaotong University [email protected]

Yongai Jin 2.2 Assistant Professor

Renmin University [email protected]

Yongren Shi 1.1 Postdoc Fellow

Yale University [email protected]

Yu Xie

Opening, 2.2,

Plenary Session

Professor Princeton University [email protected]

Yuanteng Wang 1.4 Graduate Student


Yucheng Liang Plenary Session

Professor Sun Yat-Sen University [email protected]

Yue Qian 1.3, 2.1 Assistant Professor

University of British Columbia

[email protected]

Yunsong Chen 1.1, 3.1 Professor Nanjing University [email protected]

Yuping Zhang 1.3 Associate Professor

Lehigh University [email protected]

Zhifan Luo 3.6 Graduate Student

University at Albany, SUNY

[email protected]

Zhiyong Lin 2.4 Graduate Student

University of Maryland, College Park

[email protected]

Zhonglu Li 3.1 Assistant Professor

Shenzhen University [email protected]

Zhuoni Zhang 1.4, 3.1 Assistant Professor

City University of Hong Kong

[email protected]

Zikui Wei 3.3 Graduate Student

Zhejiang University [email protected]

Zixin Li 2.6 Graduate Student

University of California at Berkeley

[email protected]


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USEFUL INFORMATION

Travel Princeton University is located in Princeton Borough, Mercer County, New Jersey, approximately 50 miles southwest of New York City, 35 miles southwest of Newark, New Jersey, and 45 miles northeast of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The most convenient airports to Princeton are John F. Kennedy International Airport (JFK) in New York or Newark International Airport in Newark. Those arriving at Philadelphia International Airport in Philadelphia should check with their travel agent to determine if they can be booked onto a shuttle flight from Philadelphia to Newark. Airport bus shuttles are very expensive from Philadelphia Airport. Public transportation from Philadelphia is very time-consuming. You may consider renting a car and carpooling as an option. You can find car rental information from a travel agent or by going on to the airport websites. The ideal method is to travel from Newark Liberty Airport to Nassau Inn. We suggest that you then fly out of the Philadelphia International Airport to return home.

Public Transportation Options Public transportation takes longer and you must purchase tickets prior to boarding. There is a $5 penalty for purchasing tickets on the train, so purchase your ticket first from a self-service kiosk or ticket window. Newark International Airport: NJ Transit Northeast Corridor line will take you to Princeton and you can walk to the hotel. NJ Transit Schedule: http://www.njtransit.com/sf/sf_servlet.srv?hdnPageAction=TrainTo Origin Station: Newark Airport Destination Station: Princeton Take the train to Princeton Junction (Direction: Trenton, New Jersey). You will get off the train at Princeton Junction. On the platform, turn right and walk all the way down to the Princeton Shuttle (Dinky) line. This line services only Princeton Station. If you are unsure where to go, ask for the Dinky line. Get on the Dinky and it will take you to Princeton campus. The Nassau Inn is a short 10-15 minute walk from Princeton Station. Please see the campus map with locations marked. JFK Airport: You can use AirTrain JFK to get to New York Penn Station by using LIFF. At Penn Station, transfer to the NJ Transit line and follow the directions above. JFK provides further information here: http://jfkairport.com/#/to-from-airport/air-train, http://jfkairport.com/#/dvToandFrom, and here: http://jfkairport.com/static/jfk/pdf/jfk-airtrain-brochure-english.pdf/. Laguardia Airport: You can take the NYCAirporter to get from LaGuardia to Penn Station. Details here: https://www.nycairporter.com/schedule/pennstationtolaguardia/. At Penn Station, take NJ Transit toPrinceton. Take the train to Princeton Junction (Direction: Trenton, New Jersey). You will get off the train at Princeton Junction. On the platform, turn right and walk all the way down to the Princeton Shuttle (Dinky) line. This line services only Princeton Station. If you are unsure where to go, ask for the Dinky line. Get on the Dinky and

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it will take you to Princeton campus. The Nassau Inn is a short 10-15 minute walk from Princeton Station. Please see the campus map with locations marked.

Below is a typical schedule.

Philadelphia International Airport: From Airport Terminal A, take the Airport Line to 30th Street Station. From there, transfer to the Trenton Line. At Trenton, transfer to NJ Transit (direction, New York Penn Station). Get off the train at Princeton Junction. On the platform, turn right and walk all the way down to the Princeton Shuttle (Dinky) line. This line services only Princeton Station. If you are unsure where to go, ask for the Dinky line. Get on the Dinky and it will take you to Princeton campus. The Nassau Inn is a short 10-15 minute walk from Princeton Station. Please see the campus map with locations marked. Shuttle bus services (provided for information only, not endorsement):

ETS Airport Shuttle: https://www.etsairportshuttle.com/princeton-rutgers-shuttle

State Shuttle: https://www.stateshuttle.com/wall-shuttle-new-jersey (scroll down for the Princeton schedule).

Olympic Airporter: https://olympicairporter.hudsonltd.net/res Uber/Lyft Car Service

Uber and Lyft are mobile applications allowing you to order and pay for car services from your smartphone. Please note that these vehicles are owned and operated by the driver and are not licensed taxi vehicles. To order from Uber or Lyft, you will need to enter credit card credentials as all payment, including tip, is processed through the app. You will also need to enable location services from your smartphone’s Settings menu for the app to track your pick-up location and find drivers closest to you. You can sign up for Uber or Lyft using their respective app or website. To use their services, however, you must have the app installed onto your smartphone. For website sign up:

Uber: https://get.uber.com/

Lyft: https://www.lyft.com/signup Taxis

You can take a taxi from the airport, but it will be expensive. Please check with the driver first before you engage the services.

Hotel

Conference participants may stay at the Nassau Inn. This is within walking distance of the conference; please refer to the campus map. The conference will be held in Robertson Hall. In order to reserve a room at conference pricing, please complete the online registration form and indicate the nights that you will need. Hotel rates are $155/night (not including tax). We have reserved a limited number of rooms, so in order to get this rate, you will need to register soon. At time of check-in, you will need to use a credit card to guarantee the room.

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Address: 10 Palmer Square, Princeton, NJ 08542 Phone: (609) 921-7500 https://www.nassauinn.com/

Conference Dinner

A shuttle bus will take conference participants to the restaurant and bring them back to campus to pick up their luggage before driving them to Philadelphia. If you would like to travel to the conference dinner via your own means of transportation, please arrive at the following address:

Shanghai Park, 301 N Harrison St #33, Princeton, NJ 08540

LOCATION OF CONFERENCE HALL - WordPress.com · 2018-07-23 · Compensation on Sentencing for...

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