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Localization of the HumanDeoxyguanosine Kinase Gene(DGUOK) to Chromosome 2p13Magnus Johansson,* Svetlana Bajalica-Lagercrantz,†Jacob Lagercrantz,† and Anna Karlsson*,1

*Medical Nobel Institute, Department of Medical Biochemistry andBiophysics, Karolinska Institute, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; and†Department of Molecular Medicine, Clinical Genetics Unit,Karolinska Hospital, S-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden

Received June 17, 1996; accepted October 3, 1996

Human deoxyguanosine kinase (dGK) (EC 2.7.1.113) isa mitochondrial nucleoside kinase that phosphorylates thepurine deoxyribonucleosides deoxyguanosine, deoxyinos-ine, and deoxyadenosine (1). dGK also phosphorylates, andthereby activates, several anti-cancer nucleoside analogssuch as 2-chloro-2 *-deoxyadenosine (CdA) and 9-b-D-ara-binofuranosylguanine (AraG) (1). We have recently clonedthe human dGK cDNA (DGUOK) and shown that dGK is

FIG. 1. DGUOK chromosomal location determined by FISH andclosely related to the cytosolic deoxycytidine kinase (dCK)PCR screening of somatic cell hybrids. (A) Human DGUOK probe(7). The dCK gene has been mapped to chromosome 4 band(yellow) and chromosome 2 centromere probe (red) hybridized to hu-q13.3– q21.1 (13). Here we report that the chromosomalman metaphase chromosomes. (B) Assignment of the DGUOK genelocation of the human DGUOK gene is 2p13 as determinedto 2p13 by computer analysis as described in text. (C) PCR screeningby fluorescence in situ hybridization and PCR screening of somatic cell hybrids. Lane 1, EcoRI/HindIII digest of l DNA; lane

of a human –rodent somatic cell hybrid panel. 2, negative control; lane 3, hamster genomic DNA; lane 4, humanThe cell lines used to determine the chromosomal local- genomic DNA; lane 5, DNA of hamster cell line containing human

ization of the DGUOK gene by PCR were human–rodent chromosome 2.somatic hybrids (Coriell Cell Repositories) (8). Each cellline retains one of the human chromosomes in addition tothe rodent genome. Oligonucleotides designed from the 5*-

DGUOK cDNA sequence (bp 47– 73, 117–140, 493 –518,region of the DGUOK gene (5*-AAAGGAGTTGCGGTGCG-743–773, 862– 890) (7) as probes in a Southern blot analy-AGTGGT and 5*-GCAGAGCACACTTCACCGACAGC)sis of the l clones. Both l clones hybridized with oligonu-were used in a two-step hot-started PCR with 35 cycles ofcleotides located at cDNA bp 47–73 and 117–140 but not607C annealing and extension (5). The PCR products werewith the three oligonucleotides in the 3 *-region of theanalyzed by electrophoresis in a 2% agarose gel stainedDGUOK cDNA. We therefore conclude that the two lwith ethidium bromide (Fig. 1C). The expected 590-bpclones contain the 5*- but not the 3 *-region of the DGUOKDGUOK gene fragment was amplified in the human, butgene.not rodent, genomic control DNA. An identical band was

The genomic DGUOK l clones isolated were used asamplified by PCR of DNA extracted from the cell line con-probes to determine the chromosomal localization by fluo-taining human chromosome 2 but not from DNA extractedrescence in situ hybridization. We labeled the l DNA withfrom cell lines containing the other human chromosomes.biotin-12–dUTP (Gibco BRL) and a probe specific for theWe have cloned a 1.5-kb genomic DNA fragment of thecentromere of chromosome 2 (Oncor) with fluoro-red–human DGUOK gene (7). The DGUOK gene fragment wasdUTP (Amersham). The l DNA probe was preannealedlabeled with [a-32P]dCTP (6000 Ci/mmol, Amersham)with 3 mg human Cot-I DNA (Gibco BRL) for 60 min at(Prime-A-Gene, Promega) and used as a probe to screen377C and hybridized together with the centromere 2-spe-a human genomic library constructed in l-FIXII vectorcific probe to human metaphase chromosomes (9). The(Stratagene) (12). Two l clones were isolated, and the lslides with human metaphase chromosomes were pre-DNA was purified using standard procedures (12). We usedtreated and hybridized as described (2). Posthybridizationfive oligonucleotides designed from different parts of thewashing was performed in 50% formamide/21 SSC (11SSC is 150 mM NaCl and 15 mM sodium citrate, pH 7.0)Sequence data from this article have been deposited with the Gen-for 31 5 min at 427C followed by 3 1 5 min at 607C in 0.11Bank/EMBL Data Libraries under Accession No. U41668.SSC. The DGUOK signal was detected with fluorescein –1 To whom correspondence should be addressed. Telephone: /46-

8-728 6985. Fax: /46-8-30 51 93. isothioacyanate–avidin DSC (VectorLab) and amplified by

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BRIEF REPORTS 451

L., and Maximilian, C. (1981). Interstitial deletion (2)(p13p15).two alternating layers of biotinylated anti-avidin-D anti-Hum. Genet. 57: 214–216.bodies (VectorLab) (10). The chromosomes were counter-

7. Johansson, M., and Karlsson, A. (1996). Cloning and expressionstained with 4,6-diamino-2-phenyl-indole, and the signalsof human deoxyguanosine kinase cDNA. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.were visualized using a Zeiss Axiophot fluorescence micro-USA 93: 7258–7262.scope equipped with a cooled charge-coupled device cam-

8. Larsson, C., Weber, G., Kvanta, E., Lewis, K., Janson, M.,era (Photometics Nu 200/CH250). The results were ana-Jones, C., Glaser, T., Evans, G., and Nordenskjold, M. (1992).lyzed using the Smart-Capture software (Digital Scien-Isolation and mapping of polymorphic cosmid clones used fortific, Cambridge). Hybridization signals were seen in thesublocalization of the multiple endocrine neoplasia type I (MENmetaphase chromosomes as two symmetrical dots on theI) locus. Hum. Genet. 89: 187–193.

short arm near the labeled centromere of chromosome 29. Lichter, P., Cremer, T., Borden, J., Manuelidis, L., and Ward,(Fig. 1A). The signals on chromosome 2 were assigned to

D. C. (1988). Delineation of individual human chromosomes inband p13 (Fig. 1B). metaphase and interphase cells by in situ suppression hybrid-

Our results demonstrate that the human DGUOK gene ization using recombinant DNA libraries. Hum. Genet. 80: 224–maps to chromosome 2p13. This chromosomal region is 234.shared with the transforming growth factor a, annexin IV, 10. Pinkel, D., Straume, T., and Gray, J. W. (1986). Cytogeneticenteric smooth muscle actin g, early growth response-4 analysis using quantitative, high sensitivity, fluorescence hy-protein, the MAX binding protein MAD, and the gene asso- bridization. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83: 2934–2938.ciated with the limb-girdle muscular dystrophy 2B (3). The 11. Prasher, V. P., Krishnan, V. H. R., Clarke, D. J., Maliszewska,t(2;14)(p13; q32) translocation occurs in some patients C. T., and Corbett, J. A. (1993). Deletion of chromosome 2 (p11–

p13): Case report and review. J. Med. Genet. 30: 604–606.with lymphoproliferative disorders such as acute andchronic lymphatic leukemia (4). The same translocation 12. Sambrook, J., Fritsch, E. F., and Maniatis, T. (1989). ‘‘Molecularhas been detected in lymphocytes of nonleukemic patients Cloning: A Laboratory Manual,’’ Cold Spring Harbour Labora-

tory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY.with ataxia telangiectasia.Although deletions in the short arm of chromosome 2 13. Stegmann, A. P. A., Honders, M. W., Bolk, M. W. J., Wessels,

J., Willemze, R., and Landegent, J. E. (1993). Assignment ofare rare, there are two reports on monosomic interstitialthe human deoxycytidine kinase (DCK) gene to chromosome 4deletions in the p13 region (6, 11). Both patients exhibitband q13.3–q21.1. Genomics 17: 528–529.symptoms of developmental delay, mental retardation,

and facial dysmorphism. Whether the chromosome dele-tions in these patients include a deletion of the DGUOKgene remains to be elucidated.

Familial Wilms’ Tumor AssociatedACKNOWLEDGMENTS

with a WT1 Zinc Finger MutationThis work was supported by grants from the Medical Faculty

Chaim Kaplinsky,* Majid Ghahremani,†of the Karolinska Institute, the Swedish Cancer Foundation(Magnus Nordenskjold), and the Biomedical Research Programme Yaacov Frishberg,‡ Gideon Rechavi,*and the Human Capital and Mobility Programme of the European and Jerry Pelletier†,1

Community.

*The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Sackler School of Medicine,Tel-Hashomer 52621, Israel; †Department of Biochemistry,

REFERENCES McIntyre Medical Sciences Building, McGill University,3655 Drummond Street, Montreal, Canada, H3G 1Y6;and ‡Pediatric Nephrology,1. Arner, E. S. J., and Eriksson, S. (1995). Mammalian deoxyribo-Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalemnucleoside kinases. Pharmac. Ther. 67: 155–186.

2. Bajalica, S., Allander, S. V., Ehrenborg, E., Brøndum-Nielsen,Received July 9, 1996; accepted October 9, 1996K., Luthman, H., and Larsson, C. (1992). Localization of the

human insulin-like growth-factor-binding protein 4 gene tochromosomal region 17q12–21.1. Hum. Genet. 89: 234–236.

3. Bashir, R., Keers, S., Strachan, T., Passos-Bueno, R., Zatz, M.,Wilms’ tumor (WT) is the most common malignant neo-Weissenbach, J., Le Paslier, D., Meisler, M., and Bushby, K.

plasm of the urinary tract in children, accounting for Ç8%(1996). Genetic and physical mapping at the limb-girdle muscu-of all childhood solid tumors (13). These tumors are re-lar dystrophy locus (LGMD2B) on chromosome 2p. Genomics

33: 46–52. markable in attempting to recapitulate the differentstages of nephron development, albeit abnormally. A tu-4. Berkowicz, M., Toren, A., Rosner, E., et al. (1995). Translocationmor suppressor gene, WT1, implicated in predisposition to(2;14)(p13; q32) in CD10/; CD13/ acute lymphatic leukemia.

Cancer Genet. Cytogenet. 83: 140–143.5. Chou, Q., Russell, M., Birch, D. E., Raymond, J., and Bloch, W. 1 To whom correspondence should be addressed at Department of

(1992). Prevention of pre-PCR mis-priming and primer dimer- Biochemistry and McGill Cancer Center, McIntyre Medical Sciencesization improves low-copy-number amplifications. Nucleic Acids Building, McGill University, Room 902, 3655 Drummond Street,Res. 20: 1717–1723. Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3G 1Y6. Telephone: (514) 398-2323.

Fax: (514) 398-7384.6. Duca, D., Ioan, D., Meila, P., Ionescu-Cerna, M., Simionescu,

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0888-7543/96 $18.00Copyright q 1996 by Academic Press, Inc.

All rights of reproduction in any form reserved.

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