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Ogni linguaOgni lingua è, ad ogni suo momento,il risultato della convergenza di elementi, giunti da ogni parte agli uomini che la creano…ogni unità linguistica è il prodotto di un processo di è il prodotto di un processo di integrazioneintegrazione…parallela a quella dei parlanti è l’integrazione tra sistemi linguistici.

V. Pisani

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LOANWORDS & CALQUESLOANWORDS & CALQUES

ATTILIA LAVAGNOATTILIA LAVAGNO

Nota: Nota: le slides con sfondo grigio riguardano la gestione delle attività di formazione, quelle con sfondo chiaro sono da mostrare ai corsisti

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FASE 1 MODULO PONTE DESTINATARI:DESTINATARI:insegnanti dei due ordini in

un momento di confronto OBIETTIVO :OBIETTIVO : Elicitare conoscenze

pregresse e condividere terminologia specifica di riferimento

METODO :METODO : - brainstorming - raccolta info (poster) - presentazione ppt preparata dal formatore

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METODO : METODO : STEPSSTEPS BrainstormingBrainstorming : Gli insegnanti (divisi in gruppi

plurilingue) a)concordano una definizione di “prestito

linguistico” e “calco linguistico” e cercano esempi nelle varie lingue

b)traducono i due termini nelle lingue comunitarie presenti nel gruppo

Raccolta info Raccolta info : Il formatore raccoglie le parole chiave in un poster

Input teorico per gli Insegnanti di Lingua Input teorico per gli Insegnanti di Lingua IngleseInglese: il formatore (avvalendosi della presentazione ppt) condivide con i corsisti brevi cenni di storia della Lingua Inglese

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INPUT TEORICO 1INPUT TEORICO 1 Il formatore presenta alcune

definizioni del termine LOANWORDLOANWORD cercando collegamenti con i risultati

del brainstorming dei corsisti raccolti nel poster

Applica la stessa metodologia per il termine CALQUECALQUE

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DEFINITIONS of LOANWORD A word imported by borrowing from borrowing from

another language another language

e.g English e.g English chamber chamber is one of many loanwords introduced from Old french in the Middle ages

( Oxford Concise Dictionary of Linguistics)

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a word borrowed from another language

e.g. `blitz' is a German word borrowed `blitz' is a German word borrowed into modern Englishinto modern English (http://www. princeton. edu )

A word taken from one language for use, unchanged, in another The word "exit" is a loanword from The word "exit" is a loanword from

Latin.Latin. (http://www.allwords.com)

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A word adopted from another language and completely or partially naturalized

e.g hors d'oeuvre from French. hors d'oeuvre from French. (http://www.thefreedictionary.com) a word taken into one language

from another (synonym borrowingsynonym borrowing) (Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English)

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DEFINITIONS OF CALQUE A word or expression which has been

formed by translation of a corresponding word or expression in another language.

e.g. French gratte-ciel is a calque on English skyscraper (lit. “scratch sky”)

( Oxford Concise Dictionary of Linguistics)

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A word or phrase in one language whose semantic components (words or parts of words) are translations from another language.

For example, the English phrase "blue blood" is a calque of the Spanish phrase sangre azul (sangre means "blood" and azul means "blue")

(http://spanish.about.com)

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In linguistics a calque or loan translation is a word or phrase borrowed from another language by literal, word-for-word (Latin: "verbum pro verbo") or root-for-root translation.

For example, the common English phrase “flea market” is a phrase calque that literally translates the french "marché aux puces".

(http://en.wikipedia.org)

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A word-for-word translation of a saying or a morpheme-by-morpheme translation of a word from one language to another.

e.g.The word watershed is a from German Wasserscheide

(http://www.allwords.com)

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CALQUE/LOAN TRANSLATION : A form of borrowing from one language to another whereby the semantic components of a given term are literally translated into their equivalents in the borrowing language.

e.g. English superman is a loan translation from German Übermensch.

(http://www.answers.com)

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INPUT TEORICO 2INPUT TEORICO 2 Chiarito il significato dei termini

chiave di riferimento, il formatore procede con una presentazione sintetica relativa alla storia della lingua Inglese con l’obiettivo di sottolineare i nodi storici che hanno prodotto prestiti da altre lingue, in primo luogo dal Latino

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THE EVOLUTION OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE

AD 450 Old English (OE) period arrival of West Germanic settlers

(Angles, Saxons and Jutes) in southern Britain: they brought with them dialects (which would produce modern German, Dutch and Frisian).

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A GERMANIC BASIS FOR ENGLISH This Germanic basis for English can be seen

in much of our everyday vocabulary – compare heart (OE heorte), come (OE cuman) and old (OE eald) with German Herz, kommen and alt.

Many grammatical features also date back to this time: irregular verbs such as drink ~ drank ~ drunk (OE drincan ~ dranc ~ (ge)druncen) parallel German trinken ~ trank ~ getrunken.

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TRADING WITH THE ROMAN EMPIRE The GERMANIC TRIBES traded and fought

with the Latin speaking Roman Empire. Many words (some originally from Greek)

for common objects therefore entered their vocabulary via Latin even before the tribes reached Britain.

Some examples are: anchor, butter, camp, cheese, chest, cook, devil, dish, fork, gem, inch, kettle, kitchen, linen, mile, mill, noon, pillow, pin, pound,, sack, street, wall, wine.

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Christianity 6th and 7th century: Christian

missionaries introduced Latin religious terms providing both vocabulary (e.g. abbot, altar, apostle, bishop, church, clerk, disciple, mass, minister, monk, nun, pope, priest, school) and the basis for the writing system.

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MIDDLE ENGLISH

between the 11th and 14th centuries: transition to Middle English (ME) (conventionally dated c.1100-1500)

Historical facts : Norman conquest, French dominance

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THE NORMAN CONQUEST 1066 : The Norman Conquest The aristocracy spoke Anglo –

Norman (which became Gallicised through contact with French).

The Norman rulers made no attempt to suppress the English language, apart from not using it at all in their court.

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FRENCH DOMINANCE French dominance and prestige in the royal

court, law, the church and education encouraged extensive borrowing of vocabulary

e.g. French words for farmed animals pork, beef and mutton (modern French porc, bœuf and mouton) were adopted The borrowed words came to signify only the meat of these animals, eaten by wealthier French speakers.

the words inherited from OE (swine, cow and sheep) came to refer only to the living animals.

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MODERN ENGLISH (ModE) started with the introduction of

printing. 15th century: Caxton’s selection of an

East Midlands/London variety of English for the first printed books : development of a standardised variety of the language, with fixed spelling and punctuation conventions and accepted vocabulary and grammatical forms.

attempts at codification, notably Johnson’s dictionary (1755) and many prescriptive grammars of the 18th century.

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Bibliography / sitography P. Tornaghi “Tra lessico e semantica. Il

ruolo del Latino nella soria della Lingua Inglese” in DUE CODICI A CONFRONTO , La Scuola 2002

Marisa Lohr “How English has changed over time” BBC OPEN UNIVERSITY http://www.open2.net

G. Boeree “The Evolution of English”http://webspace.ship.edu

N.S.Gill “Etymology - English Words with Latin Prefixes”

http://ancienthistory.about.com

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ATTIVAZIONE I corsisti (in gruppi plurilingue)

discutono circa le modalità di insegnamento/presentazione dei prestiti linguistici.

La discussione si avvale delle seguenti domande/stimolo

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DOMANDE PER DISCUSSIONE IN GRUPPO

Nella tua esperienza hai già affrontato una riflessione in classe sui prestiti/calchi linguistici? Se sì, indica quando e per quali ragioni.

In quale misura una ricognizione in questo senso può favorire un approccio plurilingue ed interculturale?

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Per lavorare in chiave interculturale con la lingua (soprattutto in presenza di alunni stranieri in classe), credi sia importante spiegare i prestiti ripercorrendo da dove vengono e perché sono usati nell’altra lingua?

Pensi che analizzare in modo scientifico e rigoroso i prestiti, possa contrastare un atteggiamento di superficiale esterofilia presente nei giovani?

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PROPOSTE DI ATTIVITA’ Raccolti gli esiti della discussione, il formatore propone alcune attività sui

prestiti linguistici da svolgere in classe

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ACTIVITY 1 TargetTarget : 3rd year Scuola Media

students ObjectivesObjectives - making students aware of common

loanwords from Italian - identifying loanwords semantic

fields

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RUBRIC *1. LEGGI ATTENTAMENTE IL SEGUENTE BRANO E SOTTOLINEA

IN ROSSO LE PAROLE SCRITTE IN ITALIANO E IN BLU QUELLE CHE ASSOMIGLIANO ALL’ITALIANO

2. RAGGRUPPA IN UNA TABELLA LE PAROLE SOTTOLINEATE IN BLU E AFFIANCALE AL TERMINE ITALIANO SIMILE

3. COSA HANNO IN COMUNE TUTTE LE PAROLE IN ROSSO?

4. CI SONO PAROLE IN BLU CHE CONDIVIDONO LE STESSE CARATTERISTICHE DI QUELLE IN ROSSO?

* A rubric rubric is a word or section of text which is written or printed in red ink to highlight it. The term derives from the Latin : rubrica, meaning red chalk and originates in Medieval manuscripts from the 13th century or earlier.

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WHAT IS OPERA?Opera is a story told through music. The music is accompanied by an orchestra. Opera singers have a special timbre (colour or quality) to their voices that makes them able to project their voices over an orchestra. They do not use microphones!

Opera began in Italy when a group of artists formed a group called the Florentine Camerata. Over the last few centuries, opera has evolved throughout the world. It is probably so popular and exciting because it is an art form that combines visual art (sets, costumes), drama (the story, acting), dance (sometimes even a full ballet) and music (the orchestra, the singing). Opera stories are based on myths, folktales, great works of literature, biblical stories, fantasy, and real-life stories. Operas are written in many languages; the most popular are Italian, German and French. Operas are also written in English, Czech, Russian, and Mandarin Chinese. Singers who perform in operas have different voice types. For women, these types are Soprano (high), Mezzo-soprano (medium), and Contralto (low). For men, Tenor (high), Baritone (medium), and Bass (low) are the names of voice types.Opera is special because it takes so many people to make it work. All of these elements put together make opera a spectacle for your eyes AND ears. Now that you know what opera is, let’s find out more about Così fan tutte!

Adapted from SANDIEGO OPERA STUDY GUIDEShttp://www.sdopera.com

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KEYS Il formatore mostra come gli studenti

potrebbero svolgere l’attività e discute con i corsisti delle modalità per ricercare l’origine delle parole in blu.

Di seguitole keys alle domande 1-2-3-4

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WHAT IS OPERA?Opera is a story told through music. The music is accompanied by an orchestra. Opera singers have a special timbre (colour or quality) to their voices that makes them able to project their voices over an orchestra. They do not use microphones!

Opera began in Italy when a group of artists formed a group called the Florentine Camerata. Over the last few centuries, opera has evolved throughout the world. It is probably so popular and exciting because it is an art form that combines visual art (sets, costumes), drama (the story, acting), dance (sometimes even a full ballet) and music (the orchestra, the singing). Opera stories are based on myths, folktales, great works of literature, biblical stories, fantasy, and real-life stories. Operas are written in many languages; the most popular are Italian, German and French. Operas are also written in English, Czech, Russian, and Mandarin Chinese. Singers who perform in operas have different voice types. For women, these types are Soprano (high), Mezzo-soprano (medium), and Contralto (low). For men, Tenor (high), Baritone (medium), and Bass (low) are the names of voice types.Opera is special because it takes so many people to make it work. All of these elements put together make opera a spectacle for your eyes AND ears. Now that you know what opera is, let’s find out more about Così fan tutte!

Adapted from SANDIEGO OPERA STUDY GUIDEShttp://www.sdopera.com

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PAROLE IN ITALIANO OPERA ORCHESTRA CAMERATA SOPARANO MEZZOSOPRANO CONTRALTO “COSI’ FAN TUTTE”SONO TUTTI TERMINI CHE

APPARTENGONO AL CAMPO MUSICALE

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PAROLE CHE ASSOMIGLIANO PAROLE CHE ASSOMIGLIANO ALL’ITALIANOALL’ITALIANO MUSIC TIMBRE COLOUR QUALITY PROJECT ITALY ARTISTS POPULAR ART …………

MUSICA TIMBRO COLORE QUALITA’ PROIETTARE ITALIA ARTISTI POPOLARE ARTE ………

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MUSIC, TIMBRE, BARITONE, TENOR

SONO PAROLE IN BLU CHE CONDIVIDONO LE CARATTERISTICHE DI QUELLE

IN ROSSO

(appartengono cioè al campo semantico della musica)

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ACTIVITY 1 : DISCUSSION Brainstorming e discussione sulle

attività proposte e intorno a questi nodi:

WORD FORMATION e CAPACITA’ DI LETTURA

VOCABULARY ACQUISITION & CULTURAL STUDIES

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MORE ACTIVITIES Il formatore mostra altri possibili

stimoli per attività volte a sensibilizzare gli studenti sui fenomeni di prestito linguistico

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RUBRICRUBRIC LEGGI I SEGUENTI TITOLI DI ARTICOLI

TRATTI DALL’ECONOMIST E DAL TIMES E SOTTOLINEA LE

PAROLE CHE L’ITALIANO HA PRESTATO ALL’INGLESE

CERCA QUESTI TERMINI SUL DIZIONARIO MONOLINGUA INGLESE, ESISTE UNA TRADUZIONE POSSIBILE IN INGLESE?

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Italian Police Arrest Key Camorra Chief THE DEADLY CAMORRA: Naples Sinks

into Mafia Violence Italy and the Mafia : Sicilian vespers A wave of arrests hits the Italian Mafia

The Mafia in Naples : Gangsters go global

The Sicilian Mafia: a state within the state.

Lazio legend denies having links with Camorra

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FOLLOW UP Il formatore sottolinea come questa

stessa attività possa essere rivolta agli studenti della quarta ginnasio (fase accoglienza) facendo seguire ai titoli anche parte degli articoli

Di seguito un breve esempio

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The Sicilian Mafia: a state within the state. From: The Economist (US)The mafia exists much like a separate state within Italy, and its deeply rooted influence will make the government crusade a formidable task. The new anti-mafia laws passed by the Parliament are strong beginning for uprooting the mafia. Italian magistrates and police have at last dealt the Mafia some hard blows. But this syndicate of men of dishonour is deep-rooted and far from beaten THE trouble with the Sicilian Mafia is that it is not like the movies. It is worse. Unlike the characters in "The Godfather", Sicily's real mafiosi are not just gangsters, even murderous gangsters, ...

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Italy and the Mafia Sicilian vespersFrom The Economist A wave of arrests hits the Italian Mafia

Lo Presti under arrestHE WAS found dead, hanging by his belt in Palermo’s Pagliarelli jail. The apparent suicide of a 52-year-old Sicilian, Gaetano Lo Presti, on December 16th put a grisly end to what investigators claimed was a drive by the Sicilian Mafia to give itself a new leadership. Mr Lo Presti was among 89 alleged mobsters detained in one of the biggest-ever police operations in Sicily. Around 1,200 semi-militarised Carabinieri were deployed in raids there and (as an indication of Cosa Nostra’s long reach) in placid Tuscany. Only five of those wanted by the police eluded capture. “Cosa Nostra is in evident crisis,” exulted Italy’s chief anti-Mafia prosecutor, Piero Grasso. “It cannot manage to reorganise itself.”