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Table of Content Types of Load Load Estimation Load Growth Load Forecasting Load Duration Curves

What is Load?

What is Load? The Electrical Load  is the part or component in a circuit that converts electricity into light, heat, or mechanical motion. Example of loads are a light bulbs, heater, motor or combination of all three.

Table of Content Types of Load Load Estimation Load Growth Load Forecasting Load Duration Curves

Types of Load According To Load Nature-1

Resistive Electrical Loads. Capacitive Electrical Loads. Inductive Electrical Loads. Combination Electrical Loads.

Types of Load Linear Electrical Load.

Non-Linear Electrical Load.

Types of Load

Types of Load According To Load Consumer Category

• Residential Electrical Loads (Dwelling Loads).• Commercial Electrical Loads.• Industrial Electrical Loads.• Municipal / Governmental Electrical Loads (Street Lighting, Power

Required For Water Supply and Drainage Purposes, Irrigation Loads And Traction Loads).

Table of Content Types of Load Load Estimation Load Growth Load Forecasting Load Duration Curves

What is Load Estimation?

What is Load Estimation?

At the beginning of the project , in the draft design (early design) stage,  the electrical design professionals calculate the estimate load of a particular confine area

What is Load estimation? The preliminary calculation of the load before the

installation of the power system is load estimation.

It is planned in the mind and designed on the paper, booklet, sketch book and checked in the computer simulation software for the correction, optimization and estimation.

Load estimation is completed, if simulation gives the desire results of the designing.

Load estimation Methodology

Make Analysis of load characteristics, Review The available voltage system types/classes and

levels. Review the utility's rate structure, Make roughly a key single-line diagram and a set of

subsidiary single-line diagrams. The key single-line diagram should show the sources of power e.g. generators, utility intakes, the main switchboard and the interconnections to the subsidiary or secondary switchboards.

Develop Demand factor relationship between connected loads and the actual demand imposed On the system.

How to do Load estimation? (5) methods of electrical load estimations which

are:

A)- Preliminary load calculation which divide to: 1. Space by space (functional area method), 2. Building Area method. 3. Area method. B)- NEC load calculations. C- Final load calculations.

Load EstimationImportance

Importance of Electrical Load Estimation (preliminary load calculations)

Plan the connection to upstream network and MV circuit configurations.

Plan the transformers substation(s) (if any) and the main switchgear room.

Apply to Power Company for supply.

Calculate initial budget for the electrical works.

Table of Content Types of Load Load Estimation Load Growth Load Forecasting Load Duration Curves

What is Electrical Load Growth?

What is Electrical Load Growth?

It is simply an increase in energy demand.

Load growth occurs either through natural growth of a service territory resulting from increased prosperity, productivity or population growth.

It was once a common practice of utility companies to encourage increased energy consumption and reliance

Electrical Load GrowthTwo Causes of Load Growth

New Customer Addition: In migration, increase in population, availability of electrical utility to remote areas.

New uses of electricity: Gas heaters converted to electrical heaters. Likewise, use of Air Conditioning increase due to effect of global warming.

Load Growth Terms Dormant period: The time "before growth" when no load

growth occurs. The small area has no load and experiences no growth.

Growth ramp: During this period growth occurs at a relatively rapid rate, because of new construction in the small area.

Saturated period: The small area is "filled up" — fully developed. Load growth may continue, but at a low level compared to that during the growth ramp.

Load Growth TermsGraph

Table of Content Types of Load Load Estimation Load Growth Load Forecasting Load Duration Curves

What is Load Forecasting?

Load Forecasting Definition: A process in which the aim is to decide

on new as well as upgrading existing system elements, to adequately satisfy the loads for a foreseen future

Elements can be: Generation facilities Substations Transmission lines and/or cables Capacitors/Reactors Etc.

Load Forecasting Decision should be

Where to allocate the element (for instance, the sending and receiving end of a line),

When to install the element (for instance, 2020),

What to select, in terms of the element specifications (for instance, number of bundles and conductor type).

The loads should be adequately satisfied.

Load Forecasting The first crucial step for any planning study Forecasting refers to the prediction of the load

behavior for the future Words such as, demand and consumption are

also used instead of electric load Energy (MWh, kWh) and power (MW,kW) are

the two basic parameters of a load. By load, we mean the power. Demand forecast

To determine capacity of generation, transmission and distribution required

Energy forecast To determine the type of generation facilities

required

Load ForecastingMethodology

Forecasting: systematic procedure for quantitatively defining future loads.

Classification depending on the time period: Short term Intermediate Long term

Forecast will imply an intermediate-range forecast Planning for the addition of new generation,

transmission and distribution facilities must begin 4-10 years in advance of the actual in-service date.

Load ForecastingTechniques

Three broad categories based on:• Extrapolation:

– Time series method– Use historical data as the basis of

estimating future outcomes.

• Correlation: – Econometric forecasting method– identify the underlying factors that might

influence the variable that is being forecast.

• Combination of both

Load Forecasting Factors

Time factors such as: Hours of the day (day/night) Day of the week (week day/weekend) Time of the year (season)

Weather conditions (temperature and humidity) Class of customers (residential, commercial,

industrial, agricultural, public, etc.) Special events (TV programmes, public holidays,

etc.) Population Economic indicators (per capita income, Gross

National Product (GNP), Gross Domestic Product (GDP), etc.)

Trends in using new technologies Electricity price

Load ForecastingImpact of Weather

Average temperature is the most significant weather dependent factor that influences load variations.

Temperature and load are not linearly related. Non-linearity is further complicated by the

influence of Humidity Extended periods of extreme heat or cold spells

In load forecast models proper temperature ranges and representative average temperatures which cover all regions of the area served by the electric utility should be selected.

Load ForecastingPeak Load

Extrapolate historical demand data Weather conditions can be included

Basic approach for weekly peak demand forecast is:1. Determine seasonal weather load model.2. Separate historical weather-sensitive and non-weather

sensitive components of weekly peak demand using weather load model.

3. Forecast mean and variance of non-weather-sensitive component of demand.

4. Extrapolate weather load model and forecast mean and variance of weather sensitive component.

5. Determine mean, variance and density function of total weekly forecast.

6. Calculate density function of monthly/annual forecast.

Load ForecastingPeak Load

Assume that the seasonal variations of the peak demand are primarily due to weather.

Otherwise, before step-3 can be undertaken, any additional seasonal variation remaining after weather-sensitive variations must be removed

To use the proposed forecasting method, a data base of at least 12 years is recommended.

To develop weather load models daily peaks and coincident weather variable values are needed.

Table of Content Types of Load Load Estimation Load Growth Load Forecasting Load Duration Curves

What is Load Duration Curves?

Definition:

When the load elements of a load curve are arranged in the order of descending magnitudes, the curve thus obtained is called a load duration curve

What is Load Duration Curves?

Load Duration Curves Variations in load on a power station from time to

time: Daily load curves Monthly load curves Annual load curves

Load curve gives: Variation of load during different time Total no. of units generated Maximum demand Average load on a power station Load factor

Load Duration Curves Daily Load Curve

Load Duration Curves Residential Load Curve

Load Duration CurvesCommercial Load Curve

Load Duration CurvesIndustrial Load Curve

Load Duration CurvesAnnual Load Duration Curve

Table of ContentOverview

Types of Load Load Estimation Load Growth Load Forecasting Load Duration Curves

Questions?

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