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Findings, fashion, and futurework: A look at facility-
related research.
Linda M. CohenManagement Department
The Wharton School
IFMA Utilities Council Meeting, May 6, 2002.
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3 Key Goals:3 Key G
oals: a feel for the value of researcha feel for the value of research
awareness of different kinds of researchawareness of different kinds of researchapproachesapproaches
flavor of work on behavior in the work flavor of work on behavior in the work environmentenvironment
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Overview
1. So what??
2. Info-based FM decision-making
3. Research
questions : fashion and other findings methods for getting answers FM research examples
1. Trends in work environment research2. Links to key management concerns (So what?
revisited)
3. Future work: challenges and opportunities
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So what??
Research??!!
F M
FM
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So what??
Clue:
Enron Vice President Sherron Watkins, left, and former Chief Executive Officer Jeffrey Skilling, right, aresworn in on Capitol Hill. (Ron Edmonds/AP Photo)
source: ABC News.com
Enron Audit Committee Chairman Robert Jaedicke (right).
source: BusinessWeek, May 6, 2002, p.71
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Accountability!As top management and shareholders
increasingly scrutinize FM decision-making, the use of research to support
facility decisions is becoming more
important.(think of REITs)
So what??
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evolution of the field
performance
microscope
decisionmicroscope(shifts to)
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EvolutionEvolution of information driving FMdecisions
1. internal feedback:maintenance/operations requests,special projects, cost/time performance
Info-based FM decision-making
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Evolution Evolution of information driving FMdecisions
1. Internal feedback: maintenance/operations
requests, special projects, costs, cost/time performance
2. Research on trends : benchmarking
competitors best practices, or internal patterns (track record)
3. Other FM research : When? How?
Why? (internal and external)
Info-based FM decision-making
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questions
methods for getting answers
examples
Types of research driving FM
decision-making
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3 types3 ty pes
Research: Questions
1. Descriptive : describewhat s going on
????
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2. Relational :look atrelationships
between 2 or
more variables ??
????
Research: Questions
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3. Causal : look atwhat causes oraffects outcomes &how/when thisoccurs
??
??
??
Research: Questions
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Info-based FM decisions1. Internal feedback:
2. Research on trends : benchmarking competitors best practices,or internal patterns (track record)
3. Other FM research : When? How? Why? (internal andexternal)
Research Qs
descriptive?? ??
relational
causal
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Research on trends : benchmarking competitors best practices,
or internal patterns (track record)
Other FM research : When? How? Why? (internal andexternal)
descriptive
????
relational
causal
Q: Whats more important:Q: Whats more important:
trends ortrends or when/how/why?when/how/why? research?research?
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A: NOT an either/or choiceA: NOT an either/or choice
Example: Qs from my work on M&A
1. What are the facility trends in M&A companies,and how does this compare to non-M&Acompanies?
2. Is there a significant effect of M&A on facilityoutcomes?
3. Can we develop & test a model for M&A facilitystrategy outcomes?
BOTH are of value ! Ideally , use informationfrom both findings and fashion
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A: NOT an either/or choiceA: NOT an either/or choice
Current Trend?
Yes
No
NoYes
+ve effects of
natural elements participatory design
Co-location of
team members
QWERTYkeyboard
Status-based spaceallocation
Asbestos in ceilingtiles
(to be discovered:dont know effect of X, but few do it)R
esearchevidencein
support?
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Whether trend or how/when/why? ,good research will tell you:
Are observed differences meaningful?
Are these differences important?
Are the findings applicable to my company?
Can we make predictions about the future?
Info-based FM decision-making
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Overview:
1. So what??
2. Info-based FM decision-making
3. Research
questions: fashion and other findings methods for getting answers FM research examples
1. Trends in work environment research2. Links to key management concerns (So what?
revisited)
3. Future work: challenges and opportunities
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surveys (telephone, mail, interviews)
case studies (single or comparative)
experiments quasi-experiments
theory-based
Research: Methods for Getting Answers
There are many (!!) ways to go about gettinganswers. The most popular in FM-relatedresearch are:
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Research examples: 1. Experiments
a) Rochester Methodist Hospital
Source: Trites, D. K., Galbraith, F. D., Jr., Sturdavant, M., & Leckwart, J. F.
1970. Influence of Nursing-Unit Design on the Activities and SubjectiveFeelings of Nursing Personnel. Environment and Behavior 2(3): 303-334.
Radial Single-corridor 2ble corridor
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a) Rochester Methodist Hospital
Basic form of the experiment:
randomlyassigned to
samplesample population population
experimentalexperimentalconditionsconditions
(treatments)(treatments)
observeobserveoutcomesoutcomes
hospital
nursingunit staff
Radial
Single corr.
2ble corr.
time spent with patients time traveling to& from rooms preferences of nursing staff,
physicians &
patients
Research examples: 1. Experiments
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randomly
assigned to
sample
population
experimental
conditions(treatments)
observeoutcomes
PROS??
Research examples: 1. Experiments
x CONS??
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x CONS:x
$$$$x time, resourcesx risk that some of the
designs are very
inefficient (morewaste of resources)x cant often randomly
assign groups to
different treatments
PROS:findings are veryconvincing becauseother factors that mightmake a difference areruled outsaves $$$ later on: canapply knowledge allfuture work builds FM knowledge base
Research examples: 1. Experiments
randomly
assigned to
sample
population
experimentalconditions
(treatments)
observeoutcomes
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b) Impact of energy-efficient lighting strategies
Research examples: 1. Experiments
Katzev, Richard. 1992. The impact of energy-efficient office lighting strategies onemployee satisfaction and productivity. Environment & Behavior 24(6): 759-778.
assigned toALL
samplesample population population
experimentalexperimentalconditionsconditions
(treatments)(treatments)
observeobserveoutcomesoutcomes
24 officeworkers:divided
into 4
groups
lighting B
lighting C
lighting D
task performance(e.g. error detection, dataentry, typing)
preferences mood
lighting A
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c) Western Electric Co. Hawthorne Works
Note: Sometimes, a series of experiments are needed torule out other explanations for outcomes!!
Most famous example:
Research examples: 1. Experiments
TRANSMITTER TESTSCD 1966086 E&MP33.019
Electric Power no date
The National Museum of American History
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Research examples: 2. Quasi -exper im en ts
a) Relocation of a government agency fromtraditional to open-plan offices
Source: Zalesny & Farace. 1987. Traditional versus Open Offices: A
Comparison of sociotechnical, social relations, and symbolic meaningperspectives. Academy of Management Journal 30(2): 240-259.
May 1982 Feb. 1984
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Research examples: 2. Quasi -exper im en ts
a givena givenpopulation:population:
initialinitialconditionsconditions
changedchangedconditionsconditions
Basic form of the quasi-experiment:
a) Relocation of a government agency
govtagencyat oldsite
1982: pre-move
survey
1984: post-move
survey
makemakeobservationsobservations
makemakeobservationsobservations
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Research examples: 2. Quasi -exper im en tsa) Relocation of a government agency
Some before /after output:
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Research examples: 2. Quasi -exper im en ts
a given population:a given population: initialinitialconditionsconditions
changedchangedconditionsconditions
b) R&D and Marketing co-location
Van den Bulte, C. & Moenaert, R. K. 1998. The effects of R&D team co-
location on communication patterns among R&D, marketing, andmanufacturing. Management Science 44(11, Part: 2): S1-S18.
Belgiansubsid. of
U.S.telecom.
company:8 teams
1988:R&D teams
dispersedamong
marketing &operations
1990:new R&D
facility withoffices in
close proximity
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Research examples: 3. Surveysa) Underfloor Task Ventilation
Source: Hedge, Alan; Michael, Abigail T; Parmelee, Sharon L. 1993. Reactions of
office workers and facilities managers to underfloor task ventilation inoffices . Journal of Architectural & Planning Research 10(3): 203-218.
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Research examples: 3. Surveysa) Underfloor Task Ventilation
Some survey output:Never Very Occasion Often Very Alway
Rarely Often
TEMP. SATISFACTORY
TOO WARM
TOO COOL
TEMP. TOO VARIABLE
VENTIL. SATISFACTRY.
CMFRTBL. AIR MVMNT. Hedge, Michael & Parmelee, 1993, p.210
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Research examples: 3. Surveysa) Underfloor Task Ventilation
Some survey output:Never Very Occasion Often Very Alwa
Rarely Often
VENTIL. SATISFACTRY.
CMFRTBL. AIR MVMNT.
TOO LITTLE AIR MVMNT
UNCOMFRTBL. DRAFTS
AIR TOO DRY
AIR FRESH Hedge, Michael & Parmelee, 1993, p.210
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Research examples: 3. Surveysa) Underfloor Task Ventilation
a given populationa given populationOR OR
a subseta subset (could be a random
sample) ::
initialinitial
conditionsconditions
changedchanged
conditionsconditions
Basic form of surveys:
administeradministersurveysurvey
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Research examples: 3. Surveys
b) Stimulus-screening
Source: Oldham, Greg R., Kulik, Carol T., Stepina, Lee P. 1991.Physical Environments and Employee Reactions: Effects of Stimulus-Screening Skills and Job Complexity. Academy of Management Journal 34(4): 929-938.
vs.vs.
d
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Research examples: 4. Case studies
a) Environmental deprivation
Source: Mazumdar, Sanjoy. 1992. "Sir, please do not take away mycubicle": The phenomenon of environmental deprivation.
Environment & Behavior 24(6): 691-722.
15-mo. on-site naturalistic study of a large NE US company,using observations, participation & open-ended interviews
4 C di
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Research examples: 4. Case studies
Typical output:
(describing what happened when supervisors losttheir larger work stations)
...They moaned and bitched about it for about a month. And then they just realized that therewasnt any sense talking about it anymore and
they stopped. It does not mean they feel good about it, it just means they stopped talking
about it. (Mazumdar, 1992, p.704)
4 C di
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Research examples: 4. Case studies
a given populationa given populationOR OR
context of interestcontext of interest ::
intensive observationsintensive observations
activity over time
Basic form of case studies:
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Research examples: 4. Case studies
b) Office case study: social behavior
Source: Dumesnil, Carla D. 1987. Office case study: Social behavior in
relation to the design of the environment. Journal of Architectural & Planning Research 4(1): 7-13.
traces the re-design processof a small office
analysis of social behaviorproblems to determine
design solutions
used environmentalpsychology literature
4 C di
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Research examples: 4. Case studiesb) Office case study: social behavior
Overview:
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Overview:
1. So what??
2. Info-based FM decision-making3. Research
questions: fashion and other findings
methods for getting answers FM research examples
1. Trends in work environment research2. Links to key management concerns (So what? revisited)
3. Future work: challenges and opportunities
T d i k i h
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Survey of articles on corporate workplaceenvironments appearing in top design-behavior &
management journals over the past 20 years:
Design Management48 11
Generally, many similarities in terms of the outcomes,scale and characteristics of the physical environment,
the user groups considered, andthe research methods used.
Trends in work environment research:
T d i k i h
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Research methods: survey*, casestudies, quasi-experiments, experiments, contentanalysis, descriptive
Outcomes of interest: behavior/action, attitudes/perceptions ,
physical state, social processes, architectural
User groups: individual, groups ,organizational, society
Trends in work environment research:
T d i k i h
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Physical scale of analysis: generalwork setting/office, building, workstation, extra-organizational settings
PPE characteristics: design*,ambient conditions , projects, location, control/privacy,specific room types
Trends in work environment research:
Li k t k t
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Links to key management concerns (So what? revisited)
Why management should care? Research??!!
C E O
CEO
Li k t k t
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Links to key management concerns Some themes in management research
technology innovation e.g. geography of knowledge spillovers
corporate governance e.g. how does company territory, HQ citycharacteristics & owner location affect the compositionof boards of directors?
teamwork and coordination e.g. R&D activity, high-velocity environments
alliances, joint ventures & multinationalmanagement
e.g.how to collaborate across company boundaries andterritories?
Li k t k t
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Links to key management concerns Also...
facility interventions are often required as a resultof many business strategies
can have far-reaching scope
can require significant planning &coordination
these interventions can have important strategic andperformance consequences!
e.g. many claim that facility strategies will affectM&A integration process and performanceoutcomes; these issues are often cited as factors
when M&A are unsuccessful
Future Work:Future Work:
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1. Encouraging education Conferences, onsite, and formal! Also need to
raise awareness of research opportunitieswithin every company, as well as how tocritically look at research findings.
1. Encouraging & supporting research IFMA Foundation does a good job at this! Also,
FM programs, but need more FM execs on board too. Need to lobby government for state funding of our built resources!
Future Work:Future Work:ChallengesChallenges & opportunitiesopportunities
Future Work:Future Work:
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Future Work:Future Work:ChallengesChallenges & opportunitiesopportunities
3. Shifting mindsetmore collaboration & information sharing
3. Getting publicly available datadifficult to accomplish without regulatory
support!3. Bridging the gap between managers and
facility managers
Future Work:Future Work:
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Future Work:Future Work:Challenges & opportunitiesopportunities
work is being done in other areas thatmay be relevant to FM
e.g. effect of the internet on organizationalrelationships (Hampton & Wellman, 2000, on the wiredsuburb)
encouraging partnerships betweenindustry and academicse.g. every year several Cornell Masters
students undertake research projects
Future Work:Future Work:
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Future Work:Future Work:Challenges & opportunitiesopportunities
optimistic outlook : Growing interest in
physical environment by managers &management researchers
e.g. 2 nd annual Wharton Technology Mini-conferenceApril 02
so much that remains unexplored!
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Is research THE answer to allFM challenges?
Sadly, no - but it isis an important tool for an important tool for