Lm science grade10_q2
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Transcript of Lm science grade10_q2
i
10
Science
Department of Education
Republic of the Philippines
This book was collaboratively developed and reviewed by educators from public and private schools, colleges, and/or universities. We encourage teachers and other education stakeholders to email their feedback, comments, and recommendations to the Department of Education at [email protected].
We value your feedback and recommendations.
Learner’s MaterialUnit 2
ii
Science – Grade 10
Learner’s Material
First Edition 2015
Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government DJHQF\�RU�RI¿FH�ZKHUHLQ�WKH�ZRUN�LV�FUHDWHG�VKDOO�EH�QHFHVVDU\�IRU�H[SORLWDWLRQ�RI�VXFK�ZRUN�IRU�SUR¿W��6XFK�DJHQF\�RU�RI¿FH�PD\��DPRQJ�RWKHU�WKLQJV��LPSRVH�DV�D�FRQGLWLRQ�the payment of royalties.
Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, etc.) included in this book are owned by their respective copyright holders. 'HS(G�LV�UHSUHVHQWHG�E\�WKH�)LOLSLQDV�&RS\ULJKW�/LFHQVLQJ�6RFLHW\��),/&2/6���,QF��LQ�seeking permission to use these materials from their respective copyright owners. $OO�PHDQV�KDYH�EHHQ�H[KDXVWHG� LQ�VHHNLQJ�SHUPLVVLRQ�WR�XVH�WKHVH�PDWHULDOV��7KH�publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over them.
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Published by the Department of Education6HFUHWDU\��%U��$UPLQ�$��/XLVWUR�)6&Undersecretary: 'LQD�6��2FDPSR��3K'
Printed in the Philippines by REX Book Store, Inc.
Department of Education-Instructional Materials Council Secretariat (DepEd-IMCS)
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7HOHID[��� � �����������������������E-mail Address: [email protected]
Development Team of the Learner’s Material
Authors: Herma D. Acosta, Liza A. Alvarez, Dave G. Angeles, Ruby D. Arre,0D��3LODU�3��&DUPRQD��$XUHOLD�6��*DUFLD��$UOHQ�*DWSR��-XGLWK�)��0DUFDLGD��0D��5HJDHOH�$��2ODUWH��0DULYLF�6��5RVDOHV��1LOR�*��6DOD]DUReviewers: (OLJLR� &�� 2ELOOH� -U��� 0DUOHQH� %�� )HULGR�� 0D�� +HOHQ� '+� &DWDODQ������������������������������������Vic Marie Camacho, Lilia M. Rabago, Cerilina M. MaramagIllustrators: -RVHSK�9��%DOHV��5DPRQ�&��*DWSR��5HJDHOH�$��2ODUWH��0DULYLF�6��5RVDOHV��5XHO�&��4XLQGR\��$QWRQLR�,��%DVLOOD��-RVH�/HR�9LF�2��$OEDxRDepEd Specialists:�-RVHSK�5��-DFRE��0DULD�$PSDUR�5��9HQWXUDPhoto Credits: Herma D. Acosta, Dave G. Angeles, Liza A. Alvarez, Ruby D. $UUH�� $XUHOLD� 6�� *DUFLD�� -XGLWK� )�� 0DUFDLGD�� 5HJDHOH� $�� 2ODUWH�� -DQH� &KDYDUULD���������������������������������������������������������1LOR�*��6DOD]DULayout Artists: Matthew Daniel V. Leysa and Mary Grace Ann G. Cadisal
Unit 2: Force, Motion, and Energy
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Module 1: Electricity and Magnetism
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Activity 2: Test Mag….1, 2! (Testing for Evidence of Magnetism) -------93
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Activity 4: Detecting and Creating Magnetism -------------------------------96
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Part A: Watch their Domains! ------------------------------------------101
Part B: Within the Lines -------------------------------------------------103
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Activity 8: Magnetic Field Around Current – Carrying Conductors -------------110
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Part B: Magnetic Field around a Coil of Conductor --------------112
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Glossary of Terms------------------------------------------------------------------139
References and Links ------------------------------------------------------------141
Module 2: Electro Magnetic Spectrum
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Activity 1: The Electromagnetic Wave Theory--------------------------------144
Activity 2: Now you go! Now you won’t ---------------------------------------149
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Module 3: Light: Mirrors and Lenses
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Glossary of Terms -----------------------------------------------------------------219
References and Links ------------------------------------------------------------220
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81
UNIT 2
Force, Motion, and Energy(The electric and magnetic phenomena around us)
82
UNIT 2: FORCE, MOTION, AND ENERGY(The electric and magnetic phenomena around us)
Overview
The moving iron core within the Earth acts like a giant bar magnet. It SURGXFHV�D�ZHDN�JHRPDJQHWLF�¿HOG�WKDW�VXUURXQGV�DQG�SDUWLDOO\�SURWHFWV�XV�IURP�solar radiations. In like manner, the moving charges within the Sun generate DQ�HUXSWLRQ�RI� UDGLDWLRQV��7KLV�SURGXFHV�D�VRODU�PDJQHWLF� ¿HOG� WKDW� VSUHDGV�WKURXJKRXW�WKH�VRODU�V\VWHP�DQG�EH\RQG���0RUHRYHU��D�VRODU�ZLQG�RI�FKDUJHG�SDUWLFOHV�FRQVWDQWO\�LQWHUDFWV�ZLWK�WKH�(DUWK¶V�FKDQJLQJ�JHRPDJQHWLF�¿HOG�
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ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM
I. Introduction
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II. Learning Competencies/Objectives
1. 0DNH�D�VLPSOH�GHYLFH�WKDW�VKRZV�KRZ�D�PDJQHWLF�¿HOG�H[HUWV�D�IRUFH�on a wire.
2. 'HPRQVWUDWH�WKH�JHQHUDWLRQ�RI�HOHFWULFLW\�E\�PRYHPHQW�RI�D�PDJQHW�through a coil.
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Unit 2MODULE
1
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III. Pre-Assessment
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a. 7KH�PDJQHWLF�¿HOG�LV�VWURQJHVW�QHDU�DQG�DURXQG�WKH�ZLUH�b. 7KH�PDJQHWLF�¿HOG�FRQVLVWV�RI�VWUDLJKW�OLQHV�SDUDOOHO�WR�WKH�ZLUH�c. 7KH�PDJQHWLF�¿HOG�GRHV�QRW�YDU\�ZLWK�WKH�GLVWDQFH�IURP�WKH�ZLUH�d. 7KH�PDJQHWLF�¿HOG�JHWV�VWURQJHU�ZLWK�LQFUHDVLQJ�GLVWDQFH�IURP�WKH�ZLUH�
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core.c. 7KH�HOHFWULF�¿HOG�VWUHQJWK�LV�LQYHUVHO\�SURSRUWLRQDO�WR�WKH�FXUUHQW�d. 7KH�PDJQHWLF�¿HOG�OLQHV�SURGXFHG�DUH�DOO�VWUDLJKW�
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����$V�SDUW�RI�D�WUDI¿F�OLJKW�V\VWHP��ODUJH�ORRSV�RI�ZLUH�DUH�EXULHG�EHQHDWK�URDG�LQWHUVHFWLRQV���:KLFK�RI�WKH�VWDWHPHQWV�LV�127�758(�DERXW�WKH�RSHUDWLRQ�RI�WKLV�WUDI¿F�OLJKW�V\VWHP"��a. 9HKLFOHV�GULYHQ�RYHU�WKH�EXULHG�FRLOV�DFWLYDWH�D�WUDI¿F�OLJKW�VHQVRU��b. 7KH�FRQGXFWLQJ�ORRSV�DFWLYDWH�D�FRORU±GHSHQGHQW�¿HOG�c. The alternating current sent through the buried coils produce an
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to change green.
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a. a horse shoe magnetb. D�ÀDW�UHIULJHUDWRU�PDJQHWc. D�FXUUHQW�FDUU\LQJ��FLUFXODU�ORRSd. D�9�VKDSHG�VWUDLJKW�ZLUH�WKDW�FDUULHV�D�FXUUHQW
����'XULQJ�WKH�6WXGHQW�7HFKQRORJLVWV�DQG�(QWUHSUHQHXUV�RI�WKH�3KLOLSSLQHV�������67(3��&RPSHWLWLRQ�LQ�/DQGVFDSLQJ��D�ZDWHU�SRQG�WUDQVIRUPHU�FKDQJHV����������9�DFURVV�WKH�SULPDU\�WR����9�DFURVV�WKH�VHFRQGDU\��,I�WKH�VHFRQGDU\�FRLO�KDV��������WXUQV��KRZ�PDQ\�WXUQV�GRHV�WKH�SULPDU\�FRLO�KDYH"
a. ���WXUQV� �b. 18 turns c. ����WXUQV� �d. 228 turns
86
�����:KDW�EDVLF�SULQFLSOH�HQDEOHV�$//�HOHFWULF�PRWRUV�WR�RSHUDWH"a. ,URQ�LV�WKH�RQO\�HOHPHQW�WKDW�LV�PDJQHWLF��b. 2SSRVLWH�HOHFWULF�FKDUJHV�DWWUDFW�DQG�OLNH�FKDUJHV�UHSHO��c. $� PRYLQJ� FRQGXFWRU� ZLWKLQ� D� PDJQHWLF� ¿HOG� ZLOO� H[SHULHQFH� DQ�
HOHFWURPRWLYH�IRUFH�d. $�FXUUHQW�FDUU\LQJ�FRQGXFWRU�SODFHG�ZLWKLQ�D�PDJQHWLF�¿HOG�ZLOO�H[SHULHQFH�
D�PDJQHWLF�IRUFH��
�����$�PDJQHW�PRYHV�LQVLGH�D�FRLO��&RQVLGHU�WKH�IROORZLQJ�IDFWRUV�,��VWUHQJWK�RI�WKH�PDJQHW,,��QXPEHU�RI�WXUQV�LQ�WKH�FRLOIII. speed at which the magnet moves
:KLFK�FDQ�DIIHFW�WKH�HOHFWURPRWLYH�IRUFH��emf��LQGXFHG�LQ�WKH�FRLO"a. ,�RQO\� �b. ,,�RQO\��c. ,,,�RQO\d. $OO�WKUHH�IDFWRUV�
�����:KLFK�VWDWHPHQW�DERXW�WUDQVIRUPHUV�LV�)$/6("a. $�VWHS�GRZQ�YROWDJH�WUDQVIRUPHU�VWHSV�XS�WKH�FXUUHQW�b. 7UDQVIRUPHUV�XVH�PXWXDO�LQGXFWLRQ�c. 7UDQVIRUPHUV�DUH�DQ�DSSOLFDWLRQ�RI�)DUDGD\¶V�DQG�/HQ]¶V�/DZV�d. $�WUDQVIRUPHU�FDQ�IXQFWLRQ�ZLWK�HLWKHU�DQ�DOWHUQDWLQJ�FXUUHQW��$&��RU�D�
VWHDG\�GLUHFW�FXUUHQW��'&��
�����:KDW�LV�758(�DERXW�WKH�LQWHUFRP�V\VWHP�WKDW�LV�VKRZQ�EHORZ"
a. 7KH�SDUW�$�RI�WKH�LQWHUFRP�V\VWHP�VHUYHV�DV�D�PLFURSKRQH�RQO\��ZKLOH�SDUW�& VHUYHV�DV�D�ORXGVSHDNHU�RQO\�� �
b. (LWKHU�SDUWV�$�DQG�&�RI�WKH�LQWHUFRP�ZKHQ�VZLWFKHG�DV�VXFK�FDQ�EH�used as a microphone or as a loudspeaker.
c. 7KH�PLFURSKRQH�SDUW�RQO\�EDVLFDOO\�FRQVLVWV�RI�ZLUHV��D�FRQH�diaphragm, a magnet, and a coil.
d. 7KH�ORXGVSHDNHU�SDUW�RQO\�EDVLFDOO\�FRQVLVWV�RI�ZLUHV��D�FRQH�diaphragm, a magnet, and a coil.
87
�����:KDW�WUDQVIRUPDWLRQ�FDQ�WDNH�SODFH�LQ�DQ�LPSURYLVHG�JHQHUDWRU"a. PHFKDQLFDO�HQHUJ\�LQWR�HOHFWULFDO�HQHUJ\b. HOHFWULFDO�HQHUJ\�LQWR�PHFKDQLFDO�HQHUJ\c. alternating current into direct currentd. direct current into alternating current
�����$�ORRS�RI�FRQGXFWRU�OLHV�ÀDW�RQ�D�KRUL]RQWDO�WDEOH���$�WR\�PDJQHW�LV�KDQJLQJ�VWLOO� RYHU� LW� ZLWK� WKH� PDJQHW¶V� QRUWK�VHHNLQJ� SROH� SRLQWLQJ� GRZQ�� :KDW�KDSSHQV�QH[W"a. The magnet produces a clockwise current in the coil. b. 7KH�PDJQHW�GRHV�QRW�SURGXFH�DQ\�FXUUHQW�LQ�WKH�FRLO�� �c. The magnet produces an upward electromagnetic current. d. The magnet produces a counterclockwise current in the coil.
IV. Reading Resources and Instructional ActivitiesGETTING HOOKED ON ELECTRICITY AND
MAGNETISM APPLICATIONS AVPs: Veni, vidi, vici. (Audio-Visual Productions: I came, I saw, I conquered.)
3HRSOH�UHDGLO\�DGRSW�HPHUJLQJ�WHFKQRORJLHV���7KH�XVH�RI�DXGLRYLVXDO��$9��ZRUNV�EH�LW� LQ�¿OP�SURGXFWLRQV��LQ�EXVLQHVV�GLVSOD\V��RU�SHUKDSV�LQ�HGXFDWLRQ�LQQRYDWLRQV�EHFDPH�D�WUHQG�DQG�LW�LV�KHUH�WR�VWD\���([DPSOHV�DERXQG�OLNH�RXU�JURZLQJ� ORYH� IRU� WKH� KLJK� TXDOLW\� DXGLRYLVXDO� FRPSRQHQWV� ZH� OLVWHQ� WR� DQG�ZDWFK�RU�WKH�HQGHDYRU�RI�VFKRRO�VWDNHKROGHUV�WR�SURYLGH�SURMHFWLRQ�WHFKQRORJ\�LQ�HYHU\�FODVVURRP���
7KH�ULVH�RI� LW�DOO�$9�SURGXFWLRQ��UHFRUGLQJ��DQG�VWRULQJ�WHFKQRORJ\�DQG�LQGXVWULHV�ZHUH�PDGH�SRVVLEOH�EHFDXVH�RI� WKH�GLVFRYHU\�RI� WKH� OLQN�EHWZHHQ�HOHFWULFLW\�DQG�PDJQHWLVP��+RZ�GRHV�RQH�EHJLQ�WR�XQGHUVWDQG�WKLV�SDUWQHUVKLS"�)RU�D�VWDUW��FRQVLGHU�GRLQJ�WKH�DFWLYLW\�UHJDUGLQJ�DXGLR�UHFRUGLQJ�GHYLFHV���
Activity 1For the Record…
�$GDSWHG�IURP�WKH�(0,�7HDFKLQJ�6HTXHQFH�E\�-HQDUR�*XLVDVROD�DQG�.ULVWLQD�=X]D�
Objectives:x� ,GHQWLI\�WKH�EDVLF�UHFRUGLQJ�HTXLSPHQW�RI�D�GLJLWDO�UDGLR�VWXGLR�x� &ODVVLI\� ZKHWKHU� GHYLFHV� XVH� HOHFWULFLW\� DQG�RU� PDJQHWLVP� ZKHQ�
used in recording audio.x� 6WDUW� D� OLWHUDWXUH� VHDUFK� RQ� HOHFWURPDJQHWLF� LQGXFWLRQ¶V� UROH� LQ�
UHFRUGLQJ�WHFKQRORJ\��
88
Materials:x� SLFWXUHV�RI�WKH�UDGLR�VWXGLR�FRQWURO�DQG�DXGLR�URRP��OR
x� YLGHR�FOLS�RQ�D�UDGLR�VWDWLRQ�WRXU��YLGHR�SOD\HU��VFUHHQ��DQG�DFFHVVRULHVx� SHQ�DQG�DFWLYLW\�VKHHW�VFLHQFH�QRWHERRN��
Procedure:
PART A. Virtual Tour of a Radio Broadcasting Studio� ���5HDG� WKH�VFHQDULR�DQG�VWXG\� WKH�YLGHR�FOLS�RU�SLFWXUHV�VHOHFWHG�E\�\RXU�
WHDFKHU��VLPLODU�WR�ZKDW�LV�VKRZQ�LQ�)LJXUHV���WR���
Figure 1. $�FRQWURO�URRP�RI�D�ORFDO�UDGLR�EURDGFDVW�VWXGLR�FRPPRQO\�NQRZQ�DV�WKH�DQQRXQFHU¶V�ERRWK����8VHG�ZLWK�SHUPLVVLRQ�IURP�WKH�531�';.2�5DGLR�DQG�7HOHYLVLRQ�%URDGFDVW�6WDWLRQ�LQ�
&DJD\DQ�GH�2UR�&LW\��
����2Q�\RXU�VFLHQFH�DFWLYLW\�QRWHERRN��PDNH�D�WDEOH��VLPLODU�WR�7DEOH����/LVW�DOO�WKH�HTXLSPHQW�WKDW�\RX�FDQ�LGHQWLI\�LQ�WKH�SKRWR�VKRZQ�LQ�)LJXUH����,QGLFDWH�ZLWK�D�FKHFN�PDUN�ZKHWKHU�WKH�HTXLSPHQW�GHYLFH�QHHGV�HOHFWULFLW\�DQG�RU�magnetism to operate.
Activity Scenario: �'XULQJ�QRQ�FODVV�KRXUV��\RX�IUHTXHQWO\�PHHW�\RXU�IULHQGV�SOD\LQJ�DQG�PDNLQJ�PXVLF�WRJHWKHU���2QH�DIWHUQRRQ�\RX�GHFLGHG�WR�JR�WR�\RXU�ORFDO� UDGLR�VWDWLRQ� WR�DVN�ZKDW�HTXLSPHQW�DQG�VRIWZDUH� LV�QHHGHG� WR�VWDUW�recording at home.
$W�WKH�EURDGFDVW�VWXGLR��ZLWK�WKH�UDGLR�WHFKQLFLDQ�RXW��WKH�VWDII�DOORZHG�\RX�to take pictures inside the control room and live audio room, similar to what LV�VKRZQ�LQ�)LJXUHV���WR���
��
Table 1. Radio Broadcast Studio Equipment (Control Room/Announcer’s Booth)
Equipment/Device Needs Electricity Needs Magnetism
Guide Questions:� 4����+RZ�PDQ\�RI�WKH�GHYLFHV�\RX�LGHQWL¿HG�LQVLGH�WKH�FRQWURO�URRP�������������������QHHG�HOHFWULFLW\�WR�RSHUDWH"�
� 4����+RZ�PDQ\�RI�WKH�GHYLFHV�\RX�LGHQWL¿HG�LQVLGH�WKH�FRQWURO�URRP�������������������QHHG�PDJQHWLVP�WR�RSHUDWH"
����2Q�\RXU�VFLHQFH�DFWLYLW\�QRWHERRN��PDNH�DQRWKHU�WDEOH�VLPLODU�WR�7DEOH����/LVW�DOVR�DOO� WKH�HTXLSPHQW� WKDW�\RX�FDQ� LGHQWLI\� LQ� WKH�SLFWXUHV�VKRZQ� LQ�)LJXUHV���DQG����,QGLFDWH�ZLWK�D�FKHFN�PDUN�ZKHWKHU�WKH�HTXLSPHQW�GHYLFH�QHHGV�HOHFWULFLW\�DQG�RU�PDJQHWLVP�WR�RSHUDWH�
Figure 2. $�OLYH�DXGLR�URRP��FRPPRQO\�NQRZQ�DV�WKH�QHZVURRP��ZKLFK�LV�XVXDOO\�VHSDUDWHG�IURP�WKH�FRQWURO�URRP�YLD�JODVV�SDUWLWLRQV�
��
Figure 3. %DFN�SRUWLRQ�RI�D�ORFDO�QHZVURRP
Table 2. Radio Broadcast Studio Equipment (Live Audio Room/Newsroom)
Equipment/Device Needs Electricity Needs Magnetism
Guide Questions:� 4���+RZ�PDQ\�RI�WKH�GHYLFHV�\RX�LGHQWL¿HG�LQVLGH�WKH�OLYH�DXGLR�URRP������������������QHHG�HOHFWULFLW\�WR�RSHUDWH"�
� 4���+RZ�PDQ\�RI�WKH�GHYLFHV�\RX�LGHQWL¿HG�LQVLGH�WKH�OLYH�DXGLR�URRP������������������QHHG�PDJQHWLVP�WR�RSHUDWH"
� 4���:KDW�RWKHU�GHYLFHV�QRW�VKRZQ�LQ�WKH�SKRWR�PD\�EH�XVHG�LQVLGH�WKH������������������OLYH�DXGLR�URRP"
More Reading Support on Recording Technology::KDW�GHYLFHV�GLG�UHFRUGLQJ�WHFKQLFLDQV�XVH�LQ�WKH�SDVW�WR�UHFRUG�VRXQG"
KEY CONCEPTS• $�W\SLFDO�EURDGFDVW�VWXGLR�FRQVLVWV�RI�DQ�DXGLR�FRQVROH��PLFURSKRQHV��
FRPSXWHUV��VWXGLR�PRQLWRUV��DQG�GLVF�SOD\HUV�• 7KH�DXGLR� FRQVROH� FRQYHUWV�DQDORJ�DXGLR� �YRLFH� YLD�PLFURSKRQH��DQG�
SKRQH�FDOOV�WR�D�GLJLWDO�RXWSXW��,W�DOVR�DOORZV�IRU�WKH�PL[LQJ�RI�DOO�VRXQG�VRXUFHV� IURP�&'V�� FRPSXWHUV�� DQG�RWKHU�GLJLWDO� VRXUFHV�EHIRUH�EHLQJ�VHQW�WR�WKH�WUDQVPLWWHU���$�VOLGHU�FRQWUROV�WKH�YROXPH�RI�HDFK�VRXQG�VRXUFH�
• 7KH� OLYH� DXGLR� DQG� FRQWURO� URRPV� DUH� FRQQHFWHG� E\� FDEOHV� IRU� WKH�H[FKDQJH�RI�DXGLR�DQG�GLJLWDO�GDWD�VLJQDO�GXULQJ�UHFRUGLQJ��PL[LQJ��DQG�HYHQ�HGLWLQJ�RI�DOO�DXGLR�YLGHR�HOHPHQWV�GLJLWDOO\�VWRUHG�RQ�KDUG�GULYHV�
��
PART B. My Own Home Recording Studio! For Life…
���<RX� FRXOG� EH� DQ� DVSLULQJ� VLQJHU�� D�PXVLF� DUWLVW�� D� VWXGHQW�ZKR� QHHGV� WR�UHFRUG�DXGLR�SUHVHQWDWLRQV�RU�VLPSO\�RQH�SODQQLQJ�WR�KDYH�D�VWDUW�XS�KRPH�UHFRUGLQJ�VWXGLR��8VH�7DEOH���DQG�H[WHQG�\RXU�XQGHUVWDQGLQJ�RI�WKH�UHFRUGLQJ�LQGXVWU\�E\�PDWFKLQJ�WKH�GHYLFHV�LQ�&ROXPQ�%�DQG�WKHLU�UHVSHFWLYH�IXQFWLRQV�LQ�&ROXPQ�&�ZLWK�WKH�LWHPV�LQ�&ROXPQ�$� :ULWH�WKH�OHWWHU�DQG�QXPEHU�IRU�FRGLQJ�\RXU�DQVZHU�
Table 3. A Home Recording Studio Start-Up EquipmentA
CodedAnswer
B C
3LFWXUH Device 1DPH )XQFWLRQ
1. 1 ___ ___ A.headphone
,��8VHG�IRU�SOD\LQJ�VRPH�digital instruments, recording, DGGLQJ�HIIHFWV��DQG�PL[LQJ�GLIIHUHQW�VRXUFHV�RI�VRXQG�signals
2. 2 ___ ___%��VWXGLR���monitor
,,��0LFURSKRQHV�DQG�PXVLFDO�instruments are plugged into this, which in turn is connected to the computer
������ 3 ___ ___&��DXGLR�����LQWHUIDFH
,,,��3URFHVVRU�VKRXOG�EH�UHDVRQDEO\�IDVW�HQRXJK�WR�UHFRUG��HGLW��PL[��VWRUH��DQG�PDVWHU�D�FRS\�RI�WKH�UHFRUG�
4.4 ___ ___
D. digital audio VRIWZDUH��'$:�
,9��&RQYHUWV�VRXQG�LQWR�electrical signal
5. 5 ___ ___E. computer unit
9��8VHG�IRU�³UHIHUHQFLQJ´�RU�IRU�FKHFNLQJ�ZKDW�WKH�PL[�ZRXOG�sound like on the equipment
6.6 ___ ___ )��FRQGHQVHU�
RU�G\QDPLF�microphone
9,��8VHG�IRU�FRQQHFWLQJ�DXGLR�LQWHUIDFH��PLFURSKRQHV��VWXGLR�PRQLWRUV��DQG�GLIIHUHQW�instruments
7. 7 ___ ___ G. cables
9,,��&RPPRQO\�NQRZQ�DV�speakers but these give a sound close enough to the real sound input
��
([WHQVLRQ�$FWLYLW\��/HDUQ�PRUH�DERXW�WKH�EDVLF�DXGLR�YLGHR�UHFRUGLQJ�GHYLFHV�DQG�PDNH�D�JUDSKLF�RUJDQL]HU�RQ�\RXU�VFLHQFH�QRWHERRN��:KDW�SDUWV� LQVLGH�WKHVH�GHYLFHV�XVH�HOHFWULFLW\�DQG�PDJQHWLVP�WR�IXQFWLRQ�DV�VXFK"�
Guide Question:� 4���:KLFK�GHYLFHV�RQ�7DEOH���DUH�SRZHUHG��HQWLUHO\�RU�SDUWLDOO\��E\����������������������HOHFWURPDJQHWLF�LQGXFWLRQ��WKH�SKHQRPHQRQ�RI�D�FKDQJLQJ�PDJQHWLF�����������������RU�HOHFWULF�¿HOG¶V�HIIHFW�RQ�HOHFWULFLW\�RU�PDJQHWLVP�"
More Reading Support on Recording Technology:,Q�WKH�GHYHORSPHQW�RI�WKH�UHFRUGLQJ�DQG�GDWD�VWRUDJH�WHFKQRORJ\��ZKDW�
TXHVWLRQV�PLJKW�HQJLQHHUV�DVN"��
7KLQN�RI�VRPH�TXHVWLRQV�E\�QRZ�DERXW�UHFRUGLQJ�WHFKQRORJ\���&DQ�KDQG\�PRELOH�SKRQHV�RU�GLJLWDO�FDPHUDV�VHUYH�DV�DXGLR�YLVXDO�UHFRUGHU�DQG�SURGXFHU"��+RZ�GR�WKHVH�GHYLFHV�DSSO\�HOHFWURPDJQHWLF�LQGXFWLRQ"�����
7R�XQGHUVWDQG�HOHFWURPDJQHWLF�LQGXFWLRQ�DQG�LWV�DSSOLFDWLRQV�HVSHFLDOO\�RQ�HOHFWULF�PRWRUV�DQG�JHQHUDWRUV��WKH�QH[W�VHW�RI�DFWLYLWLHV�ZLOO�KHOS�\RX�UHYLVLW�FRQFHSWV�DERXW�PDJQHWV�DQG�IRUFHV�DVVRFLDWHG�ZLWK�LW��FKHFNLQJ�SRODULWLHV��DQG�DQDO\]LQJ�PDJQHWLF�¿HOGV�
KEY CONCEPTS• 0DQ\�RI�WKH�UHFRUGLQJ�WHFKQRORJ\�DUH�IRXQGHG�HQWLUHO\�RU�SDUWLDOO\�
RQ�WKH�UHODWLRQVKLS�EHWZHHQ�HOHFWULFLW\�DQG�PDJQHWLVP�NQRZQ�DV�electromagnetic induction.
• Devices that detect and convert audio inputs to electric outputs RU� YLFH� YHUVD� DUH� FDOOHG� WUDQVGXFHUV�� 0RVW� WUDQVGXFHUV� OLNH�PLFURSKRQHV�DQG�VSHDNHUV�XVH�WKH�³JHQHUDWRU�HIIHFW´�FKDUDFWHUL]HG�E\� WKH� SURGXFWLRQ� RI� IRUFHV� GXH� WR� D� FKDQJLQJ� HOHFWULF� VLJQDO�ZLWKLQ�D�PDJQHWLF�¿HOG�RU�D�FKDQJLQJ�¿HOG�QHDU�D�FXUUHQW�FDUU\LQJ�conductor.
��
SOME BASIC PRINCIPLES OF MAGNETISM
Activity 2Test Mag...1, 2!
7HVWLQJ�IRU�(YLGHQFH�RI�0DJQHWLVP
Objectives:x� ,GHQWLI\�WKH�IRUFHV��DWWUDFWLRQ�UHSXOVLRQ��EHWZHHQ�
a. two magets, and� � E��D�PDJQHW�DQG�PDJQHWLF�QRQPDJQHWLF�PDWHULDOV�
x� 'LVWLQJXLVK�D�PDJQHW��SHUPDQHQW�RU�WHPSRUDU\��IURP�D�QRQ���PDJQHWLF�object.
Materials:x� SDLU�RI��´���´�EDU�PDJQHWV�x� �����REMHFWV�PDGH�RI�GLIIHUHQW�PDWHULDOV�IURP�LQVLGH�WKH�URRPx� science notebook and pen
Safety Precautions:x� Handle magnets with care so as not to drop those. These might
EUHDN��FKLS�RII��DQG�ZHDNHQ�XSRQ�LPSDFW��x� .HHS�PDJQHWV�DZD\�IURP�FRPSXWHU�XQLWV�VFUHHQV��PHPRU\�VWRUDJH�
drives and disks, magnetic tapes, mechanical watches, and the like.
Procedure: 1. 8VH�D�EDU�PDJQHW�DQG�H[SORUH�WKH�SRVVLEOH�HIIHFW�V�LW�FDQ�KDYH�RQ�WKH�RWKHU�
PDJQHW�ZKHQ�PDGH�WR� LQWHUDFW��2Q�\RXU�VFLHQFH�QRWHERRN��PDNH�D� WDEOH�VLPLODU�WR�7DEOH���DQG�UHFRUG�WKH�REVHUYHG�IRUFH�HIIHFW�V��$QVZHU�DOVR�WKH�guide questions.
Table 4. Interaction between two permanent bar magnets
What I did to the pair of magnets to cause interaction…
Observed effect/s (attracted or repeled)
2. 7KLV�WLPH��XVH�RQO\�RQH�EDU�PDJQHW�DQG�H[SORUH�LWV�SRVVLEOH�HIIHFW�V�RQ�VL[�WR�WHQ�GLIIHUHQW�REMHFWV�IRXQG�LQVLGH�WKH�FODVVURRP���5HFRUG�WKH�REVHUYHG�HIIHFW�V�RQ�D� WDEOH�VLPLODU� WR�7DEOH���� �([FOXGH� UHFRUG�RQ�REMHFWV�ZLWK�QR�REVHUYHG�LQWHUDFWLRQ�ZLWK�WKH�PDJQHW����
��
Table 5. Interaction of a bar magnet with other objects
Objects that interacted with the magnet… Observed effect/s (attracted or repeled)
Guide Questions:� 4���:KDW�FRQGLWLRQV�ZLWK�REVHUYDEOH�HIIHFWV�PDNH�PDJQHWV�LQWHUDFW������������������ZLWK�DQRWKHU�PDJQHW"�
� 4���,Q�JHQHUDO��ZKDW�FRQGLWLRQV�ZLWK�REVHUYDEOH�HIIHFWV�PDNH�PDJQHWV������������������LQWHUDFW�ZLWK�QRQ�PDJQHW�PDWHULDOV"� � 4���:KDW�W\SH�V�RI�IRUFH�FDQ�D�PDJQHW�H[HUW�RQ�DQRWKHU�PDJQHW"
���������4����:KDW�W\SH�V�RI�IRUFH�FDQ�D�PDJQHW�H[HUW�RQ�QRQ�PDJQHW�REMHFWV"
���������4����+RZ�ZLOO�\RX�GLVWLQJXLVK�PDJQHWV�IURP�QRQ�PDJQHWL]HG�PDJQHWLF�������������������PDWHULDOV"
([WHQVLRQ�4XHVWLRQ��:KDW�DUH�WKH�PDJQHWLF�PDWHULDOV�IRXQG�LQ�WKH�DXGLR�DQG�YLGHR�UHFRUGLQJ�WDSHV"���
KEY CONCEPTS• 0DJQHWV�H[HUW�HLWKHU�D�IRUFH�RI�UHSXOVLRQ�RU�DWWUDFWLRQ���• ,I�D� IRUFH�RI�DWWUDFWLRQ�RQO\� LV�SRVVLEOH�EHWZHHQ�DQ�REMHFW�DQG�D�
magnet, then the object interacting with the magnet contains a IHUURPDJQHWLF�VXEVWDQFH�DQG�LV�FRQVLGHUHG�QDWXUDOO\�PDJQHWLF��
• ,I�D� IRUFH�RI� UHSXOVLRQ� LV�DOVR�SRVVLEOH�EHWZHHQ�DQ�REMHFW�DQG�D�PDJQHW��WKHQ�WKH�REMHFW�LQWHUDFWLQJ�ZLWK�WKH�PDJQHW�PD\�DOVR�EH�D�SHUPDQHQW�PDJQHW�RU�D� WHPSRUDULO\�PDJQHWL]HG� IHUURPDJQHWLF�material.
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Activity 3Induced Magnetism
Objectives:x� Induce magnetism in a magnetic material.x� ,QIHU�WKH�SRODULW\�RI�WKH�PDJQHWL]HG�REMHFW�
Materials:x� bar magnet x� IRXU���LQFK�LURQ�QDLOV��VFUHZV��RU�SDSHU�FOLSV�x� science notebook and pen
Safety Precaution:
x� +DQGOH�WKH�PDJQHW�ZLWK�FDUH�VR�DV�QRW�WR�GURS�LW���,W�FRXOG�EUHDN��FKLS�RII�and weaken upon impact.
Procedure:1. 8VH� WKH� EDU� PDJQHW� DQG� QDLOV� WR� ¿QG� DQVZHUV� WR� WKH� TXHVWLRQV� EHORZ��
5HFRUG�\RXU�DQVZHUV�RQ�\RXU�VFLHQFH�QRWHERRN��8VH�GLDJUDPV�WR�VXSSRUW�\RXU�DQVZHUV�
Guide Questions:� 4����:KDW�KDSSHQV�LI�\RX�EULQJ�WZR�LURQ�QDLOV�FORVH�WR��RU�WRXFKLQJ���������������������HDFK�RWKHU"
� 4����,I�\RX�EULQJ�D�EDU�PDJQHW�FORVH�WR��RU�WRXFKLQJ��WKH�¿UVW�LURQ�QDLO��������������������FDQ�WKH�¿UVW�LURQ�QDLO�DWWUDFW�DQG�OLIW�D�VHFRQG�QDLO"�$�WKLUG�RQH"�
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2. &KRRVH�WKH�FRUUHFW�WHUP�IURP�WKH�HQFORVHG�FKRLFHV�WKDW�VKRXOG�JR�LQWR�WKH�EODQN�VSDFHV�RQ�WKH�³6XP�LW�8S�&KDOOHQJH�´�
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Sum it Up Challenge!
$�TXLFNHU�ZD\�WR�NQRZ�WKH�SRODULW\�RI�D�SHUPDQHQW�RU�LQGXFHG�PDJQHW�LV�E\�WKH�XVH�RI�D�PDJQHWLF�FRPSDVV�ZKLFK�\RX�ZLOO�EH�XVLQJ�LQ�WKH�QH[W�VHW�RI�activities.
Activity 4Detecting and Creating Magnetism
Objectives:x� ,GHQWLI\�WKH�SRODULWLHV�DQG�VWUHQJWKV�RI�D�EDU�PDJQHW�DQG�PDJQHWL]HG�
objects using a compass.x� 'HPRQVWUDWH�PDJQHWL]DWLRQ�E\�VWURNLQJ��
Materials:x� at least 2 small magnetic
compassesx� RQH���LQFK�LURQ�QDLO�x� masking tape or cork
stopperx� SDSHU�RU�DQ\�VPDOO�
scooping device x� FHOOXODU�SKRQH�DQ\�JDGJHW�
with camera
x� strong bar magnet x� QDUURZ�WHVW�WXEH�����´�ZLGH�
RU�FOHDU�VWUDZ�����´�ZLGH�x� science notebook and penx� LURQ�¿OLQJV
Figure 5. 0DWHULDOV�IRU�'HWHFWLQJ�DQG�&UHDWLQJ�0DJQHWLVP
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Safety Precautions:x� Use the magnet, compass, test tube, and the gadget with camera
ZLWK�FDUH�VR�DV�QRW�WR�GURS�DQ\�RI�WKHVH���x� 0DNH�VXUH�WKDW�LURQ�¿OLQJV�UHPDLQ�VHDOHG�LQVLGH�WKH�WHVW�WXEH�RU�WKH�
WUDQVSDUHQW�VWUDZ��FRRO�SHDUO�WDSHG�RQ�ERWK�HQGV���$YRLG�WKH�LURQ�¿OLQJV�IURP�VWLFNLQJ�GLUHFWO\�WR�WKH�PDJQHW�
Procedure:
PART A. North meets south1. &KHFNLQJ�3RODULW\���3ODFH�RQH�PDJQHWLF�FRPSDVV�RQ�D�KRUL]RQWDO�VXUIDFH��
7KHQ��PRYH�D�EDU�PDJQHW�DURXQG�DQG�DERYH�LW�H[SORULQJ�WKH�VWUHQJWK�DQG�SRODULWLHV�RI�WKH�PDJQHW���,I�D�FHOOXODU�SKRQH�RU�DQ\�JDGJHW�ZLWK�EXLOW�LQ�FDPHUD�LV� DYDLODEOH�� WDNH� SLFWXUHV� RI� WKH� PDJQHWLF� FRPSDVV� QHHGOH� RULHQWDWLRQV�IRU�GLIIHUHQW� ORFDWLRQV�DURXQG�WKH�EDU�PDJQHW���'UDZ�WKH�FRPSDVV�QHHGOH�GLUHFWLRQV�DQG�ZULWH�\RXU�REVHUYDWLRQV�UHJDUGLQJ�WKH�PDJQHWLF�¿HOG�VWUHQJWK�RQ�\RXU�VFLHQFH�QRWHERRN�DQG�DQVZHU�WKH�JXLGH�TXHVWLRQV��
Guide Questions:� 4����:KDW�KDSSHQV�ZKHQ�\RX�UDQGRPO\�PRYH�WKH�EDU�PDJQHW��������������������URXQGDERXW�DQG�DERYH�WKH�FRPSDVV�RQH�IRRW�RU�IDUWKHU"�1HDUHU��������������������WKDQ�D�IRRW"
� 4����&RPSDVV�QHHGOHV�DUH�WLQ\�PDJQHWV�WKDW�DUH�IUHH�WR�LQGLFDWH�WKH��������������������QRUWK�DQG�VRXWK�SROHV�RI�D�PDJQHW"��:KDW�GR�\RX�QHHG�WR�GR�WR��������������������NQRZ�WKH�PDJQHW¶V�SRODULWLHV"
� 4����:KDW�GRHV�WKH�FRPSDVV�QHHGOHV�LQGLFDWH�DERXW�WKH�LURQ�QDLO�VKRZQ��������������������EHORZ�LQ�)LJXUH��"
Figure 6. 8VH�RI�&RPSDVV�1HHGOHV�IRU�&KHFNLQJ�WKH�0DJQHWLVP
PART B. By the touch of a magnet
1. 0DJQHWL]DWLRQ�E\�VWURNLQJ���3RXU�LURQ�¿OLQJV�RQ�D�VKHHW�RI�SDSHU�DQG�FKHFN�ZKHWKHU�WKH�¿OLQJV�DUH�VWLOO�QRQ�PDJQHWL]HG���,I�PDJQHWL]HG��VWLU�RU�PRYH�WKH�LURQ�¿OLQJV�JHQWO\�RQ�WKH�SDSHU��
2. )LOO� FDUHIXOO\� WKH� QDUURZ� WHVW� WXEH� XS� WR� D� TXDUWHU�ZLWK� WKHVH� LURQ� ¿OLQJV���&RYHU�ZLWK�PDVNLQJ�WDSH�RU�FRUN�
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Figure 7a. /HYHOLQJ�WKH�,URQ�)LOLQJV�LQVLGH�WKH�7HVW�7XEH
4. 7KHQ�ZKHQ�OHYHOOHG��WRXFK�ZLWK�WKH�QRUWK�SROH�HQG�RI�WKH�SHUPDQHQW�PDJQHW�WKH�WHVW�WXEH¶V�FXUYHG�HQG���0RYH�WKH�PDJQHW�DORQJ�WKH�WHVW�WXEH�IURP�WKLV�HQG�WR�WKH�FRYHUHG�HQG���/LIW�WKH�PDJQHW�RII�WKH�WHVW�WXEH�DQG�UHSHDW�ZLWK�WHQ�RU�PRUH�VWURNHV���2Q�\RXU�VFLHQFH�QRWHERRN��REVHUYH�DQG�UHFRUG�ZKDW�happens inside the tube.
5. *HQWO\�OD\�WKH�WHVW�WXEH�RQ�D�WDEOH�DQG�EULQJ�FRPSDVVHV�QHDU�ERWK�HQGV�RI�WKH�WHVW�WXEH�DV�VKRZQ�LQ�)LJXUH���E�EHORZ���2EVHUYH�DQG�UHFRUG�ZKDW�KDSSHQV�
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6. &DUHIXOO\� VKDNH� WKH� WHVW� WXEH� DV� VKRZQ� LQ� )LJXUH� ��F�� ZLWKRXW�PRYLQJ� WKH�FRPSDVVHV�� 7HVW� IRU� WKH� SUHVHQFH� RI� PDJQHWLVP� DJDLQ�� � 5HFRUG� \RXU�observations.
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Guide Questions:� 4�����,Q�VWHS�QR����DUH�WKH�LURQ�¿OLQJV�LQ�WKH�WHVW�WXEH�PDJQHWL]HG"��,I� ����������\HV��ZKLFK�HQG�LV�WKH�QRUWK�DQG�ZKLFK�LV�WKH�VRXWK"��,I�QR��ZKDW� ����������HOVH�FDQ�EH�GRQH�WR�PDJQHWL]H�LW"��7U\�DQG�UHFRUG�\RXU�LGHD�
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ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC FIELDS
A Look Back in History:
,Q�������+DQV�&KULVWLDQ�2HUVWHG��ޖԤU�VWԥG���D�SURIHVVRU�LQ�WKH�8QLYHUVLW\�RI�&RSHQKDJHQ��GLVFRYHUHG�GXULQJ�D�FODVV�GHPRQVWUDWLRQ�WKDW�D�FXUUHQW�FDUU\LQJ�ZLUH�FDXVHG�D�QHDUE\�PDJQHWL]HG�FRPSDVV�QHHGOH�WR�GHÀHFW���7KLV�REVHUYDWLRQ�¿UHG� XS� WUHPHQGRXV� UHVHDUFK� RQ� HOHFWURPDJQHWLVP�� �$V� D� UHVXOW�� WKH� HIIHFW�RQ� WKH�PRWLRQ� RI� FRQGXFWRUV� SODFHG�ZLWKLQ� D�PDJQHWLF� ¿HOG� �VXFK� DV� LQ� WKH�RSHUDWLRQ�RI�HOHFWULF�PRWRUV��ZDV�DOVR�H[SHULPHQWHG�PXFK�DQG�SDYHG�WKH�ZD\�IRU�SUDFWLFDO�HOHFWULFLW\�
7ZHOYH�\HDUV�DIWHU�WKLV�GLVFRYHU\��0LFKDHO�)DUDGD\��ޖ)HU�ԥ�GƗ��FRQGXFWHG�KLV� IDPRXV� LQGXFWLRQ� ULQJ�H[SHULPHQW�VKRZLQJ� WKDW�FXUUHQW�FDQ�EH�SURGXFHG�E\�VRXUFHV�RI�FKDQJLQJ�PDJQHWLF�¿HOGV���7KLV�LV�WKH�NH\�SULQFLSOH�WR�SUDFWLFDO�JHQHUDWLRQ�RI�HOHFWULFLW\�
7KH�QH[W�DFWLYLWLHV�VKRXOG�KHOS�\RX�GHPRQVWUDWH�DQG�H[SODLQ�WKH�RSHUDWLRQ�RI�HOHFWULF�PRWRUV�DQG�HOHFWULF�JHQHUDWRUV� WKDW�EDVLFDOO\�ZRUN�EHFDXVH�RI� WKH�H[LVWLQJ�UHODWLRQVKLS�EHWZHHQ�PDJQHWLVP�DQG�HOHFWULFLW\�
KEY CONCEPTS• 0DWHULDOV�ZKLFK�DUH�DWWUDFWHG�E\�D�PDJQHW�DUH�NQRZQ�DV�PDJQHWLF�
PDWHULDOV���,URQ��FREDOW��QLFNHO�DQG�PDQ\�DOOR\V�RI�WKHVH�PHWDOV�OLNH�steel and alnico are magnetic.
• 0DJQHWLF�PDWHULDOV�FDQ�EH�XVHG�WR�PDNH�SHUPDQHQW�RU�WHPSRUDU\�PDJQHWV�XQOLNH�WKH�QRQ�PDJQHWLF�PDWHULDOV�ZKLFK�FDQQRW���
• 6WURNLQJ�LV�RQH�ZD\�RI�PDJQHWL]DWLRQ�
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Activity 5Oh Magnets, Electromagnet…0D\�WKH�IRUFHV�EH�LQ�\RXU�¿HOG�
Objectives:• ([SORUH�WKH�PDJQHWLF�GRPDLQV�RI�D�ODWFK�PDJQHW�• 2EVHUYH� DQG� GUDZ� PDJQHWLF� ¿HOG� SDWWHUQV� VXUURXQGLQJ� GLIIHUHQW�
magnets and magnet combinations. • 2EVHUYH� DQG� GUDZ� PDJQHWLF� ¿HOG� SDWWHUQV� VXUURXQGLQJ� D� VLPSOH�
HOHFWURPDJQHW�DQG�D�FXUUHQW�FDUU\LQJ�FRLO�RI�ZLUH����
Materials:• an improvised magnetic
board• white bond paper
• D� SDLU� RI� ODWFK�UHIULJHUDWRU�magnets
• small magnetic compasses
• D�SDLU�RI�EDU�PDJQHWV • RQH���LQFK�LURQ�QDLO• ��QHRG\PLXP�PDJQHW • science notebook and pen
• ��8�VKDSHG�PDJQHW • ��P�FRSSHU�ZLUH��$:*������• 1 disk magnet • connectors with alligator clips
• ��NQLIH�VZLWFK • EDWWHU\�KROGHUV�ZLWK���$$�EDWWHU\
�)ODW�SODVWLF�ERWWOH��ZDWHU�*O\FHULQ��LURQ�¿OLQJV�LURQ�VDQG�RU�%DUJDMD�
Figure 8.�&RPPHUFLDO�ODWFK�PDJQHWV��FRPPRQO\�NQRZQ�DV�ÀH[LEOH�VKHHW�UHIULJHUDWRU�PDJQHWV���DQG�DQ�LPSURYLVHG�PDJQHWLF�ERDUG�ZKLFK�LV�PDGH�E\�¿OOLQJ�FRPSOHWHO\�D�OHDN�IUHH��ÀDW�FRQWDLQHU�
�SUHIHUDEO\�SODVWLF��ZLWK�ZDWHU�PLQHUDO�RLO��DQG�PDJQHWLF�VDQG�
Safety Precautions:x� Use the magnets, compasses, and magnetic boards with care so as
QRW�WR�GURS�DQ\�RI�WKHVH�x� 7KH�QHRG\PLXP�PDJQHW� LV�PDQ\� WLPHV�VWURQJHU� WKDQ� WKH�RUGLQDU\�
GLVN�PDJQHW�WKDW�FDQ�KROG�SDSHUV�RQ�UHIULJHUDWRU�GRRUV���%H�FDUHIXO�QRW�WR�JHW�\RXU�¿QJHUV�SLQFKHG�EHWZHHQ�WKLV�NLQG�RI�PDJQHW�DQG�RWKHU�magnetic material.
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x� 2SHQ� DIWHU� XVH� WKH� VZLWFK� IRU� WKH� FXUUHQW�FDUU\LQJ� FRQGXFWRUV��HOHFWURPDJQHWLF�QDLO�DQG�WKH�FXUUHQW�FDUU\LQJ�FRLO�
Procedure:
PART A. Watch their domains!
1. 8VH�DQ�LPSURYLVHG�PDJQHWLF�ERDUG�DQG�D�SDLU�RI�ODWFK�RU�UHIULJHUDWRU�PDJQHWV�VLPLODU�WR�WKRVH�VKRZQ�EHORZ�WR�REVHUYH�PDJQHWLF�¿HOG�OLQHV���
Figure 9. 6DPSOH�ODWFK�PDJQHWV��FRPPRQO\�NQRZQ�DV�UHIULJHUDWRU�PDJQHWV��DQG�D�PDJQHWLF�ERDUG�IURP�WKH�SXEOLF�VFLHQFH�HTXLSPHQW�SDFNDJH��7RJHWKHU��ZKHQ�XVHG��ZLOO�PDNH�WKH�PDJQHWLF�¿HOG�VXUURXQGLQJ�WKH�ODWFK�PDJQHWV�YLVLEOH��7KH�LURQ�¿OLQJV�VXVSHQGHG�LQ�WKH�OLTXLG�LQVLGH�WKH�
PDJQHWLF�ERDUG�DOLJQ�DORQJ�WKH�PDJQHWLF�¿HOG�OLQHV�
��� �/D\�HDFK� ODWFK�PDJQHW�XQGHU� WKH�PDJQHWLF�ERDUG�� �7DS�JHQWO\� WKH�ERDUG�XQWLO�D�FOHDU�SDWWHUQ�LV�IRUPHG�E\�WKH�LURQ�¿OLQJV���2Q�\RXU�VFLHQFH�QRWHERRN��GUDZ�WKH�SDWWHUQ�PDGH�E\�WKH�LURQ�¿OLQJV�RQ�D�WDEOH��VLPLODU�WR�7DEOH����1RWH�WKH�RULHQWDWLRQV�RI�WKH�PDJQHWLF�¿HOG�SDWWHUQ�IRU�HDFK�ODWFK�PDJQHW���/DEHO�LI�QHHGHG��
��� �3ODFH�RQH�PDJQHW�RQ�WRS�RI� WKH�RWKHU��0DNH�VXUH�WKDW�WKH\�DUH�DUUDQJHG�SHUSHQGLFXODUO\�ZLWK�HDFK�RWKHU��+ROG�WKH�PDJQHW�RQ�WRS�DV�VKRZQ�LQ�7DEOH���EHORZ��¿UVW�URZ���6ORZO\�DQG�JHQWO\�SXOO�WKH�PDJQHW��WRZDUGV�\RX��DV�VKRZQ�
4. 2EVHUYH�ZKDW�KDSSHQV���5HFRUG�\RXU�REVHUYDWLRQV�RQ�D�WDEOH�VLPLODU�WR� Table 6.
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Table 6 Interaction of a pair of latch magnets when dragged at different orientations
START OF THE TILTED PULL
END OF THE TILTED PULL
OBSERVATIONS
A./LJKWO\�GUDJ�WKH�WRS� ODWFK�PDJQHW�SHUSHQGLFXODUO\�across the other as shown below. Use the sides with no sticker.
)RU�SHUSHQGLFXODU�RULHQWDWLRQ�
%./LJKWO\�GUDJ�WKH�WRS�ODWFK�PDJQHW��LQ�SDUDOOHO��RYHU�the other as shown. Use the sides with no sticker.
)RU�SDUDOOHO�RULHQWDWLRQ�
&./LJKWO\� GUDJ� WKH� WRS� ODWFK�PDJQHW� REOLTXHO\� RYHU�WKH�RWKHU��DQG�DW�DQ�DQJOH� WR� WKH�KRUL]RQWDO��7KH�µQR�VWLFNHU¶�VLGHV�VKRXOG�IDFH�HDFK�RWKHU�
)RU�REOLTXH�RULHQWDWLRQ�
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Guide Questions:� 4����:KDW�KDYH�\RX�QRWLFHG�ZKHQ�\RX�SXOOHG�WKH�PDJQHW�RQ�WRS� ����������SHUSHQGLFXODUO\�DFURVV�WKH�RWKHU"�:KDW�GRHV�WKLV�WHOO�\RX�DERXW�WKH� ���������PDJQHWLF�¿HOG�DURXQG�WKH�ODWFK�PDJQHW"
� 4����+RZ�GR�\RX�UHODWH�WKH�ÀDSSLQJ�LQWHUDFWLRQV�RI�WKH�ODWFK�PDJQHWV��DW�������������������GLIIHUHQW�RULHQWDWLRQV��WR�WKHLU�PDJQHWLF�GRPDLQV"�
Ideas for Research: 7KH�KLGGHQ�VWUXFWXUH�RI�D�UHIULJHUDWRU�PDJQHW�FDQ�VHUYH�DV�D�PRGHO�IRU�KRZ�D�VFDQQLQJ�SUREH�PLFURVFRSH��630��ZRUNV���7KLV�WRRO�KDV�D�VXSHU�VKDUS�WLS�WKDW�LV�RQO\�RQH�DWRP�WKLFN��DOORZLQJ�QDQRVFLHQWLVWV�WR�SUREH�DFURVV�D�QDQRVFDOH�VXUIDFH���$�QDQRPHWHU�LV�D�ELOOLRQWK�RI�D�PHWHU�����:KDW�QHZ�UHFRUGLQJ�PDWHULDOV�GLG�VFLHQWLVWV�SUREH��VWXG\��PDQLSXODWH��DQG�FRQWURO�XVLQJ�QDQRWHFKQRORJ\"
PART B. Within the lines…
��� � 3ODFH� WKH� GLIIHUHQW� PDJQHWV� DQG� HOHFWURPDJQHWV� XQGHU� WKH� LPSURYLVHG�PDJQHWLF�ERDUG�RQH�DW�D� WLPH��(DFK� WLPH��JHQWO\� WDS� WKH�PDJQHWLF�ERDUG�XQWLO�D�FOHDU�SDWWHUQ�LV�IRUPHG��2Q�\RXU�VFLHQFH�QRWHERRN��GUDZ�WKH�SDWWHUQ�PDGH�E\�WKH�LURQ�¿OLQJV�RQ�D�WDEOH�VLPLODU�WR�7DEOH����
Table 7. Magnets and Current-carrying Conductors
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%HWZHHQ�1RUWK�±�1RUWK�3ROHV�RI�7ZR�%DU�0DJQHWV
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6LQJOH�%DU�0DJQHW
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,URQ�QDLO�ZUDSSHG�ZLWK�FXUUHQW�FDUU\LQJ�ZLUH
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6WUDLJKW�&XUUHQW�FDUU\LQJ�:LUH
- +
&XUUHQW�FDUU\LQJ�&RLO
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Guide Questions:� 4��� &RPSDUH�WKH�PDJQHWLF�¿HOG�SDWWHUQV�GUDZQ�LQ�7DEOH����:KDW�VLPLODULWLHV� ����������GLIIHUHQFHV�KDYH�\RX�VHHQ�DPRQJ�WKHP"
Q24. :KDW�GR�WKH�PDJQHWLF�¿HOG�SDWWHUQV��VKRZQ�RQ�WKH�PDJQHWLF�ERDUG��������������������LQGLFDWH�DERXW�WKH�VWUHQJWK�RI�WKH�PDJQHWV"�
� 4����:KDW�GR�WKH�PDJQHWLF�¿HOG�SDWWHUQV�LQGLFDWH�DERXW�WKH�IRUFHV�RI� ���������LQWHUDFWLRQ�EHWZHHQ�PDJQHWV"
� 4����+RZ�ZLOO�\RX�XVH�WKH�EXWWRQ�FRPSDVVHV�WR�GHVFULEH�GHWHUPLQH�WKH� ���������IRUFHV�RI�LQWHUDFWLRQ�EHWZHHQ�PDJQHWLF�SROHV"��
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Activity 6Electric Field Simulation
(OHFWULF�)LHOGV��)RUFHV��DQG�)RUPV��(��)V�
Objectives:x� 3UHGLFW�WKH�HOHFWULF�¿HOG�GLUHFWLRQV�DQG�SDWWHUQV�LQ�GLIIHUHQW�ORFDWLRQV�
VXUURXQGLQJ�FKDUJHV�DQG�FRPELQDWLRQV�RI�LW���x� 5HODWH� HOHFWULF� ¿HOG� VWUHQJWK� E� WR� GLVWDQFH� TXDQWLWDWLYHO\� DQG�
TXDOLWDWLYHO\�
Materials:• 7DEOH����(OHFWULF�)LHOGV��)RUFHV��DQG�)RUPV��(��)V�• Science notebook and pen• 3&�XQLW�DQG�DFFHVVRULHV�LQVWDOOHG�ZLWK�3K(7�,QWHUDFWLYH�6LPXODWLRQ�
�IRU�DQ�DFWXDO�RIÀLQH�RU�RQOLQH�DFWLYLW\��
Procedure:
1. 6WXG\� WKH� OHWWHU�FRGHG� LPDJHV� RI� FKDUJHV� DQG� HOHFWULF� ¿HOGV� LQ� 7DEOH� ����(DFK�LPDJH�ZLOO�KHOS�\RX�H[SORUH�WKH�3K(7�JHQHUDWHG�HOHFWULF�¿HOG�SDWWHUQV��HOHFWULF�¿HOG�GLUHFWLRQV��DQG�HOHFWULF�¿HOG�VWUHQJWKV�
����0DWFK�WKHVH�LPDJHV�WR�WKH�QXPEHUHG�GHVFULSWLRQV�VKRZQ�RQ�WKH�XSSHU�OHIW�RI�7DEOH�����8VLQJ�WKH�QXPEHU�DQG�OHWWHU�FRGHV��ZULWH�\RXU�DQVZHUV�RQ�\RXU�science notebook.
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Table 8. Electric Fields, Forces, and Forms (E-3Fs)
Electric Charges and Field Descriptions0DWFK� WKH� HOHFWULF� FKDUJHV�DQG�¿HOG�GHVFULSWLRQV�ZLWK�WKH�LPDJHV�VKRZQ�EHORZ�IURP�WKH�3K(7� VLPXODWLRQV� RQ� (OHFWULF�&KDUJHV� DQG� )LHOGV�� :ULWH�\RXU� DQVZHUV� XVLQJ� WKH�number and letter codes on \RXU�VFLHQFH�QRWHERRN�
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x� 1H[W� FOLFN� ³SOD\�ZLWK�6LPV�´� WKHQ� ³3K\VLFV�´� WKHQ� ³(OHFWULFLW\��0DJQHWV�DQG�&LUFXLWV�´��7KHQ�FKRRVH�WKH�³&KDUJHV�DQG�)LHOGV´�VLPXODWLRQ���&OLFN�³5XQ�QRZ´�WR�VWDUW�WKH�VLPXODWLRQ�
x� 2QFH�WKH�VLPXODWLRQ�RSHQV��SOD\�ZLWK� WKH�FRQWUROV�RI� WKH�VLPXODWLRQ� WR�navigate.
7KH�8QLYHUVLW\�RI�&RORUDGR�VKDUHV�IRU�SXEOLF�XVH�DQ�RQOLQH�DQG�RIÀLQH�YHUVLRQ� RI� ³7KH� 3K(7� ,QWHUDFWLYH� 6LPXODWLRQV� 3URMHFW´� XQGHU� WKH� &UHDWLYH�&RPPRQV�$WWULEXWLRQ� ���� OLFHQVH� DQG� WKH�&UHDWLYH�&RPPRQV�*18�*HQHUDO�3XEOLF�/LFHQVH�DW�KWWS���SKHW�FRORUDGR�HGX.
Activity 7Magnetic Field Simulation
0DJQHWLF�)LHOGV��)RUFHV��DQG�)RUPV��0��)V�
Objectives:x� 3UHGLFW�WKH�PDJQHWLF�¿HOG�GLUHFWLRQV�DQG�SDWWHUQV�LQ�GLIIHUHQW�ORFDWLRQV�
DURXQG�WKH�HDUWK��D�EDU�PDJQHW�DQG�FRPELQDWLRQV�RI�PDJQHWV���x� 5HODWH� PDJQHWLF� ¿HOG� VWUHQJWK� WR� GLVWDQFH� TXDQWLWDWLYHO\� DQG�
TXDOLWDWLYHO\��
Materials:• 7DEOH���0DJQHWLF�)LHOGV��)RUFHV�DQG�)RUPV��0��)V�• Science notebook and pen• 3&�XQLW� DQG�DFFHVVRULHV� LQVWDOOHG�ZLWK�3K\VOHW�3K\VLFV�DQG�3K(7�
,QWHUDFWLYH�6LPXODWLRQ��IRU�DQ�DFWXDO�RIÀLQH�RU�RQOLQH�DFWLYLW\��
Procedure: ��� 6WXG\� WKH� QXPEHU�FRGHG� LPDJHV� RI� PDJQHWV�� FRPSDVVHV� DQG� PDJQHWLF�
¿HOGV�LQ�7DEOH�����(DFK�LPDJH�ZLOO�KHOS�\RX�H[SORUH�WKH� 3K\VOHW�3K\VLFV�DQG�3K(7�JHQHUDWHG� PDJQHWLF� ¿HOG� SDWWHUQV�� PDJQHWLF� ¿HOG� OLQHV� GLUHFWLRQV��DQG�PDJQHWLF�¿HOG�VWUHQJWKV�
���0DWFK�WKHVH�LPDJHV�WR�WKH�OHWWHU�FRGHG�GHVFULSWLRQV�VKRZQ�RQ�WKH�XSSHU�OHIW�RI�7DEOH�����8VLQJ�WKH�QXPEHU�DQG�OHWWHU�FRGHV��ZULWH�\RXU�DQVZHUV�RQ�\RXU�science notebook.
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Table 9. Magnetic Fields, Forces, and Forms
Magnets and Magnetic Field Descriptions0DWFK� WKH� PDJQHWV� DQG�PDJQHWLF� ¿HOG� GHVFULSWLRQV�with the images shown below IURP�WKH 3K(7��0DJQHWV�DQG�&RPSDVV�� DQG� WKH� 3K\VOHW�3K\VLFV� VLPXODWLRQV�� � :ULWH�\RXU� DQVZHUV� XVLQJ� WKH�number and letter codes on \RXU�VFLHQFH�QRWHERRN�
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2
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EURZVHU���)RU�RIÀLQH�YHUVLRQ��FOLFN�WKH�3K(7�LFRQ�WR�RSHQ�WKH�LQVWDOOHG�program.
x� 1H[W� FOLFN� ³SOD\�ZLWK�6LPV�´� WKHQ� ³3K\VLFV�´� WKHQ� ³(OHFWULFLW\��0DJQHWV�DQG�&LUFXLWV�´� �7KHQ� FKRRVH� WKH� ³0DJQHWV� DQG�&RPSDVV´� VLPXODWLRQ���&OLFN�³5XQ�QRZ´�WR�VWDUW�WKH�VLPXODWLRQ�
x� 2QFH� WKH� VLPXODWLRQ� RSHQV�� SOD\�ZLWK� WKH� FRQWUROV� WR� JHW� XVHG� WR� WKH�VLPXODWLRQ�� �<RX� FDQ�PRYH� WKH� FRPSDVV� DQG� WKH� EDU�PDJQHW� DURXQG�RQ� WKH� SOD\LQJ� ¿HOG� DQG� WKHQ� DGG� WKH� HDUWK��+RZ�GRHV� WKH�PDJQHWLF�¿HOG� OLQHV� FKDQJH� LQVLGH� DQG� RXWVLGH� RI� WKH�PDJQHW� DV� \RX� YDU\� WKH�PDJQHW¶V�VWUHQJWK"��<RX�FDQ�DOVR�XVH�WKH�¿HOG�PHWHU�WR�TXDOLWDWLYHO\�DQG�TXDQWLWDWLYHO\�FRPSDUH�PDJQHWLF�¿HOG�FKDQJHV�
Sum it Up Challenge!
2Q�\RXU�VFLHQFH�QRWHERRN��PDNH�DQ\�JUDSKLF�RUJDQL]HU�WKDW�ZLOO�FRPSDUH�DQG�FRQWUDVW�WKH�FRQFHSWV�\RX�OHDUQHG�DERXW�
x� 7KH�HOHFWULF�¿HOG�DQG�PDJQHWLF�¿HOG�SDWWHUQV��GLUHFWLRQV�DQG�VWUHQJWKV��x� 7KH�HOHFWULF�DQG�PDJQHWLF�IRUFHV�DFWLQJ�ZLWKLQ�WKH�HOHFWULF�DQG�PDJQHWLF�¿HOGV�
7KH�SXUSRVH�RI�WKH�QH[W�VHW�RI�DFWLYLWLHV�LV�WR�LQWURGXFH�FXUUHQW�LQWR�D�ZLUH�FRQGXFWRU�DQG�REVHUYH�WKH�UHVSRQVH�RI�WKH�FRPSDVV�QHHGOH�DW�VRPH�ORFDWLRQV�around the wire.
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Activity 8
Magnetic Field Around Current-carrying Conductors
�$GDSWHG�IURP�WKH�'HS(G�167,&�$FWLYLW\�RQ�0DJQHWLF�)LHOGV�DQG�(OHFWULF�&XUUHQWV�
Objectives:x� 8VLQJ�D�FRPSDVV��H[SORUH�WKH�PDJQHWLF�¿HOG�DURXQG�FXUUHQW�FDUU\LQJ�
conductors.x� 8VH� WKH� FRPSDVV� WR� GHWHUPLQH� WKH� GLUHFWLRQ� RI� WKH�PDJQHWLF� ¿HOG�
UHODWLYH�WR�WKH�GLUHFWLRQ�RI�FXUUHQW�WKURXJK�D��D�VWUDLJKW�FXUUHQW�FDUU\LQJ�FRQGXFWRU��DQGE��D�FXUUHQW�FDUU\LQJ�FRLO�
Materials:• ��ZRRGHQ�EORFNV�ZLWK�KROHV • 1 button magnetic compass
• 14 gauge insulated copper ZLUH��������FP
• ��RU���FRQQHFWLQJ�ZLUHV
• �� $$� GU\� FHOO� KROGHUV� �LQ�VHULHV�
• ��IXVH�KROGHU�ZLWK�IXVH
• science notebook and pen • ��NQLIH�VZLWFK• 5 cm2 used rubber mat • cutter
• ����PHWHU� KRRN� ZLUH� ������VWUDQGHG�
• tape
• ��FP� RU� ��FP� GLDPHWHU�magnetic compass
Safety Precautions:x� 2SHQ�WKH�VZLWFK�DIWHU�REVHUYDWLRQ�WR�FRQVHUYH�HQHUJ\��%DWWHULHV�
DQG�ZLUHV�PD\�EHFRPH�KRW�LI�FXUUHQW�ÀRZV�IRU�YHU\�ORQJ���
111
Experiment Setup A:
Procedure:
PART A. Magnetic Field around a Straight Conductor
����&RQVWUXFW�WKH�FLUFXLW�LQ�6HWXS�$�DV�VKRZQ�DERYH���0DNH�VXUH�WKH�VZLWFK�LV�RSHQ�DW�WKH�VWDUW���7KH�ZLUH�VKRXOG�SDVV�YHUWLFDOO\�DW�OHDVW����FP�EHORZ�WKH�wooden block.
�����2Q�WKH�ZRRGHQ�EORFN��SRVLWLRQ�WKH�PDJQHWLF�FRPSDVV�ULJKW�QH[W�WR�WKH�YHUWLFDO�ZLUH�LQ�IRXU�HTXLGLVWDQW�ORFDWLRQV�UHODWLYH�WR�WKH�QRUWK�VRXWK�DOLJQPHQW���)RU�DOO� IRXU� ORFDWLRQV�� URWDWH� WKH� FRPSDVV� XQWLO� LWV� QRUWK� D[LV� DOLJQV� ZLWK� WKH�FRPSDVV�QHHGOH�SRLQWHU���7KH�FRPSDVV�VKRZQ�LQ�WKH�VHWXS�LV�D�VDPSOH�¿UVW�location.
����&ORVH�WKH�VZLWFK�ORQJ�HQRXJK�IRU�PDNLQJ�REVHUYDWLRQV���
��� 2EVHUYH�DQG�GUDZ� WKH�GHÀHFWLRQ� �GLUHFWLRQ�DQG� URWDWLRQ�� RI� WKH� FRPSDVV�QHHGOH¶V�QRUWK�SROH���
����2SHQ�WKH�VZLWFK�ZKHQ�\RX�DUH�GRQH�ZLWK�\RXU�REVHUYDWLRQV�
����0RYH�WKH�FRPSDVV�WR�WKH�QH[W�ORFDWLRQV�WR�PDS�WKH�PDJQHWLF�¿HOG���'R�VWHSV���WR���IRU�HDFK�RI�WKH�UHPDLQLQJ�FKRVHQ�ORFDWLRQV�
����'UDZ�D�VKRUW�DUURZ�WR�LQGLFDWH�WKH�FRPSDVV�QHHGOH¶V�GLUHFWLRQ�DQG�URWDWLRQ�LQ�HDFK�RI�WKH�IRXU�ORFDWLRQV��
����5HYHUVH�WKH�SRODULW\�RI�\RXU�SRZHU�VXSSO\�DQG�GR�VWHSV���WR���
112
Guide Questions:� 4����)URP�D�WRS�YLHZ�SHUVSHFWLYH��LQ�ZKDW�GLUHFWLRQ�GRHV�WKH�QRUWK�SROH��������������������RI�WKH�FRPSDVV�QHHGOH�SRLQW�WR�ZKHQ�WKH�FRPSDVV�ZDV�SRVLWLRQHG�������������������DURXQG�WKH�YHUWLFDO�FXUUHQW�FDUU\LQJ�VWUDLJKW�FRQGXFWRU"
� 4����)URP�D�WRS�YLHZ�SHUVSHFWLYH�DQG�ZLWK�WKH�FXUUHQW¶V�SRODULW\��������������������UHYHUVHG��LQ�ZKDW�GLUHFWLRQ�GRHV�WKH�QRUWK�SROH�RI�WKH�FRPSDVV needle point to when the compass was positioned around the��������������������YHUWLFDO�FXUUHQW�FDUU\LQJ�VWUDLJKW�FRQGXFWRU"
PART B. Magnetic Field around a Coil of Conductor
�����3UHSDUH�D�FRPSDVV�KROGHU�IRU�WKH�ODUJHU�PDJQHWLF�FRPSDVV�XVLQJ�D�VTXDUHG�UXEEHU�PDW�VLPLODU�WR�ZKDW�LV�VKRZQ�LQ�)LJXUH�����7UDFH�WKH�SHULPHWHU�RI�D�����FP�ZLGH�PDJQHWLF�FRPSDVV�RQ�D�XVHG�UXEEHU�PDW���6DIHO\�FXW�D�KROH�RQ�WKH�PDW�WKDW�LV�ELJ�HQRXJK�IRU�WKH�FRPSDVV�WR�¿W�LQWR��,QVHUW�WKH�FRPSDVV�LQWR�WKH�KROH�ZLWK�WKH�QRUWK�VRXWK�DOLJQPHQW�SDUDOOHO�WR�DQ\�VLGH���
Figure 10. &RLO�RI�ZLUH�DURXQG�D�FRPSDVV�¿WWHG�LQWR�D�XVHG�UXEEHU�PDW
��� 6WULS� WKH� HQGV� RI� D� ����PHWHU� ORQJ�PDJQHWLF� KRRN� ZLUH� ����� JDXJH� DQG�VWUDQGHG�� DQG� ZLQG� WKLV� DURXQG� WKH� FRPSDVV� RQ� LWV� KROGHU�� � )RU� HDVLHU�REVHUYDWLRQV��ORRS�WKH�ZLUH�SDUDOOHO�DORQJ�WKH�QRUWK�VRXWK�D[LV�DOWKRXJK�WKH�ORRSV�FDQ�DOVR�EH�RULHQWHG�SHUSHQGLFXODUO\�� �6ORZO\�URWDWH�WKH�UXEEHU�PDW�until the needle points north.
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Experiment Setup B:
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Guide Questions:� 4����:LWK�FRQYHQWLRQDO�FXUUHQW�ÀRZLQJ�FRXQWHUFORFNZLVH��IURP�D�WRS���������������������YLHZ�SHUVSHFWLYH��LQ�ZKDW�GLUHFWLRQ�GRHV�WKH�QRUWK�SROH�RI�WKH��������������������FRPSDVV�QHHGOH��DW�WKH�FHQWHU�RI�WKH�FXUUHQW�FDUU\LQJ�FRLO�RI�ZLUH���������������������SRLQW"
� 4����:LWK�FRQYHQWLRQDO�FXUUHQW�ÀRZLQJ�FORFNZLVH��IURP�D�WRS�YLHZ��������������������SHUVSHFWLYH��LQ�ZKDW�GLUHFWLRQ�GRHV�WKH�QRUWK�SROH�RI�WKH�FRPSDVV������������������������QHHGOH��DW�WKH�FHQWHU�RI�WKH�FXUUHQW�FDUU\LQJ�FRLO�RI�ZLUH��SRLQW�ZKHQ��������������������WKH�FXUUHQW¶V�SRODULW\�ZDV�UHYHUVHG"
� 4����+RZ�ZLOO�\RX�FRPSDUH�WKH�PDJQLWXGH�RI�WKH�FRPSDVV�QHHGOH�����������������������GHÀHFWLRQV�IRU�WKH�GLIIHUHQW�QXPEHU�RI�ORRSV�LQ�WKH�FXUUHQW�FDUU\LQJ��������������������FRLO"
114
� 4����,I�\RX�ZLOO�VWUDLJKWHQ�WKH�VKRUWHQHG�FRLO�RI�ZLUH��KRZ�ZLOO�\RX�������������������FRPSDUH�WKH�PDJQLWXGH�RI�WKH�FRPSDVV�QHHGOH�GHÀHFWLRQ�DW�WKH�������������������FHQWHU�RI�WKH�SUHYLRXV�FXUUHQW�FDUU\LQJ�FRLO��WR�WKH�FRPSDVV�QHHGOH�������������������GHÀHFWLRQ�QHDU�WKH�MXVW�VWUDLJKWHQHG�FXUUHQW�FDUU\LQJ�FRQGXFWRU"��������������������:K\"
����([WHQGLQJ�,QTXLU\�±��$�VROHQRLG��D�FRLO�RI�ZLUH�LQ�ZKLFK�WKH�OHQJWK�LV�JUHDWHU�WKDQ� WKH� ZLGWK�� ZDV� PDGH� XVLQJ� D� ��PHWHU� ORQJ� PDJQHWLF� ZLUH� ZRXQG�FORFNZLVH�IURP�OHIW�WR�ULJKW�DURXQG�WKH�LURQ�URG��&XUUHQW�ZDV�WKHQ�PDGH�WR�ÀRZ�WKURXJK�LW�XVLQJ�D�FLUFXLW�VLPLODU�WR�ZKDW�LV�VKRZQ�WR�)LJXUH����D���
� 4����:KDW�ZRXOG�EH�WKH�GLUHFWLRQ�RI�WKH�PDJQHWLF�¿HOG�DURXQG�WKH�������������������FXUUHQW�FDUU\LQJ�VROHQRLG�ZKHQ�WKH�VZLWFK�LV�FORVHG"��
� 4��� Using arrows, draw the magnetic compass needle directions at��������������������WKH�LQGLFDWHG�ORFDWLRQV�LQ�)LJXUH���E���7KHQ�LQGLFDWH�ZKLFK�HQGV�RI�������������������WKH�VROHQRLG�DFWV�VLPLODU�WR�WKH�QRUWK�DQG�VRXWK�SROHV�RI�D�EDU magnet.
Figure 11. &KHFNLQJ�WKH�0DJQHWLF�)LHOG�DURXQG�D�&XUUHQW�FDUU\LQJ�6ROHQRLG
FORCE ON A CURRENT-CARRYING WIRE IN A MAGNETIC FIELD
$�QRQ�PDJQHWLF�FXUUHQW�FDUU\LQJ�ZLUH�ZLWKLQ�D�VWURQJ�PDJQHWLF�¿HOG��OLNH�FRSSHU�IRU�LQVWDQFH��ZLOO�H[SHULHQFH�D�PDJQHWLF�IRUFH�DV�LQGLFDWHG�E\�WKH�ZLUH¶V�PRYHPHQW�UHODWLYH�WR�WKH�PDJQHWLF�¿HOG���7KLV�WXUQLQJ�HIIHFW�RQ�a coil is used in ammeters and motors that use permanent magnets and electromagnets.
'R�WKH�QH[W�DFWLYLW\�DQG�WU\�WR�XQGHUVWDQG�WKH�LQWHUDFWLRQ�EHWZHHQ�WKH�PDJQHWLF�¿HOG�RI�WKH�SHUPDQHQW�PDJQHW�DQG�WKH�PDJQHWLF�¿HOG�GXH�WR�WKH�current in the conductor.
115
Activity 9
Making Your Own Electric Motor$GDSWHG�IURP�KWWS���ZZZ�LQVWUXFWDEOHV�FRP�LG�+RZ�WR�0DNH�D�+RPRSRODU
Objectives:• %XLOG�D�VLPSOH�HOHFWULF�PRWRU�• ([SODLQ�WKH�RSHUDWLRQ�RI�D�VLPSOH�HOHFWULF�PRWRU�
Materials:• ��$$�EDWWHU\• ��1HRG\PLXP�PDJQHWV�����´�±����´• pliers or long nose• $:*�����±����VROLG�DQG�EDUH�FRSSHU�ZLUH��a���FP�• science notebook and pen
Figure 12. �0DWHULDOV�IRU�PDNLQJ�DQ�HOHFWULF�PRWRU�
Safety Precautions: x� 7KH�QHRG\PLXP�PDJQHW�LV�PDQ\�WLPHV�VWURQJHU�WKDQ�WKH�RUGLQDU\�GLVN�
PDJQHW�WKDW�FDQ�KROG�SDSHUV�RQ�UHIULJHUDWRU�GRRUV���%H�FDUHIXO�QRW�WR�JHW�\RXU�¿QJHUV�SLQFKHG�EHWZHHQ�WKHVH�PDJQHWV�DQG�RWKHU�PDJQHWLF�materials.
x� :LUHV�FDQ�JHW�KRW�ZKHQ�FRQQHFWHG�WR�WKH�EDWWHU\�IRU�D�ORQJ�WLPH��2SHQ�WKH�FLUFXLW�RQFH�\RX�DUH�GRQH�ZLWK�\RXU�REVHUYDWLRQV�
Procedure:����$VVHPEO\�RI�WKH�(OHFWULF�0RWRU�0RGHO�±�&XW�WKH�OHQJWK�RI�FRSSHU�ZLUH�LQWR�
WKUHH�SLHFHV���:LWK�WKH�XVH�RI�WKH�SOLHUV��VKDSH�WKH�WKUHH�ZLUHV�LQWR�D�VSLUDO��VTXDUH��KHDUW�RU�DQ\�¿JXUH�WR�\RXU�OLNLQJ�VLPLODU�WR�ZKDW�LV�VKRZQ�LQ�)LJXUH����
116
KWWS���LGHDV�LQVSLUH�FRP�VLPSOH�HOHFWULF�PRWRU�Figure 13. $�VDPSOH�HOHFWULF�PRWRU�PRGHO�XVLQJ�QHRG\PLXP�PDJQHWV�
����0DNH�D�VDPSOH�SLOH�RI�WKH�WKUHH�QHRG\PLXP�PDJQHWV��WKH�EDWWHU\�DQG�WKH�VKDSHG�FRSSHU�ZLUH���0DNH�DGMXVWPHQWV�WR�WKH�OHQJWK�DQG�ZLGWK�RI�WKH�VKDSHG�wire. See to it that there is a bare connection between the wire ends and WKH�QHRG\PLXP�PDJQHW�DQG�DOVR�EHWZHHQ�WKH�SLYRW�SDUW��EDODQFLQJ�SRLQW��RI�WKH�ZLUH�DQG�WKH�SRVLWLYH�WHUPLQDO�RI�WKH�EDWWHU\���6FUDSH�RU�VDQG�RII�WKH�material insulating the wire at these indicated points. Disassemble the set XS�ZKHQ�PDNLQJ�WKH�QHHGHG�VKDSH�DGMXVWPHQWV�DQG�VDQGLQJ�RI�WKH�FRSSHU�wire.
����7HVWLQJ�RI�0RGHO�±�&DUHIXOO\�SLOH�ZLWK�WKH�WKUHH�QHRG\PLXP�PDJQHWV�DQG�WKH�EDWWHU\�RQ�D�OHYHO�VXUIDFH���0RXQW�WKH�VKDSHG�ZLUH��ZLWK�LWV�SLYRW�SDUW�DV�D�URWDWLQJ�SRLQW��RYHU�WKH�SRVLWLYH�WHUPLQDO�RI�WKH�EDWWHU\���&KHFN�WKDW�WKH�ERWWRP�HQGV�RI�WKH�ZLUH�FXUO�ORRVHO\�DURXQG�WKH�PDJQHWV�IRUPLQJ�D�FORVHG�FLUFXLW���<RX�QRZ�KDYH�D�VLPSOH�'&�HOHFWULF�PRWRU�PRGHO�WKDW�ZH�ZLOO�VLPSO\�FDOO�D�'&�PRWRU�PRGHO���*LYH�WKH�FXUUHQW�FDUU\LQJ�VKDSHG�ZLUH�D�JHQWOH�VSLQ���
�����2EVHUYH�DQG�UHFRUG�ZKDW�KDSSHQV�WR�WKH�VKDSHG�ZLUH���Warning! Disconnect WKH�'&�PRWRU�PRGHO�LPPHGLDWHO\�DIWHU�PDNLQJ�REVHUYDWLRQV����
��� ,I� \RXU� '&� PRWRU� GRHV� QRW� ZRUN�� VWUHWFK� \RXU� WROHUDQFH�� DELOLWLHV�� DQG�NQRZOHGJH���+DYH�IXQ�PDNLQJ�\RXU�PRWRU�PRGHO�GHPRQVWUDWH�WKH�HIIHFW�RI�DQ�HOHFWURPDJQHWLF�IRUFH�RQ�D�FRQGXFWRU�WKDW�LV�ZLWKLQ�D�PDJQHWLF�¿HOG�����
Guide Questions:� 4�����:KDW�KDSSHQV�WR�WKH�VKDSHG�ZLUH�RQFH�SRVLWLRQHG�RYHU�WKH��������������������EDWWHU\¶V�SRVLWLYH�WHUPLQDO�DQG�ZLWK�ERWK�ZLUH�HQGV�FXUOHG�ORRVHO\��������������������WRXFKLQJ�WKH�PDJQHWV"�
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117
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ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
1RZ�WKH�EDVLF�SDUWV�RI�D�'&�PRWRU�FDQ�DOVR�EH�DVVHPEOHG�WR�RSHUDWH�DV�D�'&�JHQHUDWRU���:KDW�ZRXOG�KDSSHQ�LI�LQVWHDG�RI�FDXVLQJ�D�FXUUHQW�FDUU\LQJ�FRQGXFWRU� WR� PRYH� ZLWKLQ� D� PDJQHWLF� ¿HOG�� WKH� FORVHG� FLUFXLW� FRQGXFWRU� LV�PHFKDQLFDOO\�PRYHG�ZLWKLQ�D�PDJQHWLF�¿HOG"�
7KH�QH[W�DFWLYLW\�ZLOO�HQDEOH�\RX�WR�H[SORUH�DQG�DSSUHFLDWH�WKH�(DUWK¶V�PDJQHWLF�¿HOG�DQG�LWV�HIIHFW�RQ�D�PRYLQJ�JLDQW�FRLO���-XPS�LQ�IRU�D�VLPSOH�\HW�HOHFWULI\LQJ�H[SHULHQFH�
Activity 10LET’S JUMP IN!
�$GDSWHG�IURP�FVH�VVO�EHUNHOH\�HGX�����OHVVRQV����HOHFWURPDJQHWLVP�PDJBHOHFWURPDJ�SGI˪�
Objectives:• 2EVHUYH�WKH�GHÀHFWLRQ�RI�D�JDOYDQRPHWHU�QHHGOH�ZKHQ�DQ�HOHFWULFDO�
FRUG�FURVVHV�WKH�(DUWK¶V�PDJQHWLF�¿HOG�• 0HDVXUH� DQG� UHFRUG� WKH� PDJQLWXGH� RI� WKH� GHÀHFWLRQ� RI� WKH�
JDOYDQRPHWHU�QHHGOH�ZKHQ�WKH�HOHFWULFDO�FRUG�LV�URWDWHG�� D��VORZO\�� � F��ZKHQ�DOLJQHG�HDVW�WR�ZHVW��DQG�� E��TXLFNO\�� � G��ZKHQ�DOLJQHG�QRUWK�WR�VRXWK�
• ([SODLQ�WKH�RSHUDWLRQ�RI�D�VLPSOH�HOHFWULF�JHQHUDWRU�
Materials:• ���WR����PHWHUV�ÀDW�ZLUH��GRXEOH�ZLUH��VWUDQGHG��$:*����• two lead wires with alligator clip on at least one end• OHYHO�¿HOG�RU�JURXQG��DW�OHDVW���PHWHUV�[���PHWHUV�• PLFUR�DPPHWHU�RU�JDOYDQRPHWHU• pliers or long nose• one compass• science notebook and pen
118
Safety Precautions:x� $�JDOYDQRPHWHU�LV�D�YHU\�ORZ�UHVLVWDQFH�LQVWUXPHQW�XVHG�WR�PHDVXUH�
YHU\�VPDOO�FXUUHQWV�LQ�PLFURDPSHUHV���,W�PXVW�EH�FRQQHFWHG�LQ�VHULHV�in a circuit. Use the galvanometer with care and without dropping it.
x� -XPS�LQ�VDIHO\�DQG�REVHUYH�WDNLQJ�WXUQV�
Procedure:����6WULS�RII�DW�OHDVW��´�LQVXODWLRQ�RQ�DOO�HQGV�RI�WKH����PHWHU�ÀDW�ZLUH��/RRS�WKH�
VWUDQGHG�ZLUHV�WRJHWKHU�IRU�HDFK�HQG��&RQQHFW�WKH�HQGV�RI�WKH�MXPS�ZLUH�WR�WKH�WHUPLQDOV�RI�WKH�JDOYDQRPHWHU�XVLQJ�WKH�FRQQHFWLQJ�ZLUHV�ZLWK�DOOLJDWRU�clips.
Figure 14. *HQHUDWLRQ�DQG�GHWHFWLRQ�RI�HOHFWULFLW\�XVLQJ�WKH�(DUWK¶V�PDJQHWLF�¿HOG�DQG�URWDWLQJ�ORRS�RI�FRQGXFWRU�FRQQHFWHG�LQ�VHULHV�WR�D�JDOYDQRPHWHU
����/D\�WKH�ORRS�RI�ZLUH�WRJHWKHU�ZLWK�WKH�JDOYDQRPHWHU�RQ�WKH�JURXQG���7KLV�ORQJ�ORRS�RI�FRUG�JDOYDQRPHWHU�DUUDQJHPHQW�ZLOO�VHUYH�DV�WKH�FORVHG�FLUFXLW�MXPS�URSH�HOHFWULF�JHQHUDWRU�� �7KH�JDOYDQRPHWHU�ZLOO�VHUYH�DV�GHWHFWRU�RI�WKH�HOHFWULF�FXUUHQW�WKDW�PD\�EH�JHQHUDWHG�GXH�WR�WKH�(DUWK¶V�PDJQHWLF�¿HOG�DQG�RWKHU�HVVHQWLDO�FRPSRQHQWV�IRU�HOHFWULFLW\�
�����$V�VKRZQ�LQ�)LJXUH�����KDYH�PHPEHUV�RI�\RXU�JURXS�VWDQG�RQ�WKH�MXPS�URSH��RQH�DW�WKH�IDU�HQG�DQG�WZR�QHDU�WKH�JDOYDQRPHWHU�WR�VHFXUH�WKH�FRQQHFWLRQV�DQG�GLUHFWLRQDO�PDUNV�IRU�WKH�FKRVHQ�URWDWLRQ�DOLJQPHQW���,I�SRVVLEOH�VHFXUH�WKH�FRQQHFWLRQV�DQG�DOLJQPHQW�DQRWKHU�ZD\��VR�HYHU\RQH�JHWV�WR�REVHUYH�WKH�JDOYDQRPHWHU�IUHHO\�DV�WKH�FRUG�LV�URWDWHG�GXULQJ�WKH�MXPSLQJ�DFWLYLW\���
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Figure 15. 7KH�JDOYDQRPHWHU�DQG�MXPS�ZLUH�HOHFWULF�JHQHUDWRU�VHW�XS�DORQJ�WKH�(DVW�:HVW��OHIW��
DQG�DORQJ�WKH�1RUWK�6RXWK��ULJKW��DOLJQPHQWV�
����7U\�DOVR�URWDWLQJ�ERWK�KDOI�OHQJWKV�RI�WKH�ORRS�WRJHWKHU�DQG�REVHUYH�DOVR�WKH�galvanometer reading.
Figure 16. The galvanometer and jump wire HOHFWULF�JHQHUDWRU�VHW�XS�DORQJ�WKH�1RUWKHDVW�
Southwest alignment
Figure 17.� ZKHQ� ERWK� KDOI�OHQJWKV� RI� WKH�loop are rotated together
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����'HVLJQ�DQG�ZULWH�\RXU�RZQ�JUDSKLF�RUJDQL]HU�IRU�\RXU�REVHUYDWLRQV�RQ�\RXU�science notebook.
Guide Questions:� 4�����:KDW�HIIHFW�GRHV�WKH�URWDWLQJ�SDUW�RI�WKH�ORRS�KDYH�RQ�WKH�QHHGOH�RI� ����������WKH�JDOYDQRPHWHU" � 4����:KDW�HIIHFW�GRHV�WKH�VSHHG�RI�WKH�URWDWLQJ�ORRS�KDYH�RQ�WKH��������������������JHQHUDWHG�HOHFWULF�FXUUHQW"
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Figure 18. '&�(OHFWULF�*HQHUDWRU
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121
Activity 11
PRINCIPLES OF ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION�$GDSWHG�IURP�WKH�'HS(G�167,&�$FWLYLW\�RQ�)DUDGD\¶V�,QGXFWLRQ�
Objectives:• 2EVHUYH� WKH� GHÀHFWLRQ� RI� D� JDOYDQRPHWHU� QHHGOH�ZKHQ� D�PDJQHW�
PRYHV�LQVLGH�D�FXUUHQW�FDUU\LQJ�FRLO�• ,GHQWLI\�DQG�H[SODLQ�WKH�IDFWRUV�WKDW�DIIHFW�WKH�LQGXFHG�FXUUHQW�WKURXJK�
a conductor.
Materials:• ����PHWHUV�KRRN�FRQQHFWLQJ�ZLUHV��DERXW����¿QH�VWUDQGV�DORQJ�WKH�
OHQJWK�RI�LQVXODWHG�PDJQHW�ZLUH�• tape measure• VL]H�'�GU\�FHOO�• VWLFN\�WDSH�DQG�SDLU�RI�VFLVVRUV• galvanometer• two wooden blocks• two wires with alligator clips• SDLU�RI�EDU�PDJQHWV�• science notebook and pen
Safety Precautions:x� $�JDOYDQRPHWHU�LV�D�YHU\�ORZ�UHVLVWDQFH�LQVWUXPHQW�XVHG�WR�PHDVXUH�
YHU\� VPDOO� FXUUHQWV� LQ� PLFURDPSHUHV�� � ,W� PXVW� EH� FRQQHFWHG� LQ�VHULHV� LQ�D�FLUFXLW�ZLWK�WKH�SRLQWHU�DW� WKH�]HUR�SRLQW�PDUN���8VH�WKH�galvanometer with care so as not to drop it.
Procedure:����8VLQJ�D�VL]H�'�GU\�FHOO�DV�JXLGH��ZLQG�D���WXUQ��D����WXUQ��DQG�D����WXUQ�FRLO�
RXW�RI�D����FP������FP�DQG�D�����FP�FRQQHFWLQJ�ZLUH�UHVSHFWLYHO\���8VH�VPDOO�SLHFHV�RI�WDSH�WR�KROG�WKH�FRLO�WRJHWKHU�RQ�WZR�RU�WKUHH�DUHDV���5HPRYH�WKH�LQVXODWLRQ�IURP�HDFK�HQG�RI�WKH�FRLO�DQG�VWUDQG�WKH�¿QH�ZLUHV�WRJHWKHU�IRU�HDV\�FRQQHFWLRQ��
2. Set up the galvanometer, wooden blocks and bar magnets as shown in )LJXUH�����
122
Figure 19. $�VLPSOH�HOHFWURPDJQHWLF�LQGXFWLRQ�DFWLYLW\�VHW�XS�ZLWK�D�JDOYDQRPHWHU�WKDW�KDV�LWV�]HUR�SRLQW�PDUN�LQ�WKH�FHQWHU�RI�WKH�VFDOH���7KLV�W\SH�RI�JDOYDQRPHWHU�PHDVXUHV�WKH�SUHVHQFH�
RI�D�YHU\�VPDOO�FXUUHQW��LWV�GLUHFWLRQ��DQG�LWV�UHODWLYH�PDJQLWXGH�
Part A. Inducing voltage and current in a coil
����$V�VKRZQ�LQ�)LJXUH�����OD\�WKH���WXUQ�FRLO�DERYH�WKH�WZR�ZRRGHQ�EORFNV�and connect it ends to the galvanometer via wires with alligator clips. At this point, observe what happens to the galvanometer pointer.
Figure 20. 0RYH�WKH�QRUWK�SROH�RI�D�EDU�PDJQHW�LQWR�D���WXUQ�FRLO
����+ROG�D�EDU�PDJQHW�DERYH�WKH�FRLO�DV�VKRZQ�LQ�)LJXUH�����0RYH�WKH�QRUWK�SROH�RI�WKH�PDJQHW�LQWR�WKH�FRLO��2EVHUYH�WKH�JDOYDQRPHWHU�SRLQWHU�DV�\RX�GR� WKLV��2Q�\RXU�VFLHQFH�QRWHERRN��PDNH�D� WDEOH�VLPLODU� WR�7DEOH����DQG�UHFRUG�\RXU�REVHUYDWLRQV�
���
Table 10. Inducing current in a coil
ConditionCoil
Without a Magnet
Magnet is Moving into
the Coil
Magnet is at Rest Inside
the Coil
Magnet is Moving Out of the
Coil
Galvanometer pointer’s GHÀHFWLRQ�RU�QRQ�GHÀHFWLRQGalvanometer pointer’s direction of GHÀHFWLRQ
����+ROG�WKH�PDJQHW�LQVLGH�WKH�FRLO�ZLWKRXW�PRYLQJ�LW�IRU�D�IHZ�VHFRQGV���2EVHUYH�what happens.
����3XOO�WKH�PDJQHW�RXW�RI�WKH�FRLO��2EVHUYH�WKH�JDOYDQRPHWHU�SRLQWHU�DV�\RX�GR�this.
� 4�����+RZ�ZLOO�\RX�H[SODLQ�WKH�GHÀHFWLRQ�RU�QRQ�GHÀHFWLRQ�RI�WKH���������������������JDOYDQRPHWHU�SRLQWHU�DV�REVHUYHG�LQ�WKH�DFWLYLW\"
� 4�����+RZ�ZLOO�\RX�FRPSDUH�WKH�GLUHFWLRQV�RI�GHÀHFWLRQ"��:K\�GR�\RX���������������������WKLQN�WKLV�LV�VR"
Part B. Amount of induced voltage and current vs number of turns
��� � 8VH� WKH� VHW� XS� WR� H[SORUH� WKH� UHODWLYH�PDJQLWXGHV� RI� WKH� JDOYDQRPHWHU�SRLQWHU¶V�GHÀHFWLRQ�IRU�WKH���WXUQ�����WXUQ�DQG����WXUQ�FRLOV���5HFRUG�\RXU�REVHUYDWLRQV�RQ�\RXU�VFLHQFH�QRWHERRN�
� 4�����)RU�DSSUR[LPDWHO\�WKH�VDPH�VSHHG�RI�PRYLQJ�WKH�PDJQHW�LQWR�RU��������������������RXW�RI�HDFK�FRLO��ZKDW�KDSSHQV�WR�WKH�PDJQLWXGH�RI�WKH�SRLQWHU¶V��������������������GHÀHFWLRQ�DV�WKH�QXPEHU�RI�WXUQV�LQ�WKH�FRLO�LQFUHDVH"
Part C. Amount of induced voltage and current vs strength of magnetic� ���¿HOG
��� �8VH� WKH� ���WXUQ� FRLO� DQG� WKH� VHW� XS� WR� H[SORUH� WKH� UHODWLRQVKLS� EHWZHHQ�WKH�PDJQLWXGH�RI� WKH�JDOYDQRPHWHU�SRLQWHU¶V�GHÀHFWLRQ�DQG� WKH�PDJQHWLF�¿HOG�VWUHQJWK�XVLQJ��D��RQH�EDU�PDJQHW��DQG��E��WZR�EDU�PDJQHWV�ZLWK�OLNH�SROHV�KHOG�WRJHWKHU�LQ�SDUDOOHO���5HFRUG�\RXU�REVHUYDWLRQV�RQ�\RXU�VFLHQFH�notebook.
124
Figure 21. 0RYH�WKH�QRUWK�SROHV�RI�WZR�SDUDOOHO�EDU�PDJQHWV�LQWR�D����WXUQ�FRLO�
� 4�����)RU�DSSUR[LPDWHO\�WKH�VDPH�VSHHG�RI�PRYLQJ�WKH�PDJQHW�LQWR��������������������RU�RXW�RI�WKH����WXUQ�FRLO��ZKDW�KDSSHQV�WR�WKH�GHÀHFWLRQ�RI�WKH��������������������JDOYDQRPHWHU�SRLQWHU�DV�WKH�QXPEHU�RI�EDU�PDJQHWV��VWUHQJWK�RI��������������������PDJQHWLF�¿HOG��LQFUHDVH"
Part D. $PRXQW�RI�LQGXFHG�FXUUHQW�YV�UDWH�RI�PDJQHWLF�¿HOG�FKDQJH
����8VH�WKH����WXUQ�FRLO�DQG�D�EDU�PDJQHW�WR�H[SORUH�WKH�UHODWLRQVKLS�EHWZHHQ�WKH�PDJQLWXGH�RI� WKH�JDOYDQRPHWHU�SRLQWHU¶V�GHÀHFWLRQ�DQG� WKH�VSHHG�RI�PRYHPHQW�RI�WKH�PDJQHW�LQWR�RU�RXW�RI�WKH�FRLO���5HFRUG�\RXU�REVHUYDWLRQV�RQ�\RXU�VFLHQFH�QRWHERRN�
� 4����:KDW�KDSSHQV�WR�WKH�GHÀHFWLRQ�RI�WKH�JDOYDQRPHWHU�SRLQWHU�DV�WKH�������������������EDU�PDJQHW�LV�PRYHG�LQWR�RU�RXW�RI�WKH����WXUQ�FRLO�DW�GLIIHUHQW�������������������VSHHGV��UDWH�RI�PDJQHWLF�¿HOG�FKDQJH�"Part E. &RLO�RULHQWDWLRQ�DQG�GLUHFWLRQ�RI�PDJQHWLF�¿HOG�FKDQJH
����$V� VKRZQ� LQ� )LJXUH� ����PRYH� �D�� D� EDU�PDJQHW� DORQJ� RQH� RI� WKH� FRLOV��SUHIHUDEO\� WKH����WXUQ�� DQG�REVHUYH� WKH�PDJQLWXGH�RI� WKH�JDOYDQRPHWHU�SRLQWHU¶V�GHÀHFWLRQ��&RPSDUH�WKLV�GHÀHFWLRQ�WR�WKDW�ZKHQ��E��WKH�EDU�PDJQHW�PRYHV�DFURVV��LQWR�RU�RXW��WKH�FRLO�DW�DSSUR[LPDWHO\�WKH�VDPH�VSHHG���5HFRUG�\RXU�REVHUYDWLRQV�RQ�\RXU�VFLHQFH�QRWHERRN�
Figure 22. 7KH�EDU�PDJQHW�LV�PRYHG��D��DORQJ�RU�SDUDOOHO�WR�WKH�FRLO�RULHQWDWLRQ��DQG��E��DFURVV�or perpendicular to the coil orientation
125
� 4����+RZ�ZRXOG�\RX�FRPSDUH�EHKDYLRU�RI�WKH�WKH�JDOYDQRPHWHU�SRLQWHU when the magnet moves along the coil and when the magnet� ���������PRYHV�DFURVV�WKH�FRLO"
� 4����,Q�\RXU�RZQ�ZRUGV��ZKDW�DUH�WKH�IDFWRUV�WKDW�DIIHFW�WKH�DPRXQW��������������������RI�FXUUHQW�DQG�KHQFH�YROWDJH��(0)��LQGXFHG�LQ�D�FRQGXFWRU�E\�D��������������������FKDQJLQJ�PDJQHWLF�¿HOG"
� 4�����$Q�HTXDWLRQ�IRU�WKH�HOHFWURPDJQHWLF�IRUFH��(0)��LQGXFHG�LQ�D��������������������ZLUH�E\�D�PDJQHWLF�¿HOG�LV�EMF = BLv, where B is magnetic��������������������¿HOG��L�LV�WKH�OHQJWK�RI�WKH�ZLUH�LQ�WKH�PDJQHWLF�¿HOG��DQG�v is��������������������WKH�YHORFLW\�RI�WKH�ZLUH�ZLWK�UHVSHFW�WR�WKH�¿HOG���+RZ�GR�WKH��������������������UHVXOWV�LQ�WKLV�DFWLYLW\�VXSSRUW�WKLV�HTXDWLRQ�
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Additional Reading
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� 6SHHG�FRQWURO�PRWRU�SDFNDJHV�LQFOXGH�WKH�PRWRU��WKH�GULYHU��FRQWUROOHU���DQG�D�SRWHQWLRPHWHU�ZKLFK�DOORZV�WKH�GULYHU�IRU�HDV\�VSHHG�FRQWURO�DGMXVWPHQW���:KHQ�WKH�VSHHG�RI�WKLV�PRWRU�LV�FRQWUROOHG��D�WDFKR�JHQHUDWRU�FRQQHFWHG�WR�WKH�PRWRU�GHWHFWV�WKH�VSHHG���,W�LV�D�PDJQHW�FRQQHFWHG�GLUHFWO\�WR�WKH�PRWRU�VKDIW�DQG�VWDWRU�FRLO�� �7KH�VWDWRU�FRLO�GHWHFWV� WKH�PDJQHWLF�¿HOG�DQG�JHQHUDWHV�DQ�DOWHUQDWLQJ�FXUUHQW��$&��YROWDJH�
126
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Figure 25. �$�EDVLF�SXOVH�HOHFWURPDJQHWLF�LQGXFWLRQ�PHWDO�GHWHFWLRQ�WHFKQLTXH
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Data acquisition and control system
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induced current on metal targer
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Figure 26. Induction stove working mechanism
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Figure 27. In induction cooking, heat loss is lesser than in gas cooking
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How Induction Cooking Works
metal pot
Water
electromagnetic ¿HOG
current-carrying copper coil
Head Drum
Take Up
Video Tracks
TapeSupply
Read/ write Head
Disk motionSubstrate
Gap
coilRead/Write Head
coreMagnetized (aligned) media particles Random (non-aligned)
media particles Media coating
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Performance TaskAn Octo Challenge Audio-Visual Presentation (AVP)
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x�$Q� HOHFWULF� JHQHUDWRU� LV� D� GHYLFH� WKDW� FRQYHUWV� PHFKDQLFDO� HQHUJ\� LQWR�HOHFWULFDO� HQHUJ\�� �$� VLPSOH� HOHFWULF� JHQHUDWRU� LV�PDGH�ZKHQ�D� FRLO� RU� DQ\�FORVHG�ORRS�RI�FRQGXFWRU�PRYHV�WKURXJK�RU�FXWV�DFURVV�PDJQHWLF�¿HOG�OLQHV���7KH�FRLO�ZLOO�H[SHULHQFH�DQ�LQGXFHG�YROWDJH�RU�DQ�HOHFWURPRWLYH�IRUFH�WKDW�ZLOO�FDXVH�D�SXOVDWLQJ�GLUHFW�FXUUHQW��'&��WR�EH�JHQHUDWHG��7KH�SXOVDWLQJ�GLUHFW�FXUUHQW�ÀXFWXDWHV�LQ�YDOXH�EXW�GRHV�QRW�FKDQJH�GLUHFWLRQ��
x�Electromagnetic induction is a process in which electric current is generated LQ�D�FRQGXFWRU�E\�D�PRYLQJ�RU�FKDQJLQJ�PDJQHWLF�¿HOG���
x�$�FKDQJLQJ�PDJQHWLF�¿HOG�RFFXUV�ZKHQ� WKHUH� LV� UHODWLYH�PRWLRQ�EHWZHHQ�D�VRXUFH�RI�D�PDJQHWLF�¿HOG�DQG�D�FRQGXFWRU��LW�GRHV�QRW�PDWWHU�ZKLFK�PRYHV�
x�$�FKDQJLQJ�PDJQHWLF�¿HOG�PD\�DOVR�DULVH�IURP�D�FKDQJLQJ�QHDUE\�FXUUHQW�
x�7KH�DPRXQW�RI�YROWDJH��EMF��LQGXFHG�ZKHQ�D�FRQGXFWRU�DQG�D�PDJQHWLF�¿HOG�DUH� LQ� UHODWLYH�PRWLRQ�GHSHQGV�RQ� �D�� WKH� OHQJWK�L�RI� WKH�FRQGXFWRU�RU� WKH�QXPEHU�RI�WXUQV�LQ�WKH�FRLO���E��WKH�VWUHQJWK�DQG�RULHQWDWLRQ�RI�WKH�PDJQHWLF�¿HOG�B�UHODWLYH�WR�WKH�FRQGXFWRU��DQG��F��7KH�UHODWLYH�YHORFLW\�v�RI�WKH�FKDQJLQJ�PDJQHWLF�¿HOG�
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x�7KH�HTXDWLRQ�IRU�WKH�LQGXFHG�YROWDJH�RU�HOHFWURPDJQHWLF�IRUFH��(0)��LQ�D�ZLUH�E\�D�FKDQJLQJ�PDJQHWLF�¿HOG�LV�EMF = BLv���%\�2KP¶V�/DZ�WKH�DPRXQW�RI�LQGXFHG�FXUUHQW�LV�GLUHFWO\�SURSRUWLRQDO�WR�WKH�LQGXFHG�YROWDJH��
x�$�WUDQVIRUPHU�XVHV�HOHFWURPDJQHWLF�LQGXFWLRQ�LQ�WZR�QHDUE\�FRLOV��WKH�SULPDU\�DQG�VHFRQGDU\�FRLOV��� �7\SLFDOO\�� WKH� WZR�FRLOV�RI� LQVXODWHG�ZLUH�DUH�ZRXQG�DURXQG�DQ�LURQ�FRUH���7KLV�GHYLFH�FKDQJHV�WKH�$&�YROWDJH�RI�WKH�SULPDU\�FRLO�E\�LQGXFLQJ�DQ�LQFUHDVHG�RU�GHFUHDVHG�EMF LQ�WKH�VHFRQGDU\�FRLO���
VI. Summative Assessment
'LUHFWLRQV���&KRRVH�WKH�OHWWHU�RI�WKH�FRUUHFW�DQVZHU�
����,Q�ZKLFK�FDVH�RU�FDVHV�LV�DQ�HOHFWULF�¿HOG�SUHVHQW",���$�VSDUN�MXPSLQJ�EHWZHHQ�WZR�QHDUE\�URGV�,,��$�FKDUJH�WKDW�LV�PRPHQWDULO\�DW�UHVW�III.A dead power line.
a. ,�RQO\� �b. ,�DQG�,,�RQO\� �c. ,,�DQG�,,,�RQO\��d. I, II and III
���:KLFK�GHYLFH�FDQ�EH�XVHG�WR�GHWHUPLQH�WKH�SRODULW\�RI�DQ�XQPDUNHG�PDJQHW"a. D�VXVSHQGHG�PDJQHWL]HG�QHHGOHb. an improvised magnetic board c. a second unmarked magnetd. a charged metal rod at rest
����,Q�ZKLFK�GHYLFH�LV�PDJQHWLF�¿HOG�SUHVHQW"a. A charged balloon.b. A cooling soldering iron.c. $�YHU\�KRW�KRUVH�VKRH�PDJQHW�d. A microphone undergoing a sound check.
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a. 7KH�PDJQHWLF�¿HOG�LV�ZHDNHVW�QHDU�DQG�DURXQG�WKH�FRLO�b. 7KH�PDJQHWLF�¿HOG�YDU\�GLUHFWO\�ZLWK�WKH�GLVWDQFH�IURP�WKH�FRLO�c. 7KH�PDJQHWLF�¿HOG�LV�VWURQJHVW�LQVLGH�WKH�FXUUHQW�FDUU\LQJ�FRLO��d. 7KH�PDJQHWLF�¿HOG�OLQHV�DUH�FORVHG�ORRSV�DORQJ�WKH�ORRSV�LQ�WKH�FRLO�
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electromagnetic nail.b. 7KH�FXUUHQW�LQ�WKH�HOHFWURPDJQHWLF�QDLO�GHPDJQHWL]HV�WKH�LURQ�QDLO�c. 7KH�PDJQHWLF�¿HOG�OLQHV�SURGXFHG�UHVHPEOH�WKDW�RI�D�EDU�PDJQHW�d. 7KH�PDJQHWLF�¿HOG�VWUHQJWK�LV�SURSRUWLRQDO�WR�WKH�QDLO¶V�FXUUHQW�
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a. &XUUHQW�LV�GUDZQ�LQWR�WKH�FRLO�b. $�SHUPDQHQW�PDJQHW�LV�QHDUE\��c. 7KH�'&�SRZHU�VZLWFK�ZDV�WXUQHG�RII�IRU�ORQJ�d. 7KHUH�LV�D�XQLIRUP�PDJQHWLF�¿HOG�DURXQG�WKH�FRLO�
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LQGXFHG�HOHFWURPRWLYH�IRUFH�d. $�FXUUHQW�FDUU\LQJ�FRQGXFWRU�SODFHG�ZLWKLQ�D�PDJQHWLF�¿HOG�ZLOO�H[SHULHQFH�
D�PDJQHWLF�IRUFH��
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a. 7KH�LURQ�¿OLQJV�LQVLGH�WKH�PDJQHWLF�ERDUG�LV�XQDIIHFWHG��b. 7KH�&'�'9'�GLVN�WUD\�XVHV�D�VPDOO�SHUPDQHQW�EDU�PDJQHW�c. 7KH�RSWLFDO�V\VWHP�KDV�DQ�HOHFWULF�PRWRU�WKDW�GULYHV�WKH�UHDGHU�d. 7KH�RSWLFDO�UHDGHU�KDV�D�OHQV�V\VWHP�WKDW�DIIHFWHG�WKH�LURQ�¿OLQJV�
����:KLFK�DUUDQJHPHQW�RI�WKUHH�EDU�PDJQHWV�UHVXOWV�WR�DQ�DWWUDFWLRQ�EHWZHHQ�WKH�¿UVW�DQG�WKH�VHFRQG��DQG�D�UHSXOVLRQ�EHWZHHQ�WKH�VHFRQG�DQG�WKH�WKLUG�magnet.
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EDJ�IRU�PHWDOOLF�REMHFWV���7KH�WUDQVPLWWHU�FRLO��a. $��GUDZV�D�VWHDG\�FXUUHQW�WR�VHQG�D�VWHDG\�PDJQHWLF�¿HOG�WRZDUGV�WKH�
target to induce current in it.b. GUDZV�D�SXOVDWLQJ�FXUUHQW�WR�VHQG�D�VWHDG\�PDJQHWLF�¿HOG�WRZDUGV�WKH�
target to induce current in it.c. GUDZV�D�VWHDG\�FXUUHQW�WR�VHQG�D�FKDQJLQJ�PDJQHWLF�¿HOG�WRZDUGV�WKH�
target to induce current in it.d. GUDZV�D�SXOVDWLQJ�FXUUHQW�WR�VHQG�D�FKDQJLQJ�PDJQHWLF�¿HOG�WRZDUGV�WKH�
target to induce current in it.
�����$�FRLO�PRYHV�DZD\�IURP�D�PDJQHW��&RQVLGHU�WKH�IROORZLQJ�IDFWRUV�,�� VWUHQJWK�RI�WKH�PDJQHW,,�� QXPEHU�RI�WXUQV�LQ�WKH�FRLOIII. speed at which the magnet moves
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a. ,�RQO\� �b. ,,�RQO\��c. ,,,�RQO\��d. $OO�WKUHH�IDFWRUV
a.
b.
c.
d.
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� D��$�DQG�%� �����E��%�DQG�'� �����F��&�DQG�'� �����G��'�DQG�$
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a. In set up A, the magnet is at rest inside the moving coil.b. ,Q�VHW�XS�%��WKH�PDJQHW�LV�EHLQJ�SXOOHG�RXW�RI�WKH�PRYLQJ�FRLO�ZLWK�WKH�
same speed. c. There is relative motion between the magnet and coil in set up A.d. 7KHUH�LV�UHODWLYH�PRWLRQ�EHWZHHQ�WKH�PDJQHW�DQG�FRLO�LQ�VHW�XS�%��
�����:KDW�WUDQVIRUPDWLRQ�FDQ�WDNH�SODFH�LQ�D�FHLOLQJ�IDQ¶V�HOHFWULF�PRWRU"a. HOHFWULFDO�HQHUJ\�LQWR�PHFKDQLFDO�HQHUJ\b. PHFKDQLFDO�HQHUJ\�LQWR�HOHFWULFDO�HQHUJ\c. alternating current into direct currentd. direct current into alternating current
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a. 7KH�SDUW�$�RI�WKH�LQWHUFRP�V\VWHP�VHUYHV�DV�D�PLFURSKRQH�RQO\��ZKLOH�SDUW�& VHUYHV�DV�D�ORXGVSHDNHU�RQO\�� �
b. (LWKHU�SDUWV�$�DQG�&�RI�WKH�LQWHUFRP�ZKHQ�VZLWFKHG�DV�VXFK�FDQ�EH�XVHG�as a microphone or as a loudspeaker.
c. 7KH�PLFURSKRQH�SDUW�RQO\�EDVLFDOO\�FRQVLVWV�RI�ZLUHV��D�FRQH�GLDSKUDJP��a magnet, and a coil.
d. 7KH�ORXGVSHDNHU�SDUW�RQO\�EDVLFDOO\�FRQVLVWV�RI�ZLUHV��D�FRQH�GLDSKUDJP��a magnet, and a coil.
Glossary of Terms
Charged particles� DUH� VRXUFHV� RI� HOHFWULF� ¿HOGV� ZKLFK� UHVXOW� LQ� DQ�DWWUDFWLRQ�RU�UHSXOVLRQ�RI�RWKHU�QHDUE\�FKDUJHV
Electric charge� D� IXQGDPHQWDO� HOHFWULFDO� SURSHUW\� WKDW� LV� HLWKHU�RI� SRVLWLYH� RU� QHJDWLYH� W\SH� WR� ZKLFK� WKH� PXWXDO�attractions or repulsions between protons or electrons is attributed
(OHFWULF�¿HOG� IRUFH�¿HOG�VXUURXQGLQJ�HOHFWULF�FKDUJHV�RU�JURXS�RI�FKDUJHV�ZKHUH�D�IRUFH�DFWV�RQ�FKDUJHV�ZLWKLQ� WKH�¿HOG
Electric generator� GHYLFH� WKDW� FRQYHUWV� PHFKDQLFDO� HQHUJ\� LQWR�HOHFWULFDO�HQHUJ\�XVXDOO\�E\�URWDWLQJ�D�FRLO�ZLWKLQ�D�PDJQHWLF�¿HOG
Electric motor� GHYLFH� WKDW� FRQYHUWV� HOHFWULFDO� HQHUJ\� LQWR�PHFKDQLFDO� HQHUJ\� XVLQJ� WKH� PDJQHWLF� WXUQLQJ�HIIHFW�RQ�D�FRLO
Electricity� SURGXFHG�E\�YLEUDWLQJ�RU�ÀRZLQJ�FKDUJHV
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Electromagnet magnet whose magnetic properties are produced E\�HOHFWULF�FXUUHQW
Electromagnetic� SKHQRPHQRQ�RI�LQGXFLQJ�D�YROWDJH�LQ�D�FRQGXFWRUinduction E\�FKDQJLQJ�WKH�PDJQHWLF�¿HOG�QHDU�WKH�FRQGXFWRU���
,I�D�PDJQHWLF�¿HOG�ZLWKLQ�D�FORVHG�ORRS�FKDQJHV�LQ�DQ\�ZD\��D�YROWDJH�RU�HOHFWURPRWLYH�IRUFH�LV�LQGXFHG��SURGXFHG��LQ�WKH�ORRS
Electromotive force voltage that gives rise to an electric current
Galvanometer low resistance instrument used to measure YHU\� VPDOO� FXUUHQWV�� LWV� GLUHFWLRQ� DQG� LWV� UHODWLYH�magnitude
Magnet� REMHFW�WKDW�KDV�WKH�PDJQHWLF�DELOLW\�WR�DWWUDFW�REMHFWV�PDGH�RI�LURQ�RU�RWKHU�PDJQHWLF�VXEVWDQFH
Magnetic Domain� PLFURVFRSLF�JURXSLQJ�RI�DWRPV�ZLWK�WKHLU�PDJQHWLF�¿HOG�DOLJQHG
0DJQHWLF�¿HOG� UHJLRQ�RI�PDJQHWLF� LQÀXHQFH�DURXQG�WKH�PDJQHWLF�poles and moving charged particles
0DJQHWLF�¿HOG�OLQHV� OLQHV� VKRZLQJ� WKH� VKDSH� RI� D�PDJQHWLF� ¿HOG�� � �$�compass placed on such a line will turn so that the QHHGOH�LV�DOLJQHG�ZLWK�LW�EHFDXVH�RI�HOHFWURPDJQHWLF�induction
Magnetic force� EHWZHHQ�PDJQHWV�� LW� LV�DWWUDFWLRQ�RI�XQOLNH�PDJQHWLF�SROHV�DQG�WKH�UHSXOVLRQ�EHWZHHQ�OLNH�PDJQHWLF�SROHV��EHWZHHQ� D� PDJQHWLF� ¿HOG� DQG� D� PRYLQJ� FKDUJHG�SDUWLFOH��LW�LV�D�GHÀHFWLQJ�IRUFH�GXH�WR�WKH�PRWLRQ�RI�WKH�SDUWLFOH��WKH�GHÀHFWLQJ�IRUFH�LV�SHUSHQGLFXODU�WR�ERWK�WKH�PDJQHWLF�¿HOG�OLQHV�DQG�WKH�GLUHFWLRQ�RI�PRWLRQ
Magnetic poles magnetic south or north seeking regions on a PDJQHW�WKDW�SURGXFHV�PDJQHWLF�IRUFHV
Magnetism� SURSHUW\� RI� EHLQJ� DEOH� WR� DWWUDFW� REMHFWV�PDGH� RI�QDWXUDOO\�RFFXUULQJ�PDJQHWLF� VXEVWDQFHV� OLNH� LURQ��QLFNHO��FREDOW�RU�VRPH�RI�LWV�DOOR\V
Transformer� FDQ� VWHS�XS� RU� VWHS�GRZQ� YROWDJHV� XVLQJ� WKH�SULQFLSOHV�RI�HOHFWURPDJQHWLF�LQGXFWLRQ
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References and Links
Printed Materials:'HSDUWPHQW�RI�(GXFDWLRQ���1DWLRQDO�6FLHQFH�7HDFKLQJ�,QVWUXPHQWDWLRQ�&HQWHU�
�Q�G����User’s Laboratory Manual for Physics - Student Worksheets for
Secondary School Physics. /DKXJ��&HEX��167,&���Glencoe Physics Principles and Problems: Laboratory Manual.��7HDFKHU�HG����
1HZ�<RUN��1<��0F�*UDZ�+LOO�&RPSDQLHV���+HZLWW��3DXO�*����������Conceptual Physics�����WK�HG����0HQOR�3DUN��&DOLIRUQLD��
$GGLVRQ�:HVOH\�3XEOLVKLQJ�,QF�+LJJLQV�� &�� -U��� 6KLSPDQ�� -���:LOVRQ�� -�� ��������An Introduction to Physical
Science��3DVLJ�&LW\��&HQJDJH�/HDUQLQJ�$VLD�3WH��/WG�/LWWHOO��0����������Science Integrated Course 2. 7HDFKHU¶V�(GLWLRQ��(YDQVWRQ��
,OOLQRLV��0F'RXJDO�/LWWHOO�/RR��.��:���/RR��:�<���6HH��7��:����������Physics Insights��3KLOLSSLQHV��3HDUVRQ�
(GXFDWLRQ�$VLD�3WH��/WG���3RSOH��6�� ��������Co-ordinated science: Physics. :DOWRQ�6W���2[IRUG��2[IRUG�
8QLYHUVLW\�3UHVV�5RELQVRQ��3�� � ��������Conceptual physics: Laboratory manual. Upper Saddle
5LYHU��1-��3UHQWLFH�+DOO��,QF�
8QLYHUVLW\�RI�WKH�3KLOLSSLQHV���1DWLRQDO�,QVWLWXWH�IRU�6FLHQFH�DQG�0DWKHPDWLFV�(GXFDWLRQ�'HYHORSPHQW�����������Practical work in high school physics - A sourcebook for
teachers.���QG�HG����'LOLPDQ��4XH]RQ�&LW\��83�1,60('�3UHVV��
Electronic Sources:%HVVH�� -��� 3pWUpOLV�� )��� 9DOHW�� -�� 3�� ������� 2FWREHU� ����� 3ODWH� WHFWRQLFV�PD\�
FRQWURO�JHRPDJQHWLF�UHYHUVDO�IUHTXHQF\��Geophysical Research Letters.
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I. Introduction
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II. Learning Competencies/Objectives��� 7UDFH�WKH�GHYHORSPHQW�RI�WKH�HOHFWURPDJQHWLF�WKHRU\�
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ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM
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III. Pre-Assessment$��&KRRVH�WKH�OHWWHU�RI�WKH�FRUUHFW�DQVZHU�
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144
IV. Reading Resources and Instructional Activities
The Electromagnetic Wave Theory
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Activity 1
How it came about…The Electromagnetic Wave Theory
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145
Procedure:,����0DWFK�WKH�VFLHQWLVWV�JLYHQ�EHORZ�ZLWK�WKHLU�FRQWULEXWLRQV�
Scientists ContributionsBBBBBB����$PSHUH D���&RQWULEXWHG�LQ�GHYHORSLQJ�HTXDWLRQV�WKDW�
�����VKRZHG�WKH�UHODWLRQVKLS�RI�HOHFWULFLW\�DQG���� magnetism
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BBBBBB����0D[ZHOO G���)RUPXODWHG�WKH�SULQFLSOH�EHKLQG� electromagnetic induction.
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The Electric and Magnetic Fields Together
Accelerating electrons produce electromagnetic waves. These waves DUH�D�FRPELQDWLRQ�RI�HOHFWULF�DQG�PDJQHWLF�¿HOGV��$�FKDQJLQJ�PDJQHWLF�¿HOG�SURGXFHV�DQ�HOHFWULF�¿HOG�DQG�D�FKDQJLQJ�HOHFWULF�¿HOG�SURGXFHV�D�PDJQHWLF�¿HOG���$V�DFFHOHUDWHG�HOHFWURQV�SURGXFH�DQ�HOHFWULF�¿HOG�RI�D�ZDYH��WKH�YDU\LQJ�HOHFWULF�¿HOG�SURGXFHV�WKH�ZDYH¶V�PDJQHWLF�¿HOG��%RWK�WKH�HOHFWULF�¿HOG�DQG�WKH�PDJQHWLF�¿HOG�RVFLOODWH�SHUSHQGLFXODU�WR�HDFK�RWKHU�DQG�WR�WKH�GLUHFWLRQ�RI�WKH�propagating wave.
Figure 1.��(OHFWURPDJQHWLF�:DYH
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Check your understanding!Are these statements true? If not, correct them.
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The Electromagnetic Spectrum
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Figure 2. The Electromagnetic Spectrum
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Table 1. The electromagnetic waves’ wavelengths, frequencies, and energiesEM Wave Wavelength (m) Frequenzy (Hz) Energy (J)Radio !���[����� ����[���� ����[������
Microwave ��[���������[����� ��[���������[���11 ��[�����������[������
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UV ��[����������[����� ����[���14�����[���16 ��[�����������[������
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Activity 2Now you go! Now you won’t!
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Radio Waves
5DGLR�ZDYHV�KDYH�WKH�ORQJHVW�wavelength in the electromagnetic VSHFWUXP��7KH\�DUH�SURGXFHG�E\�making electrons vibrate in an DQWHQQD���7KH\�DUH�XVHG�WR�WUDQVPLW�VRXQG�DQG�SLFWXUH�LQIRUPDWLRQ�RYHU�long distances.
Figure 3. A radio
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Table 2. Radio waves FrequenciesBAND Frequency
RangeWavelength
RangeApplication
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� /RZ� IUHTXHQF\� ZDYHV� DUH� VXLWDEOH� IRU� FRPPXQLFDWLRQ� RYHU� JUHDW�GLVWDQFHV���%XW�WKH�FXUYDWXUH�RI�WKH�HDUWK�OLPLWV�WKH�UDQJH�WR�DERXW����NLORPHWHUV���7R�H[WHQG�WKH�UDQJH��D�UHSHDWHU�LV�XVHG���7KH�UHSHDWHU�UHFHLYHV�WKH�VLJQDO�DQG�UH�WUDQVPLWV�LW�WR�WKH�UHFHLYLQJ�VWDWLRQ� � +LJK�IUHTXHQF\�ZDYHV�FDQ�EH�UHÀHFWHG�E\�WKH�LRQRVSKHUH���7KLV�HQDEOHV�the waves to be transmitted over great distances.
152
� 0HGLXP�DQG�KLJK�IUHTXHQF\�ZDYHV�DUH�XVHG�IRU�EURDGFDVWLQJ�E\�ORFDO�UDGLR� VWDWLRQV�� ,Q� D� UDGLR� VWDWLRQ�� VRXQG� LV� FRQYHUWHG� E\� D�PLFURSKRQH� LQWR�SDWWHUQV�RI�HOHFWULF�FXUUHQW�YDULDWLRQV�FDOOHG�DXGLR�IUHTXHQF\��$)��VLJQDOV��+LJK�IUHTXHQF\�UDGLR�ZDYHV�FDOOHG�UDGLR�IUHTXHQF\��5)��FDUULHUV�FDQ�EH�PRGXODWHG�WR�PDWFK�WKH�HOHFWURQLF�VLJQDO��,Q�DPSOLWXGH�PRGXODWLRQ��WKH�DPSOLWXGH�RI�WKH�UDGLR�ZDYHV��5)�FDUULHU��FKDQJHV�WR�PDWFK�WKDW�RI�WKH�DXGLR�IUHTXHQF\�VLJQDO��7KLV�is used in standard broadcasting because it can be sent over long distances. 9HU\� KLJK� IUHTXHQF\� ZDYHV� SURYLGH� D� KLJKHU� TXDOLW\� EURDGFDVWLQJ� LQFOXGLQJ�VWHUHR�VRXQG��,Q�WKLV�SURFHVV��LQVWHDG�RI�WKH�DPSOLWXGH�RI�WKH�5)�FDUULHU��LW�LV�WKH�IUHTXHQF\�RI�WKH�ZDYHV�WKDW�FKDQJHV�WR�PDWFK�WKDW�RI�WKH�VLJQDO���7KLV�LV�FDOOHG�IUHTXHQF\�PRGXODWLRQ�
� 7U\� WKH� QH[W� DFWLYLW\� WR� OHDUQ� DERXW� WKH� SURGXFWLRQ�� WUDQVPLVVLRQ� DQG�UHFHSWLRQ�RI�UDGLR�ZDYHV�
Activity 3Sound check…
$GDSWHG�IURP��/LWWHOO��0F'RXJDO�6FLHQFH��,QWHJUDWHG�&RXUVH����7HDFKHU¶V�HGLWLRQ��0F'RXJDO�/LWWHOO��D�GLYLVLRQ�RI�+RXJKWRQ�0LIÀLQ�&RPSDQ\�&����
Objectives:�����3URGXFH�UDGLR�ZDYHV�• Detect radio waves.
Materials:• 7ZR������FP�FRSSHU�ZLUH• &�RU�'�EDWWHU\• electrical tape• PHWDO�IRUN• portable radio
Procedure:
1. 7DSH�RQH�HQG�RI�WKH�¿UVW�ZLUH�WR�RQH�HQG�RI�WKH�EDWWHU\��7DSH�RQH�HQG�RI�WKH�VHFRQG�ZLUH�WR�WKH�RWKHU�HQG�RI�WKH�EDWWHU\�
2. :UDS�WKH�ORRVH�HQG�RI�RQH�RI�WKH�ZLUHV�WLJKWO\�DURXQG�WKH�KDQGOH�RI�WKH�IRUN��
��� 7XUQ� RQ� WKH� UDGLR� WR� WKH�$0�EDQG�DQG�PRYH� WKH� VHOHFWRU� SDVW� DOO�VWDWLRQV�XQWLO�\RX�UHDFK�VWDWLF�
���
4. +ROG�WKH�IRUN�FORVH�WR�WKH�UDGLR��6WURNH�WKH�IUHH�HQG�RI�ZLUH�DFURVV�WKH�IRUN¶V�SURQJV�
5. $W�D�GLVWDQFH�RI����FP�IURP�WKH�UDGLR�VWURNH�DJDLQ�WKH�IUHH�HQG�RI�WKH�ZLUH�DFURVV�WKH�IRUNV¶�SURQJV�
6. 5HSHDW�VWHS���DW�D�GLVWDQFH����FP�IURP�WKH�UDGLR�
Guide Questions:� 4���:KDW�KDSSHQV�ZKHQ�\RX�VWURNH�WKH�SURQJV�ZLWK�WKH�ZLUH"
� 4���+RZ�GRHV�FKDQJLQJ�WKH�SRVLWLRQ�DIIHFW�WKH�UHVXOWV"
� 4���:KDW�PLJKW�EH�WKH�FDXVH�ZKHQ�\RX�VRPHWLPHV�KHDU�VWDWLF�VRXQG�LQ������������������\RXU�UDGLR"�:KDW�FDQ�EH�GRQH�WR�UHVROYH�LW"
Activity 4Then there was sound…
$GDSWHG�IURP��$3(;�3K\VLFV�/3�&KDSWHU���/HVVRQ����6WXGHQW�$FWLYLW\����7KH�*HQHUDWLRQ��7UDQVPLVVLRQ��DQG�5HFHSWLRQ�RI�5DGLR�:DYHV
Objectives:• Describe how radio waves are generated, transmitted, and received.����1DPH�WKH�SDUWV�RI�WKH�UDGLR�WUDQVPLWWHU�DQG�UHFHLYHU�DQG�JLYH�WKH�����IXQFWLRQV�RI�HDFK�SDUW�
Materials:• ��VKHHWV�RI�0DQLOD�SDSHU• VWLFN\�WDSH�RU�SDVWH• �� HQYHORSHV� FRQWDLQLQJ� D� ZRUG� RU� SKUDVH� ZULWWHQ� LQ� FRORU�FRGHG�
SLHFHV�RI�SDSHU�light blue parts of the transmitter/receiver
pink waves
white linkages
Procedure:1. 2SHQ�WKH�HQYHORSH�ODEHOHG�transmitter.�$UUDQJH�WKH�VWULSV�RI�SDSHU�LQ�WKH�
order at which carrier waves are produced and then transmitted.
Blue Strips2VFLOODWRU�� PLFURSKRQH�� PRGXODWRU�� DPSOL¿HU�� EURDGFDVW� DQWHQQD��receiver antenna
154
Pink Strips6RXQG� ZDYHV�� FDUULHU�� DXGLR�� DPSOL¿HG� PRGXODWHG� FDUULHU� ZDYH��modulated radio
White strips$UH�IHG�WR�WKH����SLHFHV���*HQHUDWHV����SLHFHV���$UH�SLFNHG�XS�E\��$UH�VHQW�WR�WKH��,QFUHDVH�WKH�HQHUJ\�RI�WKH�FDUULHU�ZDYHV�DQG�EHFRPH��7UDQVIRUP� VRXQG� ZDYHV� WR� HOHFWULFDO� VLJQDO� WKHQ� WR�� 3XW� RXW� WKH�modulated carrier waves and pass them to the…
2. 2QFH�\RX�DUH�DOUHDG\�VXUH�RI�WKH�DUUDQJHPHQW��SDVWH�WKH�VWULSV�RQ�WKH�0DQLOD�SDSHU��OHDYLQJ�JDSV�EHWZHHQ�WKHP�
��� 'UDZ�DUURZV�EHWZHHQ�VWULSV�RI�SDSHU�WR�VKRZ�WKH�URXWH�RI�WKH�VRXQG�DQG�carrier waves in the transmitter. Then choose the correct linkages.
4. 2SHQ� WKH� HQYHORSH� ODEHOHG� UHFHLYHU� DQG� DUUDQJH� WKH� VWULSV� RI� SDSHU�RQ�WKH�RWKHU�0DQLOD�SDSHU�DFFRUGLQJ�WR�KRZ�WKH�WUDQVPLWWHG�ZDYHV�DUH�received.
5. )ROORZ�WKH�VDPH�SURFHGXUH�DV�LQ�VWHSV���DQG���Blue stripsWXQHU��UHFHLYHU�DQWHQQD��DPSOL¿HU��GHPRGXODWLRQ��ORXGVSHDNHU
Pink stripsIUHTXHQF\�RI�WKH�ZHDN�PRGXODWHG�FDUULHU�ZDYHV��VRXQG�VLJQDOV�DQG�FDUULHU�ZDYHV��VRXQG��VRXQG
White strips3DVVHV�WKH����SLHFHV���7KHQ�WR��6HOHFWV�WKH��&RQYHUWV�VRXQG�VLJQDO�WR��5HPRYHV�WKH�FDUULHU�ZDYHV�OHDYLQJ�RQO\�WKH��,QFUHDVHV�WKH�HQHUJ\�RI�
6. 6KRZ�WKH�FRQWLQXRXV�WUDQVPLVVLRQ�RI�ZDYHV�WKURXJK�GLUHFWLRQDO�DUURZV�
7. 3RVW�\RXU�¿QLVKHG�ZRUN�RQ�WKH�ERDUG�DQG�H[SODLQ�
Guide Questions:
� 4���:KDW�FRPPRQ�SUREOHPV�FRXOG�DULVH�GXULQJ�WUDQVPLVVLRQ�DQG������������������UHFHSWLRQ�RI�UDGLR�ZDYHV"�([SODLQ�WKH�SRVVLEOH�FDXVH�V�RI�WKRVH problems.
155
Microwaves
� 0LFURZDYHV�KDYH�VPDOOHU�ZDYHOHQJWKV�WKDQ�UDGLR�ZDYHV��7KH\�DUH�XVHG�in satellite communications, radar, television transmission and cooking.
Applications of MicrowavesSatellite Communications
� 0LFURZDYHV� FDQ� SHQHWUDWH� WKH� DWPRVSKHUH� RI� WKH� HDUWK�� � 7KLV� LV� WKH�UHDVRQ� ZK\� WKH\� DUH� XVHG� IRU� VDWHOOLWH� FRPPXQLFDWLRQV�� &RPPXQLFDWLRQ�VDWHOOLWHV�WUDYHO�DURXQG�WKH�HDUWK�DW�DQ�DOWLWXGH�RI���������NP�DERYH�WKH�HTXDWRU��7KH\�PRYH�DW�D�VSHHG�RI��������NP�K�DQG�UHYROYH�DURXQG�WKH�HDUWK�HYHU\����KRXUV�� WKH� VDPH� UDWH� DV� WKH� URWDWLRQ� RI� WKH�HDUWK��7KLV�PDNHV� WKHP�DSSHDU�WR�EH�VWDWLRQDU\�ZKHQ�VHHQ�RQ�(DUWK��$QWHQQDH�DUH�PRXQWHG�WR�SRLQW�LQ�¿[HG�GLUHFWLRQV�WRZDUGV�WKHVH�VDWHOOLWHV���0LFURZDYHV�VLJQDOV�DUH�WUDQVPLWWHG�E\�DQ�DQWHQQD�WR�D�VDWHOOLWH�ZKLFK�DPSOL¿HV�DQG�UH�WUDQVPLWV�WKH�VLJQDO�WR�DQ�DQWHQQD�LQ�RWKHU�SDUWV�RI�WKH�ZRUOG���7KLV�LV�KRZ�ZH�FRPPXQLFDWH�ZLWK�WKH�UHVW�RI�WKH�world.
KWWS���ZZZ�HVD�LQW�2XUB$FWLYLWLHV�1DYLJDWLRQ�*DOLOHRBVDWHOOLWHBVHWBIRUBQHZBRUELW�Figure 4. An orbiting satellite
Radar
KWWS���SK\V�RUJ�QHZV���������QDVD�NDERRP�H[SHULPHQWDO�DVWHURLG�UDGDU�KWPOFigure 5. A radar
156
� 0LFURZDYHV�KDYH�VKRUW�ZDYHOHQJWKV�DQG�DUH�UHÀHFWHG�E\�VPDOO�REMHFWV���7KLV�SURSHUW\�LV�XVHG�LQ�UDGDUV��5DGDU�LV�WKH�DFURQ\P�RI�UDGLR�GHWHFWLRQ�DQG�ranging.�$�UDGDU�V\VWHP�LV�FRQVLVWV�RI�DQ�DQWHQQD��WUDQVPLWWHU��DQG�D�UHFHLYHU���7KH�DQWHQQD�ZKLUOV�DURXQG�FRQWLQXRXVO\� WR�VFDQ� WKH�VXUURXQGLQJ�DUHD�� �7KH�WUDQVPLWWHU�VHQGV�RXW�D�QDUURZ�EHDP�RI�PLFURZDYHV�LQ�VKRUW�SXOVHV���$�GLVWDQW�REMHFW�UHÀHFWV�VRPH�RI�WKH�VLJQDO�EDFN�WR�WKH�UHFHLYHU��7KH�GLUHFWLRQ�WR�ZKLFK�WKH�VLJQDO�ZDV�UHFHLYHG�JLYHV�WKH�GLUHFWLRQ�RI�WKH�REMHFW��7KH�GLVWDQFH�RI�WKH�REMHFW�FDQ�EH�FDOFXODWHG�IURP�WKH�WLPH�ODJ�EHWZHHQ�WKH�WUDQVPLWWHG�SXOVH�DQG�WKH�UHÀHFWHG�SXOVH�
Terrestrial Communication
� 0LFURZDYHV� DUH� XVHG� WR� WUDQVPLW�WHOHYLVLRQ� QHZV� FRYHUDJH� IURP� PRELOH�broadcast vehicles back to the station. The news crew can also set up a small antenna to send signals to a communication satellite. This is how news are broadcasted and watched live around the world.
Figure 6. A Television set
A cell phone is a radio transmitter and receiver that uses microwaves. &HOOXODU� SKRQHV� GHSHQG� RQ� RYHUODSSLQJ� QHWZRUN� RI� FHOOV� RU� DUHDV� RI� ODQG�several kilometres in diameter. Each cell has its tower that receives and sends PLFURZDYH�VLJQDOV���7KH�¿JXUH�EHORZ�ZLOO�JLYH�\RX�IXUWKHU�XQGHUVWDQGLQJ�RQ�WKH�process.
Figure 7. 7UDQVPLVVLRQ�DQG�UHFHSWLRQ�RI�VLJQDOV�E\�D�FHOOXODU�SKRQH
157
Microwave oven
� ,Q�D�PLFURZDYH�RYHQ��IRRGV�DEVRUE�FHUWDLQ�PLFURZDYH�IUHTXHQFLHV�YHU\�VWURQJO\���7KH�PLFURZDYHV�SHQHWUDWH�WKH�IRRG�EHLQJ�KHDWHG��,W�ZLOO�DJLWDWH�WKH�ZDWHU�PROHFXOHV�ZLWKLQ� WKH� IRRG�� WKXV� FUHDWLQJ�PROHFXODU� IULFWLRQ�ZKLFK� WKHQ�produces heat that will cook it.
KWWS���OLQPDEHOWHFK�FRP�"DWWDFKPHQWBLG ���Figure 8. A microwave oven
The next activity will give you an idea about the next type of EM wave, the
infrared wave.
Activity 5It’s getting hotter
Objectives:• 'LVFRYHU�LQIUDUHG�DQG�LWV�HIIHFW�• ([SODLQ�WKH�UHODWLRQVKLS�EHWZHHQ�IUHTXHQF\�DQG�WKH�HQHUJ\�FDUULHG�
E\�DQ�(0�ZDYH�
Materials:• prism• ��DOFRKRO�WKHUPRPHWHUV�ZLWK�EODFNHQHG�EXOE• sunlight
Procedure:1. 7KLV�H[SHULPHQW�PXVW�EH�GRQH�LQ�VXQOLJKW�2. 7DNH� WKH� LQLWLDO� UHDGLQJV� RI� WKH� WKUHH� WKHUPRPHWHUVH� ZKLOH� LQ� WKH�
VKDGH��5HFRUG�\RXU�UHDGLQJV�LQ�D�GDWD�WDEOH�VLPLODU�WR�WKH�WDEOH�EHORZ���� /HW�WKH�VXQOLJKW�SDVV�WKURXJK�WKH�SULVP�WR�VSOLW�WKH�VXQ¶V�ZKLWH�OLJKW�
into its component colors.4. 3RVLWLRQ�RQH�WKHUPRPHWHU�LQ�WKH�EOXH�UHJLRQ�5. 3RVLWLRQ�DQRWKHU�WKHUPRPHWHU�LQ�WKH�\HOORZ�UHJLRQ��6. 3RVLWLRQ�WKH�ODVW�WKHUPRPHWHU�MXVW�EHORZ�WKH�UHG�UHJLRQ�
158
7. 0HDVXUH�WKH�WHPSHUDWXUH�HYHU\�DIWHU���PLQXWHV�IRU����PLQXWHV�8. 5HFRUG� WKH� WHPSHUDWXUH� UHDGLQJV� LQ� WKH� WKUHH� UHJLRQV� LQ� WKH� WDEOH�
below.
Time
Temperature Readings1st Thermometer
(Blue Region)2nd Thermometer(Yellow Region)
3rd Thermometer(Red Region)
��� 2 minutes
4 minutes
6 minutes
8 minutes
���PLQXWHV
Guide Questions:� ��4�����'LG�\RX�VHH�DQ\�WUHQG"�([SODLQ�LI�WKHUH�LV�DQ\��
� 4������:KDW�GLG�\RX�QRWLFH�DERXW�WKH�WHPSHUDWXUH�UHDGLQJV"
� 4������,Q�ZKLFK�UHJLRQ�KDYH�\RX�UHFRUGHG�WKH�KLJKHVW�WHPSHUDWXUH�DIWHU� �������������PLQXWHV"
� 4������:KDW�GR�\RX�WKLQN�H[LVWV�MXVW�EH\RQG�WKH�UHG�SDUW�RI�WKH�VSHFWUXP"
� 4������'LVFXVV�DQ\�RWKHU�REVHUYDWLRQV�RU�SUREOHPV�
Infrared
� ,QIUDUHG�UDGLDWLRQ�OLHV�EH\RQG�WKH�UHG�HQG�RI�WKH�YLVLEOH�OLJKW��,W�LV�HPLWWHG�E\�DOO�REMHFWV���7KH�DPRXQW�DQG�ZDYHOHQJWK�RI�UDGLDWLRQ�GHSHQG�RQ�WHPSHUDWXUH���%HORZ����R&��DQ�REMHFW�HPLWV�RQO\�LQIUDUHG�UDGLDWLRQ��$ERYH����R&��DQ�REMHFW�JORZV�DQG�HPLWV�ERWK�LQIUDUHG�DQG�VRPH�YLVLEOH�OLJKW�
� 2XU�ERGLHV�UDGLDWH�LQIUDUHG�DQG�XQGHU�LQIUDUHG�FDPHUD�RU�D�QLJKW�YLVLRQ�JRJJOH��RXU�LPDJHV�DSSHDU�LQ�YDULHW\�RI�FRORUV��7KH�GLIIHUHQFHV�LQ�FRORU�GHWHUPLQH�WKH�GLIIHUHQFHV�LQ�WHPSHUDWXUH��)RU�H[DPSOH��VKDGHV�RI�EOXH�DQG�JUHHQ�LQGLFDWH�UHJLRQV�RI�FROGHU�WHPSHUDWXUH��DQG�UHG�DQG�\HOORZ�LQGLFDWH�ZDUPHU�WHPSHUDWXUH�
���
Figure 9.�,QIUDUHG�LPDJH�RI�D�GRJ
� ,Q�)LJXUH����WKH�GRJ�LV�FRYHUHG�ZLWK�WKLFN�FRDW�RI�IXU�WKDW�SUHYHQWV�WKH�KHDW�JHQHUDWHG�E\�WKH�GRJ¶V�ERG\�IURP�HVFDSLQJ���1RWLFH�WKDW�WKH�GRJ¶V�QRVH�LV�FROG�ZKLOH�WKH�H\HV�DQG�PRXWK�DUHDV�DUH�ZDUP�
7KH�IROORZLQJ�DUH�VRPH�XVHIXO�DSSOLFDWLRQV�RI�,5�UDGLDWLRQ�
1. ,QIUDUHG�SKRWRJUDSKV�WDNHQ�IURP�D�VDWHOOLWH�ZLWK�VSHFLDO�¿OPV�SURYLGH�XVHIXO�GHWDLOV�RI�WKH�YHJHWDWLRQ�RQ�WKH�(DUWK¶V�VXUIDFH�
2. ,QIUDUHG�VFDQQHUV�DUH�XVHG�WR�VKRZ�WKH�WHPSHUDWXUH�YDULDWLRQ�RI�WKH�ERG\��7KLV�FDQ�EH�XVHG�IRU�PHGLFDO�GLDJQRVLV�
��� ,QIUDUHG�UHPRWH�FRQWUROV�DUH�XVHG�LQ�79V��YLGHR��FDVVHWWH�UHFRUGHUV��and other electronic appliances.
4. 6RPH�QLJKW�YLVLRQ�JRJJOHV�XVH�,5�5. 6RPH�DXWRIRFXV�FDPHUDV�KDYH� WUDQVPLWWHU� WKDW�VHQGV�RXW� LQIUDUHG�
SXOVHV���7KH�SXOVHV�DUH�UHÀHFWHG�E\�WKH�REMHFW�WR�EH�SKRWRJUDSKHG�EDFN�WR�WKH�FDPHUD��7KH�GLVWDQFH�RI�WKH�REMHFW�LV�FDOFXODWHG�E\�WKH�WLPH�ODJ�EHWZHHQ�WKH�VHQGLQJ�DQG�UHFHLYLQJ�RI�SXOVHV���7KH�OHQV�LV�WKHQ�GULYHQ�E\�D�EXLOW�LQ�PRWRU�WR�DGMXVW�WR�JHW�WKH�FRUUHFW�IRFXV�RI�WKH�object.
���
The Visible Spectrum � :KHQ�ZKLWH�OLJKW�SDVVHV�WKURXJK�D�SULVP��LW�LV�VHSDUDWHG�LQWR�LWV�FRQVWLWXHQW�FRORUV��WKH�UHG��RUDQJH��\HOORZ��JUHHQ��EOXH��LQGLJR�DQG�YLROHW���7KHVH�FRORUV�GR�QRW�GLVWLQFWO\�VHSDUDWH�EXW� WKH\�FRQWLQXRXVO\�FKDQJH�IURP�UHG�WR�YLROHW�� �5HG�FRORU�KDV�WKH�ORQJHVW�ZDYHOHQJWK�IURP�DPRQJ�WKHVH�FRORUV�DQG�YLROHW�KDV�WKH�shortest.
Figure 10. The Visible Spectrum
� 2XU�H\HV�DUH�VHQVLWLYH� WR�HOHFWURPDJQHWLF�ZDYHV�RI�ZDYHOHQJWKV� WKDW�UDQJHV�IURP��[�����P�WR��[�����P���7KLV�LV�WKH�UDQJH�RI�ZDYHOHQJWKV�RI�ZKLWH�OLJKW��7KXV��WKH�VSHFWUXP�RI�ZKLWH�OLJKW�LV�WKHUHIRUH�FDOOHG�WKH�YLVLEOH�VSHFWUXP��7DEOH���VKRZV�WKH�ZDYHOHQJWKV�RI�WKH�GLIIHUHQW�FRORUV�WKDW�FRQVWLWXWH�WKH�ZKLWH�light.
Table 3. The Wavelength of the Different Colors of LightColor Wavelength (nm)
9LROHW���,QGLJR ����WR����%OXH ����WR����
Green ����WR����<HOORZ ����WR����2UDQJH ����WR����5HG ����WR����
� 7KH� QH[W� DFWLYLW\� LQWURGXFHV� WKH� QH[W� SDUW� RI� WKH� HOHFWURPDJQHWLF�VSHFWUXP���3HUIRUP�WKLV�DFWLYLW\�WR�KDYH�D�GHHSHU�XQGHUVWDQGLQJ�DERXW�WKLV�NLQG�RI�(0�ZDYH��7KLV�DFWLYLW\�VKRXOG�EH�GRQH�HDUO\�LQ�WKH�PRUQLQJ�VR�DV�WR�H[SRVH�WKH�PDWHULDO�WKURXJKRXW�WKH�GD\�
161
Activity 6Screen the UV out
Objectives:����%ORFN�89�UD\V�RI�WKH�VXQ�����'LVFRYHU�WKH�HIIHFWV�RI�89�UD\V�
Materials:• =LSORF�VQDFN�EDJ• newspaper• VXQVFUHHQ�VXQEORFN• black construction paper• permanent marker
Procedure:1. &XW�D�SLHFH�RI�QHZVSDSHU�WR�¿W�VQXJO\�LQVLGH�D�=LSORF�VQDFN�EDJ��2. 2XWVLGH�WKH�VQDFN�EDJ��GUDZ�WZR�OLQHV�ZLWK�D�PDUNHU�GLYLGLQJ�WKH�EDJ�
LQWR�WKUHH�HTXDO�SDUWV�IURP�WKH�WRS�RI�WKH�EDJ�WR�WKH�ERWWRP���� $SSO\�D�WKLQ�FRDW�RI�VXQVFUHHQ�LQ�WKH�OHIWPRVW�SDUW��4. &RYHU�WKH�PLGGOH�SDUW�ZLWK�EODFN�FRQVWUXFWLRQ�SDSHU��5. 7KH�ULJKW�SDUW�VKRXOG�EH�OHIW�IXOO\�H[SRVHG�6. 3ODFH�WKH�VQDFN�EDJV�LQ�D�SODFH�IXOO\�H[SRVHG�WR�VXQOLJKW�7. 5HFRYHU�WKH�VQDFN�EDJV�LQ�WKH�DIWHUQRRQ�
Guide Questions:� 4����+RZ�GRHV�WKH�QHZVSULQW�YDU\�LQ�WKH�WKUHH�GLYLVLRQV�RI�WKH�QHZVSDSHU"
� 4����:KDW�GRHV�WKLV�LQGLFDWH"
� 4����+RZ�GRHV�WKLV�UHDOL]DWLRQ�LPSDFW�WR�\RXU�SHUVRQDO�OLIH"
([WHQVLRQ�$FWLYLW\��)RU�D�PRUH�QRWLFHDEOH�UHVXOW��FRQWLQXH�H[SRVLQJ�WKH�PDWHULDO�IRU�VHYHUDO�GD\V�
� 3HUIRUP� WKH� VDPH� DFWLYLW\� GXULQJ� D� FORXG\� GD\� RU� LQVLGH� WKH� KRXVH���2EVHUYH�DQG�FRPSDUH�WKH�GHJUHH�RI�HIIHFW�WR�WKDW�GXULQJ�D�EULJKW�VXQQ\�GD\�
Ultraviolet Radiation
� 8OWUDYLROHW�UDGLDWLRQ�OLHV�MXVW�EH\RQG�WKH�YLROHW�HQG�RI�WKH�YLVLEOH�VSHFWUXP���8OWUDYLROHW�ZDYHV�KDYH�VKRUWHU�ZDYHOHQJWKV�WKDQ�WKH�YLVLEOH�OLJKW�DQG�FDUU\�PRUH�HQHUJ\���
162
Some Uses of UV Radiation
� 7KH�VXQ� LV�RXU�PDLQ� VRXUFH�RI� XOWUDYLROHW� UDGLDWLRQ�EXW� WKHUH�DUH�DOVR�DUWL¿FLDO� VRXUFHV� RI� 89� OLJKW�� 8OWUDYLROHW� UDGLDWLRQ� LQ� 89� ODPSV� DUH� XVHG� E\�banks to check the signature on a passbook. The signature is marked on WKH�SDVVERRN�ZLWK�ÀXRUHVFHQW�LQN���,W�EHFRPHV�YLVLEOH�ZKHQ�YLHZHG�XQGHU�DQ�XOWUDYLROHW�ODPS���7KHVH�ODPSV�DUH�DOVR�XVHG�WR�LGHQWLI\�IDNH�EDQNQRWHV��
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Ultraviolet radiation in sunlight produces vitamin D in the skin and gives XV�WDQQLQJ�HIIHFW��%XW�VLQFH�89�UD\V�KDYH�KLJK�HQHUJ\��LW�FRXOG�EH�KDUPIXO�WR�VRPH�H[WHQW�� ,W� FRXOG�EXUQ� WKH�VNLQ�DQG�KXUW�RXU�H\HV��2YHUH[SRVXUH� WR�89�UDGLDWLRQ�PD\�FDXVH�VNLQ�FDQFHU���6XQWDQ�RU�VXQVFUHHQ�ORWLRQV�VHUYH�DV�¿OWHUV�WR�SURWHFW�WKH�ERG\�IURP�XOWUDYLROHW�UDGLDWLRQ�
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Figure 11.�$Q�;�UD\�¿OP
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Gamma Rays
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V. Summary/Synthesis/Feedback
• $�ZDYH�LV�D�GLVWXUEDQFH�WKDW�WUDQVIHUV�HQHUJ\�• -DPHV� &OHUN� 0D[ZHOO� IRUPXODWHG� WKH� (OHFWURPDJQHWLF� :DYH� 7KHRU\�
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• +HLQULFK�+HUW]�GLVFRYHUHG�WKH�+HUW]LDQ�ZDYHV�ZKLFK�LV�QRZ�NQRZQ�DV�radio waves.
• +HUW]�LV�WKH�XQLW�XVHG�WR�PHDVXUH�WKH�IUHTXHQF\�RI�ZDYHV�• (OHFWURPDJQHWLF��(0��ZDYHV�KDYH�XQLTXH�SURSHUWLHV�
Ź (0�ZDYHV�FDQ�WUDYHO�WKURXJK�D�YDFXXP� Ź (0�ZDYHV�WUDYHO�DW�WKH�VSHHG�ZKLFK�LV�FRQVWDQW�LQ�D�JLYHQ�PHGLXP�DQG�KDV�D�YDOXH�RI�F� �����[�����P�V�LQ�YDFXXP�
Ź (0�ZDYHV�DUH�GLVWXUEDQFHV�LQ�D�¿HOG�UDWKHU�WKDQ�LQ�D�PHGLXP� Ź (0�ZDYHV�KDYH�DQ�HOHFWULF�¿HOG� WKDW� WUDYHOV�SHUSHQGLFXODU�ZLWK�WKH�PDJQHWLF�¿HOG�
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• 0RVW�(0�ZDYHV�DUH�LQYLVLEOH�WR�WKH�H\H�EXW�GHWHFWDEOH��2QO\�WKH�YLVLEOH�OLJKW�LV�VHHQ�E\�KXPDQV�
• :DYHV� LQ� WKH� (0� VSHFWUXP� LQFOXGH� WKH� IROORZLQJ� IURP� WKH� ORQJHVW�wavelength to the shortest wavelength.
Ź 5DGLR�ZDYHV Ź 0LFURZDYHV Ź ,QIUDUHG�ZDYHV Ź Visible light Ź Ultraviolet Ź ;�UD\V Ź *DPPD�UD\V
� 7KH�RUGHU�DOVR�VKRZV�WKH�LQFUHDVLQJ�IUHTXHQF\�DQG�HQHUJ\�RI�WKH�(0�waves.
164
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• 7KH�UHJLRQV�LQ�WKH�(0�VSHFWUXP�KDYH�YDULRXV�XVHV�DQG�DSSOLFDWLRQV�DV�IROORZV�
EM Wave Applications / Uses5DGLR�ZDYHV 5DGLR�DQG�WHOHYLVLRQ�FRPPXQLFDWLRQ0LFURZDYHV Satellite television and communication
,QIUDUHG�ZDYHV 5HPRWH�FRQWURO��KRXVHKROG�HOHFWULFDO�appliances
Visible light $UWL¿FLDO� OLJKWLQJ�� RSWLFDO� ¿EHUV� LQ�PHGLFDO� XVHV�� VFUHHQ� RI� HOHFWURQLF�devices
Ultraviolet 6WHULOL]DWLRQ��)OXRUHVFHQFH;�UD\V 0HGLFDO�XVH��HQJLQHHULQJ�DSSOLFDWLRQV*DPPD�UD\V 0HGLFDO�WUHDWPHQW
• (DFK� W\SH�RI�(0�ZDYH�SRVHV�D�FHUWDLQ�GHJUHH�RI� ULVN�DQG�GDQJHU� WR�people and environment.
165
VI. Summative Assessment
$��0XOWLSOH�&KRLFH���&KRRVH�WKH�OHWWHU�RI�WKH�FRUUHFW�DQVZHU�
������� :KLFK�HOHFWURPDJQHWLF�ZDYH�FDUULHV�PRUH�HQHUJ\�WKDQ�WKH�RWKHUV"a. microwavesb. radio wavesc. UV radiationd. visible light
������� :KDW�HOHFWURPDJQHWLF�ZDYH�LV�VRPHWLPHV�FDOOHG�KHDW�UD\V"a. JDPPD�UD\Vb. LQIUDUHGc. radio wavesd. visible light
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������� :KDW�LV�WKH�ZDYHOHQJWK�RI�WKH�ZDYH�ZLWK�D�IUHTXHQF\�RI���[�����+]"a. ����[����� mb. ����[���1 mc. ����[����� md. ����[���2 m
%��%HORZ�DUH�WKH�DSSOLFDWLRQV�RI�HOHFWURPDJQHWLF�ZDYHV��6WDWH�WKH�W\SH�RI electromagnetic wave used in each application.
1. Satellite communications������� 7H[WLQJ������� 79�EURDGFDVWLQJ������� 5DGDU������� &KHFNLQJ�EDQNERRN�VLJQDWXUH
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Glossary of Terms
Electromagnetic wave D�GLVWXUEDQFH�LQ�D�¿HOG�WKDW�FDUULHV�HQHUJ\�DQG�does not require a medium to travel
Frequency QXPEHU� RI� F\FOHV� D� ZDYH� FRPSOHWHV� LQ� RQH�VHFRQG��H[SUHVVHG�LQ�+HUW]
Radar VKRUW�IRU�UDGLR�GHWHFWLQJ�DQG�UDQJLQJ��$�ZD\�RI�GHWHFWLQJ� DLUFUDIWV� DQG� VKLSV� IURP� D� GLVWDQFH�and estimating their locations
Radio Receivers receives radio waves and convert them back to sounds
Radio Transmitter DWWDFKHV� LQIRUPDWLRQ� WR� WKH� UDGLR� VLJQDO� E\�modulating it
Wavelength WKH� GLVWDQFH� PHDVXUHG� IURP� RQH� FUHVW� RI� D�ZDYH�WR�WKH�QH[W�FUHVW�RU�IURP�RQH�WKURXJK�WR�the second through
167
References and Links
Printed Materials:
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Electronic Sources:
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I. Introduction,Q� WKH�SUHYLRXV�PRGXOH��\RX� OHDUQHG�DERXW�HOHFWURPDJQHWLF�VSHFWUXP���
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,Q� WKLV� PRGXOH�� \RX� ZLOO� VWXG\� WZR� RI� WKH� SURSHUWLHV� RI� YLVLEOH� OLJKW� ��UHÀHFWLRQ�DQG�UHIUDFWLRQ���$�FORVHU�ORRN�LQWR�WKHVH�SURSHUWLHV�ZLOO�EH�GRQH�WKURXJK�GLIIHUHQW�REVHUYDEOH�H[DPSOHV�DQG�H[SHULPHQWDWLRQV�XVLQJ�PLUURUV�DQG�OHQVHV���$V� \RX�ZDON� WKURXJK� WKH� SDJHV� RI� WKLV�PRGXOH�� \RX�ZLOO� EH� DEOH� WR� XVH� WKH�ODZV�RI�UHÀHFWLRQ�DQG�UHIUDFWLRQ�LQ�RUGHU�WR�GHVFULEH�DQG�H[SODLQ�KRZ�LPDJHV�DUH� IRUPHG�E\�PLUURUV�DQG� OHQVHV�� �<RX�ZLOO� DOVR�EH�DEOH� WR� VROYH�SUREOHPV�SHUWDLQLQJ�WR�WKH�SRVLWLRQ�DQG�PDJQL¿FDWLRQ�RI�LPDJHV�IRUPHG�E\�PLUURUV�DQG�lenses.
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LIGHT: MIRRORS & LENSES
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Unit 2MODULE
3
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II. Learning Competencies/Objectives
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DQG�SRVLWLRQV�RI�LPDJHV�IRUPHG�E\�PLUURUV�DQG�OHQVHV�5. Derive the mirror and lens equations.6. ,GHQWLI\�ZD\V�LQ�ZKLFK�WKH�SURSHUWLHV�RI�PLUURUV�DQG�OHQVHV�GHWHUPLQH�
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III. Pre-Assessment
Directions���&KRRVH�WKH�OHWWHU�RI�WKH�FRUUHFW�DQVZHU�
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IV. Reading Resources and Instructional Activities
5HÀHFWLRQ�RI�/LJKW�LQ�0LUURUV
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Activity 1Mirror, mirror, on the wall…
Objectives:• Determine tKH�KHLJKW��ZLGWK��DQG�WKH�GLVWDQFH�IURP�WKH�PLUURU�RI�WKH�
LPDJH�IRUPHG�E\�SODQH�PLUURUV�• &RPSDUH�WKH�DFWXDO�KHLJKW��ZLGWK�DQG�WKH�GLVWDQFH�IURP�WKH�PLUURU�RI�
WKH�REMHFW�ZLWK�WKDW�RI�WKH�LPDJH�IRUPHG�E\�SODQH�PLUURU�
Materials:• ������FP�[����FP��SODQH�PLUURU�• 1 graphing paper• ���RQH±SHVR�FRLQV• PRGHOLQJ�FOD\• pen
Procedure:1. /HW�WKH�PLUURU�VWDQG�YHUWLFDOO\�DORQJ�D�OLQH�RQ�D�JUDSKLQJ�SDSHU�DV�VKRZQ�LQ�
)LJXUH����8VH�WKH�PRGHOLQJ�FOD\�WR�VXSSRUW�WKH�SODQH�PLUURU���
Figure 1. $�3ODQH�0LUURU�RQ�D�*UDSKLQJ�3DSHU�
2. 8VLQJ�D�SHQ��PDNH�WKUHH�����GLIIHUHQW�PDUNV�DORQJ�WKH�LQWHUVHFWLRQV�RQ�WKH�JUDSKLQJ�SDSHU�LQ�IURQW�RI�D�PLUURU�
0RGHOLQJ�FOD\
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174
3. 0HDVXUH�WKH�GLVWDQFH�RI�HDFK�PDUN�IURP�WKH�PLUURU�E\�FRXQWLQJ�WKH�QXPEHU�RI�SDUDOOHO�OLQHV�EHWZHHQ�WKH�PDUN�DQG�WKH�EDVH�RI�WKH�SODQH�PLUURU���5HFRUG�\RXU�GDWD�LQ�D�WDEOH�VLPLODU�WR�7DEOH���EHORZ�
4. /RRN�DW�WKH�LPDJHV�RI�WKH�PDUNV�IRUPHG�E\�WKH�PLUURU��0HDVXUH�WKH�GLVWDQFH�RI� HDFK� LPDJH� IURP� WKH�PLUURU� E\� FRXQWLQJ� WKH� QXPEHU� RI� SDUDOOHO� OLQHV�EHWZHHQ�WKH�LPDJH�DQG�WKH�EDVH�RI�WKH�PLUURU���5HFRUG�WKLV�DOVR�LQ�7DEOH���
Table 1. Distance of the Object and Image from the Mirror
MarkNumber of Parallel Lines
%HWZHHQ�WKH�0DUN�DQG�WKH�0LUURU
%HWZHHQ�WKH�,PDJH�DQG�WKH�0LUURU
0DUN��0DUN��0DUN��
� 4����5HIHU�WR�7DEOH����FRPSDUH�WKH�GLVWDQFH��QXPEHU�RI�SDUDOOHO�OLQHV��IURP� � �����WKH�PLUURU�RI�WKH�REMHFW�ZLWK�WKDW�RI�WKH�LPDJH�
5. 6WDFN����SLHFHV�RI�RQH�SHVR�FRLQ�LQ�IURQW�RI�WKH�SODQH�PLUURU�DV�LQ�)LJXUH�����8VLQJ�D�UXOHU��PHDVXUH�WKH�KHLJKW�DQG�ZLGWK�RI�WKH�VWDFN�RI�FRLQV��0HDVXUH�DOVR�WKH�KHLJKW�DQG�ZLGWK�RI� WKH� LPDJH�DV�VHHQ�RQ�WKH�PLUURU��(QWHU�\RXU�measurements in a table similar to Table 2.
Figure 2. 6WDFN�RI�&RLQV�,Q�IURQW�RI�WKH�3ODQH�0LUURU
Table 2. Height and Width of Object and ImageDescription Object Image+HLJKW��FP�:LGWK��FP�
4����+RZ�GR�WKH�KHLJKW�DQG�ZLGWK�RI�WKH�REMHFW�FRPSDUH�ZLWK�WKH�KHLJKW�DQG��������ZLGWK�RI�WKH�LPDJH"
175
5HÀHFWLRQ�LV�WKH�ERXQFLQJ�RII�RI�OLJKW�UD\V�ZKHQ�LW�KLWV�D�VXUIDFH�OLNH�D�SODQH�PLUURU�� � ,Q� WKH�DFWLYLW\�� \RX�XVHG�SODQH�PLUURUV� DQG� ORFDWHG� WKH�REMHFW�distance, p and the image distance, q�DQG�IRXQG�RXW�WKDW�S�LV�HTXDO�WR�T���,Q�SODQH�PLUURUV��WKH�LPDJH�DSSHDUV�DV�LI�LW�LV�EHKLQG�WKH�PLUURU�EXW�DFWXDOO\�QRW��VR�WKH�LPDJH�LV�YLUWXDO��7KH�YDOXH�WKHUHIRUH�RI�LPDJH�GLVWDQFH��T�LV�QHJDWLYH���7KH�KHLJKW�RI�WKH�LPDJH��h’�LQ�SODQH�PLUURUV�LV�DOZD\V�WKH�VDPH�DV�WKH�KHLJKW�RI�WKH�REMHFW��WKXV�LWV�PDJQL¿FDWLRQ��M�LV����7KH�PDJQL¿FDWLRQ�IRUPXOD�LV�ZULWWHQ�EHORZ�
7R�OHDUQ�PRUH�DERXW�UHÀHFWLRQ�RI�OLJKW�LQ�SODQH�PLUURUV��WU\�WKH�QH[W�DFWLYLW\���+RZHYHU��KHUH�DUH�VRPH�LPSRUWDQW�WHUPV�ZKLFK�\RX�QHHG�WR�XQGHUVWDQG�¿UVW�
Incident Ray��7KH�UD\�RI�OLJKW�DSSURDFKLQJ�WKH�PLUURU�UHSUHVHQWHG�E\�DQ�arrow approaching an optical element like mirrors.
5HÀHFWHG�5D\��7KH�UD\�RI�OLJKW�ZKLFK�OHDYHV� WKH�PLUURU� DQG� LV� UHSUHVHQWHG� E\� DQ�DUURZ�SRLQWLQJ�DZD\�IURP�WKH�PLUURU�
Normal Line���$Q�LPDJLQDU\�OLQH��������ODEHOHG�1�LQ����)LJXUH����WKDW�FDQ�EH�GUDZQ�SHUSHQGLFXODU�WR�WKH�VXUIDFH�RI�WKH�PLUURU�DW�WKH�SRLQW�RI��������LQFLGHQFH�ZKHUH�WKH�UD\�strikes the mirror.
7KH�DQJOH�EHWZHHQ�WKH�LQFLGHQW�UD\�DQG�WKH�QRUPDO�OLQH�LV�NQRZQ�DV�WKH�DQJOH�RI�LQFLGHQFH��Ԧi��7KH�DQJOH�EHWZHHQ�WKH�UHÀHFWHG�UD\�DQG�WKH�QRUPDO�LV�NQRZQ�DV�WKH�DQJOH�RI�UHÀHFWLRQ��Ԧr.
Figure 3. 5HÀHFWLRQ�RI�D�/LJKW�5D\�RQ�D�3ODQH�0LUURU
176
Activity 2$QJOH�RI�,QFLGHQFH�YV��$QJOH�RI�5HÀHFWLRQ
Objectives:• &RPSDUH�WKH�DQJOH�RI�UHÀHFWLRQ�DQG�WKH�DQJOH�RI�LQFLGHQFH�• 6WDWH�RQH�RI�WKH�ODZV�RI�UHÀHFWLRQ�
Materials:• 1 plane mirror• ��ORZ�±�IUHTXHQF\�ODVHU��ODVHU�SHQ�ODVHU�SRLQWHU• ��SDSHU�SURWUDFWRU��VHH�$SSHQGL[�$�
Procedure:1. /HW� WKH�PLUURU� VWDQG� YHUWLFDOO\� DORQJ� WKH� HGJH� RI� WKH� SDSHU� SURWUDFWRU� DV�
VKRZQ�LQ�)LJXUH����8VH�WKH�FOD\�WR�VXSSRUW�WKH�SODQH�PLUURU��
Figure 4.�$�3ODQH�PLUURU�RQ�D�SDSHU�SURWUDFWRU
2. 3RVLWLRQ�WKH�ODVHU�EHDP�VXFK�WKDW�LW�KLWV�WKH�PLUURU�DW�DQ�DQJOH�RI���o with the QRUPDO�OLQH��0HDVXUH�WKH�DQJOH�EHWZHHQ�WKH�UHÀHFWHG�UD\�DQG�WKH�QRUPDO�OLQH��5HFRUG�\RXU�PHDVXUHPHQW�LQ�D�WDEOH�VLPLODU�WR�7DEOH�����
3. 0DNH�WKUHH�WULDOV�DQG�JHW�WKH�DYHUDJH�4. 5HSHDW� VWHSV� �� WR� �� IRU� DQJOHV� ��o�� ��o�� ��o�� DQG� ��o�� (QWHU� DOO� \RXU�
PHDVXUHPHQWV�LQ�7DEOH���
7DEOH�����$QJOHV�RI�,QFLGHQFH�DQG�5HÀHFWLRQ
Angle of Incidence$QJOH�RI�5HÀHFWLRQ
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� 4����$�SHULVFRSH�LV�DQ�LQVWUXPHQW�IRU�REVHUYDWLRQ�RYHU��DURXQG�RU�WKURXJK������������������DQ�REVWDFOH��([SODLQ�KRZ�OLJKW�WUDYHOV�LQ�D�SHULVFRSH���'LDJUDP�WKH������������������OLJKW�UD\V�DV�WKHVH�SDVV�WKURXJK�WKH�SHULVFRSH���
,Q�WKH�DFWLYLW\��\RX�IRXQG�RXW�WKDW�WKH�DQJOH�RI�LQFLGHQFH��Ԧi��LV�HTXDO�WR�WKH�DQJOH�RI�UHÀHFWLRQ��Ԧr���
,Q�V\PEROV�Ԧi = Ԧr
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³7KH�QRUPDO�OLQH��LQFLGHQW�UD\��DQG�WKH�UHÀHFWHG�UD\�OLH�RQ�WKH�VDPH�plane.”
5HÀHFWLRQ�RI�OLJKW�LV�HPSOR\HG�VLJQL¿FDQWO\�LQ�PDNLQJ�RSWLFDO�LQVWUXPHQWV�OLNH�SHULVFRSHV���3HULVFRSHV�DOORZ�VHD�QDYLJDWRUV�LQ�D�VXEPDULQH�WR�VHH�WKH�VXUIDFH�RI�WKH�water.
7U\�WKH�QH[W�DFWLYLW\�WR�IXUWKHU�LQYHVWLJDWH�WKH�UHÀHFWLRQ�RI�OLJKW�LQ�SODQH�PLUURUV
Activity 3
Mirror Left-Right Reversal
Objectives:• 'HVFULEH�WKH�LPDJHV�IRUPHG�E\�SODQH�PLUURU�• 6KRZ�DQ�XQGHUVWDQGLQJ�RI�UHYHUVDO�HIIHFW�LQ�PLUURUV�E\�ZULWLQJ�ODWHUDOO\�
inverted letters and words.
Materials:• alphabet chart• 1 plane mirror
Procedure:1. 3ODFH� WKH� DOSKDEHW� FKDUW� LQ� IURQW� RI� WKH� SODQH�PLUURU�� � ,GHQWLI\� DOO� FDSLWDO�
OHWWHUV�LQ�WKH�DOSKDEHW�WKDW�FDQ�EH�UHDG�SURSHUO\�LQ�IURQW�RI�WKH�PLUURU�2. :ULWH�DW�OHDVW���ZRUGV��DOO�LQ�FDSLWDO�OHWWHUV��WKDW�FDQ�EH�UHDG�SURSHUO\�ERWK�
ZLWK�D�PLUURU�DQG�ZLWKRXW�D�PLUURU�LQ�IURQW�RI�LW�
178
� 4����:KDW�DUH�WKH�OHWWHUV�RI�WKH�DOSKDEHW��LQ�FDSLWDO��WKDW�FDQ�EH�UHDG�������������������SURSHUO\�LQ�IURQW�RI�D�PLUURU"
� 4����7KLQN�RI�ZRUGV��LQ�FDSLWDO�OHWWHUV��WKDW�FDQ�EH�UHDG�SURSHUO\�ERWK�ZLWK�������������������D�PLUURU�DQG�ZLWKRXW�D�PLUURU���:KDW�DUH�WKHVH�ZRUGV"
� 4����:ULWH�WKH�VHQWHQFH�EHORZ�RQ�D�FOHDU�VKHHW�RI�SDSHU�LQ�VXFK�D�ZD\�������������������WKDW�LW�FDQ�EH�UHDG�SURSHUO\�LQ�IURQW�RI�D�PLUURU�
+RQHVW\�LV�WKH�EHVW�SROLF\�
Mirror Left-Right Reversal
)LJXUH� �� VKRZV� D� JLUO� FRPELQJ� KHU� KDLU� ZLWK�KHU�OHIW�KDQG���+RZHYHU��LQ�KHU�LPDJH��\RX�ZLOO�QRWLFH�that she is combing her hair with her right hand. This HIIHFW� LV�NQRZQ�DV�WKH�PLUURU� OHIW�ULJKW�UHYHUVDO��7KH�OHIW�VLGH�RI�WKH�REMHFW�DSSHDUV�DV�WKH�ULJKW�VLGH�RI�WKH�LPDJH� DQG� WKH� ULJKW� VLGH� DSSHDUV� DV� WKH� OHIW�� 7KLV�DOVR�H[SODLQV�ZK\�WKH�ZRUG�³$0%8/$1&(´�LQ�DQ�DP�EXODQFH�FDU�LV�ÀLSSHG��� � 'R�WKH�QH[W�DFWLYLW\�WR�OHDUQ�PRUH�DERXW�UHÀHFWLRQ�RI�OLJKW��WKLV�WLPH�XVLQJ�WZR�SODQH�PLUURUV���<RX�ZLOO�H[SORUH�KRZ�WKH�DQJOH�EHWZHHQ�WZR�SODQH�PLUURUV�DIIHFWV�WKH�QXPEHU�RI�LPDJHV�IRUPHG�
Activity 4
Who wants to be a Millionaire?
Objectives:• ,GHQWLI\�WKH�UHODWLRQVKLS�EHWZHHQ�WKH�QXPEHU�RI�LPDJHV�IRUPHG�DQG�
the angle between the two mirrors.• 8VH� WKH� JDWKHUHG� GDWD� WR� GHULYH� WKH� IRUPXOD� IRU� GHWHUPLQLQJ� WKH�
QXPEHU� RI� LPDJHV� IRUPHG�ZKHQ� WZR�PLUURUV� DUH� NHSW� DW� D� FHUWDLQ�angle.
Materials:• ��RQH�SHVR�FRLQ• 1 paper protractor• 2 plane mirrors
Figure 5.�0LUURU�/HIW�5LJKW�5HYHUVDO�
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Procedure:
1. 3ODFH� WZR�SODQH�PLUURUV�DW�DQ�DQJOH�RI���o� DQG�SODFH� WKH�RQH�SHVR�FRLQ�EHWZHHQ�WKH�PLUURUV�DV�VKRZQ�LQ�)LJXUH���
Figure 6.�7ZR�SODQH�PLUURUV�DW����GHJUHH�DQJOH
2. &RXQW�WKH�QXPEHU�RI�LPDJHV�IRUPHG���5HFRUG�WKLV�LQ�D�WDEOH�VLPLODU�WR�7DEOH�4 below.
��� 7U\�WR�YDU\�WKH�DQJOH�EHWZHHQ�WKH�PLUURUV�
4���:KDW�KDSSHQV�WR�WKH�QXPEHU�RI�LPDJHV�IRUPHG�DV�\RX�YDU\�WKH������������������DQJOH�EHWZHHQ�WKH�PLUURUV"
4. 6HW� WKH� DQJOH� EHWZHHQ� WKH� PLUURUV� WR� ��o�� &RXQW� DQG� UHFRUG� DJDLQ� WKH�QXPEHU�RI�LPDJHV�IRUPHG��
5. 'R�DJDLQ�VWHS���IRU�DQJOHV���o�DQG���o. Enter all the values in a table similar to Table 4
Table 4. Number of Images FormedAngle Number of Images��o
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45o
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� 4�����8VH�WKH�GDWD�LQ�7DEOH���WR�GHULYH�WKH�IRUPXOD�IRU�GHWHUPLQLQJ�WKH���������������������QXPEHU�RI�LPDJHV�IRUPHG�E\�WZR�PLUURUV"
� 4�����+RZ�VKRXOG�WKH�PLUURUV�EH�DUUDQJHG�VXFK�WKDW�DQ�LQ¿QLWH�QXPEHU��������������������RI�LPDJHV�ZLOO�EH�IRUPHG�RU�VHHQ"�
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Multiple Images
� +DYH� \RX� VHHQ� D� ORW� RI� PRQH\� LQ� \RXU�SUHYLRXV�DFWLYLW\"�0XOWLSOH�LPDJHV�DUH�IRUPHG�E\�WKH� UHÀHFWLRQ� WKDW� KDSSHQV�ZKHQ� DUUDQJLQJ� DW�OHDVW�WZR�PLUURUV���)LJXUH���VKRZV�WKUHH�LPDJHV�RI�D� WR\�FDU� LQ� IURQW�RI� WZR�PLUURUV�DW���o. The QXPEHU�RI�LPDJHV��1��FDQ�EH�GHWHUPLQHG�XVLQJ�WKH�IRUPXOD�1� ������DQJOH�EHWZHHQ�WKH�PLUURU�������3DUDOOHO�PLUURUV�RQ�WKH�RWKHU�KDQG�SURGXFH�LQ¿QLWH�QXPEHU�RI�LPDJHV���
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7\SHV�RI�5HÀHFWLRn:
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PRXQWDLQ�DQG�LWV�UHÀHFWLRQ�RQ�ZDY\�ZDWHU
7KH�IROORZLQJ�OHVVRQ�SUHVHQWV�D�VSHFXODU��UHJXODU�UHÀHFWLRQ��EHFDXVH�LW�KDSSHQV�RQ�D�VPRRWK�VXUIDFH��EXW�WKH�UHÀHFWHG�UD\V�GR�QRW�IROORZ�RQH�GLUHFWLRQ���:K\�LV�WKDW�VR"��/HW�XV�¿QG�RXW�
5HÀHFWLRQ�RQ�6SKHULFDO�0LUURUV
/RRN�DW� \RXU� UHÀHFWLRQ�RQ�D�VKLQ\�PHWDO� VSRRQ�� ,V� \RXU� UHÀHFWLRQ� WKH�VDPH�RQ�WKH�WZR�VXUIDFHV�RI�WKH�VSRRQ"�+RZ�ZLOO�\RX�FRPSDUH�\RXU�UHÀHFWLRQ�RQ�WKH�WZR�VXUIDFHV�RI�WKH�VSRRQ"��7KLV�LV�D�UHÀHFWLRQ�RQ�FXUYHG�PLUURUV�
$�FXUYHG�PLUURU�LV�D�UHÀHFWLQJ�VXUIDFH�LQ�ZKLFK�LWV�VXUIDFH�LV�D�VHFWLRQ�RI�VSKHUH��7KHUH�DUH�WZR�NLQGV�RI�FXUYHG�PLUURUV��WKH�FRQFDYH�DQG�WKH�FRQYH[�PLUURUV���$�VSRRQ�LV�D�NLQG�RI�D�FXUYHG�PLUURU�ZLWK�ERWK�FRQFDYH�DQG�FRQYH[�VXUIDFHV�
Two Kinds of Spherical Mirrors: ���7KH�&RQFDYH�0LUURU�
• It is a curved mirror in ZKLFK�WKH�UHÀHFWLYH�VXUIDFH�EXOJHV�DZD\�IURP�WKH� OLJKW�source.
• ,W� LV� FDOOHG� &RQYHUJLQJ�0LUURU�EHFDXVH�WKH�SDUDOOHO�LQFLGHQW� UD\V� FRQYHUJH� RU�PHHW�LQWHUVHFW� DW� D� IRFDO�SRLQW�DIWHU�UHÀHFWLRQ�
Figure 10. 3DUDOOHO� UD\V�FRQYHUJH�DIWHU� UHÀHFWLRQ�on a concave mirror
182
���7KH�&RQYH[�0LUURU• It is a curved mirror
LQ�ZKLFK�WKH�UHÀHFWLYH�VXUIDFH�EXOJHV�WRZDUGV�WKH�light source.
• ,W�LV�FDOOHG�'LYHUJLQJ�0LUURU��because the parallel LQFLGHQW�UD\V�GLYHUJH�DIWHU�UHÀHFWLRQ��:KHQ�H[WHQGLQJ�WKH�UHÀHFWHG�UD\V�EHKLQG�WKH�PLUURU��WKH�UD\V�FRQYHUJH�DW�WKH�IRFXV�behind the mirror.
7R�NQRZ�PRUH�DERXW�FXUYHG�PLUURUV�DQG�KRZ�LPDJHV�DUH�IRUPHG�ZKHQ�REMHFWV�DUH�SODFHG�LQ�IURQW�RI�WKHP��WU\�$FWLYLW\���EHORZ��
Activity 5
Images Formed by Curved Mirrors
Objective:'HVFULEH�WKH�ORFDWLRQ��VL]H��DQG�RULHQWDWLRQ�RI�WKH�LPDJHV�IRUPHG�E\�curved mirrors.
Materials:• Improvised optical bench apparatus• &XUYHG�PLUURU��FRQFDYH�DQG�FRQYH[�• 0LUURU�VWDQG• Screen or white cardboard• )ODVKOLJKW• 0HWHU�VWLFN• 6KHHW�RI�SDSHU��FRORUHG�EODFN�
Procedure:1. &XW�D�8�VKDSHG�REMHFW�IURP�D�FDUWROLQD�ZLWK�D�VL]H�WKDW�¿WV�WKH�JODVV�FRYHU�
RI�WKH�ÀDVKOLJKW���$WWDFK�WKH�8�VKDSHG�REMHFW�WR�WKH�FRYHU�RI�WKH�ÀDVKOLJKW��5HIHU�WR�)LJXUH������
Figure 11. 3DUDOOHO�OLJKW�UD\V�GLYHUJH�DIWHU�UHÀHFWLRQ�RQ�D�FRQYH[�PLUURU
���
2. 3RVLWLRQ�WKH�FRQFDYH�PLUURU�LQWDFW�ZLWK�WKH�PLUURU�VWDQG�DW�WKH�FHQWHU�RI�WZR�PHWHU�VWLFNV�DV�VKRZQ�LQ�)LJXUH����EHORZ�
��� 0DUN�WKH�LPSURYLVHG�RSWLFDO�EHQFK�RU�PHWHU�VWLFNV�DW�WKH�IROORZLQJ�SRLQWV���
WKH�IRFDO�SRLQW�)��VHH�WKH�VSHFL¿HG�IRFDO�OHQJWK�RQ�ODEHO�RI�WKH�PLUURU���DQG�WKH�FHQWHU�RI�FXUYDWXUH��&�ZKLFK�LV�HTXDO�WR��)�
4. 3ODFH�WKH�ÀDVKOLJKW�DW�D�GLVWDQFH�IDUWKHU�WKDQ�WKH�FHQWHU�RI�FXUYDWXUH��&�LQ�IURQW�RI�WKH�PLUURU�
5. $OORZ�WKH�OLJKW�UD\V�FRPLQJ�IURP�WKH�ÀDVKOLJKW�WR�VWULNH�WKH�PLUURU�6. 3ODFH�D�VFUHHQ��D�ZKLWH�FDUGERDUG��DW�D�GLVWDQFH�LQ�IURQW�RI�WKH�PLUURU��0RYH�
WKH�VFUHHQ�LQ�GLIIHUHQW�GLVWDQFHV�LQ�IURQW�RI�WKH�PLUURU�XQWLO�D�FOHDU�DQG�VKDUS�LPDJH�RI�WKH�8�VKDSH�LV�IRUPHG�RQ�WKH�VFUHHQ��1RWH�WKH�VL]H�DQG�ORFDWLRQ�RI�WKH�LPDJH�IRUPHG��RQ�WKH�VFUHHQ��
7. 'R�WKH�VDPH�WKLQJ�LQ�GLIIHUHQW�ORFDWLRQ�RI�WKH�REMHFW�E\�PRYLQJ�WKH�ÀDVKOLJKW�DW�WKH�FHQWHU�RI�FXUYDWXUH�&��QHDU�WKH�IRFDO�SRLQW��)�DW�WKH�IRFDO�SRLQW��DQG�EHWZHHQ�WKH�IRFDO�SRLQW�DQG�WKH�PLUURU��
Figure 12.�$�8�VKDSHG�REMHFW�DWWDFKHG�WR�WKH�ÀDVKOLJKW�
Figure 13. 6HW�XS�IRU�&XUYHG�0LUURU�([SHULPHQW�
184
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8. 5HSHDW�VWHSV�������DQG���XVLQJ�D�FRQYH[�PLUURU���7KLV�WLPH��\RX�ZLOO�QRW�XVH�WKH�VFUHHQ���/RRN�WKURXJK�WKH�FRQYH[�PLUURU�WR�VHH�WKH�LPDJH��
�����������4����:KDW�LV�WKH�JHQHUDOL]DWLRQ�IURP�WKH�QDWXUH�RI�LPDJHV�IRUPHG�E\��������������������FRQYH[�PLUURU�DQG�FRQFDYH�PLUURU"
7KLV�DFWLYLW\�LV�DGDSWHG�IURP�/HVVRQ�3ODQV�LQ�6FLHQFH�,9��8QLW�,,�(QHUJ\�LQ�WKH�(QYLURQPHQW��$FWLYLW\�����,PDJHV�)RUPHG�E\�&XUYHG�0LUURUV��
,Q�$FWLYLW\���XVLQJ�D�FRQFDYH�PLUURU��\RX�REVHUYHG�WKDW�LPDJHV�IRUPHG�RQ�
WKH�VFUHHQ�DUH�LQYHUWHG���,PDJHV�IRUPHG�RQ�D�VFUHHQ��DIWHU�UHÀHFWLRQ��DUH�FDOOHG�UHDO�LPDJHV�EHFDXVH�WKH\�DUH�IRUPHG�E\�WKH�LQWHUVHFWLRQ�RI�UHDO�UHÀHFWHG�UD\V��
$�YLUWXDO�LPDJH��RQ�WKH�RWKHU�KDQG��GRHV�QRW�IRUP�RQ�D�VFUHHQ�EHFDXVH�D�YLUWXDO�LPDJH�LV�IRUPHG�E\�WKH�LQWHUVHFWLRQ�RI�QRQ�UHDO�UD\V�
Images Formed by Curved Mirrors
� ,Q�ORFDWLQJ�WKH�LPDJH�IRUPHG�LQ�FXUYHG�PLUURU�JUDSKLFDOO\��WKUHH�LPSRUWDQW�SRLQWV�DUH�FRQVLGHUHG���7KH�IROORZLQJ�LPSRUWDQW�SRLQWV�DUH�HQXPHUDWHG�EHORZ�
(a)
Figure 14. �&XUYHG�0LUURUV��D��&RQFDYH�0LUURU��E��&RQYH[�0LUURU
(b)
• &HQWHU�RI�&XUYDWXUH��C���WKH�FHQWHU�RI�WKH�VSKHUH�RI�which the mirror is part. Its GLVWDQFH�IURP�WKH�PLUURU�LV�known as the radius.
• 9HUWH[��V���WKH�FHQWHU�RI�WKH�mirror.
• )RFDO�3RLQW��)RFXV��F���WKH�SRLQW�EHWZHHQ�WKH�FHQWHU�RI�WKH�FXUYDWXUH�DQG�YHUWH[��,WV�GLVWDQFH�IURP�WKH�PLUURU�LV�NQRZQ�DV�WKH�IRFDO�OHQJWK��f.
Principal axisPrincipal axis
185
The ‘Four Principal Rays’ in Curved Mirrors
� ,PDJHV�IRUPHG�LQ�D�FXUYHG�PLUURU�FDQ�EH�ORFDWHG�DQG�GHVFULEHG�WKURXJK�UD\�GLDJUDPPLQJ���7KH�3�±�)�UD\��)�±�3�UD\��&�±�&�UD\��DQG�WKH�9�UD\�DUH�WKH�µ)RXU�3ULQFLSDO�5D\V¶� LQ�FXUYH�PLUURUV�� �7KHVH�UD\V��DSSOLHG� IRU�FRQFDYH�DQG�FRQYH[�PLUURUV��DUH�SUHVHQWHG�LQ�7DEOH���
Table 5. The ‘Four Principal Rays’ on Concave and Convex MirrorsConcave Mirror (Converging
Mirror) Convex Mirror (Diverging Mirror)
1. �3�±�)�5D\���$�UD\�RI�OLJKW�SDUDOOHO�WR�WKH�SULQFLSDO�D[LV�LV�UHÀHFWHG�passing through the principal IRFXV��)�
1. 3�±�)�5D\���$�UD\�RI�OLJKW�SDUDOOHO�WR�WKH�SULQFLSDO�D[LV�LV�UHÀHFWHG�DV�LI�SDVVLQJ�WKURXJK�WKH�SULQFLSDO�IRFXV��)�
2. )�±�3�5D\���$�UD\�RI�OLJKW�SDVVLQJ�WKURXJK�WKH�IRFXV��)�LV�UHÀHFWHG�SDUDOOHO�WR�WKH�SULQFLSDO�D[LV�
2. �)�±�3�5D\���$�UD\�RI�OLJKW�GLUHFWHG�WRZDUGV�WKH�IRFXV��)�LV�UHÀHFWHG�SDUDOOHO�WR�WKH�SULQFLSDO�D[LV�
actual UHÀHFWHG�UD\
LPDJLQDU\�H[WHQVLRQ�RI�WKH�UHÀHFWHG�UD\
LPDJLQDU\�H[WHQVLRQ�RI�WKH�UHÀHFWHG�UD\
actual UHÀHFWHG�UD\
186
3. �&�±�&�5D\���$�UD\�RI�OLJKW�SDVVLQJ�WKURXJK�WKH�FHQWHU�RI�FXUYDWXUH��&�UHÀHFWV�EDFN�DORQJ�LWV�RZQ�SDWK����
3. &�±�&�5D\���$�UD\�RI�OLJKW�GLUHFWHG�WRZDUGV�WKH�FHQWHU�RI�FXUYDWXUH��&�UHÀHFWV�EDFN�DORQJ�LWV�RZQ�SDWK����
4. �9�5D\���$�UD\�RI�OLJKW�GLUHFWHG�WR�WKH�YHUWH[�UHÀHFWV�DW�HTXDO�DQJOH�IURP�WKH�SULQFLSDO�D[LV
4. 9�5D\���$�UD\�RI�OLJKW�GLUHFWHG�WR�WKH�YHUWH[�UHÀHFWV�DW�HTXDO�DQJOH�IURP�WKH�SULQFLSDO�D[LV�
,Q�GHWHUPLQLQJ�WKH�SRVLWLRQ�DQG�QDWXUH�RI�WKH�LPDJH�JUDSKLFDOO\��WKH�µ)RXU�3ULQFLSDO�5D\V¶�DUH�XVHG��5D\�GLDJUDPPLQJ�LV�XVHG�LQ�WKH�JUDSKLFDO�PHWKRG�RI�ORFDWLQJ�WKH�LPDJH��7KH�IROORZLQJ�DUH�UD\�GLDJUDPPLQJ�VWHSV�XVLQJ�WKH�µ)RXU�3ULQFLSDO�5D\V¶�LQ�GHWHUPLQLQJ�WKH�SRVLWLRQ�DQG�WKH�QDWXUH�RI�WKH�LPDJH�RI�DQ�REMHFW�IRUPHG�E\�FRQFDYH�PLUURU�DQG�FRQYH[�PLUURU���
1. )URP�WKH�REMHFW��GUDZ�WKH�¿UVW�UD\��3�±�)�UD\���)URP�WKH�VDPH�SRLQW�RQ�WKH�REMHFW��GUDZ�WKH�VHFRQG��)�±�3�UD\��� WKLUG��&�±�&�UD\���DQG�IRXUWK��9�UD\��UD\V�
2. 7KH� LQWHUVHFWLRQ�RI� WKH� IRXU� UD\V� LV� WKH� LPDJH�SRLQW�FRUUHVSRQGLQJ� WR� WKH�REMHFW�SRLQW���)RU�H[DPSOH�� LI�\RX�VWDUWHG�GLDJUDPPLQJ�IURP�WKH�WLS�RI�WKH�DUURZ�VKDSHG�REMHFW��WKH�LQWHUVHFWLRQ�RI�WKH�UHÀHFWHG�UD\V�LV�DOVR�WKH�WLS�RI�WKH�DUURZ�VKDSHG�LPDJH��7KXV��\RX�FDQ�GHWHUPLQH�FRPSOHWHO\�WKH�SRVLWLRQ�DQG�FKDUDFWHULVWLFV�RI�WKH�LPDJH�
actual UHÀHFWHG�UD\ LPDJLQDU\�
H[WHQVLRQ�RI�WKH�UHÀHFWHG�UD\
LPDJLQDU\�H[WHQVLRQ�RI�WKH�UHÀHFWHG�UD\
actual UHÀHFWHG�UD\
187
��� )RU�D�FRQYH[�PLUURU��OLJKW�UD\V�GLYHUJH�DIWHU�UHÀHFWLRQ�DQG�FRQYHUJH�IURP�D�SRLQW�WKDW�VHHPV�WR�EH�EHKLQG�WKH�PLUURU��YLUWXDO�IRFXV���EXW�WKH�SURFHGXUH�IRU�ORFDWLQJ�LPDJHV�LV�WKH�VDPH�DV�IRU�FRQFDYH�PLUURU�
� ,Q�WKH�QH[W�DFWLYLW\��\RX�ZLOO�XVH�WKH�VWHSV�GHVFULEHG�DERYH�WR�ORFDWH�DQG�GHVFULEH�WKH�LPDJHV�IRUPHG�E\�FRQFDYH�DQG�FRQYH[�PLUURUV�WKURXJK�JUDSKLFDO�PHWKRG���7R�GR�WKLV��DOZD\V�VWDUW�E\�GUDZLQJ�WKH�FXUYHG�PLUURU�DQG�LWV�SULQFLSDO�D[LV��WKHQ�LGHQWLI\�WKH�)�DQG�&�RQ�WKH�SULQFLSDO�D[LV���1H[W�LV�WR�GUDZ�WKH�REMHFW�WKHQ�GLDJUDP�WKH�UD\V�IURP�WKH�REMHFW��
Activity 6
$UH�\RX�/�2�6�7�DIWHU�5HÀHFWLRQ"
Objective:&RQVWUXFW�UD\�GLDJUDPV�WR�GHWHUPLQH�WKH�ORFDWLRQ��RULHQWDWLRQ��VL]H��DQG�W\SH�RI�LPDJHV�IRUPHG�E\�FXUYHG�PLUURU�
Materials:• 3URWUDFWRU�DQG�UXOHU• 6KHHWV�RI�SDSHU�
Procedure:1. 8VLQJ�WKH�SURWUDFWRU�DQG�WKH�UXOHU��FRS\�HDFK�RI�WKH�GLDJUDPV��$�±�*��EHORZ�
RQ�D�VHSDUDWH�VKHHW�RI�SDSHU���$V�PXFK�DV�SRVVLEOH��XVH�WKH�IRXU�SULQFLSDO�UD\V�WR�ORFDWH�WKH�LPDJH�IRUPHG�LQ�D�FXUYHG�PLUURU��
&RQFDYH�0LUURUA. %�
188
&� D.
E.
&RQYH[�0LUURU)� G.
2. 8VH�D�WDEOH�VLPLODU�WR�7DEOH���EHORZ�WR�VXPPDUL]H�WKH�FKDUDFWHULVWLFV�DQG�
ORFDWLRQ�RI�WKH�LPDJHV�IRUPHG�
���
Table 6. Location, Orientation, Size, and Type of Image Formed in Curved Mirrors
Location of Object
ImageLocation Orientation
(upright or LQYHUWHG�
SL]H�(same, reduced or HQODUJHG�
T\SH��UHDO�RU�YLUWXDO�
&21&$9(A. )DUWKHU�WKDQ�WKH�
&HQWHU�RI�&XUYDWXUHB. $W�WKH�&HQWHU�RI�
&XUYDWXUHC. %HWZHHQ�WKH�&HQWHU�
RI�&XUYDWXUH�DQG�WKH�)RFDO�SRLQW
D. $W�WKH�)RFDO�SRLQWE. %HWZHHQ�WKH�)RFDO�
SRLQW�DQG�WKH�&HQWHU�RI�WKH�OHQV��9HUWH[�
&219(;F. )DUWKHU�WKDQ�&�LQ�
IURQW�RI�WKH�0LUURUG. %HWZHHQ�)�DQG�9�LQ�
IURQW�RI�WKH�0LUURU
� 4�����5HIHU�WR�7DEOH����+RZ�GRHV�WKH�ORFDWLRQ�RI�WKH�REMHFW�DIIHFW�WKH��������������������FKDUDFWHULVWLFV�DQG�ORFDWLRQ�RI�WKH�LPDJH�IRUPHG�LQ�D�FRQFDYH��������������������PLUURU"�&RQYH[�PLUURU"
� 4����:KDW�W\SH�RI�PLUURU�GR�GHQWLVWV�XVXDOO\�XVH�WR�FOHDUO\�VHH�WKH��������������������LPDJHV�RI�RXU�WHHWK"�:K\"�
� 4����:KDW�NLQG�RI�FXUYHG�PLUURU�GR�\RX�VHH�LQ�PRVW�RI�WKH�GHSDUWPHQW��������������������VWRUHV"�:K\�GR�WKH\�XVH�VXFK�NLQG�RI�PLUURU"
� 7KLV� DFWLYLW\�� ZKLFK� \RX� KDYH� MXVW� SHUIRUPHG� LV�PRUH� GHWDLOHG� RQ� WKH�ORFDWLRQ��RULHQWDWLRQ��VL]H��DQG�W\SH�RI�WKH�LPDJHV�IRUPHG���'LG�WKLV�DFWLYLW\�LQ�FXUYHG�PLUURUV�FRQ¿UP�\RXU�REVHUYDWLRQV�LQ�WKH�SUHYLRXV�DFWLYLW\��$FWLYLW\���"
���
The Mirror Equation
� 5D\�GLDJUDPV�SURYLGH�XVHIXO� LQIRUPDWLRQ�DERXW� WKH� LPDJH�IRUPHG��\HW�IDLO�WR�SURYLGH�WKH�LQIRUPDWLRQ�LQ�D�TXDQWLWDWLYH�IRUP���5D\�GLDJUDPV�ZLOO�KHOS�\RX�GHWHUPLQH�WKH�DSSUR[LPDWH�ORFDWLRQ�DQG�VL]H�RI�WKH�LPDJH��EXW�LW�ZLOO�QRW�SURYLGH�\RX�ZLWK�WKH�QXPHULFDO�LQIRUPDWLRQ�DERXW�LPDJH�GLVWDQFH�DQG�REMHFW�VL]H���7R�GHWHUPLQH�WKH�H[DFW�ORFDWLRQ�DQG�VL]H�RI�WKH�LPDJH�IRUPHG�LQ�D�FXUYHG�PLUURU��DQ� HTXDWLRQ� LV� QHHGHG�� �7KH� IROORZLQJ�GHULYDWLRQ� VKRZV� WKH�PLUURU� HTXDWLRQ�XVLQJ�WKH�)LJXUH����EHORZ��
)URP� WKH�¿UVW�DQG� IRXUWK� UD\V��VLPLODU� WULDQJOHV�DUH�VHHQ� LQ� WKH�¿JXUH�below.
� )URP�WKH�KHLJKW�RI�WKH�REMHFW��K�DQG�WKH�KHLJKW�RI�WKH�LPDJH��K¶�VKRZQ�LQ�)LJ������D���\RX�FDQ�DUULYH�DW�WKH�¿UVW�HTXDWLRQ�
� 6LPLODUO\��DV�VKRZQ�LQ�)LJ������E���WKH�VHFRQG�HTXDWLRQ�FDQ�EH�GHULYHG�as
&RPELQLQJ�(TXDWLRQV���DQG����\RX�ZLOO�JHW
(a) (b)
Figure 15.�6LPLODU�7ULDQJOHV�)RUPHG�XVLQJ�WKH��D��¿UVW�UD\��3�±�)�UD\��DQG��E���IRXUWK�UD\��9�UD\��
Equation 1
Equation 2
Equation 3
���
5HDUUDQJLQJ�(TXDWLRQ����\RX�ZLOO�DUULYH�DW
DQG�¿QDOO\��
� ZKHUH��I� �IRFDO�OHQJWK�RU�GLVWDQFH�IURP�WKH�PLUURU�DQG�WKH�IRFDO�SRLQW��)� � S� �GLVWDQFH�RI�WKH�REMHFW�IURP�WKH�PLUURU� � T� �GLVWDQFH�RI�WKH�LPDJH�IURP�WKH�PLUURU
The equation above, called mirror equation, applies to both concave DQG�FRQYH[�PLUURUV��+RZHYHU��IRU�DOO�ORFDWLRQ�RI�REMHFWV�LQ�IURQW�RI�WKH�FRQYH[�mirror, WKH� LPDJH� DOZD\V� DSSHDUV� DV� LI� LW� LV� ORFDWHG� EHKLQG� WKH�PLUURU�� � ,W� LV�WKHUHIRUH�FRQVLGHUHG� WKDW� WKH�YDOXH�RI� LPDJH�GLVWDQFH��T� LV�QHJDWLYH�� � ,Q� WKH�VDPH�PDQQHU��WKH�IRFXV��)�LQ�D�FRQYH[�PLUURU�LV�ORFDWHG�RQ�WKH�RWKHU�VLGH�RI�WKH�PLUURU��EHKLQG�WKH�PLUURU���WKXV��WKH�IRFDO�OHQJWK��I�LV�DOVR�QHJDWLYH��
6DPSOH�3UREOHP�
$������FP�WDOO�OLJKW�EXOE�LV�SODFHG�DW�D�GLVWDQFH�RI������FP�IURP�D�FRQFDYH�PLUURU�KDYLQJ�D�IRFDO�OHQJWK�RI������FP��'HWHUPLQH�WKH�LPDJH�GLVWDQFH�DQG�WKH�LPDJH�VL]H�
*LYHQ�KHLJKW�RI�WKH�REMHFW��K� ������FPGLVWDQFH�RI�WKH�REMHFW��S� ������FPIRFDO�SRLQW��I� ������FP
)LQG�GLVWDQFH�RI�WKH�LPDJH��T� �"KHLJKW�RI�WKH�LPDJH��K¶� �"
Mirror Equation
���
7KH�PLUURU�HTXDWLRQ�PXVW�EH�XVHG�WR�GHWHUPLQH�WKH�GLVWDQFH�RI�WKH�image, q.
7R�GHWHUPLQH� WKH� LPDJH�KHLJKW�� WKH�PDJQL¿FDWLRQ�HTXDWLRQ� LV�QHHGHG��6LQFH�WKUHH�RI�WKH�IRXU�TXDQWLWLHV�LQ�WKH�HTXDWLRQ�DUH�NQRZQ��WKH�IRXUWK�TXDQWLW\�can be calculated.
7KH�QHJDWLYH�YDOXH�IRU�LPDJH�KHLJKW�LQGLFDWHV�WKDW�WKH�LPDJH�LV�DQ�inverted image.
7U\�VROYLQJ�WKLV«
1. :KDW�LV�WKH�LPDJH�GLVWDQFH�DQG�LPDJH�KHLJKW�LI�D������FP�WDOO�REMHFW�LV�SODFHG������FP�IURP�D�FRQFDYH�PLUURU�KDYLQJ�D�IRFDO�OHQJWK�RI������FP"
2. $�PDJQL¿HG�� LQYHUWHG� LPDJH� LV� ORFDWHG�D�GLVWDQFH�RI������FP�IURP�D�FRQFDYH�PLUURU�ZLWK�D�IRFDO�OHQJWK�RI������FP���:KDW�LV�WKH�REMHFW�GLVWDQFH"�
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6DPSOH�3UREOHP�
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4. $�����FP�WDOO�OLJKW�EXOE�LV�SODFHG�D�GLVWDQFH�RI������FP�IURP�D�FRQYH[�PLUURU�KDYLQJ�D�IRFDO�OHQJWK�RI�������FP���'HWHUPLQH�WKH�LPDJH�GLVWDQFH�DQG�WKH�LPDJH�VL]H�
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Refraction of Light in Lenses
<RX� OHDUQHG� LQ�*UDGH��� WKDW�5HIUDFWLRQ� LV� WKH�EHQGLQJ�RI� OLJKW�ZKHQ� LW�WUDYHOV�IURP�RQH�PHGLXP�WR�DQRWKHU�RI�GLIIHUHQW�RSWLFDO�GHQVLWLHV���7KH�DQFLHQW�*UHHNV�XVHG�WKH�FRQFHSW�RI� OLJKW�UHIUDFWLRQ� LQ� WKHLU� OLYLQJ� OLNH�XVLQJ�D� OHQV�WR�IRFXV�OLJKW�UD\V���$�OHQV�LV�D�WUDQVSDUHQW�PDWHULDO�PDGH�RI�JODVV�RU�SODVWLF�WKDW�UHIUDFWV�OLJKW�UD\V�DQG�IRFXVHV��RU�DSSHDU�WR�IRFXV��WKHP�DW�D�SRLQW�
Types of Lenses1. �&RQYH[�/HQV
Figure 16.��&RQYH[�/HQV���D��3DUDOOHO�OLJKW�UD\V�FRQYHUJH�DIWHU�UHIUDFWLRQ����E��$�FRQYHUJLQJ�OHQV�PDJQLI\LQJ�WKH�ZRUGV�IURP�D�ERRN
• It is thicker in the center than edges.
• ,W�IRUPV�UHDO�LPDJHV�DQG�YLUWXDO�images depending on position RI�WKH�REMHFW�
• ,W� LV� DOVR� FDOOHG� &RQYHUJLQJ�Lens because the light that passes through it tends to converge at a particular point FDOOHG�WKH�IRFDO�SRLQW�
The Sign Conventions for Mirror • I�LV�SRVLWLYH�����LI�WKH�PLUURU�LV�D�FRQFDYH�PLUURU• I�LV�QHJDWLYH�����LI�WKH�PLUURU�LV�D�FRQYH[�PLUURU• T�LV�����LI�WKH�LPDJH�LV�D�UHDO�LPDJH�DQG�ORFDWHG�RQ�
WKH�REMHFW¶V�VLGH�RI�WKH�PLUURU�• T�LV�����LI�WKH�LPDJH�LV�D�YLUWXDO�LPDJH�DQG�ORFDWHG�
behind the mirror• K¶�LV�����LI�WKH�LPDJH�LV�DQ�XSULJKW�LPDJH�• K¶�LV�����LI�WKH�LPDJH�DQ�LQYHUWHG�LPDJH�
(D� (E�
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2. &RQFDYH�/HQV
Figure 17. �&RQFDYH�/HQV����D��3DUDOOHO�OLJKW�UD\V�GLYHUJH�DIWHU�UHIUDFWLRQ����E��$�GLYHUJLQJ�OHQV�GHPDJQLI\LQJ�WKH�ZRUGV�IURP�D�ERRN�
Activity 7
<R8�FDQ�EH�0DJQL¿HG�
Objectives:x� 0HDVXUH�WKH�IRFDO�OHQJWK�DQG�OLQHDU�PDJQL¿FDWLRQ�RI�D�FRQYH[�OHQV�x� /RFDWH�WKH�LPDJH�IRUPHG�E\�FRQYH[�OHQV�x� 'HVFULEH�WKH�LPDJH�IRUPHG�E\�D�FRQYH[�OHQV�
Materials:• FRQYH[�OHQV�RU�PDJQLI\LQJ�JODVV• OHQV�KROGHU�H�J��FOD\• meterstick• LQGH[�FDUG
Procedure:1. +ROG�WKH�FRQYH[�OHQV�XQGHU�D�FHLOLQJ�OLJKW���$�SURMHFWLRQ�VFUHHQ��H�J��WKH�ÀRRU�
RU�WKH�VXUIDFH�WDEOH��VKRXOG�EH�SODFHG�XQGHU�WKH�FRQYH[�OHQV��2. 0RYH�WKH�FRQYH[�OHQV�XS�DQG�GRZQ�XQWLO�D�VKDUS�LPDJH�RI�WKH�FHLOLQJ�OLJKW�LV�
projected on the screen.��� 0HDVXUH�WKH�GLVWDQFH�EHWZHHQ�WKH�OHQV�DQG�WKH�SURMHFWLRQ�VXUIDFH�XVLQJ�D�
ruler.
� 4�����:KDW�LV�WKH�IRFDO�OHQJWK�RI�WKH�FRQYH[�OHQV"��
• It is thicker at the edges and thinner in the center.
• ,W� IRUPV� XSULJKW� DQG� UHGXFHG�images.
• It is also called Diverging Lens because the light that passes through it tends to diverge at a particular point called the IRFDO�SRLQW�
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4. 0RXQW�WKH�FRQYH[�OHQV�RQ�D�FOD\���'UDZ�D�8±VKDSHG�REMHFW�RQ�DQ�LQGH[�FDUG�DQG�PRXQW� WKH� LQGH[�FDUG�RQ�DQRWKHU�FOD\�� � ,QLWLDOO\�SODFH� WKH� LQGH[�FDUG�EHVLGH�WKH�]HUR�����PDUN�RQ�WKH�PHWHU�VWLFN��DQG�SODFH�WKH�OHQV�LQ�IURQW�RI�WKH�LQGH[�FDUG�DV�VKRZQ�LQ�)LJXUH���D�EHORZ�
5. /RRN� WKURXJK� WKH� OHQV� DQG� PRYH� WKH� OHQV� XQWLO� \RX� FDQ� FOHDUO\� VHH� DQ�HQODUJHG�DQG�XSULJKW� LPDJH�RI�WKH�8�VKDSHG�REMHFW�DV�VKRZQ�LQ�)LJ����E�below.
6. 0HDVXUH�WKH�GLVWDQFH�EHWZHHQ�WKH�FRQYH[�OHQV�DQG�WKH�FDUG�XVLQJ�D�PHWHU�VWLFN��5HFRUG�\RXU�REVHUYDWLRQ�RQ�WKH�VHFRQG�FROXPQ�RI�D�WDEOH�VLPLODU�WR�Table 7.
7. 0HDVXUH� WKH� GLVWDQFH� EHWZHHQ� WKH� OHQV� DQG� \RXU� H\H�� 5HFRUG� \RXU�REVHUYDWLRQ�RQ�WKH�WKLUG�FROXPQ�RI�D�WDEOH�VLPLODU�WR�7DEOH���
8. 0RYH�DJDLQ�WKH�FRQYH[�OHQV�EDFN�DQG�IRUWK��XQWLO�\RX�FDQ�FOHDUO\�VHH��WKLV�WLPH��DQ�HQODUJHG�DQG�LQYHUWHG�LPDJH�RI�WKH�8�VKDSHG�REMHFW���7KHQ��UHSHDW�steps 6 and 7.
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Figure 18a.��6HW�XS�IRU�/HQV�([SHULPHQW
Figure 18 b. /RRNLQJ�DW�WKH�8�VKDSHG�2EMHFW�WKURXJK�WKH�/HQV�
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Table 7. Distances from the Lens of Object and your Eye
Description of Image
Distance between the
Object and the lens (cm)
Distance between the Eye and the
lens(cm)Enlarged and upright
Enlarged and inverted
5HGXFHG�DQG�LQYHUWHG
4�����:KDW�NLQG�RI�OHQVHV�DUH�PDJQLI\LQJ�JODVVHV"��:KHQ�D�PDJQLI\LQJ glass produces a sharp clear image, where is the object located in����������UHODWLRQ�WR�WKH�OHQV"
4�����:KHUH�VKRXOG�D�PDJQLI\LQJ�JODVV�EH�SODFHG�WR�SURGXFH�DQ�H����������ODUJHG�DQG�XSULJKW�LPDJH��FORVHU�WR�WKH�H\H�RU�QHDUHU�WR�WKH�����������REMHFW"�:K\"
)URP�WKH�DFWLYLW\��\RX�ZHUH�DEOH�WR�GHWHUPLQH�WKH�IRFDO�OHQJWK�RI�D�OHQV���<RX�ZHUH�DOVR�DEOH�WR�PHDVXUH�WKH�GLVWDQFH�RI�WKH�REMHFW�DQG�WKH�LPDJH�IURP�WKH�OHQV���7KHVH�TXDQWLWLHV�DUH�YHU\�VLJQL¿FDQW�LQ�GHVFULELQJ�WKH�LPDJH�IRUPHG���,PDJHV� IRUPHG� E\� OHQVHV� FDQ� DOVR� EH� UHDO� RU� YLUWXDO�� � ,Q�$FWLYLW\� ��� XVLQJ� D�FRQYH[� OHQV�� \RX�REVHUYHG� WKDW� LPDJHV�DUH� IRUPHG�RQ� WKH� VFUHHQ�� � ,PDJHV�IRUPHG�RQ�D�VFUHHQ��DIWHU�UHIUDFWLRQ��DUH�FDOOHG�UHDO�LPDJHV�EHFDXVH�WKH\�DUH�IRUPHG�E\�WKH�LQWHUVHFWLRQ�RI�UHDO�UHIUDFWHG�UD\V���$�YLUWXDO�LPDJH��RQ�WKH�RWKHU�KDQG��GRHV�QRW� IRUP�RQ�D� VFUHHQ�EHFDXVH�D� YLUWXDO� LPDJH� LV� IRUPHG�E\� WKH�LQWHUVHFWLRQ�RI�QRQ�UHDO�UD\V�
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Images Formed by Lenses
,Q�ORFDWLQJ�WKH�LPDJH�IRUPHG�LQ�OHQVHV�JUDSKLFDOO\��WZR�LPSRUWDQW�SRLQWV�DUH�FRQVLGHUHG���7KH�IROORZLQJ�LPSRUWDQW�SRLQWV�DUH�HQXPHUDWHG�EHORZ�
Figure 19.��/HQVHV��D��&RQYH[�/HQV��E��&RQFDYH�/HQV
The ‘Three Most Useful Rays’ in Lenses
� ,PDJHV� IRUPHG� LQ� D� OHQV� FDQ� EH� ORFDWHG� DQG� GHVFULEHG� WKURXJK� UD\�GLDJUDPPLQJ�� �7KH�IROORZLQJ�WKUHH�PRVW�XVHIXO�UD\V�IRU�FRQYH[�DQG�FRQFDYH�lenses are presented below.
Table 8. The Three ‘Most Useful Rays’ in Convex and Concave Lenses
Convex Lens (Converging Lens) Concave Lens (Diverging Lens)
1. �3±)�5D\���$�UD\�RI�OLJKW�SDUDOOHO�WR�WKH�SULQFLSDO�D[LV�LV�UHIUDFWHG�passing through the principal IRFXV��)�EHKLQG�WKH�OHQV�
1. �3±)�5D\���$�UD\�RI�OLJKW�SDUDOOHO�WR�WKH�SULQFLSDO�D[LV�LV�UHIUDFWHG�DV�LI�SDVVLQJ�WKURXJK�WKH�SULQFLSDO�IRFXV��)�LQ�IURQW�RI�WKH�OHQV�
• 9HUWH[��9�±�7KH�JHRPHWULF� FHQWHU�RI�WKH�OHQV�
• )RFDO�SRLQW��)RFXV��)�±�$�SRLQW�ZKHUH�OLJKW�UD\V�FRQYHUJH��RU�DSSHDUV�WR�FRQYHUJH��ZKHQ�SDUDOOHO�OLJKW�UD\V�SDVV�WKURXJK�D�OHQV��,WV�GLVWDQFH�IURP�WKH�YHUWH[�LV�FDOOHG�WKH�IRFDO�OHQJWK�
Principal axisPrincipal axis
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2. �)±3�5D\�� �$� UD\�RI� OLJKW�SDVVLQJ�
WKURXJK� WKH� IRFXV�� )� LQ� IURQW� RI�WKH�OHQV�LV�UHIUDFWHG�SDUDOOHO�WR�WKH�SULQFLSDO�D[LV�
2. ��)±3�5D\���$�UD\�RI�OLJKW�GLUHFWHG�WRZDUGV�WKH�IRFXV��)�EHKLQG�WKH�OHQV�LV�UHIUDFWHG�SDUDOOHO�WR�WKH�SULQFLSDO�D[LV�
3. �9�5D\���$�UD\�RI�OLJKW�SDVVLQJ�WKURXJK�WKH�H[DFW�FHQWHU�RI�WKH�OHQV��9HUWH[��FRQWLQXH�WR�WUDYHO�LQ�the same direction.
3. �9�5D\���$�UD\�RI�OLJKW�SDVVLQJ�WKURXJK�WKH�H[DFW�FHQWHU�RI�WKH�OHQV��9HUWH[��FRQWLQXH�WR�WUDYHO�LQ�the same direction.
7R�JUDSKLFDOO\�GHWHUPLQH�WKH�SRVLWLRQ�DQG�NLQG�RI�WKH�LPDJH�IRUPHG��WKH�UD\�GLDJUDP�FDQ�EH�XVHG��&RQVLGHU�WKH�IROORZLQJ�VWHSV�XVLQJ�WKH�WKUHH�PDMRU�UD\V�GHVFULEHG�DERYH�
1. )URP�WKH�REMHFW��GUDZ�WKH�¿UVW�UD\��3±)�UD\���)URP�WKH�VDPH�SRLQW�RQ�WKH�REMHFW��GUDZ�WKH�VHFRQG��)±3�UD\���DQG�WKLUG��9�UD\��UD\V�
2. 7KH�LQWHUVHFWLRQ�RI�WKH�UD\V�LV�WKH�LPDJH�SRLQW�FRUUHVSRQGLQJ�WR�WKH�REMHFW�SRLQW���)RU�H[DPSOH��LI�\RX�VWDUWHG�GLDJUDPPLQJ�IURP�WKH�WLS�RI�WKH�DUURZ�VKDSHG�REMHFW��WKH�LQWHUVHFWLRQ�RI�WKH�UHIUDFWHG�UD\V�LV�DOVR�WKH� WLS� RI� WKH�DUURZ�VKDSHG� LPDJH��7KXV�� \RX� FDQ�GHWHUPLQH� FRP�SOHWHO\�WKH�SRVLWLRQ�DQG�FKDUDFWHULVWLFV�RI�WKH�LPDJH�
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3. )RU�D�FRQFDYH� OHQV�� OLJKW� UD\V�GLYHUJH� IURP�D�YLUWXDO� IRFXV��EXW� WKH�SURFHGXUH�IRU�ORFDWLQJ�LPDJHV�LV�WKH�VDPH�DV�IRU�FRQYH[�OHQVHV�
,Q� WKH� QH[W� DFWLYLW\�� \RX�ZLOO� XVH� WKH� VWHSV� GHVFULEHG� DERYH� WR� ORFDWH�DQG�GHVFULEH�WKH�LPDJHV�IRUPHG�E\�FRQYH[�DQG�FRQFDYH�OHQVHV�E\�JUDSKLFDO�PHWKRG���7R�GR�WKLV��DOZD\V�VWDUW�E\�GUDZLQJ�WKH�OHQV�DQG�LWV�SULQFLSDO�D[LV��WKHQ�LGHQWLI\� WKH�)�DQG��)�RQ� WKH�SULQFLSDO�D[LV�� �1H[W� LV� WR�GUDZ�WKH�REMHFW�� WKHQ�GLDJUDP�WKH�UD\V�IURP�WKH�REMHFW��
Activity 8
Are you L-O-S-T after Refraction?
Objectives:• &RQVWUXFW�UD\�GLDJUDPV�IRU�OHQVHV�• 'HWHUPLQH� JUDSKLFDOO\� WKH� ORFDWLRQ�� RULHQWDWLRQ�� VL]H�� DQG� W\SH� RI�
LPDJH�IRUPHG�• 6KRZ�JUDSKLFDOO\� WKH�FKDQJHV� LQ� WKH� LPDJH� IRUPHG�DV�DQ�REMHFW¶V�
position is changed.
Materials:• paper• ruler
Procedure:1. �&RS\�HDFK�RI�WKH�GLDJUDPV��$±+��EHORZ�RQ�D�FOHDU�VKHHW�RI�SDSHU���&RQVWUXFW�
UD\�GLDJUDP�XVLQJ��DV�PXFK�DV�SRVVLEOH���WKH�µWKUHH�PRVW�XVHIXO�UD\V¶�IRU�HDFK�RI�WKH�IROORZLQJ�FDVHV�WR�GHWHUPLQH�WKH�ORFDWLRQ��RULHQWDWLRQ��VL]H��DQG�W\SH�RI�WKH�LPDJH���
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Table 9. Location, Orientation, Size, and Type of Image Formed by Lenses
Location of Object
ImageLocation Orientation
(XSULJKW�RU�LQYHUWHG�SL]H�(same,
reduced or HQODUJHG�
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)¶D. $W� WKH� )RFDO�
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V
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V
� 4�����5HIHU�WR�7DEOH�����+RZ�GRHV�WKH�LPDJH�FKDQJH�LQ�LWV�VL]H�DQG���������������������ORFDWLRQ��DV�WKH�REMHFW�FRPHV�QHDUHU�WKH�FRQYH[�OHQV"�&RQFDYH���������������������OHQV"
� 4�����5HIHU�WR�WKH�VL]H�RI�REMHFW�DQG�WKH�VL]H�RI�LPDJH�IURP�WKH�GUDZQ���������������������UD\�GLDJUDPV�IRU�FRQYH[�OHQV��,GHQWLI\�WKH�ORFDWLRQ�RI�REMHFW���������������������IRU�ZKLFK�WKH�IROORZLQJ�RSWLFDO�LQVWUXPHQWV�DUH�XVHG�WR��0DWFK���������������������FROXPQ�$�ZLWK�FROXPQ�%���
Column A Column BSKRWRFRS\�³;HUR[´�0DFKLQH $W��,Q¿QLW\
&DPHUD %H\RQG��)¶Telescope $W��)¶3URMHFWRU %HWZHHQ��)¶�DQG�)¶
0DJQLI\LQJ�*ODVV %HWZHHQ�)¶�DQG�9
� 4�����:K\�LV�LW�LPSRVVLEOH�IRU�D�FRQFDYH�OHQV�WR�IRUP�D�UHDO�LPDJH"
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The Lens Equation
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)URP�WKH�¿UVW�DQG�WKLUG�UD\V��VLPLODU�WULDQJOHV�DUH�VHHQ�LQ�WKH�GLDJUDP�
)URP�WKH�KHLJKW�RI�WKH�REMHFW��K�DQG�WKH�KHLJKW�RI�WKH�LPDJH��K¶�VKRZQ�LQ�)LJXUH�����D���\RX�FDQ�DUULYH�DW�WKH�¿UVW�HTXDWLRQ�
� 6LPLODUO\��DV�VKRZQ�LQ�)LJXUH����E���WKH�VHFRQG�HTXDWLRQ�FDQ�EH�GHULYHG�as
� &RPELQLQJ�(TXDWLRQV���DQG����\RX�ZLOO�JHW
(b)(a)
Figure 20.��6LPLODU�7ULDQJOHV�DUH�)RUPHG�XVLQJ�WKH��D��¿UVW�UD\��3�±�)�UD\��DQG��E��WKLUG�UD\��9�UD\��
Equation 1
Equation 2
Equation 3
Similar Triangles
Similar Triangles
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DQG�¿QDOO\��
� ZKHUH��I� �IRFDO�OHQJWK�RU�GLVWDQFH�IURP�WKH�PLUURU�DQG�WKH�IRFDO�SRLQW�)� � S� �GLVWDQFH�RI�WKH�REMHFW�IURP�WKH�OHQV� � T� �GLVWDQFH�RI�WKH�LPDJH�IURP�WKH�OHQV
7KH� HTXDWLRQ� DERYH�� FDOOHG� PLUURU� HTXDWLRQ�� DSSOLHV� WR� ERWK� FRQYH[�DQG�FRQFDYH�OHQVHV��+RZHYHU��LQ�WKH�FDVH�RI�WKH�FRQFDYH�OHQV� the image will DOZD\V�EH�ORFDWHG�RQ�WKH�VLGH�ZKHUH�WKH�REMHFW�LV�DOVR�ORFDWHG���,W�LV�WKHUHIRUH�FRQVLGHUHG�WKDW�WKH�YDOXH�RI�LPDJH�GLVWDQFH��T�LV�QHJDWLYH���7KH�IRFDO�OHQJWK��I�LQ�D�FRQFDYH�OHQV�LV�QHJDWLYH�ZKLOH�SRVLWLYH�LQ�D�FRQYH[�OHQV�
6DPSOH�3UREOHP�
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Lens Equation
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To determine the image distance, the lens equation must be used.
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7KH�QHJDWLYH�YDOXHV� IRU� LPDJH�KHLJKW� LQGLFDWH� WKDW� WKH� LPDJH� LV�DQ� LQYHUWHG�image.
,Q� WKH� FDVH� RI� D� FRQFDYH� OHQV�� \RX� IRXQG� RXW� WKDW� WKH� LPDJH� DOZD\V�DSSHDUV� LQ� IURQW� WKH� OHQV�� ,W� LV� WKHUHIRUH� FRQVLGHUHG� WKDW� WKH� YDOXH�RI� LPDJH�distance, q is negative.
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6DPSOH�3UREOHP�
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K� ������FPS� ������FPI� �������FP
)LQG�T� �"K¶� �"
To determine the image distance, the lens equation will be used.
7KLV�FRQ¿UPV�WKH�LPDJH�GLVWDQFH��T�DV�QHJDWLYH� To determine the image KHLJKW��WKH�PDJQL¿FDWLRQ�HTXDWLRQ�LV�QHHGHG��6LQFH�WKUHH�RI�WKH�IRXU�TXDQWLWLHV�LQ�WKH�HTXDWLRQ�DUH�NQRZQ��WKH�IRXUWK�TXDQWLW\�FDQ�EH�FDOFXODWHG��7KH�VROXWLRQ�is shown below.
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Activity 9
Making Improvised Optical Device
Option 1: The CameraTask:
• &RQVWUXFW�D�SLQ�KROH�FDPHUD�DQG�H[SODLQ�WKH�IDFWRUV�WKDW�DIIHFW�WKH�image on the screen
Materials:• LOOXVWUDWLRQ�ERDUG�FDUGERDUG• black cartolina, cutting mat• SLQ�VHZLQJ�QHHGOH��JOXH�VWLFN\�WDSH• FXWWHU��VFLVVRUV��IRRW�UXOHU��FOHDU�ODPS�
Procedure:1. :LWK�\RXU�JURXS�PDWHV�DQG�XVLQJ�WKH�PDWHULDOV�JLYHQ��GHVLJQ�DQG�FRQVWUXFW�
DQ� LPSURYLVHG� FDPHUD� EDVHG� RQ� WKH� LQIRUPDWLRQ� JDWKHUHG� IURP� GLIIHUHQW�resources.
2. $� UHFRUG� VKHHW� LV�SURYLGHG� WR� VHUYH�DV� \RXU�JXLGH� IRU�DFFRPSOLVKLQJ� WKH�ZULWWHQ�UHSRUW�RQ�\RXU�FRQVWUXFWHG�FDPHUD��5HIHU�WR�\RXU�FRS\�RI�$WWDFKHG�$VVHVVPHQW�7RROV��3UREOHP�6ROYLQJ�6KHHW�
Option 2: The Periscope
Task:
• &RQVWUXFW�D�SHULVFRSH�DQG�WUDFH�WKH�LQFLGHQW�DQG�UHÀHFWHG�UD\V�
Materials:• 2 plane mirrors• LOOXVWUDWLRQ�ERDUG�FDUGERDUG• cutting mat• JOXH�VWLFN\�WDSH• FXWWHU��VFLVVRUV��IRRW�UXOHU��FOHDU�ODPS�
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What to do:1. :LWK�\RXU�JURXS�PDWHV�DQG�XVLQJ�WKH�PDWHULDOV�JLYHQ��GHVLJQ�DQG�FRQVWUXFW�
DQ�LPSURYLVHG�SHULVFRSH�EDVHG�RQ�WKH�LQIRUPDWLRQ�JDWKHUHG�IURP�GLIIHUHQW�resources.
2. $� UHFRUG� VKHHW� LV�SURYLGHG� WR� VHUYH�DV� \RXU�JXLGH� IRU�DFFRPSOLVKLQJ� WKH�ZULWWHQ�UHSRUW�RQ�\RXU�FRQVWUXFWHG�SHULVFRSH��5HIHU�WR�\RXU�FRS\�RI�$WWDFKHG�$VVHVVPHQW�7RROV��3UREOHP�6ROYLQJ�6KHHW�
Option 3: The Microscope
Task:
• 6HW�XS�D�VLPSOH�PLFURVFRSH�DQG�LQYHVWLJDWH�WKH�IDFWRUV�DIIHFWLQJ�WKH�PDJQL¿FDWLRQ�FDSDELOLWLHV�RI�D�PLFURVFRSH
Materials:• VHW�RI�OHQVHV�ZLWK�GLIIHUHQW�IRFDO�OHQJWKV• specimen, light source, ruler or meter stick• WKLQ��FOHDQ�VKHHW�RI�SDSHU�WR�VHUYH�DV�WKH�FDPHUD¶V�VFUHHQ
What to do:
1. Using the materials given, construct or set up a simple microscope. Use NQRZOHGJH� OHDUQHG� LQ� WKH� SUHYLRXV� OHVVRQ�DQG�EDVHG�RQ� WKH� LQIRUPDWLRQ�JDWKHUHG�IURP�GLIIHUHQW�UHVRXUFHV�
2. 'LVFXVV�ZLWK�\RXU�JURXS�PDWHV�DQG�DJUHH�RQ�RQH�GHVLJQ���� 8VH�WKH�SUREOHP�VROYLQJ�UHFRUG�VKHHW�DV�\RXU�JXLGH�IRU�ZULWLQJ�WKH�UHSRUW�RQ�
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Option 4: The Telescope
Task:
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Materials:• VHW�RI�OHQVHV�ZLWK�GLIIHUHQW�IRFDO�OHQJWKV
specimen, light source, ruler or meter stickWKLQ��FOHDQ�VKHHW�RI�SDSHU�WR�VHUYH�DV�WKH�FDPHUD¶V�VFUHHQ
211
What to do:
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V. Summary/Synthesis/Feedback
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x� The Lens Equation
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VI. Summative Assessment
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Glossary of Terms
Concave Lens D�NLQG�RI�OHQV�WKDW�LV�WKLFNHU�DW�WKH�HGJHV�DQG�WKLQQHU�LQ�the center. It is called a diverging lens.
Concave Mirror D�FXUYHG�PLUURU� LQ�ZKLFK� WKH� UHÀHFWLYH�VXUIDFH�EXOJHV�DZD\� IURP� WKH� OLJKW� VRXUFH�� � ,W� LV� FDOOHG�D� FRQYHUJLQJ�mirror.
Convex Lens D�NLQG�RI�OHQV�WKDW�LV�WKLFNHU�LQ�WKH�FHQWHU�WKDQ�WKH�HGJHV���It is called a converging lens.
Convex Mirror. D�FXUYHG�PLUURU� LQ�ZKLFK� WKH� UHÀHFWLYH�VXUIDFH�EXOJHV�towards the light source. It is called a diverging mirror.
Plane Mirror D�SROLVKHG�RU�VPRRWK�VXUIDFH� �DV�RI�JODVV�� WKDW� IRUPV�LPDJHV�E\�UHÀHFWLRQ�
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Refraction of Light WKH�EHQGLQJ�RI� OLJKW� UD\V�ZKHQ�SDVVLQJ�REOLTXHO\� IURP�one medium into another.
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References and Links
Printed Materials:
%HOHQ��-�*���$�,�<DS��(�%�2JHQD��DQG�$�,�<DS� Addressing Misconceptions in Mathematics and Science�� 4XH]RQ� &LW\�� 1,60('� 83� 'LOLPDQ� DQG�'267�6(,�
/LWWHOO��0F'RXJDO� Science, Integrated Course 1, Teacher’s Edition. Evanston, ,OOLQRLV��0F'RXJDO�/LWWHOO�������
3DGXD��$OLFLD��DQG�5LFDUGR�&ULVRVWRPR� Laboratory Manual and Workbook in Physics��9LEDO�3XEOLVKLQJ�+RXVH��,QF��������
6KLSPDQ�� -DPHV�� -HUU\� :LOVRQ�� DQG� &KDUOHV� +LJJLQV�� -U� An Introduction to Physical Science�� 3DVLJ� &LW\�� &HQJDJH� /HDUQLQJ� $VLD� 3WH� /WG��3KLOLSSLQH�%UDQFK��������
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221
Electronic Sources:
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222
Appendix A
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