U.S. Department of Transportation

Federal Aviation Administration

Advisory Circular

Airframe and Powerplant Mechanics

General Handbook

First Edition 1970 First Revision 1976

lncludes Change 1 (Printed at the back of handbook)

March 31,1999

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF-TRANSPORTATION FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION

Flight Standard Service

CONTENTS

F r a c t i o n s - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Mixed ~ u m b e r s - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -'- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - .. - - - - - -: - - - - Decimals ...................................................... Ratio ......................................................... Proportion ..................................................... Positive and Negative Numbers- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Powers and R o o t s - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - C o m p u t i n g A r e a - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Computing the Volume of Solids - - - - - - - - - - - - - - .. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Graphs and Charts- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Measurement Systems ------------ Functions of Numbers -------------------------------W---------- -

CHAPTER 2. AIRCRAFT DRAWINGS

Working Drawings .............................................. Care and Use of Drawings - - - - - - - - - . . - - - F - - - - - - - S - - - - - - - - - - - - - - S - -

Title B l o c k s - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Bill of Material - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Other Data - ------- --------2---- Methods of Illustrating Objects- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - M e a n i n g o f L i n e s - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Reading Drawings- - L - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Drawing Sketches- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - L Drawing Symbols--- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Care of Drafting Instruments- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Microfilm- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

iii v

Loading Graplis and C. G. Envelopes- - - - - - - - - - - -: - - + - - - - - - - - - - - - - . . . . Electronic Weigh~ng bqu~pment- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - .. - - - - - - - - - - - - ..- - Helicopter Weight and Balance - - - - - - - - - .. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - .: - - -

CHAPTER 4. FUELS AND FUEL SYSTEMS General - - - - - .. - - - - .. - .. - - - - - - - - - - .. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Characteristics and Properties of Aviation Gasoline- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . 7 . ' Turb~ne Lnglne Fuels- _ _. _ _ _ - _ - _ - - - - : _ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - .. .. - - - - - - - - . . Fuel Systen~ Contarn~natlon - - - - _ - - - _ --. . -.. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Fuel System F - - . - .. .. .. - .. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - .. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Fuel System Components_-- - _ - - - - - - - .. - - - - - - - - - - - .. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Fuel Systern Indicators..--. -. - - - - ---. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

. . , Multieng~~ie E uel Systems- - - - _ - .. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -.- - - - - - - - - - - - Fuel Jettison Systems- _ - - - - W - - - .. - - F - - - - - - - - - - M - - - - - - - - - - - -1 - - - Troubleshooting the Fuel Systeni- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

CHAPTER 5. FLUID LINES AND FITTINGS General - - - - . . . - . .. - . . .. . .. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Pluni1)ing Lines- - - -. - - .. . .. - - _ - - - - - - - - - .. .. - - - - - - - - c - - - - - - - - - - - - -

. . Identification of IIaterials .......................... - -------- ----- Flexible IIose.. - - - _ -_. - - - - . - _ - _ - - - - .. - -.. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Plumbing Connectors _ - - .. - _ - - - - - - - .. .. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

7 . Tube E orm~ng Processes- - - _ _ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - :- Repair of Metal Tube Lines - - _ - - _ _ _ - - -,- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - L - - - - - - - - - -

'

Fabrication ancl Replacement of Flexible Hose- - - .. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . . Installation of R lg~d Tubing- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Plun11)ing Assembly Precautions-_ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - St~pport Clamps. .. .. - - .. . - - - -_. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

CHAPTER G. .4JRCK.4FT IIARDWA4RE, MATERIALS, AND I'ROCESSES

Aircraft I l ardwarc . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . - - .. - .. .. - - .. - - - - - - .- . - - - - - - Threaded Fasteners__ .. _ _ _ _ -. - - _ .. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Aircraft Bolts - _ - .. .. - .. .. .. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Special-Pr~rpose Bolts - - _ _ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 - - - - - - - - Aircraft Nuts- - - _. -. . . . _. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - .

Aircraft Wasllers- - - .. .. . . . _. _ - - _ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Installation of Nuts and Bolts. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Torque and Torque Wrenches ...................... ------------- - Aircraft Screws..-- . .. . . - .. - - - .. - - - - - - - - .. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Repair of Damaged Internal Threads Repair of Damaged Holes with Acres Fastners Sleeves ---------------- Turnlocli Fasteners- - - . - _ i_ - - _. - - .. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Control Cables- _ _ - - _ - - _ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - .. - - - - - - - - Push-Pull Tube Linkage- - - - - - - - - _ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . . P ~ n s : Safety Metllods. - - - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Rivets-. . _ _ . _ .. - - - - - - -. - - -. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - .- - - - - - - - - - - Plastics.. - - - - - . - .. - - .. . . . _ -. - - _ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Sllock A1)sorher Cord - - - _ -. - - _ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - .. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Seals- .. . . . . . - . . - . . . - .. - _ - .. - . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - .. - - - - - Gaskets _ . . _ . . . . . - . . .. - . _ .. _ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Wipers- - _ - - - - . - . -. - - - - - _ - . -. . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Sealing Compounds- - - .. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ,- - - - - - - 169 . > Corrosion Control - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 171 Forms of Corrosion - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 172 Factors Affecting Corrosion. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 173 Preventive Maintenance- - .. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 173 I n s p e c t i o n - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 174 Corrosion-Prone Areas- - - _ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 174 Corrosion Removal - - - - - - _ _ . _ . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - I76 Corrosion of Ferrous Metals- - c - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -, - - - - - - - - - - - 177 Corrosion of Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 177 Corrosion of Magnesium Alloys - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 179 Treatment of Titanium and Titanium Alloys - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ' 180 Protection of Dissimilar Metal Contacts-- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 180 . . Corrosion Llmlts- - - - _ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - .. - - - - - - - - - - - - - 180 Processes and Materials Used in Corrosion Control- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 181 Chemical Treatments- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - .. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 183 . . Protective Paint Finishes- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 185 Aircraft Cleaning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ' 185 Interior Cleaning 186 Powerplant Cleaning-.. _. _ . - -. - - - _ - - - - - - - - - - - .. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 188 Solvent Cleaners - - - - _ _ .. .. - - - _ _ - - .. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - .. - . - - - - - - - - - - - - 188 Emulsion Cleaners- - - - _ _. . - _ - .. - - - - - - -. - .. - - - - - - - - - .. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 189 Soaps and Detergent Cleaners--_ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 189 Mechanical Cleaning Materials- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 190 Chemica.1 Cleaners- - - -. . - - - - _ - - - - - - .. - - - .. - - - - - - - - - .. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 190 Structural Metals--- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 191 Metalworking Processes.. - - - - - - - _ - - - - _ - _ - - .. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 193 Ferrous Aircraft Metals-, ,- _ _ _ _ _. - - .. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 194 Nonferrous Aircraft Metals- - _. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - W - - - - - - - - - - - - - 197

. . Substitution of Aircraft Metals:- - - - - - - - - -_. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - .. - - - - 204 . . Princtples of Heat Treatment- - - - - _ - - - - _ - - - - _ - - - - .. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 205 Heat-Treating Equipment- - - - _ _ - _ _ - - - - - - - - _ - - _ - - .. - - - - - - - - - - - 205 Heat Treatment of Ferrous Metalsl - - - - _ _ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 208 C a s e h a r d e n i n g - - - - - - - - - - - - ~ ~ ~ - . - - - - - - - - ~ - - 211 Heat Treatment of Nonferrous Metals- - - - - _ - - - - - _ - _ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 212 Solution Heat Treatment- _ - _ _ _ _ - - - - -:. - _. - - . - - .. - - - - - - - - .- - .. - - - - - - '213 . . . Preclpltatlon Heat Treating--- - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - .. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 214 Annealing of Aluminum Alloys- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - F - - - - - 216 Heat Treatment of Aluminum Alloy Rivets--- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 216 Heat Treatment of, Magnesium Alloys - - - - - - - - - - - -,- - .. - - -. - - - - - 216

. . Heat Treatment of Titanium - - - - - - .. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 217 . \

Hardness Testing - - - - - - - _ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 218 CHAPTER 7. PHYSICS

General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221 Matter - - - - - - - - _ - - - - - - _ - -_ - - - - - - - - - - - - - . . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 221 Fluids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222 Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225 P r e s s u r e - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 226 . . KineticTheoryof.Gases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227 Atmosphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236 ., . . Bernoulll s Prlnclple- - _ -. -. _ - - - - - - - - - - - - - .. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 242 M a c h i n e s - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 243

vii

Work, Power, and Energy- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Motion of Bodies - - - - - - - - - - - - - ----------------. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Current Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - - - - - S - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Resistance----------------------------------------------------- Basic Circuit Components and Symbols- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Ohm's Law- - - - - - - - - - - - - - .. Series D.C. Circuits- - - - - - - - -, - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . . Parallel D.C. Clrcults- - - - - .. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . . Series-Parallel D.C. Clrcmts- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . . Voltage D~v~ders- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Rheostat~ and Potentiometers--- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

D.C. Generators- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Types of D.C. Generators- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Regulation of Generator Voltage - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - --- - - - Differential Relay Switch-.. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Parallelling Generators- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - D.C. Generator Maintenance- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Voltage Regulator Operation- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Alternators - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Brushless Alternator- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Combined A.C. and D.C. Electrical Systems- . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Starting Engines Turboprop Engines- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Turbojet Engines-- - - -------------L -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Electrical Power-- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -,- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Hydraulic Power - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - --I - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Air Conditioning and Heating Units- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - , - - - - - - - - - Ground Support Air Start Units-- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . . Preolllng Equipment- - - - - - :- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Aircraft Fueling- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - L - - - - - - Fire .......................................................... Recommended Markings to Indicate Extinguisher Suitability ---------- Aircraft Fire Extinguishers -----------W------- L- ------------------ . . Servicing Aircraft with Oil-- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Maintenance Safety- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Servicing Aircraft Oxygen Systems ---- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Aircraft Tiedown- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Securing Light Aircraft-- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Securing Heavy Aircraft--- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Aircraft Tiedown for Storm Conditions-- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - MovementofAircraft - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

GENERAL INDEX absolute humidity - 239 absolute pressure - 226 acceleration - 254 AC circuits - 286,352,358

Ohm's law relationships,- 286, 352-358 phase shift caused by capacitance - 352 power - 357 resonance - 357

AC electricity - 338-366 frequency - 341-343 phase relationships - 344 sine wave - 342 values - 343

AC generator principles - 338 AC induction motors - 451456

capacitor-start - 455 consmction - 453 direction of rotation - 455 rotating magnetic field - 452 shaded pole - 454 single-phase - 454 slip - 453 split-phase - 455 three-phase - 452

AC measuring instruments - 380 AC motors - 451460

introduction - 451 maintenance - 459460 S@ of - 451 types of - 452

AC rec

tifi

er meters - 381 Acres sleeves - 138. 139. 140 AC series motors - 458

compensating windings - 458 AC synchronous motor - 456-457 aerodynamic lift from reaction with atmosphere - 242 air-conditioning and heating, ground support -496 aircraft drawings - 35-39

bill of materials - 37,38 dash numbers - 37 types of -39

aircraft electrical system, combined AC and DC - 415 aircraft f r e extinguishers - 503 aircraft flight manual - 54 aircraft logs - 463

, aircraft movement - 517-523 taxi hand signals - 520-523 taxiing - 519 taxi light signals - 520 towing - 517

aircraft operating limitations - 54 aircraft oxygen system servicing -- 508 aircraft refueling - 497-500

fueling operations - 498 pressure &ling - 500 refueling crew duties - 498

aircraft securing - 51 1-517 aircraft on skis - 517 heavy aircraft - 512

helicopters - 5 16 light aircraft-511 multiengine aircraft - 516 seaplanes - 517 storm conditions - 512

aircraft servicing. oil - 505 Aircraft Specifications - 54,56,57,59,60,61, 62.65 aircraft tiedowns - 508 Aircraft Type Certificate Data Sheets - 94 . aircraft weighing fonn - 64 aircraft weight and balance re- - 54 Airloc fasteners - 142 air start units. ground support - 496

J Airworthiness Directives - 465 alloys - 196-204

aluminum - 198-199 copper - 202-203 magnesium - 204

AI-g - 183 alternating current and voltage, principles - 338 alternator-rectifier unit - 414 alternators - 41 1-435

brushless - 414 constant-speed drive - 423430 frequency - 417 maintenance - 433434 protective circuits - 43 1 rating -416 single-phase - 412 - s y n ~ h r o d g - 430 three-phase - 412

' two-phase - 412 W S of-411

alternator voltage regulation -417423 magnetic amplifier voltage regulator -420-423 transistorized voltage regulator - 418

altitude, pressure - 242 aluminurn

alloy composition - 199 alloy designations - 198 alloying elements - 199 annealing - 21 6 hardness identification - 200 heat treatment - 200.212-216 heat treatment conditions - 215

ammeter range extension - 324 ammeters - 322 ammeter shunts - 324-325 amplifier, magnetic -364-365 amplifier, voltage - 89 aneroid-type fuel pressure gage - 92 m & g

aluminurn alloys - 216 steel - 21 1

anodizing - 183 antiknock qualities of fuel - 75 a r e a .

computation - 15 in hydraulic system, computation - 233-234

GENERAL INDEX of a circle - 18,33 of a rectangle - 16 of a square - 16 of a trapezoid - 19 of a triangle - 16,18 of awing-19 surface, of a cylinder - 2 i

arm-54 armature assembly, DC motor - 444-445 annature, DC generator - 39 1 armature reaction - 397 aromatic fuels - 74 assembly drawings - 35 ATA Specifications No. 100 - 466-468

'atmosphere - 236-242 composition - 236 general conditions - 236 physical laws - 240 standard - 241 water content - 239

atmospheric density - 238 atmospheric pressure - 226.238 atmospheric pressure effect m hydraulic system - 235 atmospheric variation from standard day - 242 atom, description - 267 automobile fuel - 74 auxiliary fuel pump - 82,85 aviation gasoline - 73,76 Avogadro's law - 230 backup rings - 168 ballast

controlling c.g. position with - 67 installation of - 67

Barcol hardness tester - 220 bar graph - 24 bathtub capacitor - 349 batteries - 306-316

lead-acid - 307-313 nickel-cadmium - 3 13-316 storage - 306

battery charging and servicing, nickel-cadmium - 314-316 battery charging methods, lead-acid - 31 1 battery ratings, lead-acid - 310 bellows-type fuel pressure gage - 92 benzol - 73 Bernoulli's principle - 236,242 bill of materials, aircraft drawings - 37,38 bismuth - 302 bladder-type fuel cells - 83 bleeder current - 294 blind rivet - 155 blueprint paper sizes - 37 bolt-head identification marks - 122 bolts - 122-126

clevis - 123 close-tolerance - 123 eyebolts - 123 general purpose - 122 identification and coding - 122,123 internal wrenching - 123 SO-Bolts - 123

lockbolts - 123 Boots self-locking nuts - 127 Bourdon tube-type fuel pressure gage - 92 Boyle's law - 228 breakdown voltage test - 331 bridge circuit - 89 bridge-type rectifier - 377 Brinell hardness tester - 218 broken lime graph - 24 brushless alternator - 414 bulletins, service - 464 bungee cord - 166 buoyancy - 224 cable, control - 143-144

fittings - 144 cable, tiedown - 5 10 calipers, micrometer - 544-547 calorie - 257 Calorie (large calorie) - 257 Carnlock fasteners - 142 cancellation of fractions - 4 capacitance, factors affecting - 347 capacitance, principles - 347 capacitive reactance - 351-352

in series and parallel circuits - 352 capacitor dielectric constant - 348 capacitor dielectric strength - 351 capacitors - 346-352

bathtub - 349 dry electrolytic - 348 mica - 348 O? - 348 paper - 348 types of - 348 voltage rating - 351 wet electrolytic - 348

capacitors connected in series and parallel - capacitor-start AC induction motor - 455 carbon-pile voltage regulator - 399 carburetor - 85,86 carburetor icing - 74 carb*g - 212 casehardening - 212

carburizing - 212 nitriding - 212

catalog, illustrated parts - 465 category, normal - 56 cells, fuel - 83 center of gravity - 53-71

empty-weight - 56, 57.59, 63.71 envelopes - 69.70 limit - 59 range - 54

chain, tiedown - 511 Charles' law - 229 chart, horsepower vs. altitude - 25 charts - 23 Cheqhck rivets - 157 chisels - 535 chord, mean aerodynamic - 57 chromic acid inhibitor - 184

GENERAL INDEX &cle

area - 18,33 circumference - 18.33

circle graph - 24 circuit breakers - 3 17

See electrical circuits circular mil - 274 cjpxlar motion - 255 c~cumference of a circle - 18,33 clean fuel - 80 cleaning agents 186-190

aircraft - 185 cleaning, interior - 186 cleaning, powerplant - 188 cleaning oxygen systems - 189 cleaning solvents - 188-190 clear fuel - 80 C1evi.s bolt - 123 coefficient of expansion - 261

chart - 261 @ld weather suggestions - 525 cold working metal - 194 ~ l o r code, electrical resistor - 279-281 color code for plumbing - 100 coloring, food - 80 ombination sets - 543 common fractions - 2-5,8-9

addition and subtraction - 2 cancellation of - 4 converting to decimal fractions - 8 division - 4 expressed as percentage - 9 multiplication - 4 multiplication using cancellation - 4

commutator, DC generator - 392 compass, pencil - 544 compensating windings, AC series motors - 458 compound-wound DC generator - 395 compound-wound DC motors - 447 condenser, electrical - 89 @nduction, thermal - 257 conductors, electrical - 276 cone-type fuel selector valve - 87 connectors, plumbing - 103 constant-speed drive, altemator - 423-430 contaminants in fuel, solid - 79 contamination control - 8 1 contamination, fuel system - 78-81

detection - 80 continuous curved-line graph - 24 control cable - 143-144

fittings - 144 convection - 258 cqnversion

customary to metric - 29 fractions, decimals, miuieters - 30 metric to conventional - 28,298 temperature - 29,226

conversion table, metric system - 298 copper and copper alloys - 199.202-203 corrosion - 171-185

aluminurn alloys - 177-178 control - 171 ' d i e t chemical attack - 171 dissimilar metal - 172 electrochernical attack - 172 factors affecting - 173 ferrous metal - 177 fretting - 173 intergranular - 172 limits - 180 magnesium alloys - 179-180 preventive maintenance - 173-174 protection against - 180 removal - 176 removal chart - 184 stress - 172 surface - 172 titanium - 180

corrosion-prone areas - 174- 175 corrosion protection - 180-185

Alodiziig - 183 an&ing - 183 chromic acid inhibitor - 184 electroplating - 182 metal finishing - 181 metal spraying - 182 Parco Lubriziing - 183 protective paint f ~ l ~ e s - 185

corrosion removal - 176.184 chart - 184

cotter pin installation - 150 cotter pins - 145 counter EMF in a DC motor - 447 countersinks - 541-542 cowling fasteners

- 142 Camloc - 142 Dzus - 141

crossfeed-type fuel system - 93 crossfiling - 537 cube of a number - 33 cube root of a number - 33 cube, volume of a - 21 nnrent, bleeder - 294 current flow, electrical - 272 cutting tools, plier-type - 530 cylinder-21-22

volume of a - 21,22 cylinder displacement - 22 Dalton's law - 230-231 D'Arsonval meters - 322-33 1

damping, 324 sensitivity - 324

dash numbers, aircraft drawing - 37 data sheets, weight and balance - 71 datum - 54.55. 61.64

locations - 55 DC circuits - 286-296

parallel - 290 series - 286-289 sexies-parallel - 292

DC generator - 387411

GENERAL INDEX

armature - 391 mature reaction - 397 brush maintenance - 405 commutator - 392 compound-wound - 395 consrnction - 390-393 . equalizer circuit - 404-405 field control - 403 field frame - 390 inspection - 404 maintenance - 40441 1 operation - 406 overvoltage control - 403 paralleling - 403

negative lead paralleling -403 positive lead paralleling - 403404

ratings - 398 series-wound - 394 shunt-wound - 394 terminals - 398 theory of operation - 387 three-wire - 396 troubleshooting - 40841 1 types - 394-396 voltage regulation - 398 voltage regulator operation - 407

DC motor-438451 armature assembly - 44445 compound-wound - 447 construction - 44445 controlling motor speed - 448 counter EMF - 447 developing torque - 440 end frame - 445 energy losses - 450 field assembly - 445 force between parallel conductors - 439 reversing motor direction - 448 series-wound - 445 shunt-wound - 446 types of - 44547

decimal fractions - 5-9 addition - 5 converting to common fractions - 7 division - 6 expressed as percentage - 9 multiplication - 6 rounding off - 7 subtraction - S

denominator, least common - 3 density - 28,222,238

atmospheric - 238 detail drawings - 35 detail view, aircraft drawing - 39,41 detection, contamination in fuel - 80 detonation - 74-75 Deutsch rivet - 162 dew point - 240 diagrams - 4649

installation - 46.47

schematic - 46,48 types of -46

diamagnetic material - 302 dielectric - 89 dielectric constant, capacitor - 348 dielectric strength, capacitor - 351 differential relay switch - 402 Dill rivet - 162 diode - 367.370-380

junction - 375 semiconductor - 370,375 vacuum tube - 367 ~ener - 371

disk-type valve - 87 dissimilar metal corrosion - 172

.' distance-volume relationship in hydraulic system - dividers - 544 drafting instruments, care of - 50 drawfiling - 537 drawing - 35-52 aircraft - 35.39 assembly - 35 break lines - 45 care and use of - 36 center lines - 43 cutting plane lines - 45 dash numbers - 37 detail - 35 detail view - 39-41 diiensioning holes - 45 dimension limes - 43 exterior half-view - 41 finish marks - 38 half section - 40.42 hidden lines - 45 installation - 36 leader lines - 45 meaning of lines - 42.44 notes - 38 number - 37 one-view - 4 1 orthographic projection - 39 outline or visible lines - 45 phantom lines - 45 pictorial - 39 print number - 37 reading of - 45 reference number - 37 removed section - 42,43 revolved section - 42.43 sectioning lines - 45 sectional view - 40 sketches - 49 station numbers - 38 stitch limes - 45 symbols - 50 title blocks - 36 tolerances - 39 viewing plane lines - 45 working - 35 zone numbers - 38

GENERAL INDEX drills - 538541,549 voltmeters - 327-329.334.382

sharpening - 541 wattmeters - 384 size chart - 540 electrical power, ground support - 495 speed chart - 549 electrical resistor color code - 279-281 twist drills - 538 electrical symbols - 5 4 5 2

drive screws - 136 electricity. static - 268,269 dye-penetrant inspection - 477479 el4ynamometer

false indications - 478 ammeters - 381 interpretation of results - 478 meter moveme* - 38 1

DZUS fasteners - 141 voltmeters - 382 eddy current testing - 485 electromagnetic effect of electrical cment - 321 elastic stop nut - 128 electromagnetism - 303-306 electrical circuits - 274-297,315-320,332-338,352,358. See electromotive force - 271 ako AC circuits; DC circuits electronic filters - 378-380

analysis and troubleshooting - 332-338 electron movement - 267,272 components and symbols - 274 " electroplating - 183 conductors - 276 electrostatic field - 269-271 protection and control devices - 315 EMF, counter, in a DC motor - 447 sources of power - 275 empty weight - 53.56.63. 71 troubleshooting - 332-338 empty-weight center of graviv - 56-57,59,63-64.71 voltage dividers - 294 range - 57,59

electrical components - 276-282,296-297,315-320,358,365-373 end frame, DC motor -445 circuit breakers - 3 17 energy - 249,253 fuses -317 definition -- 253 magnetic amplifiers - 364-365 forms of - 253 Microswitch - 319 engine fres, extinguishing - 491 potentiometer - 296 engine instrument, engine gage unit - 92 relay - 3 19 engine starting - 489-495 resistor - 277-282 reciprocating engines - 489 rheostat - 296 turbojet engines - 492-495 saturable reactors --365 turboprop engines - 491492 switches - 317-318 English measurement system - 27,223 thermal protectors - 317 English-metric measurement comparison - 223 transformers - 358-364 entrained water - 78 tran~istors - 369-373 equalizer circuit, DC generator -404405 vacuum tubes - 366-369 equation of state of gases - 241

electrical connectors, safetying - 147 ethyl gasoline - 75 electrical current effect - 320-322 expansion, thermal - 260

chemical - 320 expansion space, fuel tanks - 82 electromagnetic - 321 extinguishing engine fires - 491 photoelectric - 321 extreme conditions, weight and balance - 65 physiological - 321 eyebolt - 123 piezoelectric - 322 Federal Air Regulations - 94,465 thermal - 322 ferrous m e d corrosion - 177

electrical instruments - 320-332.380-386 field assembly, DC motor - 445 AC -380-386 field control, DC generator - 403 AC rectifier type-381 field frame, DC generator - 390 ammeters - 322 fields, magnetic - 304 D'Arsonval type - 322 files - 536-538 DC - 320 care of - 538 electrodynamometer ammeters - 3 1 flat - 536 electrodynamometer type - 381 half-round - 537 . electrodynamometer voltmeters - 382 knife - 537 frequency meters - 385 ' mill - 536 +lineclcoil iron-vane type - 383 rattail - 536 moving iron-vane type - 382 round - 536 multimeters - 325-326 square - 536 ohmmeters - 329 warding - 537 thermocouple type - 384 wood - 537 varmeters - 384 f ~ n g - 537 vibrating reed frequency meters - 385 crossfiing - 537

GENERAL drawfiling - 537 lathe filing - 537 removing burrs - 537 routlding corners - 537

film processing , radiographic inspection - 479 filter, metallic - 79 filters, electronic - 378-380 frnish marks, aircraft drawings - 38 fire - 491,500-507

elements of - 501 engine - 49 1 types of - 500

fire extinguisher aircraft - 503 ground - 505,506.507 location iden

tifi

cation - 504 marking - 504 safety factors - 505

fire extinguishing elements - 501.502 toxicity table - 502

fue extinguishment - 501

fire protection recommendations - 187 fire safety - 97, 187,505 fit classification for threaded fasteners - 121 fittings

control cable - 144 flareless tube - 108, 112, 117 fluid lime - 103-108

flapper valve - 85 flat files - 536 flathead pins - 145 flexible connectors, fluid lime --l08 flexible hose

fabrication - 114-1 15 installation - 115-1 16

flight manual, aircraft - 54 flowmeter, fuel - 90-91.93 fluid line

fittings - 103-108 identification - 102 inspection - 117 installation - 118 repair - 113 tube bendiig - 109-1 10 tube cutting - 109 tube flaring- 111 tube forming - 108

flux, magnetic - 299-302 food coloring - 80 foot-pounds - 28 forc4?

electromotive - 271 in hydraulic system, computation - 233 mec~anical - 232 multiplication in hydraulic system - 234 related to displacement - 250 transmission through fluid - 23 1

form, aircraft weighing - 64 forward bias, semiconductor diode - 375 fractions. See common fractions; decimal fractions

INDEX frequency. AC - 341-343 frequency meters - 385 frequency of sound -264 fretting corrosion - 173 friction - 250-252

principle - 250 rolliig - 252 sliding - 251 static - 250

fuel - 56.58-59, 61.73-81 antiknock qualities - 75 aromatic - 74 automobile - 74 clean - 80 clear - 80 contamination - 78-81 gaseous - 73 identification - 77.78 impurities - 76 liquid - 73 minimum - 58, 59, 67 moisture condensation in - 76-77 residual - 56.61 solid - 73 turbine engine - 77.79.81 unusable - 61

fuel booster pump - 82.87 fuel cells - 83 fuel dump valve - 83 fuel filterlseparators - 79, 81 fuel flowmeter - 90-91,93

mass-flow type - 90 turbime-engine flow indicating system - 90 vane-type - 90

fuel iden

tifi

cation - 77.78 fuel impurities - 76 fueling, aircraft - 497-500 . fuel jettison system - 94 fuel leak classification - 96 fuel lines - 83 fuel pressure gage - 90-92

aneroid type - 92 bellows type - 92 bourdon-tube type - 92

fuel pressure warning systems - 92 fuel quantity gages - 88.89 fuel strainer - 82.84 fuel system

contamination - 78-81 crossfeed type - 93 gravity feed - 82 instruments - 89-94 manifold type - 93 multiengine aircraft - 93 troubleshooting - 94

fuel tank repairs - 95-96 integral fuel tanks - 96 welded steel - 95

fuel tanks expansion space - 82 microbial growth in - 79

sump - 82.85, 88 fuel temperature indicator - 92 fuel vaporization - 78 fulcrum - 53 full-wave rectifier - 376,377 functions of numbers - 3 1,32 fuses, electrical-317 . .

gage, fuel system indication - 88-94 fuel pressure - 90 fuel quantity - 88-90

capacitance-type - 89 driptype - 89 electrical-type - 89 electronic-type - 89 mechanical-type - 89 sight glass - 88, 90

gallon, Imperial - 27 gallon, U.S. - 27 g=

compressibility and expansion - equation of state - U1 kinetic theory - 227, 241

gaskets - 168 gas law, general - 229 gasoline - 73-?7

aviation - 73, 76 ethyl - 75 low-lead - 76

gauss - 302 "gel," fuel contamination - 77 general gas law - 229 generators. DC - 387411 gilbert - 302 Gramme ring - 303 graphs - 23-25

interpolating or reading - 23 nomograms - 23 bar - 24 pictograph - 24 broken line - 24 continuous curved line - 24 circle - 24

gravity feed-type fuel system - 82 ground handling safety procedures - 489 ground support equipment - 495-496

air-conditioning and heating - 496 air start units - 496 elect~ical power - 495 hydraulic power - 495

hacksaw - 534 half-round file - 537 half-sections, aircraft drawing -40,42 half-wave rectifier - 376 hammers and mallets - 529 hahd cranking reciprocating engine - 490 hand snips - 534 hardness testing - 218-220

Barcol test - 220 Brinell test - 218 Rockwell test - 218

hard or overweight inspection - 463

GENERAL INDEX

hardware specifications - 121 hazard areas. turbojet operation - 493 heat - 256-257

definition - 256 mechanical equivalent - 257 methods of transfer - 257

heat-treating equipment - 205 heat treatment - 200-218

alummum alloys - 200,212-216 conditions for alumhum - 215 cooling - 208 ferrous metals - 208 magnesium alloys - 216-217 measurement and cone01 - 206 precipitation. of aluminum - 214 principles - 205 procedures for steel - 209 protective atmospheres - 207 soaking - 207 solution, of aluminum - 213 steel annealing - 211 steel casehardeniing - 21 1-212 steel hardening - 210 steel tempering - 21 1 titanium - 217 titanium alloys - 201-202

Helicoil inserts - 137 helicopter weight and balance - 70 heptane, normal - 75 Hi-Shear rivet - 163 horsepower, MET0 - 58 horsepower vs altitude chart - 25 hose - 99-102

flexible - 99,100 size designation - 102 Teflonm - 102

hot-working metal - 193 . Huck rivet - 158-160 humidity

absolute - 239 relative - 239

hydraulic packings - 166 hydraulic power, ground support -495 hydraulic seals - 166 hydrometer - 3 12 ice contamination, fuel systems - 82 icing, carburetor - 74 idenscation, fluid line - 102 ignition, surface - 75 illustrated parrs catalog - 465 impedance - 353.355 impurities in fuel - 76 inclined-coil iron-vane meter - 383 inclined plane - 247 indicator, fuel temperature - 92 indicator lights, fuel valve in transit - 92 inductance - 344-346 induction, electrical - 339-340 inductive reactance - 345 inductors, types of - 345 inductor-type rotary inverters - 436

GENERAL INDEX inductor used as a filter - 379-380 inspection

dye-penetrant - 477479 eddy - 485 fundamentals - 461 -487 hard or overweight landing - 463 magnetic particle - 469 radiographic - 479481 required-461 severe turbulence - 464 special - 463 techniques - 461463 ultrasonic - 481 4 8 3 visual - 486

installation diagrams - 46.47 installation drawing - 36 instruments, fuel system - 88-93 integral fuel cells - 83 integral fuel tank repairs - 96 .

intergranular corrosion - 172 internal and external wrenching nuts - 129 intensity of sound - 265 International Memc system - 28 -

International Metric units - 28 inverters - 435436

inductor-type rotary - 436 introduction - 435 permanent magnet rotary - 435 rotary - 435 static - 436

iso-octane - 75 jacking aircraft - 523-526

complete aircraft - 524 introduction - 523 one wheel only - 525-526

Jet A fuel - 77.78 Jet A-l fuel - 77 Jet B fuel - 77,78 jettison system, fuel - 94 h-Bolt - l24 JP-4 fuel - 77 JP-5 fuel - 77 junction diodes - 375 kerosene - 73 kinetic theory of gases - 227,241 Kirchhoff S laws - 289 K-monel - 204 h i f e files - 537 knock inhibitor - 75 large calorie - 257 lathe filing - 537 layout tools, rules - 542 lead-acid batteries - 307-313

charging methods - 3 1 1 ratings - 310 ,

lead float files - 537 lead, tetraethyl - 73 leak classification, fuel tanks - 96 least common denominator - 3 left-hand rule for generators - 340 leveling means - 57

leveling points - 61 lever - 243-247

classes - 243 fust-class - 244 mechanical advantage - 246-247 sec~nd-class - 244 thirdclass - 244

lever arm - 53 lines, aircraft drawing, meaning of - 35 lines, fuel - 83 liquids, incompressibility and expansion - 227 litmus paper - 8 1 loading graph - 69 load, useful - 56.71 lock bolt - 123

, lock washer - 131 logs, aircraft - 463 loudness of sound - 264 low-lead gasoline - 76 machines, general - 243 machine screw - 136 Mach number - 264 magnesium and magnesium alloys - 204,216-217 magnetic ampLifl1ers - 363-365 magnetic amplifier voltage regulator - 420423 magnetic circuit - 302 magnetic field intensity - 302 magnetic fields - 304 magnetic flux - 299-302 magnetic flux, direction of - 305-307 magnetic particle inspection - 469-477

demagnetization - 477 development of indications - 469 effect of flux density -472 effect of flux diiection -470472 identification of indications -472 indicating mediums - 476 . magnetizing equipment - 474 magnetizing methods - 472 types of discontinuities disclosed - 469

magnetic poles - 299-301 magnetic shieId - 302 magnetism - 298-306

residuaI - 303 magnetomotive force - 302 magnets

artificiai - 303 permanent - 303 types of - 303

maintenance AC motors - 459-460 alternators - 433434 DC generator - 40441 1

maintenance manuals - 464 maintenance publications - 464-468 maintenance safety - 507-508

aircraft tire mounting - 508 compressed air system - 507 power cords - 507 safety lanes - 507 spilled oil and grease - 508

GENERAL INDEX welding - 508

mallets and hammers - 529 manifold-type fuel system - 93 material symbols - 50 mathematics - 1-33 mattex

characteristics of - 221 *

definition - 267 maximum load condition - 68 maximum weight - 56 maxwell - 302 mean aerodynamic chord - 57.59 measurement system, English - 27,223 measurement system, metric - 27 measurement, systems of - 222 measuring instnunents, DC electrical - 320-322 mechanical advantage, lever - 246 mechanical equivalent of heat - 257 mechanical force - 232 mechanical power - 249-252 megohmmeter ( M e g g d ) - 331 metal characteristics - 191 metal- 177-184, 191-204

cold-working - 194 elec@oplating - 1 82 ferrous - 194-197 hot-working - 193 nonferrous 197-204 selection factors - 192 spraying - 182 ~ W ~ ~ t u r a l - 191

metalworking processes - 193 meters, D'Arsonval - 322 MET0 horsepower - 58 metric conversion table - 298 metric-English measurement comparison - 223 metric measurement system - 27,28 metric prefixes - 28,297 metric prefixes and symbols - 298 metric system conversion table - 298 microbial growth in fuel tanks - 79 microfilm - 50,51 micrometer calipers - 544-547

parts - 545 reading - 545 use of - 547 vemier scale - 546

microns - 79, 80, 81 micro-organism - 79 Microswitch - 319 mill files - 536 m i n i m fuel - 58-59, 67 mixed numbers - 4 moisture condensation in fuel - 76,77 moment - 53,54,56 monel - 203 motion of bodies 253-256

circular - 255 general - 253 rotary - 256 uniform - 253

motor rule, right-hand - 442 motor, synchronous -456-457 movement of aircraft - 5 17523 moving iron-vane meters - 382 multimeters - 325-326 negative numbers - 11 newton - 28 Newton's laws of motion - 254-255 nickel-cadmium baaery - 3 13-316

charging and servicing - 314-316 nitriding - 212 nornogram, power requirement - 26 nomograms - 23.26 normal category - 56 notes, aircraft drawings - 38 NPN transistor - 372 numbering system. airaaft drawings - 37 number, print - 37 numbers

functions of - 3 1-32 mixed-4 negative - 11 positive - 11 powers - 12 signed - 11

nut and bolt installation - 132 safetying - 132 torque table - 134

nuts - 126-130,132,134 Boots self-locking - 127 elastic stop - 128 internal and external wrenching - 129 non-self-locking - 126 self-locking - 127 spring steel - 129 stainless steel self-locking - 128

octane number - 75 Oersted - 303 . ohmmeters - 329-334

series type - 330 shunt type - 330 use of - 331 used in troubleshooting - 334

Ohm's law - 282-286.352-356 for parallel AC circuits - 356 for series AC circuits - 352-355 relationship chart,- 286

ohms per volt sensitivity - 329 oil dilution system - 91 oil, full - 59 oil servicing for aircraft - 505 one-view drawing - 41 operating center of gravity range- 57 operating limitations. aircraft - 54 0-ring packings - 167 orthographic projections. aircraft drawings - 39.40 overhaul manuals - 464 overvoltage control DC generator - 403 oxygen hazards - 508 oxygen system

cleaning - 189 servicing - 508

packings - 166-168 hydraulic - 166 0-ring - 167 U-ring - 168 V-ring - 168

paint f i shes , protective - 185 paper, litmus - 8 1 paper sizes, blueprint - 37 parallel DC circuits - 290 paralleling DC generators - 403 Parw L u b r i i g - 183 Pascal's law - 231 pencil compass - 544 percentage - 8,9 percentage, expressed as a decimal fraction - 9 performance number - 75 permanent magnet rotary inverters - 435 permeability - 302 Permendur - 303 phase relationship, AC circuits - 343-344 phase shift in AC circuits

caused by capacitance - 352 caused by inductance - 343-344

photoelectric effect of electrical current - 321 physiological effect of elecrrical current - 321 pictograph - 24 pictorial drawings - 39 piezoelectric effect of electrical current - 322

roll - 145 cotter - 145,150 flathead - 145 taper - 145

planform, wing - 20 plastics, reinforced - 1 64 plastics, transparent - 163 platform scales - 63 pliers - 530 plier-type cuning tools - 530 plumbing

aircraft - 99 color code - 100 connectors - 103

PNP transistor - 371 poles, magnetic - 299-301 poppet-type fuel selector valve - 87.88 positive numbers - 11 potentiometer - 296 Fewer

electrical - 284 in an AC circuit - 357 mechanical - 249-252 requirement nomogram - 26

powers of a number - 12 powers of ten - 14,28

addition - 15 subtraction - 15

precipitation heat treatment of aluminum - 214 preflight operations, turbojet engines - 492

GENERAL INDEX preignition - 75 preoiliig equipment - 497 pressure - 226.232 pressure, absolute - 226 pressure, atmospheric - 226,238 pressure altitude - 242 pressure fueling - 500 pressure gage, fuel 90 pressure in hydraulic system, computation - 233 pressure warning system, fuel - 92 print number - 37 proportion - 1 1 protective circuits, alternators - 43 1 publications, maintenance - 464-468 pulley

J principle - 248 single fixed - 248

Pull-Thru screw - 156 pulse-echo ultrasonic testing - 81 pump - 82-91

auxiliary fuel - 82,85 centrifugal-type - 85 emergency fueI - 82 engine-driven fuel - 84,85,86,91 fuel booster - 82.87 hand fuel - 85 positive-displacement - 85.86 rotary-vane type - 86 wobble - 85

punches - 53 1 radiation, thermal - 259 radiographic inspection - 479-481

f h processing - 479 interpretation - 480 radiation hazanls - 481

rwge center of gravity - 54 empty-weight center of gravity - 57.59 operating center of gravity - 57

ratio - 10 rattail files - 536 reactance, capacitive - 351-352 reactance. inductive - 345-346 reactor, saturable - 65 reamers - 539 reciprocating engine hand cranking - 490 reciprocating engine starting - 489 rectification - 376 rectifiers - 373-378

bridge-type - 377 drydisk - 374 full-wave - 376-377 half-wave -376 motor-generator - 374 purpose of - 373-374 solid-state - 374

reference numbers, aircraft drawing - 37 Regulations, Federal Aviation - 94,465 Reid vapor pressure - 74 reinforced plastic - 164 relative humidity - 239

560

GENERAL INDEX

relay, electrical - 319 relay switch, differential - 402 reluctance - 302 Remalloy - 303 residual fuel - 56.61 resistance - 272-273

electrical, - 272 factors affecting - 273

resistor color code - 279-281 electrical - 277-282,296

resonance in an AC circuit - 357 resonance system ultrasonic testing - 483 reverse bias, semiconductor diode - 375 revision block, aircraft drawings - 38 rheostat - 296 right-hand motor rule - 442 rivet 150-163

blind - 155 Cherrylock - 157 Deutsch - 162 Dill - 162 Hi-shear - 163 Huck- 158-160 icebox - 152 iden

tifi

cation - 152 identification chart - 154 materials - 15 1 mechanically expanded - 155 methods of protection - 152 Pull-thru - 156 self plugging - 155 solid shank - 151

Rivnuts - 161 Rockwell hardness tester - 218 rolling friction - 252 rollpins - 145 roots of a number - 13.33 rotary inverters -435 rotary motion - 256 round files - 536 rounding off decimal fractions - 7 rubber

natural - 165 synthetic - 165

rules, steel - 542 rust - 78 SAE steel numerical index - 195 safetying, nut and bolt - 132 safety, maintenance - 507,508 safety procedures, ground handling - 489 safety wiring - 145-149

turnbuckles - 147-148 saturable reactor - 365 scales, platform - 63 schematic diagrams - 46.48 screwdrivers - 529-530 screws - 135-136

drive - 136 machine - 136 self-tapping - 136

structural - 135 screw thread chart

national coarse and national fine - 548 national pipe thread - 549

scriber - 543 sealants - 170 sealing compounds - 169 seals, hydraulic - 166 sectional view, aircraft drawing - 40 securing aircraft - 508-517

aircraft on skis - 517 heavy aircraft-512 helicopters - 5 16 light aircraft - 5 11 multiengine aircraft - 516 seaplanes - 517 storm conditions - 512

sediment in fuel - 79 self-locking nuts - 127 self-plugging rivet - 155 self-tapping screws - 136 semiconductor diodes - 370,375,379-380

identification 379-380 sensitivity, voltmeter - 329 series DC circuits - 286-289 series-parallel DC circuits - 292 series-type ohmmeter - 330 series-wound DC generator - 394 series-wound DC motors - 445 service bulletins - 464 severe turbulence inspection - 463 shaded-pole induction motor - 454 ' shape symbols - 50.51 shakeproof lock washer - 131 sharpening twist drills - 541 shield, magnetic - 302 shock absorber cord - 166 . shunt, ammeter - 324-325 shunt-type ohmmeter - 330 shunt-wound DC generator - 394 shunt-wound DC motors - 446 sight glass, fuel - 88 signed numbers - 11-12

addition - 12 division - 12 multiplication - 12 subtraction - 12

sine wave generation - 342 single-phase AC induction motor - 454 single-phase alternators - 412 sketches, drawing of - 49 skis - 517 Skydrol@ - 102 sleeves, Acres - 138, 139, 140 sliding friction - 25 1 snap ring - 150 snips, hand - 534 solid fuel - 73 solid shank rivet - 15 1 solution heat treatment of aluminum - 213 solvents, cleaning - 188-1 89

GENERAL INDEX sound - 261-265

defmition - 261 frequency - 264 intensity - 265 loudness - 264 speed - 263

sound waves, reflection - 263 Specifications, Aircraft - 54 Specifications, ATA No. 100 - 466-468 specitications, hardware - 121 specific gravity - 222-224 specific heat

definition - 260 chm - 260

speed - 253 speed of sound - 263 split-phase AC induction motor - 455

.spring steel nuts - 129 square files - 536 square of a number - 33 square root - 13.33 stainless steel self-locking nut - 128 standard atmosphere - 241 starting procedures, turbojet engine - 494 starts, unsatisfactory turbojet engine - 494 static electricity - 268,269 static fiction - 250 static inverters - 436 station numbers, aircraft drawings - 38 steel

heat treatment procedures chart - 209 temperature / color chart - 207

stop nut, elastic - 128 storage batteries - 306 storage tanks, fuel - 8 1 storm conditions, securing aircraft - 512 strainer, fuel - 82, 84 stress corrosion - 172 structural metal - 191 structural repair manuals - 465 structural screws - 135 sump, fuel tank - 82.85, 88 surface area of a cylinder -21 surface ignition - 75 switch, diiferential relay - 402 switches, electrical - 317-319 symbols

drawing -50 electrical - 50.52.275-280.373 material - 50 shape - 50,51

synchronizing alternators - 430 synchronous motor - 456457 tanks, fuel - 82 taper pins - 145. taps and dies - 547 tare weight - 59 taxiing aircraft-519 Teflon@ hose 102 TEL - 73,76,79 temperature - 29,225-226.240

conversion - 29,226 wet- and dry-bulb - 240

tempering steel - 21 1 terminal fittings, control cable - 144 test for fuel, "clear and bright" - 81 tetraethyl lead - 73,76,79 thermal conduction - 257 thermal effect of electrical current - 322 thermal expansion - 260 thermal protectors - 317 .

C thermal radiation - 259 thermocouple meter - 384 thread classification - 121 threads, damaged internal - 137 three-phase AC induction motor - 452 three-phase alternator - 412 three-phase transformer - 363 three-unit voltage regulators - 400401 three-wire DC generator - 3% tiedown

aircraft - 508-517 cables - 510 chains -511 ropes, comparison - 509

titanium alloys - 201-202 corrosion - 180 heat treatment - 217

title blocks - 36.37 tolerances, aircraft drawings - 39 torque table, nut and bolts - 134 torque wrenches - 133 towing of aircraft - 517 tran~former~ - 358-364

C O M ~ C ~ ~ O ~ S - 361-363 current - 361 losses - 361 power - 361 three-phase - 363 troubleshooting - 363

tran~istor~ - 369-373 NPN - 372 PNP - 371 symbols - 373 theory of operation - 370 use of - 373

transparent plastic - 163 trapemid - 19 triangles

area- 16.18 types of - 17

triangular files - 537 triode, vacuum tube - 367 troubleshooting

DC generators - 40841 1 electrical circuits - 332-338 transformers - 363

hibe bending, fluid lines - 109,110 tube cutting, fluid limes - 108 tube flaring, fluid lines - 11 1 mbe forming, fluid lines - 108

tubing, metal - 99, 100 turbine-engine fuel - 77.79.81 turbojet engine

operation hazard areas - 493 starting - 494 preflight operations - 492 unsatisfactory starts - 494

turboprop engines p r a m procedures - 491 starting - 491 starting p r ~ c e d ~ ~ ~ - 492

turbulence inspection severe - 463 turnbuckles - 144.147-148

safety clip installation - 148 safety wiring - 147-148

twist drills - 538 two-phase alternator - 412 Type Certificate Data Sheets - 57,59,61,62,465 ultrasonic testing - 48 1483

pulse-echo - 481 resonance system - 483

uniform motion,- 253 unusable fuel - 61 U-ring packings - 168 useful load - 56.71 vacuum tubes - 366-369

mode - 367 valve

cone-type fuel selector - 87 disk-type fuel selector - 87 eleceically operated fuel - 87 flapper - 85 fuel dump - 83 poppet-type fuel seIector - 87.88 relief - 86. 87

vaporization, fuel,- 78 vapor lock - 74.8 1 vapor pressure - 74,240 vapor pressure, Reid - 74 vmeters - 384 velocity - 253 vernier scale micrometer calipers - 546 vibrating-reed frequency meters - 385 visual inspection - 486 vixen files - 537 volatility - 73 volatility of fuel - 78 voltage amplifier - 89 voltage dividers - 294 voltage regulators

alternator - 417 magnetic amplifier - 420423 transistorized - 418

DC generator - 39841 1 wbon-pile - 389 operation - 407 three-unit - 400-401

voltmeter range extension - 327 voltmeters - 327-329.334

electrodynamometer - 382 multirange - 328

GENERAL INDEX sensitivity - 329 . used in troubleshooting - 334

volume ofacube-21 of a cylinder - 21.22 of rectangular solid - 21 units - 21

volume-distance relationship in hydraulic system - 235 V-ring packings - 168 warding f k - 537 warning system, fuel pressure - 92 washers - 130-131

lock - 131 plain - 130 shakeproof - 13 1 special-131

water entrained in fuel - 78 free - 80 in the amsphere - 239

wattmeters - 3 84 wave motion, principle - 262 wealher

cold - 525 storm conditions - 512 -

wedge - 247 weighing equipment - 70-71

electronic - 70.71 weighing points - 57.62 weighing, preparation for - 61 weight

empty - 53,56,63,71 maximum - 56 zero-fuel - 58

weight and balance data sheets - 71 extreme conditions - 65 helicopter - 70 ' purpose of - 53 repoa aircraft - 54 theory of - 53

weight check forward - 59, 65.66 rearward - 59,66

weight, tare - 59 welded steel fuel tank repairs - 95 wet- and dry-bulb temperame - 240 "wet wing"- 83 whole numbers

addition - 1 division - 2 multiplication - 1 subtraction - 1

wing area- 19 wing planform - 20 wipers - 169 wobble pump - 85 wood files - 537 work - 249 working drawings - 35.36 wrenches - 133-135,532-534

special - 533 torque - 133-135,533,534

zener diodes - 37 1 ,:cro-fuel weight - 58 zone numbers, aircraft drawings - 38

GENERAL INDEX