Lloyds Guidance for Crane Construction

8/3/2019 Lloyds Guidance for Crane Construction

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Rules for Classification and Construction

IV Industrial Services

6 Offshore Technology

4 Structural Design

Edition 2007



The following Rules come into force on December 1st , 2007

Germanischer Lloyd Aktiengesellschaft

Head OfficeVorsetzen 35, 20459 Hamburg, Germany

Phone: +49 40 36149-0

Fax: +49 40 36149-200

[email protected]

www.gl-group.com

"General Terms and Conditions" of the respective latest edition will be applicable

(see Rules for Classification and Construction, I - Ship Technology, Part 0 - Classification and Surveys).

Reproduction by printing or photostatic means is only permissible with the consent of

Germanischer Lloyd Aktiengesellschaft.

Published by: Germanischer Lloyd Aktiengesellschaft, Hamburg

Printed by: Gebrüder Braasch GmbH, Hamburg



Table of Contents

Section 1 Environmental Conditions

A. Basic Considerations ......................................................... ........................................................ . 1- 1

B. Wind ........................................................... .......................................................... ...................... 1- 1

C. Sea Currents ................................................................ ...................................................... ......... 1- 2

D. Sea Waves ......................................................... ......................................................... ................ 1- 4

E. Sea Level ....................................................... ............................................................. ................ 1- 10

F. Climatic Conditions, Temperature and Marine Growth ............................................................. 1- 10

G. Sea Ice and Icebergs .............................................................. ................................................... .. 1- 11

H. Sea Bed .......................................................... ............................................................ ................ 1- 11

Section 2 Design Loads

A. Basic Considerations ......................................................... ........................................................ . 2- 1

B. Environmental Loads ............................................................ .................................................... . 2- 1

C. Permanent Loads .......................................................... ...................................................... ........ 2- 9

D. Functional Loads ......................................................... ...................................................... ......... 2- 10

E. Accidental Loads ....................................................... ........................................................ ......... 2- 10

F. Transportation and Installation Loads ........................................................................................ 2- 11

G. Earthquake Loads .................................................... ........................................................... ........ 2- 12

Section 3 Principles for Structural DesignA. General ............................................................. ......................................................... ................. 3- 1

B. Design Methods and Criteria ........................................................ .............................................. 3- 1

C. Loading Conditions ........................................................... ........................................................ . 3- 3

D. Allowable Stress Design ....................................................................... ..................................... 3- 5

E. Tubular Joint Design ........................................................ ......................................................... . 3- 6

F. Effective Width of Plating .................................................................... ...................................... 3- 8

G. Buckling ...................................................... ............................................................... ................ 3- 8

H. Fatigue Strength ......................................................... ....................................................... ......... 3- 23

I. Dynamic Analysis .............................................................. ...................................................... .. 3- 32

Section 4 Steel Structures

A. Materials ............................................................... ............................................................ ......... 4- 1

B. Fabrication ................................................................. ....................................................... ......... 4- 12

C. Welding ........................................................... ........................................................... ................ 4- 19

D. Inspection and Testing ....................................................................................................... ........ 4- 42

Section 5 Concrete Structures

A. General ............................................................. ......................................................... ................. 5- 1

B. Materials ........................................................ ............................................................ ................ 5- 2

C. Verification of Quality ....................................................................... ........................................ 5- 3

D. Placing and Curing the Concrete ................................................................................................ 5- 4

E. Formwork and Falsework ............................................................ ............................................... 5- 5

IV - Part 6

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Table of Contents Chapter 4



F. Reinforcement ....................................................... .......................................................... ............ 5- 5

G. Principles of Calculation .................................................................. ........................................... 5- 7

H. Calculations for Pre-stressed Structures ............................................................. ......................... 5- 9

Section 6 Corrosion Protection

A. General ......................................................... ........................................................... .................... 6- 1

B. Material Selection ........................................................ .......................................................... ..... 6- 4

C. Coating Selection ......................................................... .......................................................... ..... 6- 8

D. Cathodic Protection ........................................................ ....................................................... ..... 6- 11

Section 7 Foundations

A. General ........................................................ ............................................................ .................... 7- 1

B. Geotechnical Investigations ............................................................. ........................................... 7- 1

C. General Design Considerations ...................................................................... ............................. 7- 1D. Pile Foundations .............................................................. ...................................................... ..... 7- 2

E. Gravity Type Foundations .................................................................... ...................................... 7- 6

Section 8 Cranes and Crane Support Structures

A. Scope of Application ............................................................ ...................................................... 8- 1

B. Environmental Conditions .................................................................... ...................................... 8- 2

C. Cranes ........................................................ ............................................................. .................... 8- 3

D. Crane Support Structures .................................................... .................................................... .... 8- 4

E. Tests and Examinations on Site ................................................................... ............................... 8- 4

F. Documentation .............................................................. ......................................................... ..... 8- 4

Section 9 Helicopter Facilities

A. General ........................................................ ............................................................ .................... 9- 1

B. Structure of the Helicopter Deck ............................................................ .................................... 9- 2

C. Helicopter Deck Equipment ............................................................. ........................................... 9- 4

D. Fire Protection and Fire Extinguishing Systems .................................................................... ..... 9- 5

E. Aviation Fuel System ....................................................... ...................................................... ..... 9- 6

F. Requirements for Winching ................................................................ ........................................ 9- 8

Section 10 Marine Operations

A. General ........................................................ ........................................................... ..................... 10- 1

B. Standards and Guidelines ........................................................ .................................................... 10- 1

C. Loadout ......................................................... .......................................................... .................... 10- 1

D. Transportation ......................................................... ....................................................... ............. 10- 3

E. Lifting Operations ........................................................ .......................................................... ..... 10- 4

F. Installation Offshore .............................................................. ..................................................... 10- 11

G. Other Marine Operations for Marine Warranty Survey .............................................................. 10- 13

Annex A Welding and Test Piece Positions

Annex B List of Standards, Codes, etc. Quoted

Chapter 4

Table of Contents IV - Part 6

GL 2007



Index

A Accidental loads ......................................................... .......................................................... ......................... 2-10, 3-4

Admixtures ........................................................ ........................................................... .......................................... 5-2

Aggregates ....................................................... ............................................................ .......................................... 5-2

Air gap .................................................... ....................................................... ........................................................ 2-7

Allowable stress design ........................................................... ....................................................... ........................ 3-5

Anchor handling ...................................................................... ..................................................... ...................... 10-13

Anode materials ......................................................... .......................................................... ....................... 6-14, 6-24

Anodes ...... ............................................................ ....................................................... ............................... 6-15, 6-25

Aviation fuel system ................................................................ ............................................................. ................. 9-6

B

Bearing capacity ....................................................... ............................................................ ................................. 7-8

Buckling ............................................... ............................................................ ............................................... 3-8, 5-8

bar elements ......................................................... ........................................................... ................................. 3-9

lateral ................................................................ .............................................................. ................................ 3-18

plane and curved plate panels ............................................................. ..................................................... ....... 3-13

shell elements .............. ................................................................ .................................................... ............... 3-21

torsional ......................................................... ........................................................... ...................................... 3-20

C

Cable laying .......... ................................................................. ...................................................... ...................... 10-14

Cargo barge .............................................. ........................................................ .................................................... 10-3

Cargo handling .......................................................... ............................................................ ................................. 8-3

Catalogue of details ............... ................................................................ ........................................................ ....... 3-34

Categories of structural members ........................................................ ............................................................ ....... 4-1

Cathodic protection ................................ ................................................................ .............................................. 6-11anodes ................................................... ............................................................ .............................................. 6-14

calculation and design procedure ........................................................ ..................................................... ...... 6-17

design current densities ............................................................. ....................................................... .............. 6-11

galvanic anodes system ............................................................ ........................................................ .............. 6-12

impressed current system .................................................. ........................................................ ...................... 6-23

location of anodes .......................................................... ........................................................ ............... 6-22, 6-25

safety ............................................................. .......................................................... .............................. 6-23, 6-27

systems ........................................................ ........................................................... ........................................ 6-12

Cements .................................................. ............................................................ ................................................... 5-2

Certification of cranes ......................................................... ......................................................... ................... 8-1, 8-5

IV - Part 6

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Index Chapter 4



Classification of cranes ............................................................... ..................................................... ............... 8-1, 8-5

Climatic conditions .................................................................... ........................................................ .................. 1-10

Coating selection ........ ................................................................. ...................................................... .................... 6-8

Collision .............................................................................................................................................................. 2-10

Concrete ................................................................................................................................................................ 5-2

curing ............................................................................................................................................................... 5-4

placing and working .......................... ............................................................ ................................................... 5-4

pre-stressed structures ............................................................ ..................................................... .............. 5-6, 5-9

principles of calculation .............................................................. .......................................................... ........... 5-7

quality .............................................................................................................................................................. 5-3

reinforcement ................................................................................................................................................... 5-5

standards and safety concepts ................................................................ ............................................... ........... 5-1

structures .......................................................................................................................................................... 5-1

water ................................................................................................................................................................ 5-2

Concreting under water ...................................... ................................................................. ................................... 5-5

Conductor shielding ................................................................................................... ............................................ 1-4

Conveyance of persons ...................................................... ......................................................... ........................... 8-3

Corrosion ............................................................................................................................................................... 3-1

Corrosion protection ............................................... ....................................................... ........................................ 6-1

cathodic protection ..................................................................................... ................................................. ... 6-11

coating selection ........................................................ ........................................................... ........................... 6-8

coatings and coating breakdown factors ........................................................ .................................................. 6-9

high strength steel and corrosion resistant alloys (CRAs) .................................................... ............................ 6-6

material selection .................... ................................................................ ...................................................... ... 6-4

metal sheathing ......... ............................................................ ........................................................ ................... 6-5

structural design ..................................................... .............................................................. ............................ 6-4

Cranedavits for survival craft/rescue boats ............................................................ ................................................. ... 8-3

duties ................................................................................................................................................................ 8-1

manual .............................................................................................................................................................. 8-4

sea lashing systems ........................................................... ............................................................ ................... 8-3

structures .......................................................................................................................................................... 8-1

support structures .......................................................... ........................................................ ........................... 8-4

Crane vessels ..................................... ................................................................ .............................................. .. 10-10

Cranes .......................................................... ........................................................... ............................. 8-1, 8-3, 10-10

Cumulative damage ratio ......................................................... .......................................................... .................. 3-28

Current blockage ...................................................... ......................................................... .................................... 1-3

Chapter 4

Index IV - Part 6

GL 2007



D

Derrick systems ...................................... ................................................................ ............................................... . 8-3

Design criteria ...................... ................................................................ ......................................................... ......... 3-2

Detail categories ......................................................... .......................................................... ............................... 3-27

Documentation ............................ ................................................................. .......................................... . 5-1, 8-4, 9-2

Ductility level earthquake ................................................................. .................................................... ............... 2-12

Dye penetrant inspection .............................................................. ......................................................... ............... 4-52

Dynamic analysis .... ................................................................. ..................................................... ....................... 3-32

Dynamic positioning ......................................................... ........................................................... ...................... 10-14

E

Earthquake

analysis ................................................................ ............................................................ ............................... 3-33

ductility level ................................................ .............................................................. ...................................... 3-5

loads ................................................... ............................................................ ....................................... 2-12, 3-32

Effective width of plating ............................................................. ....................................................... .......... 3-8, 3-17

Environmental design conditions ..................................................................... ............................................... 1-1, 8-2

Environmental loads ............................................................... ...................................................... ......................... 2-1

Existing cranes ............................ ............................................................ ...................................................... ......... 8-4

Extreme environmental loads ....................................................... .......................................................... ................ 3-4

F

Fabrication .............................................................. ............................................................. ................................ 4-12

cold and hot forming .................................................... ............................................................ ...................... 4-14

deviations, defects and repair work .......................................................... ...................................................... 4-13

fitting and assembly ..................................... ............................................................ ....................................... 4-14

heat treatment ...... ................................................................. ........................................................... ............... 4-15

identification and storage of materials ...................................................... ...................................................... 4-13

quality assurance and control ....................................................... .................................................... .............. 4-12

surface and edge preparation ...................................................... ...................................................... .............. 4-13

tolerances ........................................................................................................ ............................................... 4-15

Failure Mode Analysis (FMA) .............................................................. .......................................................... ....... 8-3

Falsework .......................................................... ........................................................... .......................................... 5-5

Fatigue assessment procedure ...................................................................... ................................................. ....... 3-25

Fatigue strength ........................................................................... .......................................................... ............... 3-23

Fire extinguishing ....................................................... .......................................................... ................................. 9-6

Fire protection .................................................................... .......................................................... .......................... 9-5

Formwork ........................................................... .......................................................... .......................................... 5-5

Foundations ................................................................. ......................................................... .................................. 7-1

design considerations .................................................... ........................................................... ........................ 7-1

IV - Part 6

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Index Chapter 4



geotechnical investigations .. ...................................................................... ................................................... ... 7-1

gravity type ....... ............................................................ ....................................................... ............................ 7-6

pile type ........................................................... ............................................................ .................................... 7-2

Fuel transfer system ................. ............................................................ ...................................................... ............ 9-7

Functional loads ....................................................................................................... ............................................ 2-10

G

Geotechnical investigations ........................................... ............................................................. ........................... 7-1

Global design ........................................................................................................ ............................................. .. 3-32

Global safety factors ........................................................ .......................................................... ............................ 5-8

Gravity type foundations ............................................................ ........................................................ ................... 7-6

dynamic behaviour .............................................. ........................................................ ................................... 7-11

hydraulic instability ....................................................................................................... ................................. 7-11

installation .................................................................................................................................................... 10-12

installation and removal ........................................................ ........................................................ ................. 7-11

stability ............................................................................................................................................................ 7-7

static deformations ................................................. ............................................................... ......................... 7-11

Grout .......................................................................................... ..................................................... ................ 5-3, 7-6

Gust wind ..................................................... ............................................................ .............................................. 1-2

H Helicopter data ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................ 9-1

Helicopter deck

arrangement ..................................................................................................................................................... 9-1

equipment ......................................................................................................................................................... 9-4

structure ........................................................................................................................................................... 9-2

Helicopter facilities .......................................................... ......................................................... ............................ 9-1

Hot spot stress ........................................................ .......................................................... ................................... 3-26

I

Ice accretion ......................................................... ............................................................ .............................. 2-8, 8-2

Icebergs ............................................................................................................................................................... 1-11

Impact .................................................................................................................................................................. 2-10

Inspection ............................................................................................................................................................ 4-42

methods and extent ................................................... ............................................................ ......................... 4-44

personnel, supervisors .................................................................................... .............................................. .. 4-43

standards, codes ....................... ....................................................... ..................................................... .......... 4-42

testing equipment ........................................ ................................................................. .................................. 4-43

Installation loads ........................................................................................... ..................................................... .. 2-11

Installation offshore .................................................................. ........................................................ ................. 10-11

Chapter 4

Index IV - Part 6

GL 2007



J

Jacket installation ................................................. ................................................................ .............................. 10-11

JONSWAP spectrum ..................................................... ................................................................ ........................ 1-6

L

Launch .................................................... ............................................................ ............................................... 10-11

Layout plan for loads .................................................. .......................................................... ............................... 2-10

Lift points ...................................................................... ....................................................... ................................ 10-6

Lifting equipment ............................................................................ ..................................................... .............. 10-10

Lifting operations ............................................. .............................................................. ...................................... 10-4

Limit damage ratio .............................................................. .......................................................... ....................... 3-28

Limit states ....................................................... ............................................................ ................................... 3-2, 5-8

Loading conditions .......................................................................... ...................................................... ................. 3-3

Loadout .................................................... ............................................................ ................................................ 10-1

Loads .......................................................................................................... ................................................... ........ 2-1

Local design ................................................... ............................................................ .......................................... 3-32

Local imperfections ......................................................... ............................................................. ....................... 3-21

M

Magnetic particle inspection ....................................................... .......................................................... ............... 4-51

Marine growth ........ ........................................................... ........................................................ ............ 1-4, 1-10, 2-9

Marine operations .................................................... ............................................................ ......................... 3-5, 10-1

Marine Warranty Survey .......................................................... .................................................. ... 10-3, 10-10, 10-13

Materials ................................................................ ............................................................. ............................ 4-1, 5-2

Mating operation .................................. ................................................................ .............................................. 10-13

Misalignment of butt joints .............................................................. ..................................................... ............... 3-22

Modelling of the structure .......................................................... ............................................................ ................ 3-3

Mooring system ............................................................ ........................................................ ................................. 2-6

N

Natural seas ..................................................... ............................................................. .......................................... 1-8

Nominal stress ........................................................................... .................................................... ....................... 3-27

O

Operating loads ........................... ................................................................. ................................................. ......... 3-4

Out-of-roundness ............................................................. ..................................................... ............................... 3-21

Overlapping joints ................................................................ ......................................................... ......................... 3-7

Overturning ................................................................ .......................................................... .................................. 7-7

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Index Chapter 4



P

Padeyes ................................................................................................................................................................ 10-6

Permanent loads ........................ ................................................................ .............................................. ........ 2-9, 3-3

Pierson-Moskowitz spectrum ......................................................... ............................................................. .......... 1-6

Pile

axially loaded piles ................................................................ ....................................................... ................... 7-3

foundations ....................................................................................................................................................... 7-2

grouted pile to structure connection .............................................................. ................................................... 7-6

installation .................................................................................................................................................... 10-12

laterally loaded piles .......................................................... ........................................................... ................... 7-5

pile design ................................................................ ............................................................ ............................ 7-2

pile groups ........................................................ ........................................................... .................................... 7-5

pile structure design ............................................................. ......................................................... ................... 7-5

Pipe laying ...................................................................... ......................................................... .......................... 10-14

Plastic design .................................................................... ........................................................ ............................. 3-3

Pre-stressing steel ............................................................. ..................................................... ........... 5-3, 5-4, 5-6, 5-9

R

Radiographic inspection .... ................................................................. ....................................................... .......... 4-45

Reinforcing steel ................................................................ ...................................................... ....................... 5-3, 5-4

S

Safety factors ................................................................. ....................................................... ........ 3-5, 3-25, 8-3, 10-6

Safety format ......... ................................................................. ........................................................... .................... 3-2

Scour ...................................................................................................................................................................... 7-2

Sea

bed ................................................................................................................................................................. 1-11

current loads ............................................................................................... ................................................... ... 2-2

currents ............................................................................................................................................................ 1-2

ice ................................................................................................................................................................... 1-11

level ............................................................................................................................................................... 1-10

loads ................................................................................................................................................................. 2-9

Seafastening ......................................................................................................................................................... 10-3

Seismic activities .................................................... .......................................................... .......................... 1-11, 2-12

Shackles ............................................................................................................................................................. 10-10

Shear stresses ........................... ................................................................ .............................................. ....... 3-6, 3-27

Shielding ................................................................................................................................................................ 2-2

Skirts ...................................................................................................................................................................... 7-6

Slew rings ..................................... ................................................................. ...................................................... .. 8-4

S-N curves ............................. ................................................................. .................................................. ........... 3-28

Chapter 4

Index IV - Part 6

GL 2007



Snow accretion ............................................... ................................................................ ........................................ 2-8

Spectral moments ......................................................................... ......................................................... ................. 1-6

Spreader frames ......................................................... ........................................................... ............................... 10-6

Steel

chemical composition and suitability for welding .............................................................. .............................. 4-2

forgings and castings .............................................................. ......................................................... ............... 4-12

identification and marking ... ....................................................................... .................................................... 4-11

impact energy after strain ageing ....................................................... ...................................................... ....... 4-11

inspections .......................................................... ............................................................. ............................... 4-11

manufacturing procedures ...................................................... ........................................................... ............... 4-2

mechanical properties ............................ ................................................................. .......................................... 4-3

non-destructive testing .................................................................... ......................................................... ....... 4-11

selection criteria ......................................................... .............................................................. ........................ 4-2

stress relieving treatment .................................................................... ....................................................... ....... 4-3

supply condition and heat treatment ............................................................. .................................................... 4-2

Strength level earthquake ...................................................................... ....................................................... ........ 2-12

Structural analysis .......................................... ................................................................ ...................................... 3-32

Structural design ............................................................. .............................................................. ......................... 3-1

Structural members ............ ................................................................. ........................................................... ........ 4-1

Sustained wind ............................ ................................................................ .................................................. ......... 1-2

T

Temperature ................................................................. ........................................................ ................................ 1-10

Test reports .......................................................... ........................................................ ........................................ 4-52

Tests ........................................................ ............................................................ ................................................... 8-4

Topside installation .............................................. ................................................................. ............................. 10-13

Towing .................................................... ............................................................ ................................................. 10-3

Transportation .......................................................... ............................................................ ................................ 10-3

Transportation loads ........................................................... ......................................................... ................. 2-11, 3-5

Trunnions ............... ................................................................ .................................................... ................. 10-8, 10-9

Tsunamis ........................................................... ........................................................... ........................................ 1-10

Tubular joints ............................................................. ......................................................... .......................... 3-6, 4-35

U

Ultimate limit states .................................................... ......................................................... ........................... 3-2, 5-7

Ultrasonic testing ............................................................. ............................................................. ....................... 4-46

Upending .......................................................... ............................................................ ...................................... 10-12

Utilization factor ...... ............................................................ ......................................................... ....................... 6-16

IV - Part 6

GL 2007

Index Chapter 4



V

Vibratory loads ............................................ ............................................................ .............................................. 2-8

Vortex shedding ..................................................... ............................................................ .................................... 2-8

W

Wave

impact ............................................................... .......................................................... .............................. 2-7, 3-1

loads ................................................................................................................................................................. 2-3

parameters ........................................................................................................................................................ 1-8

period ............................................................................................................................................................... 1-7

pressure ............................................................................................................................................................ 1-9

Wave design ........................ ........................................................... ................................................... .................... 1-5

Waves .................................................................................................................................................................... 1-4

Wear ...................................................................................................................................................................... 3-1

Weibull distribution ............................................................................. ...................................................... .......... 3-29

Welding ............................................................................................................................................................... 4-19

calculation of welded joints .................................................................. ...................................................... ... 4-35

consumables ................................................................................................................................................... 4-19

design of weld connections ............................................................ ...................................................... .......... 4-29

performance ................................................................................................................................................... 4-36

preheating and heat input ............................................................... ....................................................... ......... 4-37

procedure specification and qualification .................................................................. .................................... 4-20

qualification of welders ............................. ................................................................. .................................... 4-27

repairs ............................................................................................................................................................ 4-41

underwater ...................................................... ........................................................... ........................... 4-25, 4-42

weather protection ........................................................................... ..................................................... .......... 4-37

workmanship .................................................................................................................................................. 4-36

Winching ............................................................................................................................................................... 9-8

Winddirection ........................................................................................................................................................... 1-2

loads ................................................................................................................................................................. 2-1

properties ......................................................................................................................................................... 1-1

speed ................................................................................................................................................................ 1-2

Chapter 4

Index IV - Part 6

GL 2007

Lloyds Guidance for Crane Construction

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