L.K. Shay, B. Jaimes, P. Meyers, E. Uhlhorn and J. Brewster
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Transcript of L.K. Shay, B. Jaimes, P. Meyers, E. Uhlhorn and J. Brewster
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Observed Oceanic and Atmospheric Interactions During Hurricane Earl (2010) From Satellite and In-Situ Data
L.K. Shay, B. Jaimes, P. Meyers, E. Uhlhorn and J. Brewster
Goal: Using satellite, in situ data, build an improved ocean model to couple to HWRF and carefully assess the oceanic role in intensity
changes (deepening and weakening).
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Objective and Hypothesis
In support of NASA ROSES-2008 program, this project is relevant to two key science questions of this program: (1) What environmental, oceanic, and inner core factors govern rapid intensification?; and (2) What is the predictability of rapid intensification and what observations are most critical to its prediction?
The scientific hypothesis: combining SSTs from NASA’s TRMM microwave imager (TMI) with the surface SHA fields from multiple satellite platforms (e.g., NASA Jason-1,2) will provide insights of ocean-atmosphere interactions during rapid deepening and weakening events using measurements acquired from NASA/NOAA aircraft during in Earl’s life cycle.
Here we estimate the air-sea fluxes and the net oceanic heat loss through the air-sea interface using satellite (SMARTS)/in situ data.
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Motivation and Background
• Minimum sea surface temperature threshold for hurricane formation: SST >26ºC (Palmen, 1948)
• Leipper (1972) introduced Ocean Heat Content
– Integrated thermal energy from surface to 26º isotherm
• Empirical approach to estimate OHC from satellite altimetry (Shay and Brewster, 2010)
• Ocean thermal structure is important feedback mechanism (Chang and Anthes, 1978)
• Warm core eddies inhibit mixing and provide deep energy source for hurricanes (Shay et al., 2000; Jaimes and Shay, 2009)
MLD
D26
OHC
SST26°C
dzTcOHCD zp )26(
26
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Key Air-Sea Parameters
StormRmax
(km)max
(N m-2)Uh
(m s-1)h
(m)g'
(m s-2)c1
(m s-1)1
(km)Fr
Uh/c1
SUh/(2Rmaxf)
Earl 24 10.5 8.0 22 0.03 2.2 38 3.6 2.9
Karl 17 9.4 5.0 20 0.03 1.6 34 3.0 3.0
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Satellite Altimetry Availability Since 1998(14-year daily data set)
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Over 50,000 Thermal Profiles From Multiple Platforms Used In Evaluation (Meyers et al., 2012)
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SMARTS Performance (Meyers, 2011)
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Satellite-Estimated MLD Considerations and Error Sources
• Improvement to OHC regression slope. More realistic variability.
• Decreased accuracy after strong wind-forcing events (entrainment mixing either through stress or shear).
• Most useful during hurricane season when there is more variability of MLD.
• Trapezoidal technique -Thermostads and standard profile shape. • SST errors account for 50% of OHC differences (surface boundary condition).• Climatology lacks sharp thermocline due to oversmoothing.
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Hurricane Earl (2010): SST (TMI: Courtesy of RSS) and OHC (Jason, Envisat Altimeters)
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Hurricane Earl (2010): satellite and ARGO Float Measurements (Pre/Post)
OML Depth~22 m SST Change~1.8CD26 Change~10 m
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SST Cooling induced by Earl from TMI relative to Earl’s Track and Intensity.
Altimeter-derived surface height depression (~20 cm) along Earl’s Track and Intensity consistent with theory (Shay et al., 1990; Shay and Chang, 1996).
Constrains ocean model dynamics - interaction between barotropic and baroclinic modes.
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Momentum and Enthalpy fluxes Emanuel (1995): ck/cd ≥ 1 (50 m/s); Black et al. (2007): ck/cd ~ 0.7
lsk
dqh
qval
hpas
QQQ
ccc
qcLyxQ
TcCyxQ
10
10
),(
),(
U
U
5.2 ,065.049.0max10
),(
103
1010
U
UUτ
d
da
c
cyx
Stress measurements from hot- film anemometer, particle velocimetry and laser line scan cameras at the surface (From Donelan et al. GRL (2004)).
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Earl’s Track (and Intensity), SST (C: color), OHC (contours), and GPS Sondes
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Momentum Flux Estimates From SSTs, GPS and SFMR Data During GRIP
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Enthalpy Flux Estimates From SST, GPS and SFMR Data During GRIP
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15-hr along-track integration of estimated enthalpy fluxes at stages C1 (Cat 1) , C2 (RI), and C4 (Cat 4).
Cross-track integration from +/- 6Rmax of surface presure, pre-storm OHC, Post-Pre OHC and SST. Average OHC loss is ~20 kJ/cm2 per day.
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Summary: Work In Progress
• Extensive in-situ temperature profile data (~50,000 profiles) used to evaluate SMARTS regionally and seasonally in Atlantic Ocean basin. (14 year continuous data set 98-2011).
From Earl’s Extensive GPS Sonde Coverage:
• High OHC values (>100 kJ /cm2)-juxtaposed with high cross-gradient enthalpy fluxes of 1.2 to 1.4 kW/m2 during Earl’s RI cycles (including RW) based on SST, GPS sondes and SFMR data.
• Assess impact of SST and OHC gradients on fluxes.
• Conduct sensitivity testing with the ratio of Ck/Cd following Bryan (MWR, 2012) from these data sets.
• Examine the impact of the oceanic response in this region including SST cooling (1.5-3C), Barotropic trough (~20 cm), OML deepening and OHC loss.
• Include additional GRIP measurements balances in the ABL.