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Visual AidsCalifornia Education and the Environment Initiative
Living Under One Roof
Earth Science Standard
E.8.c.
E
California Education and the Environment InitiativeApproved by the California State Board of Education, 2010
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Living Under One Roof
Lesson 1 The Ozone Layer: Earth’s Natural Sunscreen
1 UV Overexposure: Sunburn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2 Where in Earth’s Atmosphere Is the Ozone Layer? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3 Model of the Ozone Layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Lesson 2 How Ozone Forms and What It Does
4 Los Angeles Smog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
5 Ozone in the Atmosphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
6 Natural Oxygen-Ozone Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Lesson 3 UV Radiation and the Web of Life
7 Ozone Layer Connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Lesson 4 Ozone Depletion: A Natural Process
8 Ozone Destruction Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
9 Antarctic Ozone Hole Timeline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
10 Headlines about the Ozone Layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
11 Solar Flares . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
12 Volcanic Eruptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
13 Stratospheric Polar Clouds and the Ozone Layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
14 Comparing Solar Flares to Ozone Levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
15 Comparing Volcanic Eruptions to Ozone Levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
16 Comparing Stratospheric Clouds to Ozone Levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Contents
Lesson 5 Miracle Products of the 1930s to 1970s
17 Which Can You Live Without? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
18 Sources of Chlorine and Bromine Gas Emissions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
19 Periodic Table of Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
20 Miracle Products’ ODP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
21 Stratospheric Gas Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Lesson 6 Saving the Ozone Layer
22 Changes to the Ozone Layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
23 Projected Recovery Stages of Global Ozone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
CALIFORNIA EDUCATION AND THE ENVIRONMENT INITIATIVE I Unit E.8.c. I Living Under One Roof I Visual Aids 3
VA #1 UV Overexposure: Sunburn
UV Overexposure: Sunburn
Visual Aid 1
4 CALIFORNIA EDUCATION AND THE ENVIRONMENT INITIATIVE I Unit E.8.c. I Living Under One Roof I Visual Aids
VA #2 Where in Earth’s Atmosphere Is the Ozone Layer?
Where in Earth’s Atmosphere Is the Ozone Layer?
Visual Aid 2
Thermosphere
Mesosphere
Stratosphere
Troposphere
meteorites
Temperature
400˚ C
aurora borealis(northern lights)
-90˚ C
0˚ Cradio wavesreflected
-50˚ C
20˚ C
9 kmbirdsclouds
jet airliner Mount Everest
Height Above Sea Level
400 km
80 km
50 km
11 km
0 km
high altitudemilitary aircraftOzone Layer(15–30 Kilometers)
Ozone Layer
This is the atmosphere profile averaged over the year and over Earth.
CALIFORNIA EDUCATION AND THE ENVIRONMENT INITIATIVE I Unit E.8.c. I Living Under One Roof I Visual Aids 5
VA #3 Model of the Ozone Layer
lower atmosphere
Earth
ozone layer
Model of the Ozone Layer
Visual Aid 3
6 CALIFORNIA EDUCATION AND THE ENVIRONMENT INITIATIVE I Unit E.8.c. I Living Under One Roof I Visual Aids
VA #4 Los Angeles Smog
Los Angeles Smog
Visual Aid 4
CALIFORNIA EDUCATION AND THE ENVIRONMENT INITIATIVE I Unit E.8.c. I Living Under One Roof I Visual Aids 7
VA #5 Ozone in the Atmosphere
Ozone in the Atmosphere
Ozone in the Atmosphere
Visual Aid5
Alti
tude
(m
iles)
Lower HigherOzone Concentration
Alti
tude
(ki
lom
eter
s)
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
20
15
10
5
8 CALIFORNIA EDUCATION AND THE ENVIRONMENT INITIATIVE I Unit E.8.c. I Living Under One Roof I Visual Aids
VA #6 Natural Oxygen–Ozone Cycle
Natural Oxygen–Ozone Cycle
Visual Aid 6
Oxygen–Ozone Cycle
= Oxygen Atom
OzoneDestruction
OzoneProduction
The ozone molecule is split by radiation.
With UV energy,oxygen atom bondswith oxygen moleculeto form ozone.
The oxygen moleculeis split by radiation.
CALIFORNIA EDUCATION AND THE ENVIRONMENT INITIATIVE I Unit E.8.c. I Living Under One Roof I Visual Aids 9
VA #7 Ozone Layer Connection
increas
ed UV radiation
Ozone Layer
Depletion
Ozone Layer Connection
Visual Aid 7
Human Communities
Overall, the effects of UV radiation on human health (eyes, immune system, skin) will cause an increased demand for more medical services. With aging and ever-increasing populations, demand for medical services will out weigh supply. Personal and governmental costs for health care will increase.
Cataracts & eye damage may result in: • Demand for more community services Increased taxes • Need for more doctors to perform surgery Tax already short supply of health care services • Personal loss of freedom and movement
Weakened immune system may result in:
• More diseases increased spreading of diseases• Vaccine failure more infectious diseases• Return of plagues on a global level• Increase in auto-immune diseases (HIV, arthritis, diabetes, MS)
Skin Damage (DNA) may result in:• Skin cancer death is worst-case scenario• Painful, costly treatment• Premature aging/wrinkles Self-esteem issues• Increased demand for cosmetic treatments
Phytoplankton
Damage to DNA causes reduced populations and/or altered species composition and may result in: • Changes to the marine food web Lossoflocalfisheries Changes to ecosystem Lossofglobalfisheries Food shortage Increased hunger/starvation Increased cost for food
Crops
Damage to DNA causes reduced crop production, may result in: • The need for more crop acreage Less native vegetation Reduced biodiversity More soil erosion • Increased costs for growing food Increased cost for food • Global food shortage • Land competition from other
demands—housing, natural areas
Ozone LayerOzone Layer
Depletion
10 CALIFORNIA EDUCATION AND THE ENVIRONMENT INITIATIVE I Unit E.8.c. I Living Under One Roof I Visual Aids
VA #8 Ozone Destruction Process
VA #8 Ozone Destruction Process
CI
CICI
CICI
CI
CICI
CI chlorine atom
oxygen atom
Chlorine and bromine gases both destroy ozone in the same manner.
Bromine (Br) can be used in place of Cl in these reactions.
Ozone
Step 2: Chlorine breaks ozone apart, removing an oxygen atom.
Oxygen molecule
Step 3: This molecule reacts with the newly freed oxygen atom, which releases a free chlorine atom to catalyze more destruction of ozone.
Free oxygen atom
Oxygen molecule
Chlorine pollution collects on ice in clouds.
Step 1: UV radiation releases free chlorine atoms from chlorine gas or CFCs.
Ozone Destruction Process
Visual Aid 8
CALIFORNIA EDUCATION AND THE ENVIRONMENT INITIATIVE I Unit E.8.c. I Living Under One Roof I Visual Aids 11
VA #9 Antarctic Ozone Hole Timeline
Oct., 19803.27 million square miles
Oct., 198210.8 msm
Sept, 198414.65 msm
Oct, 198614.37 msm
Sept., 198813.76 msm
Sept., 199021.05 msm
Sept, 199224.90 msm
Sept, 199626.96 msm
Sept., 199828.21 msm
Sept, 200030.31 msm
Sept, 200221.74 msm
Sept, 200422.76 msm
Oct., 200629.5 msm
Dobson Units
msm = million square miles
Antarctic Ozone Hole Timeline
Visual Aid 9
150 175 200 225 250 275 300 325 350 375 400 425 450 475
12 CALIFORNIA EDUCATION AND THE ENVIRONMENT INITIATIVE I Unit E.8.c. I Living Under One Roof I Visual Aids
VA #10 Headlines about the Ozone Layer
Solar ‘Superflare’ Shredded Earth’s Ozone
Volcano Eruptions Deplete Ozone
New Scientist, March 2007
Ozone-Eating Clouds Form in Cold Polar Ringsspace.com, March 2001
ABC Science Online, June 2002
Headlines about the Ozone Layer
Visual Aid 10
CALIFORNIA EDUCATION AND THE ENVIRONMENT INITIATIVE I Unit E.8.c. I Living Under One Roof I Visual Aids 13
VA #11 Solar Flares
Solar Flares
Visual Aid 11
14 CALIFORNIA EDUCATION AND THE ENVIRONMENT INITIATIVE I Unit E.8.c. I Living Under One Roof I Visual Aids
VA #12 Volcanic Eruptions
Volcanic Eruptions
Visual Aid 12
CALIFORNIA EDUCATION AND THE ENVIRONMENT INITIATIVE I Unit E.8.c. I Living Under One Roof I Visual Aids 15
VA #13 Stratospheric Polar Clouds and the Ozone Layer
Stratospheric Polar Clouds and the Ozone Layer
Visual Aid 13
Stratosphere
Troposphere
16 CALIFORNIA EDUCATION AND THE ENVIRONMENT INITIATIVE I Unit E.8.c. I Living Under One Roof I Visual Aids
VA #14 Comparing Solar Flares to Ozone Levels
Aver
age
(%) C
hang
e fro
m 1
964–
1980
10.7
.-cm
sol
ar ra
diat
ion
1970 1990 20001980
Year
Total Ozone 90°S–90°N(corrected for seasonal effects)
Comparing Solar Flares to Ozone Levels
Visual Aid 14
CALIFORNIA EDUCATION AND THE ENVIRONMENT INITIATIVE I Unit E.8.c. I Living Under One Roof I Visual Aids 17
VA #15 Comparing Volcanic Eruptions to Ozone Levels
Comparing Volcanic Eruptions to Ozone Levels
Visual Aid 15
1970 1980 1990 2000Year
Major volcanic eruptions
Aver
age
(%) C
hang
e in
Ozo
ne fr
om 1
964–
1980
2
0
-2
-4
-6
18 CALIFORNIA EDUCATION AND THE ENVIRONMENT INITIATIVE I Unit E.8.c. I Living Under One Roof I Visual Aids
VA #16 Comparing Stratospheric Clouds to Ozone Levels
Chemical destruction and natural variation of ozone
1970–1982 Average (63°–90° Average)
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005Year
Average Total Ozone in Polar Regions
Tota
l ozo
ne (D
obso
n un
its)
Arctic Region in March
Antarctic Region in October
500
450
400
350
300
250
200
Water Vapor Anomaly2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
-0.5
-Wat
er V
apor
Ano
mal
y (p
pmv)
Comparing Stratospheric Clouds to Ozone Levels
Visual Aid 16
CALIFORNIA EDUCATION AND THE ENVIRONMENT INITIATIVE I Unit E.8.c. I Living Under One Roof I Visual Aids 19
VA #17 Which Can You Live Without?
Which Can You Live Without?
Visual Aid17
20 CALIFORNIA EDUCATION AND THE ENVIRONMENT INITIATIVE I Unit E.8.c. I Living Under One Roof I Visual Aids
VA #18 Sources of Chlorine and Bromine Gas Emissions
Human Activities
Product/Source Chemicals Involved Catalyst in Ozone Destruction
Air Conditioning
Foams
Aerosol sprays (spray paint, hair spray, cooking spray)
Metered Dose Inhalers
Refrigeration and coolants
Solvents
Fire Extinguishers
Pesticides
Natural Conditions
Source Chemicals Involved Catalyst in Ozone Destruction
Volcanic Eruptions
Solar Flares
Stratospheric Polar Clouds
Sources of Chlorine and Bromine Gas Emissions
Visual Aid18
CALIFORNIA EDUCATION AND THE ENVIRONMENT INITIATIVE I Unit E.8.c. I Living Under One Roof I Visual Aids 21
Periodic Table of the Elements1A http://chemistry.about.com 8A1 ©2008 Todd Helmenstine 2
H About Chemistry He1.00794 4.002602
Hydrogen 2A 3A 4A 5A 6A 7A Helium
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Li Be B C N O F Ne6.341 9.012182 10.811 12.0107 14.0067 15.9994 18.9984032 20.1797
Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar22.989769 24.3050 26.9815386 28.0855 30.973762 32.065 35.453 39.948
Sodium Magnesium 3B 4B 5B 6B 7B ┌───── 8B ─────┐ 1B 2B Aluminum Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr39.0983 40.078 44.955912 47.867 50.9415 51.9961 54.938045 55.845 58.933195 58.6934 63.546 65.38 69.723 72.64 74.92160 78.96 79.904 83.798
Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe85.4678 87.62 88.90585 91.224 92.90638 95.96 [98] 101.07 102.90550 106.42 107.8682 112.411 114.818 118.710 121.760 127.60 126.90447 131.293
Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon
55 56 57-71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
Cs Ba Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn132.9054519 137.327 178.49 180.94788 183.84 186.207 190.23 192.217 195.084 196.966569 200.59 204.3833 207.2 208.98040 [209] [210] [222]
Cesium Barium Lanthanides Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon
87 88 89-103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118
Fr Ra Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Uub Uut Uuq Uup Uuh Uus Uuo[223] [226] [267] [268] [271] [272] [270] [276] [281] [280] [285] [284] [289] [288] [293] [294] [294]
Francium Radium Actinides Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Ununbium Ununtrium Ununquadium Ununpentium Ununhexium Ununseptium Ununoctium
57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71Lanthanides La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
138.90547 140.116 140.90765 144.242 [145] 150.36 151.964 157.25 158.92535 162.500 164.93032 167.259 168.93421 173.054 174.9668Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium
89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103
Actinides Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr[227] 232.03806 231.03588 238.02891 [237] [244] [243] [247] [247] [251] [252] [257] [258] [259] [262]
Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium
Alkali Metals
Alkaline Earth
Basic Metal Halogen Noble Gas Non Metal Rare
EarthSemi Metal
Transition Metal
VA #19 Periodic Table of Elements
Periodic Table of Elements
Visual Aid 19
Halogens
Lanthanides
Actinides
22 CALIFORNIA EDUCATION AND THE ENVIRONMENT INITIATIVE I Unit E.8.c. I Living Under One Roof I Visual Aids
VA #20 Miracle Products’ ODP
Man–made Products Gas EmissionsOzone-Depleting Potential (ODP)
Chlorine
Air conditioning, coolants, foams, aerosol sprays, metered-dose inhalers, refrigeration
CFC-11
CFC-12
CFC-13
HCFCs
Carbon tetrachloride-CCl4
1.0
1.0
1.0
0.02–0.12
0.73
Solvents Methyl chloroform-CH3CCl3 0.12
Refrigeration Methyl chloride-CH3Cl 0.02
Bromine
Fireretardantsandfireextinguishers
Halon-1301Halon-1211
16.0
7.1
Pesticides Methyl bromide-CH3Br 0.51
Natural Sources Gas EmissionsOzone-Depleting Potential (ODP)
Chlorine
Emissions from volcanic eruptions
Hydrogen chloride Uncertain
Miracle Products’ ODP
Visual Aid 20
CALIFORNIA EDUCATION AND THE ENVIRONMENT INITIATIVE I Unit E.8.c. I Living Under One Roof I Visual Aids 23
VA #21 Stratospheric Gas Sources
Primary Sources of Chlorine and Bromine Gasses for the Stratosphere in 2004
Chlorine Gasses Total chlorine amount = 3390 parts per trillion
Bromine Gasses Total bromine amount = 21.2 parts per trillion
54% natural sources
84% man-made sources
16% natural sources 46%
man-made sources
Stratospheric Gas Sources
Visual Aid 21
24 CALIFORNIA EDUCATION AND THE ENVIRONMENT INITIATIVE I Unit E.8.c. I Living Under One Roof I Visual Aids
VA #22 Changes to the Ozone Layer
Changes to the Ozone Layer
Visual Aid 22
Dev
iatio
n (
%)
Tota
l Co
lum
n O
zone
(D
U)
2
0
-2
-4
-6
300
150
200
150
1001960 1970 1980 1990 2000
Year
(a) Global
(b) Antarctica
CALIFORNIA EDUCATION AND THE ENVIRONMENT INITIATIVE I Unit E.8.c. I Living Under One Roof I Visual Aids 25
VA #23 Projected Recovery Stages of Global Ozone
Projected Recovery Stages of Global Ozone
Visual Aid 23
TIME
1960 1980 End of21st Century
0
DE
CR
EA
SIN
G O
ZON
EIN
CR
EA
SIN
G O
ZON
E
Global Ozone Change from Pre-1980 Values
Average Global Ozone
Uncertainty Range
Expected return of ozone-depleting gases to 1980 levels
Pre-1980 Ozone Amounts
Range of model projections
Stage 1: Initialslowing of ozone decline. Stage 2: Onset of
ozone increases.
Stage 3: Full recovery ofozone from ozone-depleting gases.
The timeline for recovery identifies three stages. The large uncertainty range illustrates natural ozone variability in the past and potential uncertainties in global model projections of future ozone amounts.
Source: http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/csd/assessments/2006/chapters/twentyquestions.pdf
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