LIVINGLIVING TOGETHERTOGETHER

Scientists StudyScientists Study

• Scientists have been studying the Scientists have been studying the temperature, the amount of rainfall and temperature, the amount of rainfall and the kind of soil that affect living things in the kind of soil that affect living things in an area. an area.

• How these living things interact with each How these living things interact with each other, behave and what they need to other, behave and what they need to survive in this area. survive in this area.

• How do the environmental factors affect How do the environmental factors affect the population size and different habitats.the population size and different habitats.

OrganismOrganism

• A living thingA living thing

• A micro-organism A micro-organism

• A fungus A fungus

• A plant A plant

• An animalAn animal

PopulationPopulation

• A group of organisms of the same A group of organisms of the same kind that live together and reproduce kind that live together and reproduce in a particular placein a particular place

• Do not live aloneDo not live alone

• Share the environment with other Share the environment with other populationspopulations

HabitatHabitat

• The place where an organism livesThe place where an organism lives

• Provide living things with everything Provide living things with everything that they need to survivethat they need to survive

• Come in all sizes Come in all sizes

• Small habitats can exist within larger Small habitats can exist within larger ones eg a pond can exist within a ones eg a pond can exist within a rainforest.rainforest.

Community Community

• Consists of many populations living Consists of many populations living together in a habitat.together in a habitat.

• Examples Examples - pond community- pond community - field community- field community - garden community- garden community - forests community- forests community - mountains community- mountains community - antarctca community etc- antarctca community etc

Antarctic animalAntarctic animal

• Weddell sealWeddell seal

• Crabeater SealCrabeater Seal

• Leopard SealLeopard Seal

• Notothenia Rossi, Notothenia Rossi,

• Antarctic Lichen Antarctic Lichen

• Ground Algae Ground Algae

• CryptoendolithCryptoendolith

Weddell SealWeddell Seal • Their fat protects seals Their fat protects seals efficiently from the cold, both efficiently from the cold, both at sea and outside. They can at sea and outside. They can weight up to 600kg, a good weight up to 600kg, a good portion of which is fat. As an portion of which is fat. As an additional protection against additional protection against the cold they have a thin layer the cold they have a thin layer of very dense fur.of very dense fur.

• The male is bigger than the The male is bigger than the female, up to 3m long, but is female, up to 3m long, but is not seen too often on the ice. not seen too often on the ice.

• They are very good divers, They are very good divers, able to dive down to 600m able to dive down to 600m and hold their breath for an and hold their breath for an hour. hour.

• Their only predator is the Their only predator is the killer whale, sometimes seen killer whale, sometimes seen off the shores of Antarctica. off the shores of Antarctica.

• They catch and eat mainly They catch and eat mainly fish, squids, octopuses, krill, fish, squids, octopuses, krill, crabs and shrimp. crabs and shrimp.

Crabeater SealCrabeater Seal • Although very abundant Although very abundant around Antarctica, they around Antarctica, they are not very common are not very common around DdU. around DdU.

• Uniquely shaped teeth. Uniquely shaped teeth.

• They may reach up to They may reach up to 2.5m and weigh more 2.5m and weigh more than 200kg. than 200kg.

• They often have scars They often have scars from leopard or killer from leopard or killer whales attacks. whales attacks.

Leopard SealLeopard Seal • Leopard seals are earless Leopard seals are earless animalsanimals

• When they catch one, they When they catch one, they play with it just like a cat play with it just like a cat with a mouse with a mouse

• Their name comes from Their name comes from their spotted fur and also their spotted fur and also from their huge mouth and from their huge mouth and powerful jaws. powerful jaws.

• Females are larger than Females are larger than males and may reach 4m males and may reach 4m and weight up to 450 kg. and weight up to 450 kg.

• They are solitary predators They are solitary predators and eat just about and eat just about everything, from krill to everything, from krill to other seals but particularly other seals but particularly appreciate Adelie penguins. appreciate Adelie penguins. They often attack penguins They often attack penguins that are walking on broken that are walking on broken floating ice by bursting floating ice by bursting through the ice; through the ice;

Notothenia Rossi Notothenia Rossi • It is one of the only species It is one of the only species

that stays near the coast that stays near the coast even during the winter. even during the winter.

• Size about 15cm. Size about 15cm. • Although the Antarctic ocean Although the Antarctic ocean

is one of the richest in the is one of the richest in the world, few fish wander near world, few fish wander near the coast because the water the coast because the water gets too cold (-1.8°C, 28.7°F). gets too cold (-1.8°C, 28.7°F). And the Antarctic And the Antarctic convergence adds another convergence adds another barrier: it's current that barrier: it's current that circumnavigates the circumnavigates the continent, with a sudden continent, with a sudden difference of 3°C from the difference of 3°C from the northern water, also a lower northern water, also a lower salinity, higher oxygen and salinity, higher oxygen and higher density making so that higher density making so that the species living in it are the species living in it are highly specific. highly specific.

• Fishing them in winter is fun: Fishing them in winter is fun: drill a hole in the ice, put drill a hole in the ice, put down a baited line, get it out down a baited line, get it out and it will flash freeze in a and it will flash freeze in a matter of seconds. matter of seconds.

Antarctic LichenAntarctic Lichen • One of the rarest life form One of the rarest life form on Earth. on Earth.

• It grows only on one spot It grows only on one spot about 10m by 2m near about 10m by 2m near DdU. DdU.

• There is some There is some orange ,some gray and orange ,some gray and some black (background). some black (background).

• Lichens can be found Lichens can be found throughout Antarctica.throughout Antarctica.

• There rate of growth is There rate of growth is incredibly slow, from 1cm incredibly slow, from 1cm per century to 1cm per per century to 1cm per millennia.  millennia. 

• They can survive for long They can survive for long periods of in a dry and periods of in a dry and inactive state and can also inactive state and can also perform photosynthesis at perform photosynthesis at temperatures as far down temperatures as far down as -20°C. as -20°C.

Ground AlgaeGround Algae • It grows in or around mud It grows in or around mud puddles in summer.puddles in summer.

• In winter it dries out or In winter it dries out or gets covered by snow and gets covered by snow and you can't even see it.you can't even see it.

• Phytoplankton, the 'grass' Phytoplankton, the 'grass' of the sea, is a mass a tiny of the sea, is a mass a tiny micro-organisms that form micro-organisms that form the base of the Antarctic the base of the Antarctic food chain.food chain.

• In summer the long days of In summer the long days of sunlight allow tiny algaes sunlight allow tiny algaes to bloom quickly, often on to bloom quickly, often on the underside of floating the underside of floating ice.ice.

• They are in turn eaten by They are in turn eaten by zooplancton (tiny animals), zooplancton (tiny animals), which gets eaten by krill, which gets eaten by krill, fish and squid which get in fish and squid which get in turn eaten by penguins turn eaten by penguins and seals, and the chain and seals, and the chain finishes in the stomach of finishes in the stomach of the killer whale and sea the killer whale and sea leopard.leopard.

CryptoendolithCryptoendolith • This cryptoendolith This cryptoendolith ((hidden-in-rockhidden-in-rock in Greek) is in Greek) is one of the strangest life one of the strangest life form of all. form of all.

• It is a whole ecosystem It is a whole ecosystem growing growing insideinside clear rocks, clear rocks, just a few millimeters just a few millimeters under the surface and under the surface and includes an association of includes an association of bacteria and algae. bacteria and algae.

• It is visible as the green It is visible as the green stripe on this split rock. stripe on this split rock. Enough light and water Enough light and water gets through the rock for gets through the rock for photosynthesis.photosynthesis.

Garden habitatGarden habitat

• CaterpillarCaterpillar

• SpiderSpider

• Snail Snail

• FlowerFlower

CaterpillarCaterpillar• Caterpillars are the Caterpillars are the larval

form of a member of the form of a member of the order Lepidoptera (the (the insect order comprising order comprising butterflies and and moths). ).

• They are mostly They are mostly phytophagous in food habit, in food habit, with some species being with some species being entomophagous. Caterpillars . Caterpillars are voracious feeders and are voracious feeders and many of them are considered many of them are considered pests in in agriculture..

• Many moth Many moth species are better are better known in their caterpillar known in their caterpillar stages because of the stages because of the damage they cause to fruits damage they cause to fruits and other agricultural and other agricultural produce. produce.

SpiderSpider• SpidersSpiders ( (order AraneaeAraneae) are air-) are air-

breathing breathing chelicerate arthropods that have eight legs, and that have eight legs, and chelicerae modified into fangs that inject modified into fangs that inject venom. They are the largest order of . They are the largest order of arachnids and rank seventh in total and rank seventh in total species diversity among all other species diversity among all other groups of organisms groups of organisms

• Spiders are found worldwide on Spiders are found worldwide on every continent except for every continent except for Antarctica, and have become , and have become established in nearly every established in nearly every ecological niche with the exception with the exception of air and sea colonization of air and sea colonization

• Anatomically, spiders differ from Anatomically, spiders differ from other arthropods in that the usual other arthropods in that the usual body body segments are fused into two are fused into two tagmata, the , the cephalothorax and and abdomen, and joined by a small, , and joined by a small, cylindrical cylindrical pedicel. Unlike . Unlike insects, , spiders do not have spiders do not have antennae. In all . In all except the most primitive group, the except the most primitive group, the Mesothelae, spiders have the most , spiders have the most centralized nervous systems of all centralized nervous systems of all arthropods, as all their arthropods, as all their ganglia are are fused into one mass in the fused into one mass in the cephalothorax. Unlike most cephalothorax. Unlike most arthropods, spiders have no arthropods, spiders have no extensor muscles in their limbs and muscles in their limbs and instead extend them by instead extend them by hydraulic pressure. pressure.

SnailSnail• SnailSnail is a is a common name for for

almost all members of the almost all members of the molluscan class class Gastropoda that that have coiled have coiled shells in the adult in the adult stage. When the word is used in stage. When the word is used in a general sense, it includes sea a general sense, it includes sea snails, snails, land snails and and freshwater snails. Otherwise . Otherwise snail-like creatures that lack a snail-like creatures that lack a shell (or have only a very small (or have only a very small one) are called one) are called slugs. .

• Snails can be found in a wide Snails can be found in a wide range of environments including range of environments including ditches, , deserts, and the , and the abyssal depths of the sea. depths of the sea. Although many people are Although many people are familiar with familiar with terrestrial snails, snails, land snails are in the minority. land snails are in the minority. Marine snails constitute the snails constitute the majority of snail species, and majority of snail species, and have much greater diversity and have much greater diversity and a greater a greater biomass. Numerous . Numerous kinds of snail can also be found kinds of snail can also be found in in fresh waters. Many snails are . Many snails are herbivorous, though a few land , though a few land species and many marine species and many marine species are species are omnivores or or predatory carnivores. .

FlowerFlower• A A flowerflower, sometimes known as a , sometimes known as a

bloom or or blossom, is the , is the reproductive structure found in structure found in flowering plants (plants of the (plants of the division division Magnoliophyta, also , also called angiosperms). called angiosperms).

• The biological function of a The biological function of a flower is to mediate the union of flower is to mediate the union of male sperm with female ovum in male sperm with female ovum in order to produce seeds. The order to produce seeds. The process begins with pollination, process begins with pollination, is followed by fertilization, is followed by fertilization, leading to the formation and leading to the formation and dispersal of the seeds. For the dispersal of the seeds. For the higher plants, seeds are the next higher plants, seeds are the next generation, and serve as the generation, and serve as the primary means by which primary means by which individuals of a species are individuals of a species are dispersed across the landscape. dispersed across the landscape. The grouping of flowers on a The grouping of flowers on a plant is called the plant is called the inflorescence. .

• In addition to serving as the In addition to serving as the reproductive organs of flowering reproductive organs of flowering plants, flowers have long been plants, flowers have long been admired and used by humans, admired and used by humans, mainly to beautify their mainly to beautify their environment but also as a source environment but also as a source of food of food

UnderwaterUnderwater

• OctopusOctopus

• StarfishStarfish

• CrabsCrabs

OctopusOctopus • Octopuses have two eyes and four Octopuses have two eyes and four pairs of arms and like other pairs of arms and like other cephalopods are cephalopods are bilaterally symmetric. An octopus . An octopus has a hard beak, with its mouth at has a hard beak, with its mouth at the center point of the arms. the center point of the arms.

• Most octopuses have no internal Most octopuses have no internal or external skeleton, allowing or external skeleton, allowing them to squeeze through tight them to squeeze through tight places. Octopuses are highly places. Octopuses are highly intelligent, probably the most intelligent, probably the most intelligent of all invertebrates. intelligent of all invertebrates.

• The octopus inhabits many The octopus inhabits many diverse regions of the diverse regions of the ocean, , especially especially coral reefs. For defense . For defense against predators, they hide, flee against predators, they hide, flee quickly, expel ink, or use color-quickly, expel ink, or use color-changing camouflage. An octopus changing camouflage. An octopus trails its eight arms behind it as it trails its eight arms behind it as it swims. All octopuses are swims. All octopuses are venomous, but only the small venomous, but only the small blue-ringed octopuses are deadly are deadly to humans.to humans.

StarfishStarfish• Starfish are among the most familiar Starfish are among the most familiar

of marine animals and possess a of marine animals and possess a number of widely known traits,such as number of widely known traits,such as regeneration and feeding on mussels. regeneration and feeding on mussels.

• Starfish possess a wide diversity of Starfish possess a wide diversity of body forms and feeding methods. The body forms and feeding methods. The extent that Asteroidea can regenerate extent that Asteroidea can regenerate varies with individual species. Broadly varies with individual species. Broadly speaking, starfish are opportunistic speaking, starfish are opportunistic feeders, with several species having feeders, with several species having specialized feeding behavior, including specialized feeding behavior, including suspension feeding and specialized suspension feeding and specialized predation on specific prey. predation on specific prey.

• The Asteroidea occupy several The Asteroidea occupy several important roles throughout ecology important roles throughout ecology and biology. Sea stars, such as the and biology. Sea stars, such as the Ochre star (Ochre star (Pisaster ochraceusPisaster ochraceus) have ) have become widely known as the example become widely known as the example of the keystone species concept in of the keystone species concept in ecology.ecology.

• The tropical Crown of Thorns starfish The tropical Crown of Thorns starfish ((Acanthaster planciAcanthaster planci) are voracious ) are voracious predators of coral throughout the predators of coral throughout the Indo-Pacific region. Other starfish, Indo-Pacific region. Other starfish, such as members of the Asterinidae such as members of the Asterinidae are frequently used in developmental are frequently used in developmental biology. biology.

CrabsCrabs• True crabs are True crabs are decapod

crustaceans of the of the infraorder Brachyura, infraorder Brachyura, which typically have a very which typically have a very short projecting "tail" short projecting "tail"

• Where the reduced Where the reduced abdomen is entirely hidden is entirely hidden under the under the thorax..

• Other animals, such as Other animals, such as hermit crabs, , king crabs, , porcelain crabs, , horseshoe crabs and and crab lice, are not true , are not true crabs. crabs.

FieldField

• HorsesHorses

• GoatsGoats

• CowsCows

HorseHorse• Although most horses today are Although most horses today are

domesticated, there are still domesticated, there are still endangered populations of the endangered populations of the Przewalski's Horse, the only , the only remaining true remaining true wild horse, as well as , as well as more common populations of more common populations of feral horses which live in the wild which live in the wild but are descended from but are descended from domesticated ancestors. domesticated ancestors.

• Horses and humans interact in a Horses and humans interact in a wide variety of sport competitions wide variety of sport competitions and non-competitive recreational and non-competitive recreational pursuits, as well as in working pursuits, as well as in working activities such as activities such as police work, , agriculture, entertainment, and , entertainment, and therapy. therapy.

• Horse breeds are loosely divided Horse breeds are loosely divided into three categories based on into three categories based on general temperament: spirited "hot general temperament: spirited "hot bloods" with speed and endurance; bloods" with speed and endurance; "cold bloods", such as "cold bloods", such as draft horses and some and some ponies, suitable for slow, , suitable for slow, heavy work; and "heavy work; and "warmbloods", ", developed from crosses between developed from crosses between hot bloods and cold bloods, often hot bloods and cold bloods, often focusing on creating breeds for focusing on creating breeds for specific riding purposes, particularly specific riding purposes, particularly in Europe. in Europe.

GoatGoat • The goat is a member of The goat is a member of the the Bovidae family and is family and is closely related to the closely related to the sheep: both are in the : both are in the goat-antelope subfamily subfamily Caprinae. There are over . There are over three hundred distinct three hundred distinct breeds of goat. breeds of goat.

• Goats are one of the oldest Goats are one of the oldest domesticated species.domesticated species.

• Goats have been used for Goats have been used for their their milk, , meat, hair, and , hair, and skins over much of the skins over much of the world. world.

• In the twentieth century In the twentieth century they also gainedthey also gained in in popularity as popularity as pets..

CowCow• Cattle are raised as Cattle are raised as

livestock for meat ( for meat (beef and and veal), as ), as dairy animals for for milk and and other other dairy products, and , and as draft animals.as draft animals.

• Other products include Other products include leather and dung for leather and dung for manure or fuel. In some manure or fuel. In some countries, such as India, countries, such as India, cattle are sacred.cattle are sacred.

• It is estimated that there It is estimated that there are 1.3 billion cattleare 1.3 billion cattle in in the world todaythe world today. .