Chapter 221. 22-1: Hazardous and solid wastea. We throw away useful things and hazardous i. No away in natureii. Solid waste1. Industrial 2. Municipaliii. In MDC, landfills and incineratorsiv. In LDC, open dumps v. China has too much waste, needs to be moved out vi. Hazardous wastes1. Organic compounds pcb/pesticides/solvents/dioxins2. Toxic heavy metals3. Highly radioactive wastea. Take 10k 240k yearsb. No solution yet4. US is #1a. Militaryb. Industrialc. Miningvii. Reasons to reduce haz waste1. of haz was is unnecessary, violates cycling principle2. Hurts ocean ecosystemsb. Solid waste in the USi. Most waste per person, 1/3 of world wases1. Mostly mining, agri.,industryii. Most of our waste in uncessaryiii. Municipal solid waste is 1.5%1. Paper and cardvoard2. Yard3. Food4. Plastic2. 22-2: How to deal with solid wastea. We can burn or bury iti. Waste management1. Burn or buryii. Waste reduction1. Reduce the outputiii. Integrated waste management1. Reduce2. Reuse3. Recycleiv. Ways to reduce the resource use and waste1. Redesign processes and products2. Make products easy to reuse repair recycle or compost3. Eliminate or reduce uncedessary packaging4. Fee per bag waste collection5. Cradle to grave responsibility6. Restructure urban transport sytems3. 22-3: Why Reuse and Recycle a. Reuse is a way to reduce waste/pollution and save moneti. Reward customers who bring reusable packagingii. Reduces overall waste, saves energyiii. MDC use flea markets and resaleb. WE can use refillable containersi. PET plastic can be resusedii. It was easier and more $ to make throwaway bottles, ran small bottlers out of businessiii. Denmark finland Prince Edward island have banned throwaway bottlesiv. Plastic bags take forever to degrade but are thrown away w=most of the tiemv. Some governments tax plastic bagsvi. San Francisco banned the plastic bagsc. There are two types of recyclingi. Paper/glass/aluminum/steel/some plasticii. Primary or closed loop 1. Product into same productiii. Secondary 1. Product into a newiv. Types of waste1. Preconsumer / internal during manufacturinga. of the total2. Postconsumer / external generated by conxumers usagev. Most things are recyclable, but do they get recycled and do we buy recycled goodsvi. 33% of MSW in the US is recycledd. We can mix or separate MSW for recyclingi. Msw can be sent to material recovery facility (MRF) 1. Separate the valuable2. Recycle what can be3. Burn the rest for energyii. MRFs encourage trashiii. It is better to use pre sorted pay as you throw system1. Makes more valuable recyclables2. Saves energyiv. Compostin1. Saves 8% from landfill2. Prevents landfills form overflow3. Can be used as fertilizer, slow erosion, improve crop yieldsv. Recycling paper1. 55% of tree harvest goes to paper2. 5th largest energy user3. More water for product than anything else4. Dominant MSW5. 49% recycled in the US,6. Toilet paper should be recycled fibervi. Recycling plastics1. Much plastic in ocean leads to plastic to be eaten by animals, so we eat platic2. 4% of plastic is recycled in th US, because there are so many typesvii. Recycling has its disadvantages1. Costly and taxpayer burde2. Cities that have better recycling tend to have single pickup and PAUT systemviii. Mark Biddle and MBA Polymers have reuced plastic waste with a new method that save much resourcesix. Bioplastics1. Could encourage too much disposal2. Could be better, ut are cosltyx. We can encourage reuse and recycling1. Factors that hinder recyclinga. Environmental harm price not includedb. Most countries give subsidies to resource extracting businessc. Demand fluctuates, not a concern to buy rc good2. How to encouragea. Increase $ benefits for the recyclers and reusersb. PAUT systemc. Require companies to take back packagingd. Product labeling4. 22-4 : burn or bury the solid wastea. Burning i. Waste to energy incinerators1. US burns 13% of MSWa. Low due to air pollution, opposition, cheap landfills2. May have less pollution than landfill3. China has too lax air pollution laws, leads to a lot of air pollutionii. Burying1. 54% MSW is buried is sanitary landfills2. Can=80,15=jap,4=den3. Types a. Open dumpsi. Rare in MDCb. Sanitary Landfilli. Layers of trash spread and covered daily, 1. Reduces vermin, odor, fire hazard2. Prevents leachateii. Methane collection5. 22-5: How to deal with hazardous waste?a. Integrated management i. 1/3 of industrial haz waste is sold in clearinghouses for reuseii. Not for dealing with the postconsumer haz wast, will cause mor problemsb. Recycling E wastei. 70% of worlds e waste goes to chinaii. It is dangerous for the workers who have to be in the removal areaiii. Then the waste from removal is burned or water pollutioniv. HP and Dell take back their products, but only 18% of e waste was recycled1. 80% of that -> overseasv. Too expensive to use high tech recycling for ewaste, c. Detox haz wastesi. Physical methods1. Charcoal or resins to filter2. Natural processesii. Chemical methods1. Use cyclodxtrin to remove chemical from soil and water2. Use chemicals reactions to create less harmful3. Nanomagnets coated to target specificiii. Biological1. Phytoremediationa. Plants filter pollution from soil and waterb. Bioremediation ; bacteria destroy or convert haziv. Inincerate them1. Creates haz ash that must be permanently stored in specialized vaultv. Plasma arc torch1. Decompose the haz into H2 and CO2. Creates a glassy like substanced. We can store some forms of haz wastei. Deep well storage system1. Most used in the US, 64% of liquid haz2. Can get into the waterii. Surface inpoundments1. Needs at least two good liners2. Can evap harmful chems into the air3. 70% of storage ponds in US threaten groundwater4. Overflowiii. Secure hazardous waste landfill1. Least used due to cost2. Metal barrels underground, can be inspected and retrievede. Hazardous waste regulation in the USi. RCRA1. 5% of the waste2. Issues permits that will let co. produce haz waste then dispose of it3. Must track cradle to grave4. Only with approved methods5. Resource conservation and recovery actii. CERCLA1. Comprehensive environ.tal response, compensation, and liability act2. Superfund3. Forces those responsible for pollution of a site to pay for its cleanup4. But in 1995 the legislation did not renew the part where the oil and chem co.s payed for cleanup, taxpayers do6. 21 6 : Transition to a low Waste Societya. Grassroots action -> better solid and haz waste cleanupi. People call for Not in my backyard/anyones backyard/planet earthii. Co.s say that they must put it somwehreiii. People say just reduce the amountb. Environmental Justicei. Everyone must be protected from pollutionc. International treaties Reduced Haz Wastei. Basel Convention banned shipment of hazardous waste1. US did not signii. POPs bannedd. We can make the transition to low wastei. Cut waste by 70-85%ii. Everything is connectediii. No awayiv. Polluters and producers should payv. Mimin nature by recycling and reusinge. Industrial Ecosystems: copying naturei. Biomimincryii. Recycle or reuse : resource exchangeiii. Ecoindustrial park1. Exchange waste outputs iv. Ecoindustral revolutionv.