LIVING BEINGS

What living beings do you know?

LIVING BEINGS

• Plants Example• Animals Example• Fungi Example• Microorganisms

– Bacteria (example in foods, diseases, floor)

– Yeast (type of fungi) – Protozoa– Some can been seen with the naked eye while

others require a microscope!

LIVING BEINGS

Vinagrera (Rumex lunaria) (Timanfaya National Park, “coastal plant”)

Plant: Grape vine

White orchid

PLANTSPLANTS

Barley (Hordeum vulgare)

Above and Below: Cactus

LIVING BEINGS

ANIMALSANIMALS

BENGAL TIGER (Asia, India)(Panthera tigris)

WHITE RHINOCEROS (African Rhino) (Ceratotherium simum)

- 5 species (3 in Asia, 2 in Africa) - In danger due to poaching for its horns. - Herbivore.

- Skin is sold & commercialized.-Traditional Chinese medicine utilizes different tiger parts.-Today, they lack adecuate food and space to live.

LIVING BEINGS

FUNGIFUNGI

MATAMOSCAS (Amanita muscaria)

•Most commonly found in beech, pine, black, and birch forests.

•Poisonous

BOLETO (Boletus edulis)

•Edible mushroom.

•Found most frequently in pine forests.

LIVING BEINGS

•

Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus

Bacteria that is used to produce yogurt.

Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus

Colonies of bacteria in a petri dish.

MICROORGANISMSMICROORGANISMS

Yogurt with bacteria.

LIVING BEINGS

MICROORGANISMSMICROORGANISMS

Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)

Type of microscopic fungi.

• Yeast helps bread dough to rise because it produces CO2.

• Is used to produce wine and beer.

LIVING BEINGS

What is a living being?

LIVING BEINGS

1.Common characteristics that define living beings.

LIVING BEINGS

• Nutrition

- Processes in order to:

* Obtain energy

* To produce their own matter

LIVING BEINGS

- Classification of Living Beings (by nutrition)Autotrophs synthesize organic substances from simple

inorganic substances (H20, CO2 , mineral salts), which they take from the ground and atmosphere. Also use energy from the sun for Photosynthesis.

PLANTS, ALGAES, and SOME BACTERIA.

Heterotrophs Ingest organic material already formed from other living beings or from the remains of living beings.

ANIMALS, FUNGI, and MOST MICROORGANISMS.

LIVING BEINGS

• Interactions • Living beings with one another & with the environment.

• Help with the development of the other functions (nutrition, reproduction)

• Example Herbivore mammals have many intestinal bacteria that decompose the cellulose of plants.

• Example STIMULI: Color of petals of a flower REACTION: The insect sees the color and approaches the flower. INTERACTION: The insect eats (nutrition of the insect) and pollinates (reproduction of the plant).

LIVING BEINGS

• Reproduction: The process that living beings use to generate new organisms.

Asexual 1 individual produces its own offspring.– Example: Star fish (A starfish that breaks in half will eventually

regenerate into a new starfish)– Example: Strawberries reproduces asexually from their creeping stalk.

Sexual 2 individuals interact – Individuals are of different genders.– Each one supplies a different gamete, which are joined and result in a

zygote.– Zygote develops into a new individual.

LIVING BEINGS

2. Chemical Composition of Living Beings

LIVING BEINGS

• Carbohydrates: Living beings use them to obtain energy and to form structures. – Examples: glucose & celulose.

• Lipids: Stored as reserve energy and form structures.– Examples: fatty acids (in the adipose tissue), cholesterol (in the

animal cell).

ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

Celulose

Grapes (with glucose)

Blood (with glucose)

Adipose tissue (contains lipids)

LIVING BEINGS

• Proteins: Regulate vital functions, transport substances, defend against infections, form structures. – Example: Hemoglobin, which transports oxygen.

• Nucleic Acids: Contain the hereditary information. – Uses the information in order to produce proteins.– Example: DNA (spiral ladder).

ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

LIVING BEINGS

• VITAMINS – Some are lipids and others are proteins. – Should be integrated in the diet

• Example: Vitamin A from fish. • Partial deficiency (illness)• Total deficiency (can lead to death).

ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

Oranges (vitamin C) Fish (vitamin A)

LIVING BEINGS

3. Cellular Composition of Living beings

LIVING BEINGS

• The Cellular Theory of M. J. Schleiden and T. Schwann:– Living beings are formed of one or more cells. – The cell is the smallest living unit with the ability to

feed itself, interact, and reproduce.– All cells come from the division of other cells. – Cells are the structural and functional units of all living

beings.

LIVING BEINGS

• Prokaryotic Cell • Genetic material is dispersed in the cytoplasm. • These cells do not have a nucleus. • Generally more simple and smaller than other cells. • Example: Bacteria

LIVING BEINGS

4. Animal and Plant Cells(Eukaryotic Cells)

LIVING BEINGS

LIVING BEINGSAnimal Cell Plant Cell

Cell membrane

Nucleus

Cytoplasm

Vacuoles

Mitochondria

Cell WallCell membrane

Chloroplasts

Eukaryotic Cells

5. Unicellular and Pluricellular Organisms

LIVING BEINGS

Unicellular: 1 cell that performs all functions. • They can form colonies in which each cell continues carrying out all

cell functions. • Example: Bacteria & green algae (Volvoz sp.)

LIVING BEINGS

Pluricellular: Many cells form these beings. • Each cell performs a certain function.• Together, all cells work so that the organism can carry out

its functions in order to live.

Jellyfish Sparrow

• Levels of Organization - Pluricellular organisms are organized into

distinct levels of organization.

- A level of organization represents one organic structure. Thus, a higher level of organization is more complex

tissues < organs < systems < aparatos

LIVING BEINGS

Tissues: A set/mass of various cells that carry out the same function.

• Example: Muscle tissue consists of muscle cells. the function of the tissue is to contract and relax.

LIVING BEINGS

Organs: A group/mass of various tissues that act together.

• Example: A muscle is an organ that contains muscle tissue, nervous tissue, connective tissue, and blood tissue.

Systems: Formed by various organs (with the same tissues).

• Example: the muscular system spans all of the muscles of the body (various organs) and the tissue is always muscular. Other systems?

6. Classification of Living Beings

LIVING BEINGS

• CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING BEINGS Diversity of Living Beings - Size, shape, manner of eating, reproduction

The study of diversity means indentifying, grouping, & organizing living beings: classifying them!

The science of classifiation is called TAXONOMY:• It establishes a classification hierarchy that places living

beings in groups • Each group includes smaller subgroups. • Each group or subgroup is called a TAXON or a TAXONOMIC

CATEGORY

LIVING BEINGS

• Most expansive taxon or group = KINGDOM• Subgroups of a Kingdom = PHYLUM• Each phylum includes CLASSES• Each class consists of various ORDERS• Each order can house various FAMILIES• Each family contains various GENUSES• Each genus can contain various SPECIES

KINGDOM >PHYLUM > CLASS > ORDER > FAMILY > GENUS > SPECIES

LIVING BEINGS

LIVING BEINGSExample of the classification system according to C. von Linneo:

-Animal Kingdom

-Chordate Phylum

-Mammals Class

-Feline Family

-Panthera Genus

-Pantheras pardus L. species

7. The FIVE KINGOMS Living beings can be classified into 5 kingdoms.

MoneraProtoctista FungiAnimalsPlants

LIVING BEINGS

Kingdom Moneras Protoctistas Fungi Plants Animals

Number of cells

Type of Cell

Tissues

Nutrition

Organ-isms

Kingdom Moneras Protoctistas Fungi Plants Animals

Number of cells

Unicellular Unicellular/pluricellular

Unicellular/pluricellular

Pluricellular Pluricellular

Type of Cell

Prokaryotic Eukaryotic Eukaryotic Eukaryotic Eukaryotic

Tissues Without Without Without With With

Nutrition Auto/hete-rotroph

Auto/hete-rotroph

Heterotroph Autotroph Heterotroph

Organ-isms Bacteria Algae/ Protozoa

Yeast/ Mold/Fungi that form mushrooms

Moss/Ferns/Plants with flowers

Invertebrates and Vertebrates