E M E R G E N C Y O P E R A T I O N S A N D R E H A B I L I T A T I O N D I V I S I O N

Integrating Infant & Young Child Nutrition (IYCN) in Livestock interventions

E M E R G E N C Y O P E R A T I O N S A N D R E H A B I L I T A T I O N D I V I S I O N

UNDER NUTRITION

Underweight

- Weight for Age

= composite indicator of wasting and stunting

= MDG 1, c

Wasting

- Weight for height

= result of recent under nutrition

(often associated with weight loss e.g. diarrhea)

Stunting

- Height for Age

= result of under nutrition during a longer period

(often associated with insufficient micronutrient

intake)

= indicator of future human capital

= hunger indicator

E M E R G E N C Y O P E R A T I O N S A N D R E H A B I L I T A T I O N D I V I S I O N

Consequences of under nutrition

20 % maternal deaths

35 % child mortality

3 % loss of

GDP

10-17 %

less wages

E M E R G E N C Y O P E R A T I O N S A N D R E H A B I L I T A T I O N D I V I S I O N

Inadequate dietary intake

Disease

Poor water, sanitation & inadequate

HEALTH services

Malnutrition

Quantity and quality of actual RESOURCES human, economic & organisational and the way they are controlled

Potential resources: environment, technology, people

Conceptual framework for under nutrition- HoA crisis, 2011 (wasting)

Inadequate maternal & child CARE practices

Insufficient access to FOOD

Drought

Fuel and

food prices

Measles

Diarrhea

Malaria

ARI

Unusual

population

migration

Political instability - Insecurity

E M E R G E N C Y O P E R A T I O N S A N D R E H A B I L I T A T I O N D I V I S I O N

Trends of under nutrition: Age

- Malnutrition starts during pregnancy and increases most from birth until 2

years.

- Window of opportunity: 1000 days: pregnancy – 24 months

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Malnutrition’s Impact on Productivity during the Life -cycle and across Generations

Intergenerational cycle of Growth Failure

Early Pregnancy

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Trends of under nutrition: Seasonal- Example from Somalia

• Higher GAM during Moderate (M) and Post Harvest(PH)

• Possible explanation: rains bring infections; late onset of rains, extension of HG into PH period

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5 Areas 11 Interventions

Improve Infant and Young Child Feeding Exclusive breastfeeding ( 0 – 6 m)

Complementary feeding ( 6- 24m)

Integrated management of acute malnutrition (IMAM)

Therapeutic feeding

Increase micronutrient intake Supplementation MN; Food fortification

Improve hygiene and parasite control Home based treatment of water

Handwashing with soap

Use of impregnated bednets, preventif treatment of malaria

Deworming

Increase access and availability of food Food production, including small livestock for autoconcumption

Cash transfer

Food supplements

Interventions with demonstrated impact

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11 interventions Multiple strategies and sectors involved

Exclusive breastfeeding Communication, Education, Justice,…

Complementary feeding Communication, Education, Industry, Privatesector, …

Therapeutique feeding Health, communities, …

Supplementation and food fortification Health, Agriculture, Industry, Private sector, …

Home based treatment of water Hydraulics, Communication, …

Handwashing with soap Communication, Education, Hygiene,…

Use of impregnated bednets, preventif treatment of malaria

health, Communication, Education, Privatesector, …

Deworming Health, Education,…

Food production, including small livestock for autoconcumption

Agriculture, Food security/LivestockCommunication, Secteur privé, …

Cash transfer Social Protection,…

Food supplements Health, Communication, Private sector,…

Interventions with demonstrated impact

E M E R G E N C Y O P E R A T I O N S A N D R E H A B I L I T A T I O N D I V I S I O N

11 interventions Multiple beneficiairies…

Exclusive breastfeeding

Complementary feeding

Therapeutique feeding

Supplementation and food fortification

Home based treatment of water

Handwashing with soap

Use of impregnated bednets, preventif treatment of malaria

Deworming

Food production, including small livestock for autoconcumption

Cash transfer

Food supplements

Interventions with demonstrated impact

E M E R G E N C Y O P E R A T I O N S A N D R E H A B I L I T A T I O N D I V I S I O N

Inadequate dietary intake

Disease

Poor water, sanitation & inadequate

HEALTH services

Malnutrition

Quantity and quality of actual RESOURCES human, economic & organisational and the way they are

controlled

Potential resources: environment, technology, people

How can agriculture and livestock contribute?

Inadequate maternal & child CARE practices

Insufficient access to FOOD

Production, processing, storage and marketing of nutritious foods Food

availability (year round)

Income Access (year

round) Utilization Biodiversity

BiofortificationFortification

Natural and human resource management

Nutrition education

Labor saving technology

Income used for

health and hygiene

Reduce Agriculture

related diseases

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Seasonal calendar for Pastoral Production Systems, projected seasonal calendar for 2012

Seasons Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov DecLivestock

Production Dry Long Rains Dry Short rainsDrought Cycle

Management PhaseRecovery Alert Alarm Emergency Recovery

Calving Peak

Kidding Peak Peak

Disease Outbreaks Highly likely

Prices Peak Peak

Milk Availability Goats Goats Cattle /

Livestock sales High High High High

Risk of insecurity High High HighAnimal

Malnutrition High

Lean Season

Labour availability Peak Peak

Market Access Poor Poor Poor

Water stress High

Cross border

inflows Peak

Food price High High

FS Assessments

DCM phase Recovery Alert Alarm Emergency RecoveryCHILD MALNUTRITION

(ex. Estimation for

Pastoralist population

Kenya) HIGH HIGH

E M E R G E N C Y O P E R A T I O N S A N D R E H A B I L I T A T I O N D I V I S I O N

1. Reduced milk availability & Child infection

2. Long distances & Women’s workload

Causes of malnutrition – by/in pastoral communities

Ref: MILK MATTERS- The Role and Value of Milk in the Diets of Somali Pastoralist Children in Liben

and Shinile, Ethiopia

E M E R G E N C Y O P E R A T I O N S A N D R E H A B I L I T A T I O N D I V I S I O N

Milk production

Primary source

of milk

September February

Own production 76% or more 88% or more

BEFORE time period

NOW time period

Sources of milk September February

Own production Agricultural zone: 23% Agricultural zone: 18%

Pastoral zone: 48% Pastoral zone: No milk

Agro-pastoral zone: 67% Agro-pastoral zone: 2%

Purchased milk Agricultural zone: 66% Agricultural zone: 77%

Pastoral zone: 45% Pastoral zone: 100%

Agro-pastoral zone: 29% Agro-pastoral zone: 98%

Own milk production has dropped sharply across all livelihood zones over the 2 time periods, and even greater during the dry season (February),

Purchased milk has replaced own production as the most important source of milk for HH in the now period in all livelihood zones.

Ref: Milk Matters in Karamoja

(Across the 3 livelihood zones)

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Uses of milk

September: Now Time Period

The decrease in milk supply has narrowed the range of reported uses of milk

Ref: Milk Matters in Karamoja

- Significant reduction of range of uses of milk,

- Increased portion of milk allocated to young children, even with extreme decreases in milk supply (quantity)

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Change in composition of diet for young children

September: Now Time Period

Ref: Milk Matters in Karamoja Ref: Milk Matters in Karamoja

- Decrease in milk and other animal products (blood andmeat) in the diets,

- Increase in wild food consumption,

(These changes make it clear the impacts of loss of access to animals for

the population).

E M E R G E N C Y O P E R A T I O N S A N D R E H A B I L I T A T I O N D I V I S I O N

Conclusion of findings Milk Matters studies:

• Milk (and other animal products) are highly valued sources of food,

• Pastoralists are proactive to look for milk to improve the nutritional status of the children, irregardless of the environmental conditions,

• Increasing market supply and market access to milk and animal products-people are relying heavily on markets for basic food needs,

Increase access to milk and animal products to households to reduce malnutrition

E M E R G E N C Y O P E R A T I O N S A N D R E H A B I L I T A T I O N D I V I S I O N

How can livestock directly contribute?

•Livestock: milk production, other animal products, small livestock production (direct impact), Preservation of milk and meat in less perishable forms in societies.. ?

• Caring practices - Optimal feeding practices?

• Collaboration with other sectors?

(WASH, animal/human health, food/crop production (type of foods –dietary diversity, household/individual consumption)

There is increasing need to link such interventions to nutrition security of populations

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References:

• Tufts Feinstein, (2009). A Literature Review of Pastoralist Nutrition and Programming Responses

• Tufts Feinstein, (2009). MILK MATTERS: The Role and Value of Milk in the Diets of Somali Pastoralist Children in Liben and Shinile, Ethiopia

• Feinstein International Centre, (2011). MILK MATTERS IN KARAMOJA: Milk in Children’s Diets and Household Livelihoods

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THANK YOU