Liver Function tests - King's College Hospital - 018.1 - evaluation of liver... · Evaluation of...

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Evaluation of Liver Function tests in Primary Care Abid Suddle Institute of Liver Studies, KCH

Transcript of Liver Function tests - King's College Hospital - 018.1 - evaluation of liver... · Evaluation of...

Page 1: Liver Function tests - King's College Hospital - 018.1 - evaluation of liver... · Evaluation of Liver Function tests in Primary Care Abid Suddle Institute of Liver Studies, KCH.

Evaluation of Liver Function  tests in Primary Care

Abid

Suddle

Institute of Liver Studies, KCH

Page 2: Liver Function tests - King's College Hospital - 018.1 - evaluation of liver... · Evaluation of Liver Function tests in Primary Care Abid Suddle Institute of Liver Studies, KCH.

Liver Function tests

• Markers of hepatocellular

damage

• Cholestasis

• Liver synthetic function

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Markers of Hepatocellular

damage Transaminases

• AST‐

liver, heart skeletal muscle, kidneys, brain, RBCs

• In liver 20% activity is cytosolic

and 80% mitochondrial

• Clearance performed by sinusoidal cells, half‐life 17hrs

• ALT

– more specific to liver, v.low

concentrations in kidney  and skeletal muscles. 

• In liver totally cytosolic.

• Half‐life 47hrs

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Markers of Cholestasis

• ALP

liver and bone (placenta, kidneys, intestines )• Hepatic ALP present on surface of  bile duct epithelia and 

accumulating bile salts increase its release from cell surface. • ALP isoenzymes, 5‐NT or gamma GT may be necessary to 

evaluate the origin of ALP

• Gamma‐GT

hepatocytes

and biliary

epithelial cells,  pancreas, renal tubules and intestine

• Very sensitive but Non‐specific• Confirm hepatic source for a raised ALP• Alcohol

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Markers of liver synthetic function Bilirubin, Albumin and PT (INR)

• Useful indicators of liver synthetic function

• In primary care when associated with liver  enzyme abnormalities should raise concern

• Thrombocytopaenia

is a sensitive indicator  of liver fibrosis

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Patterns of liver enzyme alteration

• Hepatic vs

cholestatic

• Magnitude of enzyme alteration  (ALT >10x vs

minor  abnormalities)

• Rate of change

• Nature of the course of the abnormality (mild  fluctuation vs

progressive increase)

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COMMON CAUSES OF ABNORMAL LFTS  IN THE UK

• Transient mild abnormalities 

• Drugs – eg Statins• Alcohol excess• Viral hepatitis• Non‐Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease 

(NAFLD)

Page 8: Liver Function tests - King's College Hospital - 018.1 - evaluation of liver... · Evaluation of Liver Function tests in Primary Care Abid Suddle Institute of Liver Studies, KCH.

Investigation of Abnormal LFTs

PRINCIPLES• 2.5% of population have raised LFTs• Normal LFTs

do not exclude liver disease

• Interpret LFTs

in clinical context• Take a careful history for risk factors, drugs, alcohol, 

comorbidity, autoimmunity• Physical examination for liver disease• Chase likely diagnosis rather than follow algorithm 

unless there are no clues • If mild abnormalities and no risk factors or suggestion 

of serious liver disease , repeat LFTs

after an interval  (with lifestyle modification) 

• Synthetic impairment/ signs of decompensation URGENT evaluation

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Acute hepatitis (ALT>10xULN)

• Viral• Drugs/ Toxic• Ischemia

• Autoimmune

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Investigation of acute hepatitis

• Urgent evaluation especially if jaundiced/  synthetic impairment

• Evaluation RFs

viral hepatitis, drug exposure

• Discontinue potential candidate drugs• Hep A IgM, HBV cIgM

+ SAg, HCV IgG, HEV IgM

• Ultrsound

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Acute alcoholic hepatitis

• Spectrum: abnormal LFTs

→ ACLF

• History: malaise, abdo

pain anorexia

• Examination: PSCLD, Hepatomegaly

• Investigations: AST never >10xULN;  AST:ALT>2; Bilirubin, PT

• Urgent evaluation if jaundiced• Steroids/ DF

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ALT/AST 2‐5x ULN

• Transient• Drug effect• Chronic viral hepatitis• Alcohol• NAFLD• Autoimmune

• Metabolic liver disease

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Common medication 

• Statins• NSAIDs• Antibiotics• Antituberculosis

drugs

• Herbal remedies• Alternative medications 

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NAFLD

• Hepatic manifestation of metabolic syndrome

• Therefore risk factors• ALT, AST 2‐4x ULN• GGT• Fat on USS

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Chronic viral hepatitis

• Hepatitis B Ethnic group, Risks for BBV

HBSAg

• Hepatitis C  Blood product transfusion before 1992

IDU HCV Ab, RNA, genotype

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Autoimmune

• Female sex

• Young• Previous/ family history AI disease

• Elevated globulin/ serum IgG

• Positive AAs: ANA, SMA, anti‐LKM

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Metabolic liver disease

• Haemochromatosis Arthralgia, DM

Elevated serum ferritin

and TFS genetics

• Wilsons Young, undiagnosed liver disease

Psychaitric/ Neurologic

symptoms Caeruloplasmin

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Cholestasis

• Transient• Drugs• Biliary

Obstruction

• PBC• PSC• Infiltration

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Biliary obstruction

• Gallstones• Cancer head of pancreas• Cholangiocacinoma

• Ultrasound CT

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Medications  elevation of bilirubin and ALP

• Anabolic steroid• Allopurinol• Amoxicillin‐clavuronic

acid

• Captopril• Carbamazepine• Chlorpropamide• Cyproheptadine• Diltiazem• Erythromycin• Estrogens• Floxuridine• Flucloxacillin• Fluphenazine

• Gold salts• Imipramine• Indinavir• Iprindole• Nevirapine• Methytestosterone• Methylenedioxymethamphetamine• Oxaprozin• Pizotyline• Quinidine• Tolbutamide• TPN• Trimethoprim‐sulfamethoxazole

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PBC

• Female predominant

• Elevated cholestatic

enzymes, no biliary obstruction, pruritis, xanthelasma

• AMA positive, IgM

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PSC

• Young, IBD• ANCA• Secondary care evaluation

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Diagnostic approach in elevated serum alkaline phosphatase

elevated ALP

History and PE

normal bilirubin, ALT, AST abnormal liver chemistries

GGT or 5’nucleotidase U/S

not hepatobiliary U/Sreview medication

AMA

CholangiographyCT

AMA

liver biopsy observation

as elevated ALT evaluation, liver biopsy, ERCP

negative positive

no duct dilatation

yes no

negative

> 6 months

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γ‐glutamyltransferase (GGT)

• Sensitive but not specific• increase

– alcohol   – drug 

• anticonvulsant (CBZ, phenytoin, and  barbiturate),  OC

– almost all type of liver diseases 

Page 25: Liver Function tests - King's College Hospital - 018.1 - evaluation of liver... · Evaluation of Liver Function tests in Primary Care Abid Suddle Institute of Liver Studies, KCH.

Important points

• Investigate abnormalities in light of clinical  context

• Abnormalities associated with synthetic  impairment or signs of decompensation  require emergent evaluation