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Live food aquaculture training course Algae – its role, species and production requirements.
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Transcript of Live food aquaculture training course Algae – its role, species and production requirements.
Live food aquaculture training coursewww.aquatrain.org
Algae – its role, species and production requirements
Live food aquaculture training coursewww.aquatrain.org
Role of algae in aquaculture
First link in the chain of live food manufacture and nutrition. Culture diet for rotifers Enrichment diet for rotifers
Green water technique Provides a direct source of nutrition for larvae Provides background rotifer feeding Other zootechnical benefits
Live food aquaculture training coursewww.aquatrain.org
Role of algae in the green water larval rearing technique
An anti-bacterial agent In situ biological filter and producer of oxygen Light filter Promoter in the location of prey organisms Stimulation of enzymatic synthesis and onset
of feeding in young larvae
Live food aquaculture training coursewww.aquatrain.org
Practical usage of algae in the hatchery
Maintenance of master/stock rotifer cultures Feeding or co-feeding of rotifer mass cultures Enrichment diet for rotifers prior to feeding the
larvae Used in the larval rearing tanks as “Green water
techniques”
Live food aquaculture training coursewww.aquatrain.org
Species commonly used in aquaculture (a)
Chlorophyceae – green algae Chlorella salina (8 μm) Chlorella sp. Dunaliella sp. Nannochloris atomus (4 μm)
Prasinophyceae – greenish coloured algae Tetraselmis chui (14 μm) Tetraselmis suecica ( 12μm)
Eustigmatophyceae – greenish yellow algae Nannochloropsis oculata ( 3 μm) Nannochloropsis sp. (4 μm) Nannochloropsis gaditana (4 μm)
Live food aquaculture training coursewww.aquatrain.org
Species commonly used in aquaculture (b)
Prymnesiophyceae - golden brown flagellates Isochrysis galbana (7 μm) Isochrysis sp. (Tahitian) (9 μm) Monochrysis Pavlova lutheri (7 μm)
Cryptophyceae – naked flagellates Rhodomonas sp. (17 μm) Chroomonas salina (17 μm)
Bacillariophyceae – diatoms Chaetoceros calcitrans (5 μm) Skeletonema costatum (9 μm) Thalassiosira pseudonana (9 μm)
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Various algal species (CCAP-M, Oban)
Nannochloropsis salina CCAP 849/2
Rhinomonas reticulata var reticulata (‘Rhodomonas’) CCAP 995/2
Chaetoceros sp.
Dunaliella
Live food aquaculture training coursewww.aquatrain.org
Sources of algae
CCAP Culture collection of algae and protozoa, Oban, UK. www.ife.ac.uk/ccap/
Algobank Microalgae Strain Bank, Universite de Caen, France. www.unicaen.fr
SAG Sammlung von Algenkulturen, Gottingen, Germany www.gwdg.de/~botanik/phykolgia
CCMP Provasoli-Guillard National Centre for culture of marine phytoplankton, Westboothbay harbour ME, USA. http://ccmp.bigelow.org
UTEX Culture collection of algae at the univesity of Texas at Austin www.bio.utexas.edu/research/utex
Live food aquaculture training coursewww.aquatrain.org
Calculating algal requirements
Hatchery - Algae requirements
Sea bream
General assumptions
1) Av. daily algal consumption/m3 larval volume (L) 20
2) Av daily requirement per 100M rotifer production (L) 100
3) Algal production volume/m3 daily production (m3) 6,7
Annual production target (2g juveniles)
Initial larval rearing vol (m3) 62 123 185 308
Daily larval algae requirement (m3) 1,23 2,46 3,69 6,15
Daily rotifer production (M) 615 1231 1846 3077
Daily rotifer algae requirement (m3) 0,62 1,23 1,85 3,08
Total daily algal production (m3) 1,8 3,7 5,5 9,2
Algal production volume needed (m3) 12 25 37 61
No of 0.5m3 bags needed 28 56 54 50
No of 4m3 tanks required 0 0 4 12
Requirements 2.000.000 4.000.000 6.000.000 10.000.000
Total algal production volume (m3) 14 28 43 73
Live food aquaculture training coursewww.aquatrain.org
Calculating the volume of algae required for rotifer production. (6 million juveniles at 20 x 10
6 cells/ml Nannochloropsis)
Stock cultures Approx. 150 - 300 litres per day
Mass cultures Using algae and yeast there is an average daily
requirement of 100 litres of algae for every 100 million rotifers produced.
A 6 million hatchery would use 2 x 109 rotifers per day => 2m3 of algae per day. (3 production runs of 2 mill)
Rotifer enrichment. If all the rotifers were enriched at 2million/ml need 1m3
of tank space and at least 1m3 of algae.
Live food aquaculture training coursewww.aquatrain.org
Calculating the volume of algae required for green water larval rearing (6 million juveniles at 20 x 10
6 cells/ml Nannochloropsis)
20 L of algae per m3 of larval rearing per day at 20 x 106 cells/ml
A 6 million production hatchery will have approximately 185 m3 of larval rearing.
Daily larval rearing requirement of 3.7 m3
Live food aquaculture training coursewww.aquatrain.org
Daily algal requirement
Rotifer stock cultures 0.3 m3
Rotifer mass cultures 2.0 m3
Rotifer enrichment 1.0 m3
Green water larval rearing
3.7 m3
Total requirement 7.0 m3 /per day
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Typical cell densities achieved
Algal species Volumes Volumes High density systemsup to 20 L 200-500L Indoor Outdoor
Chlorella up to 75 20 200 400Dunaliella tertiolecta 1-3 1-2Nannochloropsis up to 75 20 150 280Tetraselmis 1,8 1,5 to 2.7 2,5 6Isochrysis sp Tahitian 17 3-15 20 40Isochrysis galbana 20 5-8Pavlova lutheri 16 5-8 Chaetoceros 18-40 25-30
Cell densities in cells x 106 / ml
Live food aquaculture training coursewww.aquatrain.org
Algal culture techniques
Culture Air CO2 Culture time pH Temp. Transfer CommentsVol. Litres C Quan.
Master tubes No No up to 1 month No Control 13-20 10% Diffuse light0.25 No No up to 1 month No Control 13-20 30% Diffuse light0.5 No No up to 2 weeks No Control 18-24 75% Continuous light 1-2 Yes Yes 4-8 days 7-7.5 18-24 75% Continuous light
10-20 Yes Yes 4-8 days 7-7.5 18-24 80-100% Continuous light
200-500 Yes Opt. 5-7 days 7.5-8.5 20-30 60-100% Amb or art lightHigh density Yes Yes 1 month + 7.5-8.5 20-30 30%/day Amb or art light
Live food aquaculture training coursewww.aquatrain.org
Fluorescent shelf and overhead metal halide lighting
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Transparent walls and lighting
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Shelf lighting
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Under shelf and side lighting
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Fluorescent sack lighting
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Natural light greenhouse structures
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Indoor bag cultures
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High density culture systems
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Photo-bioreactor algal culture