Literature Review : The Importance of Theoryvodppl.upm.edu.my/uploads/docs/Week 5 - Literature...

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1 Dr. Zoharah Omar Literature Review : The Importance of Theory DCE 3004 METODOLOGI PENYELIDIKAN The research process

Transcript of Literature Review : The Importance of Theoryvodppl.upm.edu.my/uploads/docs/Week 5 - Literature...

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Dr. Zoharah Omar

Literature Review :The Importance of Theory

DCE 3004 METODOLOGI PENYELIDIKAN

The research process

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Review of Literature

Review of Literature

Where to look for sources?

Read theabstract

Hardcopies orElectronicdatabase

What youneed todo with

thesources? A brief description of a research

study that appears at the beginningof a journal article.

Choose thepapers thatyou wish toread further

Review the paper in depth to understandthe concept, definitions, theory, past

research referred, methodology, types ofanalysis, result& discussion

• Journals• Books• Reports• News papers• Conference

proceedings• Thesis

The contribution of theory to the research

Theory - a set of interrelated concepts, definitions andproposition that are advanced to explain and predictphenomenon of study.

A theory is a set of interrelated principles and definitions thatpresent a systematic view of phenomena by specifyingrelationships among variables with the purpose of explainingnatural phenomena.” Kerlinger 1986 Explains the cause and effect, why a certain relationship exist. To explain, support phenomenon of study. Forms basis for hypothesis development.

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Theories as Bridges Between Independent andDependent Variables

IndependentVariables

DependentVariables

Examples

Goal JobPerformance

Path-GoalTheory

Job Satisfaction Turnover MobleyTurnover Model

Independent Variable(IV)

Dependent Variable(DV) Supporting theory

• Why would the IV influence or affect the DV?. The theory provides anexplanation for the influence of IV over the DV.

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From the theoretical perspectives, leader supportiveness exhibited bytransformational leaders toward the team members would initiate a pattern of exchangethat is social and non-contractual in character that creates the norm of reciprocity.According to Blau (1964) social exchange refers to the relationships that entailunspecified future obligations. Social exchange is based on the norm of reciprocity(Gouldner, 1960), which posits that if one exchange partner does something beneficialfor the other, that generates an obligation to reciprocate good faith behaviour(Cropanzano & Mitchell, 2005). Team members may choose citizenship behaviour as ameans of reciprocation to their facilitator or coach transformational leadership behaviour.Wayne, Shore and Liden (1997) suggest that the norm of reciprocity creates obligationstoward another when that party has engaged in a previous behaviour that was beneficialto the recipient. In this context, the leader’s supportive behaviour toward his or her teammembers creates feeling of obligations on the team members to reciprocate the leader’sbehaviour. It is therefore hypothesized that:

Hypothesis 2. Transformational leadership behaviour has positive relationship onorganizational citizenship behaviour in self managed work team.

Example how theory explain the phenomenon of your study

TRANSFORMATIONALLEADERSHIP BEHAVIOR

ORGANIZATIONALCITIZENSHIP BEHAVIOR

Placement of theory in quantitativeresearch studies

In quantitative studies – one uses theory deductively andplaces it at the beginning of the study. The objective is to test or verify the theory (rather than developing

a theory). Explains and predicts the probable relationship between

independent and dependent variable In quantitative studies – a researcher need to: [see

Creswell (2003) pg. 128 -130] Identify the theory for the study. Describe the theory Describe the use of the theory Explain the variables in the theory Applied the concepts/proposition of the theory on one’s study. Conclude with ‘if’…..’then’ logic to relate the IV to the DV.

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Placement of theory in qualitative research studies To provide a broad explanation for the phenomena to be

studied Use a theoretical perspective to guide their study as to

what are the important issues to be examined

Level of theories Theories may be categorized is according to the level of

description that the theory provides. Descriptive theory - a theory that simply describe how certain variables are

related without providing an explanation for thatrelationship Describe dimensions or characteristics of a phenomenon.

Example: Health related quality of life Example: Wundt (1897) maintained that consciousness is

made up of psychical elements (sensations, feelings, andvolition)

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Analogical Theories - theory which explains arelationship through analogy. Borrow from well-understood models (ex: physical

systems) by suggesting that the system to be explainedbehaves in a similar fashion to that described by the well-understood model. Example: Living Systems Theory

Fundamental Theories - (At the highest level)theories created to explain phenomena withina particular area of research. Do not depend on analogy to provide their

basic structures. Propose a new structure that directly relates

the variables and constants of the system. Example: Perceived Organizational Support

Theory

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Developing a theoretical andconceptual framework Theoretical framework Number of theories developed

phenomena from different perspective Conceptual framework Describe the aspect you selected from

your theoretical framework to becomethe basis of your study

Where to locate theory in journals/researchreports?

Literature review sectionReview papers/BooksEmpirical papersChapter II of Thesis

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Example of Conceptual Definition

Ref: Mathieu, J.E. & Martineau, J.W. (1993), Individual and situational influences on the development ofself-efficacy: Implications for training effectiveness: Personnel Psychology, 46

Example of theoretical support – Qualitative study

Empirical Support

Theoretical SupportTheoretical SupportTheoretical SupportTheoretical Support

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Theory vs Model model - "any simplified abstract of reality ". (Lucey, 1991). Simplified explanation of a theory. A conceptual model - a pattern of interrelated concepts.

Framework for applying the psychological contract to theemployment relationship

Contextualand

BackgroundFactors

Policyand

Practice

State of thePsychological

ContractOutcomes

Individual:Age

GenderEducationLevel in

organisationType of workHours workedEmployment

contractEthnicityTenureIncome

Organizational:SectorSize

OwnershipBusiness strategyUnion recognition

HR policy andpractices

Leadership/Climate

Employmentrelations

Quality ofworkplace

Reciprocalpromises

andobligations

Deliveryof thedeal

Fairness

Trust

AttitudinalConsequences:Organizationalcommitment

Work satisfactionWork-life balance

Job securityMotivation

Stress

BehaviouralConsequences:

AttendanceIntention to stay/quit

Job performanceOCB

PsychologicalContract

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OUTCOMES

High internal workmotivation

High workeffectiveness

High general jobsatisfaction

Low absenteeismand labor turnover

CRITICALPSYCHOLOGICAL

STATES

Experiencedmeaningfulness ofthe work

Experiencedresponsibility foroutcomes of thework

Knowledge of theactual results of thework activities

CORE JOBDIMENSIONS

Skill VarietyTask IdentityTaskSignificance

Autonomy

Feedback fromjob

Job Characteristics Model (Hackman & Oldham, 1976, 1980)

ORGANIZATIONAL CONTEXTORGANIZATIONAL CONTEXT

A context that supports andreinforces competent task work via:

- Reward system- Education system- Information system

GROUP DESIGN

A design that prompts andfacilitates competent work on thetask via:

- Structure of the task- Composition of the group- Group norms about the

performance processes

- Level of effort brought to bearon the group task

- Amount of knowledge and skillapplied to the task

- Appropriateness of taskperformance strategies used bythe group

PROCESS CRITERIA OFEFFECTIVENESS

- Task output acceptable to those whoreceive or review it

- Capability of the members to worktogether in the future is maintainedor strengthened

- Members’ needs are made satisfiedthan frustrated by the group

GROUP EFFECTIVENESS

- Demands of the task

WORK TECHNOLOGY

Assistance to the group interactingin ways that:- Reduce process losses- Create synergistic process gains

GROUP SYNERGY

1.Hackman’s Normative Model of Work Team Effectiveness

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Example of the use of model to explain thephenomenon of study – Quantitative study

Ref: Mathieu, J.E. & Martineau, J.W. (1993), Individual and situational influences on the development ofself-efficacy: Implications for training effectiveness: Personnel Psychology, 46

Narayanan, V.K. , Olk, P.M., & Fukami, C.V. (2010). Determinants of internship effectiveness: AnExploratory Model. Academy of Management Learning & Education 9(1), 61-80.

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Example of the use of model to explain thephenomenon of study – Qualitative study

Alberta J. Ellett, Jacquelyn I. Ellis, Tonya M. Westbrook, Denise' Dews, A qualitative study of 369 child welfare professionals' perspectives aboutfactors contributing to employee retention and turnover, Children and Youth Services Review, Volume 29, Issue 2, February 2007, Pages 264-281,)

Menyediakan satu artikel (dari buku/artikel journal) mengenai teori berkaitandengan kajian yang akan dijalankan.• Pelajar dikehendaki meninjau satu teori yang diguna yang berkaitan

dengan pembolehubah yang dikaji dalam kumpulan masing-masing.• Pelajar perlu menjelaskan latarbelakang teori, proposisi teori tersebut,

dan bagaimana teori tersebut menjelaskan pembolehubah yang dikaji.• Pelajar perlu melampirkan jurnal artikel (penuh) atau salinan bab dalam

buku yang diguna. Untuk bab buku, perlu nyatakan bibilografi bukutersebut.

• Pelajar dibenarkan mengulas teori yang sama dengan ahli dalamkumpulan anda, tetapi perlu dari sumber (jurnal artikel/buku) yangberlainan.

Tarikh penyerahan: Week 6 - Friday

Tugasan 1c

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In reviewing theory:

Who developed the theory? What is the theory is all about? How does the theory explain the phenomenon

of study (IV – DV) ?