Literature Review : The Importance of Theoryvodppl.upm.edu.my/uploads/docs/Week 5 - Literature...
Transcript of Literature Review : The Importance of Theoryvodppl.upm.edu.my/uploads/docs/Week 5 - Literature...
1
Dr. Zoharah Omar
Literature Review :The Importance of Theory
DCE 3004 METODOLOGI PENYELIDIKAN
The research process
2
Review of Literature
Review of Literature
Where to look for sources?
Read theabstract
Hardcopies orElectronicdatabase
What youneed todo with
thesources? A brief description of a research
study that appears at the beginningof a journal article.
Choose thepapers thatyou wish toread further
Review the paper in depth to understandthe concept, definitions, theory, past
research referred, methodology, types ofanalysis, result& discussion
• Journals• Books• Reports• News papers• Conference
proceedings• Thesis
The contribution of theory to the research
Theory - a set of interrelated concepts, definitions andproposition that are advanced to explain and predictphenomenon of study.
A theory is a set of interrelated principles and definitions thatpresent a systematic view of phenomena by specifyingrelationships among variables with the purpose of explainingnatural phenomena.” Kerlinger 1986 Explains the cause and effect, why a certain relationship exist. To explain, support phenomenon of study. Forms basis for hypothesis development.
3
Theories as Bridges Between Independent andDependent Variables
IndependentVariables
DependentVariables
Examples
Goal JobPerformance
Path-GoalTheory
Job Satisfaction Turnover MobleyTurnover Model
Independent Variable(IV)
Dependent Variable(DV) Supporting theory
• Why would the IV influence or affect the DV?. The theory provides anexplanation for the influence of IV over the DV.
4
From the theoretical perspectives, leader supportiveness exhibited bytransformational leaders toward the team members would initiate a pattern of exchangethat is social and non-contractual in character that creates the norm of reciprocity.According to Blau (1964) social exchange refers to the relationships that entailunspecified future obligations. Social exchange is based on the norm of reciprocity(Gouldner, 1960), which posits that if one exchange partner does something beneficialfor the other, that generates an obligation to reciprocate good faith behaviour(Cropanzano & Mitchell, 2005). Team members may choose citizenship behaviour as ameans of reciprocation to their facilitator or coach transformational leadership behaviour.Wayne, Shore and Liden (1997) suggest that the norm of reciprocity creates obligationstoward another when that party has engaged in a previous behaviour that was beneficialto the recipient. In this context, the leader’s supportive behaviour toward his or her teammembers creates feeling of obligations on the team members to reciprocate the leader’sbehaviour. It is therefore hypothesized that:
Hypothesis 2. Transformational leadership behaviour has positive relationship onorganizational citizenship behaviour in self managed work team.
Example how theory explain the phenomenon of your study
TRANSFORMATIONALLEADERSHIP BEHAVIOR
ORGANIZATIONALCITIZENSHIP BEHAVIOR
Placement of theory in quantitativeresearch studies
In quantitative studies – one uses theory deductively andplaces it at the beginning of the study. The objective is to test or verify the theory (rather than developing
a theory). Explains and predicts the probable relationship between
independent and dependent variable In quantitative studies – a researcher need to: [see
Creswell (2003) pg. 128 -130] Identify the theory for the study. Describe the theory Describe the use of the theory Explain the variables in the theory Applied the concepts/proposition of the theory on one’s study. Conclude with ‘if’…..’then’ logic to relate the IV to the DV.
5
Placement of theory in qualitative research studies To provide a broad explanation for the phenomena to be
studied Use a theoretical perspective to guide their study as to
what are the important issues to be examined
Level of theories Theories may be categorized is according to the level of
description that the theory provides. Descriptive theory - a theory that simply describe how certain variables are
related without providing an explanation for thatrelationship Describe dimensions or characteristics of a phenomenon.
Example: Health related quality of life Example: Wundt (1897) maintained that consciousness is
made up of psychical elements (sensations, feelings, andvolition)
6
Analogical Theories - theory which explains arelationship through analogy. Borrow from well-understood models (ex: physical
systems) by suggesting that the system to be explainedbehaves in a similar fashion to that described by the well-understood model. Example: Living Systems Theory
Fundamental Theories - (At the highest level)theories created to explain phenomena withina particular area of research. Do not depend on analogy to provide their
basic structures. Propose a new structure that directly relates
the variables and constants of the system. Example: Perceived Organizational Support
Theory
7
Developing a theoretical andconceptual framework Theoretical framework Number of theories developed
phenomena from different perspective Conceptual framework Describe the aspect you selected from
your theoretical framework to becomethe basis of your study
Where to locate theory in journals/researchreports?
Literature review sectionReview papers/BooksEmpirical papersChapter II of Thesis
8
Example of Conceptual Definition
Ref: Mathieu, J.E. & Martineau, J.W. (1993), Individual and situational influences on the development ofself-efficacy: Implications for training effectiveness: Personnel Psychology, 46
Example of theoretical support – Qualitative study
Empirical Support
Theoretical SupportTheoretical SupportTheoretical SupportTheoretical Support
9
Theory vs Model model - "any simplified abstract of reality ". (Lucey, 1991). Simplified explanation of a theory. A conceptual model - a pattern of interrelated concepts.
Framework for applying the psychological contract to theemployment relationship
Contextualand
BackgroundFactors
Policyand
Practice
State of thePsychological
ContractOutcomes
Individual:Age
GenderEducationLevel in
organisationType of workHours workedEmployment
contractEthnicityTenureIncome
Organizational:SectorSize
OwnershipBusiness strategyUnion recognition
HR policy andpractices
Leadership/Climate
Employmentrelations
Quality ofworkplace
Reciprocalpromises
andobligations
Deliveryof thedeal
Fairness
Trust
AttitudinalConsequences:Organizationalcommitment
Work satisfactionWork-life balance
Job securityMotivation
Stress
BehaviouralConsequences:
AttendanceIntention to stay/quit
Job performanceOCB
PsychologicalContract
10
OUTCOMES
High internal workmotivation
High workeffectiveness
High general jobsatisfaction
Low absenteeismand labor turnover
CRITICALPSYCHOLOGICAL
STATES
Experiencedmeaningfulness ofthe work
Experiencedresponsibility foroutcomes of thework
Knowledge of theactual results of thework activities
CORE JOBDIMENSIONS
Skill VarietyTask IdentityTaskSignificance
Autonomy
Feedback fromjob
Job Characteristics Model (Hackman & Oldham, 1976, 1980)
ORGANIZATIONAL CONTEXTORGANIZATIONAL CONTEXT
A context that supports andreinforces competent task work via:
- Reward system- Education system- Information system
GROUP DESIGN
A design that prompts andfacilitates competent work on thetask via:
- Structure of the task- Composition of the group- Group norms about the
performance processes
- Level of effort brought to bearon the group task
- Amount of knowledge and skillapplied to the task
- Appropriateness of taskperformance strategies used bythe group
PROCESS CRITERIA OFEFFECTIVENESS
- Task output acceptable to those whoreceive or review it
- Capability of the members to worktogether in the future is maintainedor strengthened
- Members’ needs are made satisfiedthan frustrated by the group
GROUP EFFECTIVENESS
- Demands of the task
WORK TECHNOLOGY
Assistance to the group interactingin ways that:- Reduce process losses- Create synergistic process gains
GROUP SYNERGY
1.Hackman’s Normative Model of Work Team Effectiveness
11
Example of the use of model to explain thephenomenon of study – Quantitative study
Ref: Mathieu, J.E. & Martineau, J.W. (1993), Individual and situational influences on the development ofself-efficacy: Implications for training effectiveness: Personnel Psychology, 46
Narayanan, V.K. , Olk, P.M., & Fukami, C.V. (2010). Determinants of internship effectiveness: AnExploratory Model. Academy of Management Learning & Education 9(1), 61-80.
12
Example of the use of model to explain thephenomenon of study – Qualitative study
Alberta J. Ellett, Jacquelyn I. Ellis, Tonya M. Westbrook, Denise' Dews, A qualitative study of 369 child welfare professionals' perspectives aboutfactors contributing to employee retention and turnover, Children and Youth Services Review, Volume 29, Issue 2, February 2007, Pages 264-281,)
Menyediakan satu artikel (dari buku/artikel journal) mengenai teori berkaitandengan kajian yang akan dijalankan.• Pelajar dikehendaki meninjau satu teori yang diguna yang berkaitan
dengan pembolehubah yang dikaji dalam kumpulan masing-masing.• Pelajar perlu menjelaskan latarbelakang teori, proposisi teori tersebut,
dan bagaimana teori tersebut menjelaskan pembolehubah yang dikaji.• Pelajar perlu melampirkan jurnal artikel (penuh) atau salinan bab dalam
buku yang diguna. Untuk bab buku, perlu nyatakan bibilografi bukutersebut.
• Pelajar dibenarkan mengulas teori yang sama dengan ahli dalamkumpulan anda, tetapi perlu dari sumber (jurnal artikel/buku) yangberlainan.
Tarikh penyerahan: Week 6 - Friday
Tugasan 1c
13
In reviewing theory:
Who developed the theory? What is the theory is all about? How does the theory explain the phenomenon
of study (IV – DV) ?