Literature Review non-verbal communication

7/27/2019 Literature Review non-verbal communication

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On Pahiwatig, Paramdam,and Sign Language

Juan Miguel L. Bautista

2011-45408



+Introduction

We as humans are inherently social beings so it

should not come as much of a surprise that

communication and language are so important to us.

When we talk with our fellow human beings thoughmuch is also said apart from the words that come

out of our mouth.

This literature review focuses on non-verbalcommunication specifically the concepts of

expression ( pahiwatig), hints (paramdam), and sign

language in the context of Filipino Psychology.



+Rationale (Filipino Psychology)

“Filipino Psychology (Sikolohiyang Pilipino in

Filipino) is the scientific study of psychology derived

from the experiences, ideas, and cultural

orientations of the Filipinos” (Yacat, 2013).

Established 1975 therefore it is still a relatively new

field of study

Due to it being new, this review aims to surfaceliterature currently accessible to students of

Psychology in the University of the Philippines



+Rationale (Literature)

Majority of the literature will be by Filipino authors on

their studies on nonverbal communication.

Some articles outside this field of study will also beused to enrich or support the literature for the

concepts that lack Filipino literature



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LITERATURE REVIEW



+Expressions (Pahiwatig)

Messages we receive from the nonverbal cues, and actions

These expressions can be verbal, non-verbal or a combination

of both (Manggay, 2002)

Can also be seen in a person’s tone and cadence.

Messages can also be gleaned from a person’s physical

appearance. This includes clothing style (Cartonell, 1976)



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Physical Appearance

Physical appearance can send

messages to another person without him

or her knowing. (Supported by Racelis,

1976)

Interpretation of physical appearance

differs between individuals (Medina,

1976)

Differences are due to differences in

experiences (Cartonell, 1976)

Culture also plays a role in these

differences (Medina, 1976)

Example: Filipinos tend to attribute a

man with a large stomach to politicians,policemen and millionaires



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Facial Expressions

Also sends messages to an observer

Expressions may be taken differentlyacross cultures (Medina, 1976)

People interacting with their own peergroups tend to express and understandmessages through facial expressionsvery easily (Medina, 1976)

Due to same point of reference

Similar experiences

Similar contexts

Similar educational attainment

Examples

Smiling = love and joy (Cartonell,

1976) Smiling = nervousness (Medina, 1976)

Frowning = irriation/sadness(Cartonell, 1976)



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Gestures and Actions

Can send a myriad of messages throughmovements of fingers, hands, arms and theshrugging of shoulders (Medina, 1976)

Actions may be taken differently bydifferent individuals depending upon theirculture (Pearson, et al. 2011)

Actions may be taken differently dependingupon relationships (Medina, 1976)

Winking to a friend = greeting

Winking to stranger = insult

Sending messages without words(Cartonell, 1976)

Checking watch to indicate want to gohome or end conversation

Usage of gestures because of hiya

(Racelis, 1976)

Nonverbal communication as a means tomaintain good relations (Bonifacio, 1976)



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Critique

Lack of recent Filipino literature

Constructs may no longer apply to our

current context due to the literature being

very dated

Meanings or interpretations may have

changed through time

Shows a lack of study in this field



+Hints (Paramdam)

Hints often used in Filipinoculture due to our sensitivity orability called pakikiramdam (Cartonell, 1976)

Hints/Pagpaparamdam =messages a person is trying toconvey through actions

Examples (Medina, 2002)

Throwing tantrums(pagdadabog)

Asking for one’s attention(pagpapapansin)

Pagtatampo



+Hints (Paramdam)

Hints are usually quite subtle and can only be picked up with a

good sense of pakikiramdam or sensitivity (Pe-Pua and

Protacio-Marcelino, 2000)

Examples

Filipinos tend to find it difficult to refuse when asked to be

interviewed but body language can say that their participation is

half-baked (Pe-Pua and Protacio-marcelino, 2000)

Cues or hints from other members of a group that show whether or

not certain actions are permitted (Martinez, 2011)



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Critique

Great lack of literature

Though literature was relatively more

updated, none truly focused on

hints/ pagpaparamdam

Literature merely touched on the topic

Possibly due to the concept being so

natural to us Filipinos that it has been

taken for granted



+Sign Language

About 121,000 Filipinos with

total or partial hearing loss

(Cabalfin, Guevara, and Naval,

2012)

Two kinds of Filipino sign

language (Hurlbut, 2008)

Filipino Sign Language (FSL)

Samar Sign Language (SSL)

or San Julian Sign Langage

FSL still prevailing as SSL

users also learn FSL



+Sign Language

Factors or parameters in understanding sign language (Hurlbut,2008):

Hand shape

Location of the hand in relation to other body parts

Movement

Orientation of palm

Contact

Non-mutual signals

Increased awareness and use of FSL

Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) now strongly encouraged toprovide tertiary education to learners with special needs, Deadpersons included (Perez, 2010)



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Critique

Lack of psycholinguistic studies in the

field



+Concluding Remarks

Expressions ( pahiwatig ) and hints ( paramdam) are closely related

Understanding of messages from these concepts throughsensitivity ( pakikiramdam)

Hints and expressions can be misconstrued between individualsas well as across cultures

Sign language as another form of nonverbal communication butmore systematic

Rise in awareness for Deaf people here in the Philippines whichhas allowed for them higher forms of education

Overall lack of literature in all the topics in the context of FilipinoPsychology

Literature Review non-verbal communication

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