LITERATURE •Associated with culture, mirror of life

•Collection of written composition

Came from the Latin word “literae” meaning letters

DIVISIONS OF LITERARY SELECTION

2. POETRYA. LYRICB. BALLADC. NARRATIVED. EPICE. ELEGYF. ODEG. SONNETH. HAIKU

1. PROSEA. SHORT STORYB. NOVELSC. ESSAYSD. FABLESE. MYTHSF. EDITORIALSG. AUTOBIOGRAPHY

WHY STUDY LITERATURE?•OFFERS US KNOWLEDGE

• MAKES US APPRECIATE VALUES LEARNED

•- BRINGS PLEASURE, DELIGHT & ENTERTAINMENT

•- REVITALIZE OUR THINKING ABOUT COMMON PLACE & SIMPLEST THINGS

FUNCTION & VALUES OF LITERATURE

•THE NEED FOR ENTERTAINMENT & ESCAPE•THE NEED TO SATISFY OUR CRAVING FOR A KEY TO THE MEANING OF LIFE

LANGUAGE OF LITERATURE•Records tradition and heritage of man’s imagination employs for its medium, language•Has power•Vivid•Clear

THOUGHTS ON REading-ARROYO & DAVID – we read books for enjoyment & to deepen our understanding of the realities of life

-ANDRES – desirable values can be form through reading of literature

ROMERO & ROMERO – makes us well informed; form of therapy; source of inspiration & worthwhile form of literature

2 kinds of LiteratureLiterature of Knowledge

= an interpretation of fact, ideas /

happenings such as character

description, narrative recount of an experience or a

discussion of a political issue

Literature of Imagination

= is the product of a creative writer’s

presentation of general truths of human nature.

Classification of LiteratureESCAPE LITERATURE – is written for

entertainment purposesINTERPRETATIVE LITERATURE – written to broaden & sharpen our awareness of

life.MORALIZING LITERATURE- purpose of

literature is to present moral values for the reader to understand & appreciate

PROPAGANDA LITERATURE – is found not only in history books & advertising &

marketing books but also in some books describing one’s personal success &

achievements in life

UNDERSTANDING SHORT STORY

SHORT STORY – deals with a single incident or situation. It is a coherent whole with a single line of action & a single intended meaning.FRANK O’CONNOR – writes that the short story is a distinct art form because the author has a greater effect to achieve in a smaller compassGRANVILLE HICKS – a good short story, that is, an attempt to make the reader share in a unique moment of insight.

-A Prose Narrative that communicates the writer’s feelings about some experience- distinct impression, a vision, the meaning generated from his personal experience & innate sensibility.

ELEMENTS OF A SHORT STORYCHARACTERS – are the men and women involved in the main plota. Protagonist – main characterb. Antagonist – evilType of Characters:

c. Round – changes, dynamicd. Flat – does not change; staticMethods of Characterization

e. Actionf. Speechg. Manner of dressingh. Thoughtsi. Reaction

PLOT – series of events or arrangement of details & incidents in the story.-germ idea; series of events that happened in the storyParts:a. Introduction –setting & characters are

introducedb. Rising action – characters are seen to

face a problem & strugglec. Climax – most exciting part of the story

which involves an important discovery & decision/event; turning point of the story

d. Falling action – story draws to a closee. Resolution – loose ends are tied up &

conflict finds solution

BEGINNING EXPOSITIONINSIGHTING IN

CIDENT

CONFLICT;PROBLEM;STRUGGLE

CLIMAX

DENOUMENT/RESOLUTION

ENDING

THEME – central message or the unifying & controlling idea of the work

SETTING – the milieu, location, time & the surrounding circumstance of the story ( time and place)

STYLE – refers to the manner in which a writer employs language.

POINT OF VIEW – narrator of the story:1st Person : one of the characters in the story;

narrates the story from his own observation3rd Person: narrator is not a participant in the

storyOmniscient: narrator is “all present”

CONFLICT a. man vs manb. man vs himself ( psychological)c. man vs nature (physiological)d. man vs animalse. man vs. society (tradition, convention & culture)

LOCAL COLOR – culture, tradition, practice, conventions and mores/ethos

ATMOSPHERE – mood and tone

POETRY Is as universal as language and almost

ancient Plato – defined poetry as nearer to vital

truth than history Aristotle – linked poetry with mans innate

love for imitation & our sense of harmony & rhythm

Wordsworth – endorsed the idea that poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings.

Shelley – considered poetry as the record of the best & the happiest moments of the best & the happiest minds

ELEMENTS OF POETRY POETIC LINE – basic unit of composition in

poems. Idea/feeling which is expressed in one line & is continued with little/no pause into the next line.

SOUND OF WORDSa. Rhyme – repeats similar / corresponding

sound in some apparent schemeb. Rhythm – result of systematically

stressing/accenting words & syllables attained through patterns in tuning, spacing, repetition of elements

c. Alliteration – repetition for effect of initial vowels/consonants

d. Assonance – partial change in which the stressed vowel sounds are alike but the consonant sounds are unlike.

e. Onomatopoeia – long word that simply means the imitation in words of natural sounds

METER – regularized & patterned rhythm

4 Conventional Types:a. Iambic meterb. Trochaic meterc. Anapestic meterd. Dactylic meter

IMAGERY – picture words; representation of sense experience through language

TONE – reveals the attitude toward the subject & in some cases the attitude of the persona or implied speaker

FIGURES OF SPEECH

SimileMetaphor

PersonificationApostropheMetonymyAntithesisHyperbole

Irony