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levan berZeniSvili

umberto eko turinis maxloblad, piemontis patara qalaq alesandriaSi daibada 1932 wlis 5 ianvars. mamamisi, julio eko, mravalSviliani ojaxis wevri iyo, Tormeti dedmamiSvili hyavda. jer buRaltrad muSaobda, Semdeg ki sam omSi mouxda monawileobis miReba. meore msoflio omis dros umbertom da dedamisma (qaliSvilobis gvari – bizio) Tavi piemontis mTebSi, patara so-fels Seafares. ekos babua napovara, migdebuli bavSvi iyo, romelsac maSin italiaSi damkvidre-buli praqtikis Tanaxmad, mieniWa gvari-abreviatura ECO – Ex Caelis Oblatus – „zecidan motani-li“, „zecis naCuqari“. umbertos SemTxvevaSi misi gvari namdvili metafora gaxda – zecas iSvia-Tad gaucia aseTi guluxvi saCuqari.

umberto eko iyo Cveni drois erT-erTi yvelaze didi evropeli, italieli inteleqtuali, mecnieri, filosofosi, semiotikisa da Sua saukuneebis esTetikis specialisti, kulturis Teo-retikosi, literaturuli kritikosi, mwerali, telemimomxilveli da publicisti. aseTi gasao-cari mravalmxrivobis gamo mas xSirad leonardo da vinCisac ki adarebdnen, rasac Tavad mwera-li gasaocrad daxvewili TviTironiiT pasuxobda xolme.

ekos mSoblebi ubralo xalxi iyo. isini, albaT, verasodes warmoidgendnen, rom umbertos saxiT msoflio mniSvnelobis adamiani ezrdebodaT. ojaxi ukiduresad Raribi iyo, bavSvs ki wig-nebi Zalian izidavda. amitom patara umbertos xSirad xedavdnen wignis maRaziebSi, sadac igi sa-aTobiT kiTxulobda wignebs. mepatroneebi agdebdnen xolme da isic sxva maRaziaSi gadainacv-lebda.

umberto eko

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umberto eko

aTi wlis umbertom moswavleTa olimpia-daSi gaimarjva naSromiT ̀ ratom unda gavwi-roT Tavi musolinis da italiis maradiuli didebisaTvis~. SemdgomSi mTeli cxovreba ar asvenebda amis mogoneba, xSirad ubrunde-boda mas, awuxebda es.

ekos mamas, julios, namdvili italiuri ocneba hqonda: undoda, Svili iuristi gamo-suliyo, magram am ocnebas axdena ar ewera – umberto turinis universitetSi Sevida, rom Sua saukuneebis filosofia da litera-tura Seeswavla. es universiteti umberto ekom 1954 wels filosofiis bakalavris xa-risxiT daamTavra. ukve studentobisas ek-om Tavi aTeistad gamoacxada da datova ka-Tolikuri eklesia. amis Semdeg man italiis saxelmwifo televiziis (RAI) kulturul re-daqtorad daiwyo muSaoba. televiziaSi Ca-moyalibebulma „jgufma 63“, romelSic Se-diodnen avangardulad ganwyobili msaxio-bebi, mxatvrebi, musikosebi da mwerlebi, mniSvnelovani gavlena moaxdina ekoze, rac aisaxa 1956 wels gamocemul mis pirvel wign-

bavSvobaSi ekom e.w. salesiuri ganaTle-ba miiRo. salesiuri ordeni, an salesiuri sazogadoeba, romlebic Raribi biWebis ganaTlebaze zrunavda, iyo italieli mRvdelmTavris, ioane boskos mier XIX sau-kunis bolos daarsebuli kaTolikuri, re-ligiuri institucia. es organizacia da misi damfuZnebeli SemdgomSi ekos araerTxel mouxseniebia Tavis naSromebSi. organizaci-as saxeli mieniWa Jenevis episkoposis – fransis de salesis pativsacemad.

ze, romelic Toma akvinelis esTetikas exe-boda. wigni agrZelebda ekos sabakalavro naSroms da man gza gauxsna axalgazrda mec-niers pedagogiuri saqmianobisken – igi leq-ciebs kiTxulobda Tavis alma materSi – tu-rinis universitetSi 1956-1964 wlebSi.

am dros cxovrobda xan milanis saxlSi, xan urbinos agarakze. saxlSi ocdaaTaTasia-ni biblioTeka hqonda da agarakze – ociaTa-

1962 wels eko daojaxda, man colad moiy-vana xelovnebis germaneli maswavlebeli re-nate ramge, romelTanac qal-vaJi SeeZina.

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jgufi 63 (ital. Gruppo 63) – 1960-iani wlebis neoavangarduli italiuri literaturuli moZ-raoba. Camoayalibes italielma inteleqtua-lebma, romlebsac saerTo survili amoZraveb-daT – radikaluri gardatexa SeetanaT tradici-uli italiuri sazogadoebis konformizmSi.

umberto eko jgufi 63-is wevrebTan erTad

umberto eko da renate ramge

siani. ramdenjerme iyo miwveuli profesori kolumbiis universitetSi 1980-1990-ian wlebSi. igi TanamSromlobda msoflios wam-yvan universitetebTan, maT Soris, harvar-dis, ielis, indianis, san-diegos universite-tebTan; iyo mravali universitetis sapatio doqtori (maT Soris, parizi III-is, aTenis, tartus, belgradis, moskovis, ierusalimis da a.S.). 1971 wels samecniero vizitiT ewvia saqarTvelosac.

mas gansakuTrebuli damokidebuleba hqonda safrangeTTan. frangebic imave siyvaruliT pasuxobdnen: iyo safrangeTis sapatio legionis ordenis kavaleri (2003).

italiis universitetebsa da sxvadasxva dawesebulebaSi Catarebuli seminarebisa da leq-ciebis garda umberto eko gamosula avstriaSi, belgiaSi, bulgareTSi, germaniaSi, did brita-neTSi, portugaliaSi, ruseTSi, safrangeTSi, ungreTSi, SvedeTSi, SveicariaSi, Cexoslovakia-Si, holandiaSi, SeerTebul StatebSi, argentinaSi, braziliaSi, venesuelaSi, tunisSi, iaponi-aSi, avstraliaSi; kongresis biblioTekaSi, ssrk mweralTa kavSirSi, safrangeTis akademiaSi. yvelgan sasurveli stumari iyo, yvelgan aRfrTovanebiT xvdebodnen, yvelas aocebda misi usazRvro erudicia, cocxali urTierToba, gansakuTrebuli iumori da dauokebeli fanta-zia.

didi xnis ganmavlobaSi swavlob-da eko Sua saukuneebis filosofiaSi gaJRerebul „mSvenieris ideas“. Ta-visi azrebi am sakiTxze war-moadgina 1959 wels gamoce-mul naSromSi „Sua saukuneeb-is esTetikis evolucia“. sami wlis Semdeg gamovida axali naSromi – „Ria nawarmoebi“. masSi eko gviyveba, rom zogi-erTi nawarmoebi avtorebma ganzrax ar daasrules da, Sesa-bamisad, axla mkiTxvels maTi

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romanebis mwerali umberto eko sakmaod gvian gaxda, 42 wlisa iyo maSin. pirvel ro-mans „vardis saxeli“ uwoda. am filosofi-ur-deteqtiurma romanma misi cxovreba amo-ayirava – mwerali mTelma msofliom gaicno. romanis mTeli moqmedeba Sua saukuneebis monasterSi xdeba.

sxvadasxvagvarad interpretacia SeuZlia. eko aseve dainteresebuli iyo kulturiT. didi xnis ganmavlobaSi swavlobda sxvadasx-va formas, „maRali“ kulturidan dawyebuli da masobrivi kulturiT damTavrebuli.

Cven, qarTvelebs, Zalian gagvimarTla, iseve, rogorc gaumarTla Tavad umberto ekosac – mas ubrwyinvalesi qarTveli mTar-gmneli hyavs xaTuna cxadaZis saxiT. amitom Cvenc Zalian kargad vicnobT am romans. esaa monumenturi wigni, romelic eyrdnoba did erudicias, aseTive sididis fantazias, ro-melic aris erTdroulad filosofiuri romani, sasiyvarulo romani, garTulebuli deteqtivi, istoriuli romani, ironiuli romani saintereso siuJetiT, gasaocari personaJebiT, postmodernistuli ileTe-biT, gamWvirvale da gaumWvirvale aluzie-biT, faruli da Ria miniSnebebiT. wignSi moq-medeba Sua saukuneebSi xdeba, magram mas ki-dev ufro Soreul droSi – antikurobaSi ga-

უმბერტო ეკო

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davyavarT. ambavi, kacma rom Tqvas, swored antikurobaSi daiwyo da daiwyo igi antiku-robis yvelaze „didma Tavma“ (ase moixsenieb-da mas karl marqsi) – aristotelem.

Tavis droze erTiani berZnuli codna, romelSic erTad iyo mocemuli poezia da mecniereba, aristotelem, analizis fuZem-debelma, dayo dargebad: poeziad, istori-ad, maTematikad, fizikad, qimiad. mokled, is iyo antikurobis mecnierebaTa akademia, ro-melic erT mecniers, aristoteles, moicav-da. bevri ram dawera, magram am SemTxvevaSi mniSvnelovania, rom man dawera fuZemdeb-luri filologiuri naSromi „poetika“. po-etikaSi ori ZiriTadi nawili iyo, poeziis seriozuli nawili mecnierma tragediis ana-liziT aRwera, xolo araseriozuli nawi- li komediis. am meore nawilma Cvenamde ver moaRwia. esaa simarTle yvelasTvis. yvelas-Tvis, visac „vardis saxeli“ ar waukiTxavs. saqme isaa, rom „vardis saxels“, rogorc bevr karg romans, rogorc musikalur nawar-moebs, saidumlo gasaRebi aqvs; aris violi-nos gasaRebi, aris banis gasaRebi da aris am romanis gasaRebi. esaa komedia, ufro swo-rad, aristoteles „poetikis“ meore, dakar-guli, komediuri nawili.

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Tu umberto ekos davujerebT, aristote-les „poetika“ gadarCenila srulad, anu misi me-ore nawilic ar danTqmula istoriis okeaneSi, gadarCenila, magram viRacebs daudgeniaT, rom igi saidumlod unda iqnes Senaxuli. ratom? Sua saukuneebma aristotele mTlianad miiTvises, qristianobam es antikuri geniosi gaiTavisa. maT moeCvenaT, Tu igi komediaze ilaparakebda, es imis niSani iqneboda, rom qristes xumroba Se-eZlo. es ki, saidumlo berebis azriT, sruliad dauSvebelia. macxovari da xumroba erTad war-moudgeneli iyo maTTvis. amitom, vinc ki am sa-guldagulod gadamalul wignsa da am saidum-los miuaxlovdeboda, yvela mokvdeboda.

kaTolikuri eklesiis ordenebis istoria, berobis istoria, Sua saukuneebis italiuri cxovrebis silamaze, Tanamedrove azrovneba, yvelaferi es erTad qmnis uzarmazar codnas, romelic saCuqrad miaqvs mkiTxvels. umberto ekos erT-erT winapars, did romael poets, ho-raciuss aqvs formula dulce et utile – „tkbili da sasargeblo“, rac mxatvrul nawarmoebSi saxa-

lisosa da SemecnebiTis sinTezs gulisxmobs. swored am formulis idealuri ganxorcielebaa umberto ek-

os es wigni. sxvaTa Soris, „vardis saxelSi“

umberto eko, rogorc avtori, SeqspiriviT guluxvi aRmoCnda da erTi msxverpliT ar dakma-yofilda. rogorc vTqviT, „vardis saxeli“, yvela-ferTan erTad, deteqtivicaa da mas Tavisi goneba-maxvili gamomZiebelic hyavs. aq ekos gonebamaxvilo-basa da ironias sazRvari ar aqvs. gamomZiebeli, ra Tqma unda, ingliselia da mas uiliami hqvia. yvela ilu-zia rom gaifantos, isic vTqvaT, rom am uiliams gvaric an zedwodebac aqvs da misi sruli saxelia uiliam baskervileli. Sua saukuneebSi, rodesac wakiTxuli ar hqondaT artur konan doi-lis Sedevris, ukvdav Serlok holmsze Seqmnili sagis erT-erTi mTavari nawarmoebi, „baskervi-lebis ZaRli“, aravis gaakvirvebda ingliseli monazoni uiliam baskervilelis saxeliT; sama-gierod, XX da XXI saukunis mkiTxveli xvdeba, rogor Sua saukuneebTan aqvs saqme, rodesac um-berto ekos wigns kiTxulobs.

Dulceet Utile

horaciusi(Zv.w 65-8)

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Sua saukuneebis specialistia. igi ikvlevs erT metad saintereso sakiTxs – tampliere-bis ambebs, rac CvenTvisac, qarTvelebisTvi-sac, ar aris ucxo, Tu didgoris omSi jva-rosnebis savaraudo monawileobas gaviTva-liswinebT. tamplierebi meomari monaz-vnebis ordeni iyo, romlis warmomadgenleb-sac anafora ecvaT, xelSi xmali eWiraT da gmirulad ibrZodnen qristes saxeliT misi saflavis dasabruneblad da ierusalimis „uwmindurTagan“ gasaTavisufleblad.

tamplierebis ordeni imdenad gaZlier-da, rom safrangeTis mefe filipe lamazi iZulebuli gaxda, maT winaaRmdeg ebrZola romis papTan erTad. Seiqmna legenda, rom gadarCenilma tamplierebma maTi ordenis ganadgurebisa da tamplierTa meTaurisT-vis, didi magistrosis, Jak de molisTvis, Ta-vis mokveTis gamo fici dades, rom erT mSve-nier dRes Surs iZiebdnen.

tamplieri raindi

xuTi weli dasWirda umberto ekos, rom kidev erTi romani daewera – „fukos qanqa-ra“. mkiTxveli am wigns 1988 wels gaecno. bevrma es wigni fantastikis Janris wignad aRiqva, Tumca amas mwerali ar daeTanxma da Tqva: „bevrs hgonia, rom me fantastikuri romani davwere, magram isini Rrmad cdebian, romani absoluturad realisturia“. es yve-lanairad didi da Tanamedrove wignia ro-gorc moculobis, ise mniSvnelobis mixed-viT. „fukos qanqara“ erT-erTi bestseleria mTel msoflioSi, maT Soris, saqarTvelo-Sic. am wignSi moqmedebis kvanZi ikvreba sa-mocdaaTian wlebSi, rodesac italiaSi ax-algazrdoba gamoRviZebulia da monawile-obs mRelvare revoluciur procesSi. aris italieli ymawvili kaci, vinme kazoboni, ro-melic sxvebTan erTad CaerTo am revoluci-aSi, Tumca arc mTlad revoluciuri mecnie-rebis – filologiis – warmomadgeneli da

naxsenebia Tbilisi da TbilisSi 1934 wels gamocemuli saWadrako Teoriisadmi miZRv-nili wigni, oRond es wigni ar unda eZeboT, radgan igi ar arsebobs da mTlianad ekos fantaziis nayofia. Tavisi siyvaruli Cveni dedaqalaqisadmi ekom am bavSvuri oiniT gagvimJRavna.

sami wlis Semdeg umbertom gamosca mci-re wigni – „SeniSvnebi ̀ vardis saxelis~ arSi-ebze“. es pirveli romanis Taviseburi „kuli-sebia“. am nawarmoebSi avtori bevrs msjelo-bs mkiTxvelis, avtorisa da Tavad wignis ur-TierTobebze.

fukosqanqaraumberto eko

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eko ar SeCerda cxovrebis mxolod mSve-nier mxareze. filosofosma mimarTa mis usi-amo, maxinj mxaresac. mwerali Seipyro axali wignis ideam, romelsac man „simaxinjis is-toria“ uwoda. ekom aRiara, rom silamazeze weren da masze msjeloben bevrs da xSirad, xolo simaxinjeze – ara, amitom kvlevis dros mweralma uamravi saintereso da saxa-liso aRmoCena gaakeTa. arsebiTi aq is gax-lavT, rom umberto ekos silamaze da sima-xinje erTmaneTis sawinaaRmdego cnebebad, antipodebad ar miaCnda. eko acxadebda, rom es momijnave cnebebia, romelTa arsis gageba SeuZlebelia erTmaneTis gareSe.

umberto eko Seucnoblis Secnobas cdi-lobda, amitom Tavis SromebSi xSirad eZebda pasuxs kiTxvaze, Tu ra aris silamaze. yove-li epoqa, ekos azriT, poulobda am amocanis axal da axal amoxsnas. sainteresoa, rom drois erTsa da imave monakveTSi Tanaarse-bobda urTierTsawinaaRmdego koncefcie-bi. xandaxan poziciebs Soris konfliqtic xdeboda. Tavis azrebs am rTul sakiTxze ek-om Tavi mouyara 2004 wels gamocemul wignSi „silamazis istoria“.

1994 wels umberto ekom gamosca kidev erTi romani, romelSic aRwerilia movlene-bi, rac aRZravs mkiTxvelis TanagrZnobas, siamayes da sxva Rrma grZnobebs. „kunZuli wina dRes“ mogviTxrobs axalgazrda kacze, romelic daxetialobs safrangeTsa da ita-liaSi da mogzaurobs samxreTis zRvebze. moqmedeba XVII saukuneSi xdeba. wignSi erTma-neTs gadaeWdo adamianis xvedri, istoria da filosofia. amave gasaRebiTaa dawerili sa-Tavgadasavlo romani „baudolinoc“, rome-lic wignis maRaziebSi 2000 wels gamoCnda. masSi fridrix barbarosas naSvilevis mog-zaurobebia aRwerili.

mecnierma daadgina, rom postmoder-nizmSi sazRvari silamazesa da simaxinjes Soris arsebiTad waSlilia. eko aqtiurad aviTarebda am Temas. mwerlisa da mecnieris Seswavlis arealSi moxvda komiqsebi, mult-filmebi, simRerebi, Tanamedrove kinofil-

gasaocaria umberto ekos romani „dedo-fal loanas saidumlo ali“. misma gmirma ubeduri SemTxvevis Sedegad mexsiereba da-karga. oRond es ucnauri dakargvaa: perso-naJs ar axsovs megobrebi, axloblebi da na-Tesavebi, magram axsovs wakiTxuli wignebi. es romani, faqtobrivad, ekos, rogorc mkiT-xvelis, biografiaa.

ekos erT-erTi bolo didi romani iyo „praRis sasaflao“. am romanSi humanisti mwerali Seexo kacobriobis istoriis erT-erT yvelaze rTul da skandalur sakiTxs, e.w. „mTavar sakiTxs“ – „ebrauli SeTqmule-bis“ sakiTxs, romlisgan faSizmi da holo-kosti daibada. didxans Cndeboda idea imis Sesaxeb, rom samyaros ar marTaven Cveuleb-rivi adamianebi. ase daibada yalbi wigni „ie-rusalimel brZenTa oqmebi“, romelSic TiT-qosda ebraelebi „gulwrfelad“ yvebian, rogor marTaven isini msoflios. calkeul adamianebSi arsebobs rwmena, rom es namdvi-li wignia, romelic ruseTis agenturas xel-Si Cauvarda. bevrs sjera misi istoriuli realobisa. Tavis droze SveicariaSi sasa-marTlom daadgina, rom es wigni yalbia. dRes es yvelam icis. ai, am ambavs Caujda um-berto eko.

mebi, Tqven warmoidgineT, jeims bondze da-werili romanebi da kinofilmebic ki.

yvelaferi namdvilia ekos am romanSi, erTi kacis garda, es aris mTxrobeli – simo-ne simonini. umberto ekos undoda Seeqmna msoflio literaturaSi yvelaze sazizRari personaJi. am sazizRrobis erT-erTi mTava-ri niSania, rom SemdgomSi milionobiT ebra-elis bedis gadamwyveti profesiuli gam-yalbebeli simone simonini antisemitic, eb-raelebis moZulec ki ar yofila. diax, ekos romanSi ebraelebis amoxocvis mTavar ideo-logs ebraelebi ar sZulda, is, ubralod,

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ekos uyvarda saqarTvelo da misi kultura. igi xSirad axsenebda Tbiliss. erTxel, rodesac amerikelebis sayvarel terminebs daunTaunsa da apTauns ganmartavda, rac centrsa da gareubans aRniSnavs, Tumca sityva-sityviT qveda da zeda qalaqs niSnavs, ekom Tqva evropelebi Tbilisis msgavs aRmarT-daRmarTian qalaqs warmoidgenen, Tumca amerikelebs mTagoriani qalaqebi ar aqvTo. ra Tqma unda, ekos SeeZlo romelime italiuri qalaqi moeyvana mTagoriani qalaqis maga-liTad, Tundac neapoli an bazeli, magram man Tbilisi daasaxela.

profesiulad asrulebda Tavis amocanas. umberto ekom amxila istoriis gamyalbeblebi da igi gamoesarCla umowyalod gawirul milionebs. Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom „praRis sasaflao“ Cveni saukunis humanizmis mTavari wignia.

პრაღის სასაფლაო

ეკოუ მ ბ ე რ ტ ო

umberto ekos, rogorc Sua saukuneebis saukeTe-so specialists, gansakuTrebuli damokidebuleba hqonda rusTavelis mimarT. did inteleqtuals gu-li swydeboda – evropaSi erTi procentic ar icnobs rusTavels da imaSic ver erkvevian, vefxvis tyaviT iyo Semosili tarieli Tu leopardiso.

rodesac umberto eko 2016 wlis 19 Tebervals milanSi, sakuTar saxlSi, gardaicvala, igi daaklda ara mxolod mSobliur italias, aramed mTel msof-lios. misi wasvla gansakuTrebiT mZime iyo saqarT-velosTvisac.

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umberto eko