List of Extinct Birds - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

8/3/2019 List of Extinct Birds - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

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Dodo, based on Roelant Savery's 1626

painting of a stuffed specimen note the

two same-side feet.

List of extinct birdsFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This page refers only to birds that have gone extinct since the year 1500 and usually were subject to

scientific study while alive.

For a list of early taxa of birds known only from fossils, see List of fossil birds. For birds extinct in Late

Quaternary prehistoric times and usually known from specimens not completely fossilized, see Late

Quaternary prehistoric birds.

Since 1500, over 190 species ofbirds have become extinct, and this rate of extinction seems to be increasing.The situation is exemplified by Hawaii, where 30% of all known recently extinct bird taxa originally lived. Otherareas, such as Guam, have also been hit hard; Guam has lost over 60% of its native bird taxa in the last 30 years,many of them due to the introduced Brown Tree Snake.

Currently there are approximately 10,000 species of birds, with an estimated 1,200 considered to be underthreat of extinction.

Island species in general, and flightless island species in particular are most at risk. The disproportionate number

of rails in the list reflects the tendency of that family to lose the ability to fly when geographically isolated. Evenmore rails became extinct before they could be described by scientists; these taxa are listed in Later QuaternaryPrehistoric Birds.

The extinction dates given below are usually approximations of the actual date of extinction. In some cases,more exact dates are given as it is sometimes possible to pinpoint the date of extinction to a specific year oreven day (the San Benedicto Rock Wren is possibly the most extreme exampleits extinction could be timedwith an accuracy of maybe half an hour). Extinction dates in the literature are usually the dates of the lastverified record (credible observation or specimen taken); in many Pacific birds which became extinct shortlyafter European contact, however, this leaves an uncertainty period of over a century because the islands onwhich they used to occur were only rarely visited by scientists.

Contents

1 Extinct bird species1.1 Struthioniformes1.2 Anseriformes1.3 Galliformes1.4 Charadriiformes1.5 Gruiformes

1.6 Podicipediformes1.7 Ciconiiformes1.8 Pelecaniformes1.9 Procellariiformes1.10 Sphenisciformes1.11 Columbiformes1.12 Psittaciformes1.13 Cuculiformes1.14 Falconiformes1.15 Strigiformes

f extinct birds - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_exti

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Kangaroo Island Emu

1.16 Caprimulgiformes1.17 Apodiformes1.18 Coraciiformes1.19 Piciformes1.20 Passeriformes

2 (Probably) Extinct subspecies of birds2.1 Struthioniformes

2.2 Tinamiformes2.3 Anseriformes2.4 Galliformes2.5 Charadriiformes2.6 Gruiformes2.7 Ciconiiformes2.8 Pteroclidiformes2.9 Columbiformes2.10 Psittaciformes2.11 Cuculiformes2.12 Falconiformes

2.13 Strigiformes2.14 Caprimulgiformes2.15 Apodiformes2.16 Coraciiformes2.17 Piciformes2.18 Passeriformes

3 See also4 Footnotes5 References6 External links

Extinct bird species

Struthioniformes

The Ostrich and related ratites.

Elephant Bird,Aepyornis maximus and/orA. medius(Madagascar, 16th century?)

The taxonomy of the elephant birds is not fully resolved; it is certainthat at least one taxon survived until some 1000 years ago at least.Judging from geographical data,A. maximus and the smallerA.medius are possibilities.

Upland Moa, Megalapteryx didinus (South Island, NewZealand, late 15th century?)

Generally believed to have been extinct by 1500, this is the only Moa species that according to currentknowledge might have survived until later times, possibly as late as the 1830s.


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Labrador Duck

King Island Emu,Dromaius ater(King Island, Australia, 1822)

Extinct in the wild c. 1805, the last captive specimen died in 1822 in the Jardin des Plantes.

Kangaroo Island Emu,Dromaius baudinianus (Kangaroo Island, Australia, 1827)West Coast Spotted Kiwi,Apteryx occidentalis (South Island, New Zealand, c. 1900)

A doubtful form known from a single bird; may be a Little Spotted Kiwi subspecies or a hybrid between that

species and the Rowi.

Anseriformes

Ducks, geese and swans.

Korean Crested Shelduck, Tadorna cristata (Northeast Asia,late 20th century?)

A relict species from Northeast Asia. Officially critically endangereddue to recent unconfirmed reports.

Runion Shelduck,Alopochen kervazoi (Runion,Mascarenes, c.1690s)Mauritian Shelduck,Alopochen mauritianus (Mauritius,Mascarenes, c.1695)Amsterdam Duck,Anas marecula (Amsterdam Island, South Indian Ocean, c.1800)Saint Paul Island Duck,Anas sp. (Saint Paul Island, South Indian Ocean, c.1800)

only known by a painting from 1793. Might be identical with the Amsterdam Island Duck or a distinctspecies or subspecies.

Mauritian Duck,Anas theodori (Mauritius and Runion, Mascarenes, late 1690s)Mariana Mallard,Anas oustaleti (Marianas, West Pacific, 1981)Finsch's Duck, Chenonetta finschi from New Zealand possibly survived to 1870Pink-headed Duck,Rhodonessa caryophyllacea (East India, Bangladesh, North Myanmar, 1945?) areclassification into the genus Netta is recommended but not generally accepted.

Officially critically endangered; recent surveys have failed to rediscover it.

Runion Pochard,Aythya cf. innotata (Runion, Mascarenes, c.1690s)

A bone of a pochard found on Runion seems to resolve the reports ofcanards other than the MauritianDuck having occurred on the island. The taxonomic status of this form cannot be resolved until more

material is found, however.

Labrador Duck, Camptorhynchus labradorius (Northeast North America, c.1880)Auckland Merganser, Mergus australis (Auckland Islands, Southwest Pacific, c.1902)

Galliformes

Quails and relatives.See also Bokaak "Bustard" under Gruiformes belowThe Double-banded Argus,Argusianus bipunctatus, was described based on a single aberrant feather piece from


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New Zealand Quail

an unknown locality found in 1871; it was subsequently conjectured tobe an extinct species but is apparently a rather simple developmentalaberration.

The Pile-builder Megapode, Megapodius molistructormayhave survived on New Caledonia to the late 18th century asevidenced by descriptions of the bird named "Tetraoaustralis"and later"Megapodius andersoni".

The Viti Levu Scrubfowl, Megapodius amissus of Viti Levuand possibly Kadavu, Fiji, may have survived to the early 19thor even the 20th century as suggested by circumstantialevidence.Raoul Island Scrubfowl, Megapodius sp. (Raoul, KermadecIslands, 1876)

A megapode is said to have inhabited Raoul Island until thepopulation was wiped out in a volcanic eruption. It is not clearwhether the birds represent a distinct taxon or derive from aprehistoric introduction by Polynesian seafarers.

New Zealand Quail, Coturnix novaezelandiae (New Zealand, 1875)Himalayan Quail, Ophrysia superciliosa (North India, late 19th century?)

Officially critically endangered. Not recorded with certainty since 1876, but thorough surveys are stillrequired, and there is a recent set of possible (though unlikely) sightings around Naini Tal in 2003. Alittle-known native name from Western Nepal probably refers to this bird, but for various reasons, no surveyforOphrysia has ever been conducted in that country, nor is it generally assumed to occur there (due to thenative name being overlooked).

Charadriiformes

Shorebirds, gulls and auks.

Javanese Lapwing, Vanellus macropterus (Java, Indonesia,mid-20th century)

Officially classified as critically endangered, but as this conspicuousbird has not been recorded since 1940, it is almost certainly extinct.

Tahitian Sandpiper,Prosobonia leucoptera (Tahiti, SocietyIslands, 19th century)

White-winged Sandpiper,Prosobonia ellisi (Moorea, SocietyIslands, 19th century)

Doubtfully distinct fromP. leucoptera.

North Island Snipe, Coenocorypha barrierensis (North Island,New Zealand, 1870s)South Island Snipe, Coenocorypha iredalei (South andStewart Islands, New Zealand, 1964)Eskimo Curlew,Numenius borealis (Northern North America,late 20th century?)


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Great Auk (Pinguinus impennis),

Natural History Museum, London,

England

Tahitian Red-billed Rail

May still exist; officially classified as critically endangered, possiblyextinct.

Slender-billed Curlew,Numenius tenuirostris (WesternSiberia, early first decade of the 21st century?)

May still exist; officially classified as critically endangered. A few birds were recorded in 2004, followingseveral decades of increasing rarity. There was an unconfirmed sighting in Albania in 2007. A survey to find

out whether this bird still exists is currently being undertaken by the RSPB (BirdLife in the UK).

Great Auk,Pinguinus impennis (North Atlantic, early 1850s)Canarian Oystercatcher,Haematopus meadewaldoi (Eastern Canary Islands, E Atlantic, c. 1940?)

Later sightings of black oystercatchers off Senegal were not likely to be of this sedentary species, but tworecords from Tenerife - the last in 1981 - may be.

Gruiformes

Rails and allies. Probably paraphyletic.

"Leguat's Giant" organt, a hypothetical giant rail from the Mascarenes described asLeguatia gigantea, isbased on his descriptions of flamingos, as Leguat was not familiar with their French nameflamandor thoughtthat it referred to other birds (it was in his time sometimes used for spoonbills, for example).

Antillean Cave-rail,Nesotrochis debooyi known bypre-Columbian bones from Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands.Stories of an easy to catch bird named carrao heard byAlexander Wetmore in 1912 on Puerto Rico might refer to thisspecies.Hawkins' Rail,Diaphorapteryx hawkinsi (Chatham Islands,SW Pacific, 19th century)

Red Rail,Aphanapteryx bonasia (Mauritius, Mascarenes,c. 1700)Rodrigues Rail,Aphanapteryx leguati (Rodrigues,Mascarenes, mid-18th century)Bar-winged Rail,Nesoclopeus poecilopterus (Fiji, Polynesia,c. 1980)New Caledonian Rail, Gallirallus lafresnayanus (NewCaledonia, Melanesia, c. 1990?)

Officially classified as critically endangered, the last records were in1984 and it seems that all available habitat is overrun by feral pigs and dogs, which prey on this bird.

Wake Island Rail, Gallirallus wakensis (Wake Island, Micronesia, 1945)Tahiti Rail, Gallirallus pacificus (Tahiti, Society Islands, late 18th 19th century)Dieffenbach's Rail, Gallirallus dieffenbachii (Chatham Islands, SW Pacific, mid-19th century)Vava'u Rail, Gallirallus cf. vekamatolu (Vava'u, Tonga, early 19th century?)

This bird is known only from a drawing by the 1793 Malaspina expedition, apparently depicting a species ofGallirallus. The 'Eua Rail, Gallirallus vekamatolu, is known from prehistoric bones found on 'Eua, but thisspecies is almost certainly not G. vekamatolu, as that bird was flightless and hence is unlikely to have settled3 distant islands. However, it probably was a close relative.


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Hawaiian Rail

The Laysan Rail was an omnivore

The Norfolk Island Rail, Gallirallus sp. may be the bird shownon a bad watercolor illustration made around 1800.Chatham Rail, Cabalus modestus (Chatham Islands, SWPacific, c. 1900)Runion Rail or Dubois's Wood-rail,Dryolimnas augusti(Runion, Mascarenes, late 17th century)Ascension Crake, Mundia elpenor(Ascension, Island,Atlantic, late 17th century) formerlyAtlantisia

Saint Helena Crake,Porzana astrictocarpus (Saint Helena,Atlantic, early 16th century)Laysan Rail,Porzana palmeri (Laysan Island, HawaiianIslands, 1944)Hawaiian Rail,Porzana sandwichensis (Big Island, Hawaiian Islands, c. 1890)Kosrae Crake,Porzana monasa (Kosrae, Carolines, c. mid-late 19th century)Miller's Rail,Porzana nigra (Tahiti, Society Islands, c. 1800)

Known only from paintings and descriptions; taxonomic status uncertain as the material is often believed torefer to the extant Spotless Crake.

Saint Helena Swamphen,Aphanocrex podarces (Saint Helena,Atlantic, 16th century) formerlyAtlantisiaLord Howe Swamphen,Porphyrio albus (Lord Howe Island,SW Pacific, early 19th century)Runion Swamphen orOiseau bleu,Porphyrio coerulescens(Runion, Mascarenes, 18th century)

Known only from descriptions. Former existence of aPorphyrio onRunion is fairly certain, but not proven to date.

Marquesas Swamphen,Porphyrio paepae (Hiva Oa and

Tahuata, Marquesas)

May have survived to c. 1900. In the lower right corner of Paul Gauguin's 1902 paintingLe Sorcier d'HivaOa ou le Marquisien la cape rouge there is a bird which reminds of native descriptions ofP. paepae.

The North Island Takah,Porphyrio mantelli known from subfossil bones found on North Island,New Zealand, may have survived to 1894 or later.New Caledonia Swamphen,Porphyrio kukwiedei from New Caledonia, Melanesia, may havesurvived into historic times. The native name n'dino is thought to refer to this bird.Samoan Wood Rail, Gallinula pacifica (Savai'i, Samoa, 1907?)

Probably better placed in the genusPareudiastes, unconfirmed reports from the late 20th century suggest itstill survives in small numbers, and therefore it is officially classified as critically endangered.

Makira Wood Rail, Gallinula silvestris (Makira, Solomon Islands, mid-20th century?)

Only known from a single specimen, this rail is probably better placed in its own genus,Edithornis. Thereare some unconfirmed recent records that suggest it still survives, and thus it is officially classified ascritically endangered.

Tristan Moorhen, Gallinula nesiotis (Tristan da Cunha, Atlantic, late 19th century)Mascarene Coot,Fulica newtoni (Mauritius and Runion, Mascarenes, c. 1700)


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Lord Howe Swamphen

Fernando de Noronha Rail, Rallidae gen. et sp. indet.(Fernando de Noronha, W. Atlantic, 16th century?)

A distinct species of rail inhabited Fernando de Noronha island, butit has not been formally described yet. Probably was extant atWestern contact.

Tahitian "Goose", Rallidae gen. et sp. indet. (Tahiti, late 18th

century?)

Early travellers to Tahiti reported a "goose" that was found in themountains. Altogether, a species of the rail genusPorphyrio seemsthe most likely choice.

Bokaak "Bustard", Rallidae? gen. et sp. indet. 'Bokaak'

An unidentified terrestrial bird is mentioned in an early report fromBokaak in the Marshall Islands. It is described as a "bustard" and may have been a rail or a megapode. Inthe former case it may have been a vagrant of some still-extant species; in any case, no bird that could be

described as "bustard-like" is found on Bokaak today.

[1]

Rallidae gen. et sp. indet. 'Amsterdam Island'

Unknown rail from Amsterdam Island, one specimen found but not recovered. Extinct by 1800 or may havebeen straggler of extant species.

Podicipediformes

Grebes.

Colombian Grebe,Podiceps andinus (Bogot area, Colombia, 1977)Alaotra Grebe, Tachybaptus rufolavatus (Lake Alaotra, Madagascar, 1985)

Officially declared extinct in 2010, 25 years after the last official sighting. Declined through habitatdestruction and hybridization with the Little Grebe. Disappeared from only known location in the 1980s.

Atitln Grebe,Podilymbus gigas (Lake Atitln, Guatemala, 1989)

Ciconiiformes

Herons and related birds. Possibly paraphyletic.

The "Painted Vulture" (Sarcorhamphus sacra), a Floridian bird supposedly similar to the King Vulture, seemsbased on a misidentification of the Northern Caracara. See King Vulture article for discussion.

Bermuda Night Heron,Nyctanassa carcinocatactes (Bermuda, West Atlantic, 17th century)

Sometimes assigned to the genusNycticorax

Runion Night Heron,Nycticorax duboisi (Runion, Mascarenes, late 17th century)Mauritius Night Heron,Nycticorax mauritianus (Mauritius, Mascarenes, c. 1700)Rodrigues Night Heron,Nycticorax megacephalus (Rodrigues, Mascarenes, mid-18th century)Ascension Night Heron,Nycticorax olsoni (Ascension Island, Atlantic, late 16th century?)


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Known only from subfossil bones, but the description of a flightless Ascension bird by F. Andr Thevetcannot be identified with anything other than this species.

New Zealand Little Bittern,Ixobrychus novaezelandiae (New Zealand, late 19th century)

Long considered to be vagrant individuals of the Australian Little Bittern, bones recovered from Holocenedeposits indicate that this was indeed a distinct taxon, but it might not be a separate species.

Runion Sacred Ibis, Threskiornis solitarius (Runion, Mascarenes, early 18th century)

This species was the basis of the "Runion Solitaire", a supposed relative of the Dodo and the RodriguesSolitaire. Given the fact that ibis (but no dodo-like) bones were found on Runion and that old descriptionsmatch a flightless Sacred Ibis quite well, the "Runion Solitaire" hypothesis has been refuted.

Pelecaniformes

Cormorants and related birds.

Spectacled Cormorant,Phalacrocorax perspicillatus (Komandorski Islands, North Pacific, c. 1850)

Procellariiformes

Petrels, shearwaters, albatrosses and storm-petrels.

Small Saint Helena Petrel,Bulweria bifax (Saint Helena, Atlantic, early 16th century)Bermuda Shearwater,Puffinus parvus (Bermuda, West Atlantic, 16th century)Large Saint Helena Petrel,Pseudobulweria rupinarum (Saint Helena, Atlantic, early 16th century)Jamaica Petrel,Pterodroma caribbaea (Jamaica, Caribbean)

Possibly a subspecies of the Black-capped Petrel; unconfirmed reports suggest it might survive. Officially

classified as critically endangered, possibly extinct.

Pterodroma cf. leucoptera (Mangareva, Gambier Islands, 20th century?)

A wing of a carcass similar to Gould's Petrel was recovered on Mangareva in 1922, where it possibly bred.No such birds are known to exist there today.

Guadalupe Storm Petrel, Oceanodroma macrodacyla (Guadalupe, East Pacific, 1910s)

Officially critically endangered, possibly extinct, but a thorough survey in 2000 concluded the species wascertainly extinct.

Sphenisciformes

Penguins

The Chatham Islands Penguin,Eudyptes sp. (Chatham Islands, SW Pacific), is only known fromsubfossil bones, but a bird kept captive at some time between 1867 and 1872 might refer to this taxon.

Columbiformes

Pigeons, doves and dodos.


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Male Passenger Pigeon

Choiseul Crested Pigeon

For the "Runion Solitaire", seeRunion Sacred Ibis.

Saint Helena Dove,Dysmoropelia dekarchiskos, possiblysurvived into the Modern Era.Passenger Pigeon,Ectopistes migratorius (Eastern NorthAmerica, 1914)

The passenger pigeon was once among the most common birds in theworld, a single flock numbering up to 2.2 billion birds. It was huntedclose to extinction for food and sport in the late 19th century. Thelast individual died in the Cincinnati Zoo in 1914.

Bonin Woodpigeon, Columba versicolor(Nakodo-jima andChichi-jima, Ogasawara Islands, c. 1890)Ryukyu Woodpigeon, Columba jouyi (Okinawa and DaitoIslands, Northwest Pacific, late 1930s)Runion Pink Pigeon,Nesoenas duboisi (Runion,Mascarenes, c. 1700)

Formerly in Streptopelia. There seems to have been at least anotherspecies of pigeon on Runion (probably anAlectroenas), but boneshave not yet been found. It disappeared at the same time.

Rodrigues Turtle-dove,Nesoenas rodericana (Rodrigues, Mascarenes, before 1690?)

Formerly in Streptopelia. A possible subspecies of the Madagascar Turtle Dove (N. picturata), this seemsnot to be the bird observed by Leguat. Introduced rats might have killed it off in the late 17th century.

Liverpool Pigeon, "Caloenas" maculata

Also known as the Spotted Green Pigeon, the only known specimenhas been in Liverpool Museum since 1851 and was probablycollected on a Pacific island for Edward Stanley, 13th Earl of Derby.It has been suggested that this bird came from Tahiti based on nativelore about a somewhat similar extinct bird called titi, but this has notbeen verified.

Sulu Bleeding-heart, Gallicolumba menagei (Tawitawi,Philippines, late 1990s?)

Officially listed as critically endangered. Only known from 2

specimens taken in 1891, there have been a number of unconfirmedreports from all over the Sulu Archipelago in 1995. However, thesereports stated that the bird had suddenly undergone a massivedecline, and by now, habitat destruction is almost complete. If notextinct, this species is very rare, but the ongoing civil war preventscomprehensive surveys.

Norfolk Island Ground-dove, Gallicolumba norfolciensis(Norfolk Island, Southwest Pacific, c. 1800)Tanna Ground-dove, Gallicolumba ferruginea (Tanna, Vanuatu, late 18th-19th century)


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Mauritius Blue Pigeon

Only known from descriptions of 2 now-lost specimens.

Thick-billed Ground-dove, Gallicolumba salamonis (Makira and Ramos, Solomon Islands, mid-20thcentury?)

Last recorded in 1927, only 2 specimens exist. Declared extinct in 2005.

Choiseul Crested Pigeon, Microgoura meeki (Choiseul, Solomon Islands, early 20th century)

Red-moustached Fruit-dove,Ptilinopus mercierii (Nuku Hiva and Hiva Oa, Marquesas, mid-20thcentury)

Two subspecies, the little-knownP. m. mercierii of Nuku Hiva (extinct mid-late 19th century) andP. m.tristrami of Hiva Oa.

Negros Fruit-dove,Ptilinopus arcanus (Negros, Philippines,late 20th century?)

Known only from one specimen taken at the only documentedsighting in 1953, the validity of this species has been questioned, butno good alternative to distinct species status has been proposed.Officially critically endangered, it might occur on Panay, but nosurvey has located it. One possible record in 2002 seems not to havebeen followed up.

Mauritius Blue Pigeon,Alectroenas nitidissima (Mauritius,Mascarenes, c. 1830s)Farquhar Blue Pigeon,Alectroenas sp. (Farquhar Group,Seychelles, 19th century)

Only known from early reports; possibly a subspecies of the Comoroor Seychelles Blue Pigeon.

Rodrigues Grey Pigeon, "Alectroenas" rodericana (Rodrigues,Mascarenes, mid-18th century)

A mysterious bird of unknown affinities, known from a few bones and, as it seems, two historical reports.

Dodo,Raphus cucullatus (Mauritius, Mascarenes, late 17th century)

CalledDidus ineptus by Linnaeus. A meter-high flightless bird found on Mauritius. Its forest habitat was lostwhen Dutch settlers moved to the island and the dodo's nests were destroyed by the monkeys, pigs, and catsthe Dutch brought with them. The last specimen was killed in 1681, only 80 years after the arrival of the

new predators.

Rodrigues Solitaire,Pezophaps solitaria (Rodrigues, Mascarenes, c. 1730)

Psittaciformes

Parrots.

New Caledonian Lorikeet, Charmosyna diadema (New Caledonia, Melanesia, mid-20th century?)

Officially critically endangered, there have been no reliable reports of this bird since the early 20th century.


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Mounted specimen ofConuropsis

carolinensis, Museum Wiesbaden,

Germany

Seychelles Parakeet

It is, however, small and inconspicuous.

Norfolk Kaka,Nestor productus (Norfolk and Philip Islands,SW Pacific, 1851?)Society Parakeet, Cyanoramphus ulietanus (Raiatea, SocietyIslands, late 18th century)Black-fronted Parakeet, Cyanoramphus zealandicus (Tahiti,Society Islands, c. 1850)

Paradise Parrot,Psephotus pulcherrimus (Rockhampton area,Australia, late 1920s)The Oceanic Eclectus Parrot,Eclectus infectus, known fromsubfossil bones found on Tonga, Vanuatu, and possibly Fiji,may have survived until the 18th century: a bird which seemsto be a maleEclectus parrot was drawn in a report on the

Tongan island of Vavau by the Malaspina expedition. Also a

19th century Tongan name ("parrot") for "a beautiful bird found only at Eua" is attested (see here[2] under "Kaka"). This seems to refer eitherE. infectus which in Tonga is only known from Vava u

and Eua, or the extirpated population of the Collared Lory which also occurred there. It is possible

but unlikely that the species survived onEua until the 19th century.

Seychelles Parakeet,Psittacula wardi (Seychelles, W IndianOcean, 1883)Newton's Parakeet,Psittacula exsul(Rodrigues, Mascarenes,c. 1875)Thirioux's Grey Parrot,Psittacula bensoni (Mauritius, possibleRunion asPsittacula cf bensoni). Formerly described asMauritius Grey Parrot,Lophopsittacus bensoni. Known from a1602 sketch by Captain Willem van Westzanen and bysubfossil bones described by David Thomas Holyoak in 1973.

Might have survived to the mid-18th century.Mascarene Parrot, Mascarinus mascarinus (Runion andpossibly Mauritius, Mascarenes, 1834?)

Last known individual was a captive bird which was alive before1834.

Broad-billed Parrot,Lophopsittacus mauritianus (Mauritius,Mascarenes, 1680?)

May have survived to the late 18th century.

Rodrigues Parrot,Necropsittacus rodericanus (Rodrigues, Mascarenes, late 18th century)

The speciesN. francicus is fictional,N. borbonicus most likely so.

Glaucous Macaw,Anodorhynchus glaucus (N Argentina, early 20th century)

Officially critically endangered due to persistent rumours of wild birds, but probably extinct.

Cuban Red Macaw,Ara tricolor(Cuba, West Indies, late 19th century)

A number of related species have been described from the West Indies, but are not based on good evidence.


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Norfolk Island Kk

Several prehistoric forms are now known to have existed in the region, however.

Carolina Parakeet, Conuropsis carolinensis (SE NorthAmerica, c. 1930?)

Although the date of the last captive bird's death in the CincinnatiZoo, 1918, is generally given as extinction date, there are convincingreports of some wild populations persisting until later. Two

subspecies, C. c. carolinensis (east and south of the Appalachianrange extinct 1918 or c. 1930) and C. c. ludovicianus (LouisianaParakeet, west of the Appalachian range extinct early 1910s).

Guadeloupe Parakeet,Aratinga labati (Guadeloupe, WestIndies, late 18th century)

Only known from descriptions, the former existence of this bird islikely for biogeographic reasons and because details as describedcannot be referred to known species.

Martinique Amazon,Amazona martinica (Martinique, WestIndies, mid-18th century)Guadeloupe Amazon,Amazona violacea (Guadeloupe, WestIndies, mid-18th century)

The extinct amazon parrots were originally described after travelers' descriptions. Both are now consideredvalid extinct species closely related to the Imperial Amazon.

Cuculiformes

Cuckoos.

Delalande's Coua, Coua delalandei (Madagascar, late 19th century?)Saint Helena Cuckoo,Nannococcyx psix (Saint Helena, Atlantic, 18th century)

Falconiformes

Birds of prey.

Guadalupe Caracara,Polyborus lutosus (Guadelupe, E Pacific, 1900 or 1903)Runion Kestrel,Falco duboisi (Runion, Mascarenes, c. 1700)

Strigiformes

Typical owls and barn-owls.

Runion Owl, Mascarenotus grucheti (Runion, Mascarenes, late 17th century?)Mauritius Owl, Mascarenotus sauzieri (Mauritius, Mascarenes, c. 1850)Rodrigues Owl, Mascarenotus murivorus (Rodrigues, Mascarenes, mid-18th century)

The preceding two species were variously placed inBubo,Athene, "Scops"(=Otus), Strix, and Tyto beforetheir true affinity was realized.


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Laughing Owl

New Caledonian Boobook,Ninox cf. novaeseelandiae (NewCaledonia, Melanesia)

Known only from prehistoric bones, but might still survive.

Laughing Owl, Sceloglaux albifacies (New Zealand, 1914?)

Two subspecies, S. a. albifacies (South Island and Stewart Island,

extinct 1914?) and S. a. rufifacies (North Island, extinct c. 1870s?)circumstantial evidence suggests small remnants survived until theearly/mid-20th century.

New Caledonian Boobook,Ninox cf. novaeseelandiae (NewCaledonia, Melanesia)The Puerto Rican Barn Owl, Tyto cavatica, known fromprehistoric remains found in caves of Puerto Rico, WestIndies, may still have existed in 1912 given reports of thepresence of cave-roosting owls.The Bahaman Barn Owl, Tyto pollens, known from prehistoric remains found on Andros (Bahamas),

may have survived to the 16th century as indicated by the "Chickcharnie" legend.Siau Scops Owl Otus siaoensis (20th century?)

Only known from the holotype collected in 1866. Endemic to the small volcanic island of Siau north ofSulawesi in Indonesia. Might still survive as there are ongoing rumours of scops-owls at Siau.

Caprimulgiformes

Caprimulgidae - Nightjars and nighthawks.Reclusive ground-nesting birds that sally out at night to hunt for large insects and similar prey. They are easilylocated by the males' song, but this is not given all year. Habitat destruction represents currently the biggest

threat, while island populations are threatened by introduced mammalian predators, notably dogs, cats, pigs andmongoose.

Jamaican Poorwill, Siphonorhis americana (Jamaica, West Indies, late 19th century?)

Reports of unidentifiable nightjars from the 1980s in habitat appropriate forS. americana suggest that thiscryptic species may still exist. Research into this possibility is currently underway; pending furtherinformation, it is classified as critically endangered, possibly extinct.

Cuban Pauraque, Siphonorhis daiquiri (Cuba, West Indies, prehistoric?)

Described from subfossil bones in 1985. There are persistent rumors that this bird, which was never seenalive by scientists, may still survive. Compare Puerto Rican Nightjar and preceding.

Vaurie's Nightjar (Caprimulgus centralasicus) is only known from a single 1929 specimen from Xinjiang, China.It has never been found again, but the validity of this supposed species is seriously disputed. It was neverrefuted to be an immature female desert European Nightjar.

Apodiformes

Swifts and hummingbirds.


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Coppery Thorntail,Discosura letitiae (Bolivia?)

Known only from 3 trade specimens of unknown origin. Might still exist.

Brace's Emerald, Chlorostilbon bracei (New Providence, Bahamas, late 19th century)Gould's Emerald, Chlorostilbon elegans (Jamaica or northern Bahamas, West Indies, late 19thcentury)Bogota Sunangel,Heliangelus zusii (Colombia?)

A mysterious bird known only from a single specimen of unknown origin. Long considered as hybrid butconfirmed as valid species in 2009 through a DNA analysis.

Turquoise-throated Puffleg,Eriocnemis godini (Ecuador, 20th century?)

Officially classified as critically endangered, possibly extinct. Known only from 6 pre-1900 specimens, thehabitat at the only known site where it occurred has been destroyed. However, the bird's distributionremains unresolved.

Coraciiformes

Kingfishers and related birds.

Ryky Kingfisher, Todiramphus (cinnamominus) miyakoensis (Miyako-jima, Ryukyu Islands, late19th century)

This was probably a subspecies of the Micronesian KingfisherTodiramphus cinnamominus. Only seen onceby scientists, in 1887; the specimen taken is somewhat damaged, making identification by other thanmolecular analysis difficult.

Giant Hoopoe, Upupa antaois (Saint Helena, Atlantic, early 16th century)

Piciformes

Woodpeckers and related birds.

Imperial Woodpecker, Campephilus imperialis (Mexico, late 20th century)

This 60-centimeter-long woodpecker is officially listed as critically endangered, possibly extinct. Occasionalunconfirmed reports come up, the most recent in late 2005.

The Ivory-billed Woodpecker (Campephilus principalis principalis) is most likely extinct, but there isuncertainty on whether it was or was not rediscovered in the White River National Wildlife Refuge of

Arkansas in 2004, as intensive searching in the five following years has failed to confirm its survival.The Cuban Ivory-billed Woodpecker (Campephilus principalis bairdii) was last seen in 1987 and isgenerally considered extinct, but there are a few patches of habitat not yet surveyed.

Passeriformes

Perching birds.

Acanthisittidae New Zealand "wrens"


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The Stephens Island Wren, victim of

feral cats

Hawaii

Stephens Island Wren,Xenicus lyalli (New Zealand, 1895?)

The species famously (but erroneously) claimed to have been madeextinct by a single cat named "Tibbles".

Bush Wren,Xenicus longipes (New Zealand, 1972)

3 subspecies:X. l. stokesi (North Island, extinct 1955);X. l. longipes

(South Island, extinct 1968);X. l. variabilis (Stewart Island, extinct1972).

Formicariidae antpittas and antthrushes

Tchira Antpitta, Grallaria chthonia (Venezuela, late 20thcentury?)

Officially Critically Endangered, this species has not been recordedsince 1956 and although some habitat still exists, it was not found indedicated searches in the 1990s. Nevertheless, its voice generally the primary mean for locating antpittas remains unknown, making surveys difficult.

Mohoidae Hawaiian "honeyeaters". Family established in 2008,previously in Meliphagidae.

Kioea, Chaetoptila angustipluma (Big Island, HawaiianIslands, 1860s)

Hawaii , Moho nobilis (Big Island, Hawaiian Islands,1930s)

Oahu , Moho apicalis (Oahu, Hawaiian Islands, mid-19thcentury)

Molokai

, Moho bishopi (Moloka

i and probably Maui,Hawaiian Islands, c. 1910 or 1980s)

Kauai , Moho braccatus (Kauai, Hawaiian Islands, 1987)

Meliphagidae honeyeaters and Australian chats

Chatham Island Bellbird,Anthornis melanocephala (ChathamIslands, Southwest Pacific, c. 1910)

Sometimes regarded as subspecies of the New Zealand Bellbird,Anthornis melanura. Unconfirmed recordsexist from the early-mid 1950s.

The identity of"Strigiceps leucopogon"(an invalid name), described by Lesson in 1840, is unclear. Apart fromthe Holotype supposedly from "New Holland", a second specimen from the "Himalaya" may have existed (orstill exist). Lesson tentatively allied it to the Meliphagidae, and Rothschild felt reminded of the Kioea.

Acanthizidae scrubwrens, thornbills, and gerygones

Lord Howe Gerygone, Gerygone insularis (Lord Howe Island, Southwest Pacific, c. 1930)

Pachycephalidae whistlers, shrike-thrushes, pitohuis and allies


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Mangarevan Whistler, ?Pachycephala gambierana (Mangareva, Gambier Islands, late 19th century?)

Tentatively placed here. A mysterious bird of which no specimen exists today. It was initially described as ashrike, then classified as anEopsalteria "robin", and may actually be anAcrocephalus warbler.

Dicruridae monarch flycatchers and allies

Maupiti Monarch,Pomarea pomarea (Maupiti, Society Islands, mid-19th century)

Eiao Monarch,Pomarea fluxa (Eiao, Marquesas, late 1970s)

Previously considered a subspecies of the Iphis Monarch, this is an early offspring of the Marquesan stock.

Nuku Hiva Monarch,Pomarea nukuhivae (Nuku Hiva, Marquesas, mid-late 20th century)

Previously considered a subspecies of the Marquesas Monarch, this is another early offspring of theMarquesan stock.

Ua Pou Monarch,Pomarea mira (Ua Pou, Marquesas, c. 1986)

Previously considered another subspecies of the Marquesas Monarch, this was a distinct species most

closely related to that bird and the Fatuhiva Monarch.

Guam Flycatcher, Myiagra freycineti (Guam, Marianas, 1983)

Vangidae vangas

Short-toed Nuthatch Vanga,Hypositta perdita (Madagascar, mid-20th century?)

An enigmatic bird known only from 2 recently fledged juveniles collected in 1931, it was not found during athorough search in 1996.

Turnagridae piopiosNorth Island Piopio, Turnagra tanagra (North Island, New Zealand, c. 1970?)

Not reliably recorded since about 1900.

South Island Piopio, Turnagra capensis (South Island, New Zealand, 1960s?)

Two subspecies, T. c. minorfrom Stephens Island (extinct c. 1897) and the nominate T. c. capensis from theSouth Island mainland (last specimen taken in 1902, last unconfirmed record in 1963)

Callaeidae New Zealand wattlebirds

Huia,Heteralocha acutirostris (North Island, New Zealand, early 20th century)

Hirundinidae swallows and martins

White-eyed River Martin,Pseudochelidon sirintarae (Thailand, late 1980s?)

Officially classified as critically endangered, this enigmatic species is only known from migrating birds and itwas last seen in 1986 at its former roost site. Recent unconfirmed repors suggest it may occur in Cambodia.

Red Sea Swallow,Petrochelidon perdita (Red Sea area, late 20th century?)


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Male (front) and female (back) Huia

Kmao

Known from a single specimen, this enigmatic swallow probably stillexists, but the lack of recent records is puzzling. It is alternativelyplaced in the genusHirundo.

Acrocephalidae marsh- and tree-warblers

Moorea Reed-warbler,Acrocephalus longirostris (Moorea,Society Islands, 1980s?)

Formerly considered a subspecies of the Tahiti Reed-warbler. Lastreliable sighting was in 1981. Survey in 1986/1987 remainedunsuccessful. A photograph of a warbler from Moorea in 1998 or1999 taken by Philippe Bacchet remains uncertain.

Muscicapidae Old World flycatchers and chats

Rueck's Blue Flycatcher, Cyornis ruckii (Malaysia orIndochina, 20th century?)

An enigmatic bird known from 2 or 4 possibly migrant specimens,last recorded in 1918. Might exist in NE Indochina and might be asubspecies of the Hainan Blue Flycatcher.

Megaluridae megalurid warblers or grass warblers

Chatham Islands Fernbird,Bowdleria rufescens (ChathamIslands, New Zealand, c. 1900)

Often placed in genus Megalurus, but this is based on an incompletereview of the evidence.

Cisticolidae cisticolas and allies

Tana River Cisticola, Cisticola restrictus (Kenya, 1970s?)

A mysterious bird, found in the Tana River basin in small numbers atvarious dates, but not since 1972. Probably invalid, based onaberrant or hybrid specimens. An unconfirmed sighting wasapparently made in 2007 in the Tana River Delta.

Zosteropidae white-eyes. Probably belong into Timaliidae.

Lord Howe White-eye,Zosterops strenuus (Lord Howe Island, Southwest Pacific, c. 1918)White-chested White-eye,Zosterops albogularis (Norfolk Island, between 2006 and 2010)

Timaliidae Old World babblers

Black-browed Babbler, Malacocincla perspicillata (Borneo?, Indonesia, 20th century?)

Known from a single mid-19th century specimen, this bird may be extinct or could still exist. If thespecimen label, usually considered erroneous in claiming "Java" as the bird's origin, is correct, it may havegone extinct earlier.


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Bourbon Crested Starling

Pycnonotidae bulbuls

Rodrigues Bulbul, ?Hypsipetes sp. (Rodrigues, Mascarenes, 17th century?)

Known only from subfossil bones.

Sylvioidea incertae sedis

Aldabra Brush-warbler,Nesillas aldabrana (Aldabra, Indian Ocean, c. 1984)Rodrigues "Babbler" (Rodrigues, Mascarenes, 17th century?)

Known from subfossil bones. Provisionally assigned to Timaliidae, but placement highly doubtful.

Sturnidae starlings

Kosrae Island Starling,Aplonis corvina (Kosrae, Carolines,mid-19th century)Mysterious Starling,Aplonis mavornata (Mauke, CookIslands, mid-19th century)Tasman Starling,Aplonis fusca (Norfolk Island and LordHowe Island, Southwest Pacific, c. 1923)

Two subspecies,A. f. fusca Norfolk Island Starling (extinctc. 1923);A. fusca hulliana Lord Howe Starling (extinct c. 1919).

Pohnpei Starling,Aplonis pelzelni (Pohnpei, Micronesia,c. 2000)

Only one reliable record since 1956, in 1995, leaves the species'survival seriously in doubt.

Bay Starling,Aplonis? ulietensis (Raiatea, Society Islands,between 1774 and 1850)

Usually called "Bay Thrush" (Turdus ulietensis); a mysterious birdfrom Raiatea, now only known from a painting and somedescriptions of a (now lost) specimen. Its taxonomic position is thus unresolvable at present, although forbiogeographic reasons and because of the surviving description, it has been suggested to have been ahoneyeater. However, with the discovery of fossils of the prehistorically extinct starlingAplonis diluvialison neighboring Huahine, it seems likely that this bird also belonged to this genus.

Bourbon Crested Starling,Fregilupus varius (Runion, Mascarenes, 1850s)

Tentatively assigned to Sturnidae

Rodrigues Starling,Necropsar rodericanus (Rodrigues, Mascarenes, mid-18th century?)

Tentatively assigned to Sturnidae. The bird variously described asNecropsar leguati orOrphanopsarleguati and considered to be identical withN. rodericanus (which is only known from subfossil bones) wasfound to be based on a misidentified albinistic specimen of the Martinique Trembler (Cinclocerthiagutturalis)

Turdidae thrushes and allies


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Bachman's Warbler

Grand Cayman Thrush, Turdus ravidus (Grand Cayman, West Indies, late 1940s)Bonin Thrush,Zoothera terrestris (Chichi-jima, Ogasawara Islands, c. 1830s)

maui, Myadestes woahensis (Oahu, Hawaiian Islands, mid-19th century)

Kmao, Myadestes myadestinus (Kauai, Hawaiian Islands, 1990s)

Olomao, Myadestes lanaiensis (Hawaiian Islands, 1980s?)

Officially classified as critically endangered because a possible location on Molokai remains unsurveyed.

Two subspecies are known from Lanai (M. l. lanaiensis, extinct early 1930s), Moloka

i (M. l. rutha, extinct1980s?) and a possible third subspecies from Maui (extinct before late 19th century).

Mimidae mockingbirds and thrashers

Cozumel Thrasher, Toxostoma guttatum (Cozumel, Caribbean, early first decade of the 21st century?)

It is still unknown whether the tiny population rediscovered in 2004 survived Hurricanes Emily and Wilmain 2005. Unconfirmed records in April 2006 and October and December 2007.

Estrildidae estrildid finches (waxbills, munias, etc.)

Black-lored Waxbill,Estrilda nigriloris (D.R. Congo, Africa,late 20th century?)

An enigmatic waxbill not seen since 1950; because part of its habitatis in Upemba National Park it may survive.

Icteridae grackles

Slender-billed Grackle, Quiscalus palustris (Mexico, 1910)

Parulidae New World warblers

Bachman's Warbler, Vermivora bachmanii (Southern USA,c. 1990?)

Officially classified as critically endangered.

Semper's Warbler,Leucopeza semperi (Saint Lucia,Caribbean, 1970s?)

Officially classified as critically endangered. Suitable habitat remains, and there have been unconfirmedrecords withint the last decade.

Ploceidae Weavers

Runion Fody,Foudia delloni

FormerlyFoudia bruante , which might refer to a colour morph of the Madagascar Fody.

Fringillidae true finches and Hawaiian honeycreepers

Tawny-headed Mountain Finch,Leucosticte sillemi (Xinjiang, mid- or late 20th century?)

An enigmatic bird known from just 2 specimens collected in 1929. The region where they were taken is


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Hawaii Mamo

politically highly sensitive and consequently difficult to visit. As no threats are known, probably still extant.

Bonin Grosbeak, Chaunoproctus ferreorostris (Chichi-jima, Ogasawara Islands, 1830s)

,Psittirostra psittacea (Hawaiian Islands, c. 2000?)

Officially classified as critically endangered, this was once the most widespread species of Hawaiianhoneycreeper. It has not been reliably recorded since 1987 or 1989.

Lanai Hookbill,Dysmorodrepanis munroi (Lanai, Hawaiian Islands, 1918)

Pila's Palila,Loxioides kikuichi (Kauai, Hawaiian Islands),possibly survived to the early 18th century.Lesser Koa Finch,Rhodacanthus flaviceps (Big Island,Hawaiian Islands, 1891)Greater Koa Finch,Rhodacanthus palmeri (Big Island,Hawaiian Islands, 1896)Kona Grosbeak,Psittirostra kona (Big Island, HawaiianIslands, 1894)

GreaterAmakihi,Hemignathus sagittirostris (Big Island,

Hawaiian Islands, 1901)Nukupuu,Hemignathus lucidus (Hawaiian Islands, c. 2000?)

The subspecies from Oahu (H. l. lucidus) has been extinct since the

late 19th century, that of Kauai (H. l. hanapepe) most probablysince the late 1990s and that of Maui (H. l. affinis) has not beenreliably seen since 1995. It is currently classified as criticallyendangered.

Hawaii Akialoa or LesserAkialoa,Hemignathus obscurus (Big Island, Hawaiian Islands, 1940)

Sometimes placed in genusAkialoa (asA. obscura).

GreaterAkialoa,Hemignathus ellisianus (Kauai, Oahu, Lanai and prehistorically probably Maui

and Molokai, Hawaiian Islands, 1969)

Sometimes placed in genusAkialoa (asA. ellisiana). Often split into Maui Nui Akialoa,H. lanaiensis orA.

lanaiensis (Lanai and prehistorically probably Maui and Molokai, Hawaiian Islands, extinct 1892), Oahu

Akialoa,H. ellisianus orA. ellisiana (Oahu, Hawaiian Islands, extinct 1940) and Kauai Akialoa,H.

stejnegeri orA. stejnegeri (Kauai, Hawaiian Islands, extinct 1969).

Kakawahie,Paroreomyza flammea (Molokai, Hawaiian Islands, 1963)

Oahu Alauahio,Paroreomyza maculata (Oahu, Hawaiian Islands, early 1990s?)

Officially classified as critically endangered. Last reliable record was in 1985, with an unconfirmed sightingin 1990.

Ula-ai-hawane, Ciridops anna (Big Island, Hawaiian Islands, 1892 or 1937)

Black Mamo,Drepanis funerea (Molokai, Hawaiian Islands, 1907)

Hawaii Mamo,Drepanis pacifica (Big Island, Hawaiian Islands, 1898)


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Molokai Creeper

Poo-uli, Melamprosops phaeosoma (Maui, Hawaiian Islands,2004?)

The most recent unequivocal extinction on this list. What was mostlikely the last known bird died in captivity on 28 November 2004.

Emberizidae buntings and American sparrow

Hooded Seedeater, Sporophila melanops (Brazil, 20thcentury?)

Officially classified as critically endangered. It is known only from asingle male collected in 1823, and has variously been considered anaberrant Yellow-bellied Seedeater or a hybrid.

Antioquia Brush-finch,Atlapetes blancae (Antioquia,Colombia, late 20th century?)

Officially classified as critically endangered. A mysterious bird,

formerly misidentified as Slaty Brush-finch and only described in 2007. Not found in recent surveys; may beextinct due to rampant habitat destruction.

(Probably) Extinct subspecies of birds

Extinction of subspecies is a subject very dependent on guesswork. National and international conservationprojects and research publications such as redlists usually focus on species as a whole. Reliable information onthe status of threatened subspecies usually has to be assembled piecemeal from published observations such asregional checklists. Therefore, the following listing contains a high proportion of taxa that may just as well stillexist, but are listed here due to any combination of absence of recent records, a known threat such as habitatdestruction, and an observed decline.

Struthioniformes

The Ostrich and related ratites.

Arabian Ostrich, Struthio camelus syriacus (Arabia, 1966) Ostrich subspeciesTasmanian Emu,Dromaius novaehollandiae diemenensis (Tasmania, mid-19th century) EmusubspeciesNorth Island Little Spotted Kiwi,Apteryx owenii iredalei (North Island, New Zealand, late 19thcentury) Little Spotted Kiwi subspecies

Tinamiformes

Tinamous

Magdalena Tinamou, Crypturellus (erythropus) saltuarius (Colombia, late 20th century?)

Variously considered a Red-legged Tinamou subspecies or a distinct species, this bird is currently onlyknown with certainty from the 1943 type specimen. An additional specimen exists (or existed), but itspresent whereabouts is unknown. Recent research suggest it is still extant, and there was a likely althoughas yet unconfirmed record near the type locality by Colombian ornithologist Oswaldo Corts in late 2008.


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Anseriformes

Ducks, geese and swans.

Bering Cackling Goose,Branta hutchinsii asiatica (Komandorski and Kuril Islands, N Pacific,c. 1914 or 1929)

A subspecies of the Cackling Goose (formerly "Lesser Canada Goose") which is doubtfully distinct from the

Aleutian one.

Rennell Island Teal,Anas gibberifrons remissa (Rennell, Solomon Islands, c. 1959)

A subspecies of the Sunda Teal which disappeared due to predation on young birds by the introduced tilapiaOreochromis mossambicus.

Niceforo's Pintail,Anas georgica niceforoi (Colombia, 1950s) Yellow-billed Pintail subspeciesBorrero's Cinnamon Teal,Anas cyanoptera borreroi (Colombia, late 20th century?)

A subspecies of the Cinnamon Teal known only from a restricted area in the Cordillera Occidental of

Colombia, with a couple of records from Ecuador. It is either very rare or already extinct.

Galliformes

Quails and relatives.

Italian Grey Partridge,Perdix perdix italica (Italy, c.1990)

A subspecies of the Grey Partridge whose validity has been questioned; the last purebred individualsdisappeared during the late 1980s due to hybridization with introduced birds.

Amik Gl Black Francolin,Francolinus francolinus billypayni (S Turkey, possibly Lebanon, 1960s)

A doubtfully distinct subspecies of the Black Francolin.

Sicilian Black Francolin,Francolinus francolinus ssp. (Sicily, Mediterranean, c.1869)

Another doubtfully distinct Black Francolin subspecies.

Heath Hen, Tympanuchus cupido cupido, (New England, North America, 1932)

A subspecies of the Greater Prairie-Chicken or possibly a distinct species.

New Mexico Sharp-tailed Grouse, Tympanuchus phasianellus hueyi (New Mexico, North America,1954)

Sharp-tailed Grouse subspecies

Moroccan Guineafowl,Numida meleagris sabyi (Morocco, mid-20th century or early 1980s)

A subspecies of the Helmeted Guineafowl. Reportedly still kept in captivity in Morocco in late 1990s.Possibly extinct by 1950, three records from the 1970s may refer to feral-domestic hybrids.

Charadriiformes


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Shorebirds, gulls and auks.

Kiritimati Sandpiper,Prosobonia cancellata cancellata (Kiritimati, Kiribati, 19th century?)

The doubtfully distinct nominate subspecies of the Tuamotu Sandpiper, sometimes considered a distinctspecies, but only known from a painting.

Andalusian Hemipode, Turnix sylvatica sylvatica (Mediterranean region, late 20th century?)

The nominate subspecies of the Small Buttonquail, last recorded in Spain in 1981. A few birds might persistin Morocco.

Tawitawi Small Buttonquail, Turnix sylvatica suluensis (Tawitawi, Philippines, mid-20th century)

Small Buttonquail subspecies.

New Caledonia Painted Buttonquail, Turnix varius novaecaledoniae (New Caledonia, Melanesia,early 20th century)

A subspecies of the Painted Buttonquail of somewhat unclear status, it is variously considered anything

between a hybrid between introduced species to a full species. Plentiful subfossil bones indicate that it wasindeed a good endemic form.

Gruiformes

Rails and allies. Probably paraphyletic.

Goldman's Yellow Rail, Coturnicops noveboracensis goldmani (Mexico, late 1960s) Yellow RailsubspeciesMacquarie Island Rail, Gallirallus philippensis macquariensis (Macquarie Islands, SW Pacific,1880s) Buff-banded Rail subspecies

Raoul Island Banded Rail, Gallirallus philippensis ssp. (Raoul, Kermadec Islands, SW Pacific, late19th century?)

Reports of the former occurrence of the species on Raoul seem plausible enough, but they may relate tovagrant individuals of another Buff-banded Rail subspecies.

Peruvian Rail,Rallus semiplumbeus peruvianus (Peru, 20th century?)

A subspecies of the Bogota Rail which is known from a single specimen collected in the 1880s. It may stillbe extant.

Western Australian Lewin's Rail,Lewinia pectoralis cleleandi (SW Australia, late 1930s) Lewin'sRail subspeciesAssumption White-throated Rail,Dryolimnas cuvieri abbotti (Assumption, Astove and Cosmoledo,Aldabra Islands, early 20th century) White-throated Rail subspecies.Jamaican Uniform Crake,Amaurolimnas concolor concolor(Jamaica, West Indies, 1890) UniformCrake nominate subspeciesIntact Rail, Gymnocrex plumbeiventris intactus (Melanesia, 20th century?)

A subspecies of the Bare-eyed Rail which is known from a single specimen, c. mid-19th century, from theSolomon Islands or New Ireland. The taxon may be extant.


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Bornean Baillon's Crake,Porzana pusilla mira (Borneo, 20th century?)

A subspecies of Baillon's Crake known from a single 1912 specimen and not found since; may be extinct,but species is hard to find.

Moroccan Bustard,Ardeotis Arabs lynesi (Morocco, 1990s)

A subspecies of the Arabian Bustard. Last observed in 1993 at Lac Merzouga/Lac Tamezguidat.

Luzon Sarus Crane, Grus antigone luzonica (Luzon, Philippines, late 1960s)

A subspecies of the Sarus Crane which is not always accepted as valid, probably mainly because thespecimens have never been thoroughly studied since the subspecies' description.

Ciconiiformes

Herons and related birds. Possibly paraphyletic.

Bonin Nankeen Night Heron,Nycticorax caledonicus crassirostris (Nakoudo-jima and Chichi-jima,

Ogasawara Islands, c. 1890) Nankeen Night Heron subspeciesPrincipe Olive Ibis,Bostrychia olivacea rothschildi (Principe, Gulf of Guinea, 1990s?)

An Olive Ibis subspecies, or (asB. bocagei rothschildi) one of the So Tom Ibis if this is considered adistinct species. A probable sighting in 1994 was the first (and only) of these birds since the early 20thcentury; a population may yet survive.

Pteroclidiformes

Sandgrouse.

Fayyum Sandgrouse,Pterocles exustus floweri (Egypt, c. 1940)Chestnut-bellied Sandgrouse subspecies, may have survived until early 1980s.

Columbiformes

Pigeons, doves and dodos.

Madeiran Wood Pigeon, Columba palumbus maderensis (Madeira, East Atlantic, early 20th century)

Wood Pigeon subspecies

Ogasawara Japanese Woodpigeon, Columba janthina nitens (Ogasawara Islands, Northwest Pacific,1980s)

Japanese Wood-pigeon subspecies

Lord Howe Pigeon, Columba vitiensis godmanae (Lord Howe Island, Southwest Pacific, 1853)

Metallic Pigeon subspecies

Tongan Metallic Pigeon, Columba vitiensis ssp. (Vava'u, Tonga, late 18th century?)


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This subspecies of the Metallic Pigeon is only known from a footnote in John Latham's "General History ofBirds", and seems to have died out some time before 1800; possibly, the location is erroneous and the notereally refers to the extant population of Fiji.

Catanduanes Bleeding-heart, Gallicolumba luzonica rubiventris (Catanduanes, Philippines, late 20thcentury?)

A subspecies of the Luzon Bleeding-heart known from a single specimen collected in 1971. It is either near

extinction or already extinct.

Basilan Bleeding-heart, Gallicolumba crinigera bartletti (Basilan, Philippines, mid-20th century?)

A subspecies of the Mindanao Bleeding-heart, it was last reported in 1925 and given the massive habitatdestruction is likely extinct.

Vella Lavella Ground-dove, Gallicolumba jobiensis chalconota (Vella Lavella, Makira andGuadalcanal, Solomon Islands, late 20th century?)

A subspecies of the White-bibbed Ground-dove or possibly a distinct species. Known from only 4specimens, there are no recent records and the local population report it has disappeared.

White-headed Polynesian Ground-dove, Gallicolumba erythroptera albicollis (Central TuamotuIslands, 20th century)

The Central Tuamotu subspecies of the Polynesian Ground-dove, often referred to as G. e. pectoralis,disappeared at an undetermined date, but might still exist on some unsurveyed atolls. The identity ofNorthern Tuamotu populations, possibly still extant, is undetermined.

Ebon Purple-capped Fruit-dove,Ptilinopus porphyraceus marshallianus (Ebon, Marshall Islands?,late 19th century?)

Purple-capped Fruit-dove subspecies of doubtful validity. Known from a single specimen collected in 1859,it is not certain whether this bird actually occurred on Ebon. All that can be said is that this subspecies is nolonger found anywhere.

Mauke Fruit-dove,Ptilinopus rarotongensis "byronensis"(Mauke, Cook Islands, mid- or late 19thcentury)

A subspecies of the Rarotonga Fruit-dove, known only from the description of a now-lost specimen. theprehistorically extinct population on Mangaia is likely to belong to another distinct subspecies too.

Negros Grey-necked Imperial-pigeon,Ducula carola nigrorum (Negros and probably Siquijor, late

20th century)Grey-necked Imperial Pigeon subspecies

Norfolk Island Kerer,Hemiphaga novaeseelandiae spadicea (Norfolk Island, Southwest Pacific,mid-19th century)

A subspecies of the Kerer or New Zealand Pigeon. Similar birds were reported from Lord Howe Island;these seem to represent another extinct subspecies but are undescribed to date.

Raoul Island Kerer,Hemiphaga novaeseelandiae ssp. nov (Raoul, Kermadec Islands, 19th century)


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Another undescribed subspecies (or possibly species) of the Kerer, known from bones and a brief report.

Psittaciformes

Parrots.

Sangir Red and Blue Lory,Eos histrio histrio (Sangir Archipelago, Indonesia, c. 1997)

The nominate subspecies of the Red and Blue Lory was hybridized out of existence by escaped tradeindividuals of the subspecies talautensis, the last purebred individuals disappearing in the 1990s or evenmuch earlier.

Sin Parakeet,Pyrrhura picta subandina (Colombia, mid-20th century?)

Formerly recognized as a distinct species, this bird has a very restricted distribution and was last reliablyrecorded in 1949. It was not found during searches in 2004 and 2006 and seems to be extinct; efforts to findit again continue but are hampered by the threat of armed conflict.

Challenger's Lory,Eos histrio challengeri (Nenusa Islands, Talaud Archipelago, early 20th century?)

A supposed subspecies of the Red and Blue Lory, but probably invalid.

Macquarie Parakeet, Cyanoramphus erythrotis (Macquarie Islands, SW Pacific, c. 1891)Lord Howe Red-crowned Parakeet, Cyanoramphus novaezelandiae subflavescens (Lord HoweIsland, SW Pacific, c. 1870)

Red-crowned Parakeet subspecies

Runion Parakeet,Psittacula eques eques (Runion, Mascarenes, mid-18th century)

Known only from a painting and descriptions; if it is accepted as valid, it would become the nominate

subspecies of the Echo Parakeet, extant on Mauritius, which would then have to be calledP. eques echo.

Siquijor Colasisi,Loriculus philippensis siquijorensis (Siqujoor, Philippines, 1990s)

A subspecies of the Colasisi or Philippine Hanging Parrot, either very rare or already extinct.

Puerto Rican Parakeet,Aratinga chloroptera maugei (Mona and possibly Puerto Rico, West Indies,1890s)

A weakly differentiated subspecies of the Hispaniolan Parakeet.

Sin Brown-throated Parakeet,Aratinga pertinax griseipecta (Colombia, mid- or late 20th century?)

A subspecies of the Brown-throated Parakeet known from only two specimens collected in 1949 and ofunclear taxonomical and conservation status.

Culebra Amazon,Amazona vittata gracilipes (Culebra, West Indies, 20th century)

A weakly differentiated subspecies of the Puerto Rican Amazon which is itself highly endangered.

Cuculiformes


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Cuckoos.

Greater Crested Coua, Coua cristata maxima (SE Madagascar, late 20th century?)

Crested Coua subspecies, known only from a single specimen taken in 1950. It may be a hybrid, but if not itis probably extinct.

Timor Pheasant Coucal, Centropus phasianinus mui (Timor, Indonesia, late 20th century?)

A very distinctive Pheasant Coucal subspecies or possibly a distinct species which is mysteriously onlyknown from one specimen.

Assumption Island Coucal, Centropus toulou assumptionis (Assumption Island, Seychelles, c. 1920s)

A Madagascar Coucal subspecies often considered synonymous with the Aldabra form insularis, which hasrecolonized Assumption Island at a later date.

Cabo San Lucas Groove-billed Ani, Crotophaga sulcirostris pallidula (Mexico, c. 1940)

A weakly differentiated and probably invalid subspecies of the Groove-billed Ani

Bahia Rufous-vented Ground Cuckoo,Neomorphus geoffroyi maximiliani (E Brazil, mid-20thcentury?) Rufous-vented Ground Cuckoo subspecies.

Falconiformes

Birds of prey.

Cape Verde Kite, Milvus (milvus)fasciicauda (Cape Verde Islands, E Atlantic, 2000)

Considered either a subspecies of the Red Kite, a distinct species, or a hybrid between Red and Black Kites,

the validity of this taxon has recently being questioned on the basis of molecular analysis. However,hybridization and a confusing molecular phylogeny of Red Kite populations coupled with the distinctphenotype of the Cape Verde birds suggest that the taxonomic status of this form is far from resolved.

Anjouan Sparrowhawk,Accipiter francesii pusillus

This subspecies of Frances's Sparrowhawk from Ndzouani (Anjouan), Comoros, was last seen in 1958; giventhat little habitat remains, it is probably extinct.

Car Nicobar Sparrowhawk,Accipiter butleri butleri (Car Nicobar, Nicobar Islands, 20th century?)

The nominate subspecies of the Nicobar Sparrowhawk which is currently listed as vulnerable is possiblyextinct. It was last reliably recorded in 1901 and despite searches, has not been sighted after an unconfirmedrecord in 1977.

Volcano Islands Peregrine Falcon,Falco peregrinus furuitii. (Ogasawara Islands, 1940s)

Peregrine falcon subspecies from the Ogasawara Islands. No sightings since 1945. A survey in 1982 failed tofind this bird. Only known from Iwo Jima and Torishima.

Strigiformes


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Typical owls and barn-owls.

Sulu Reddish Scops Owl, Otus rufescens burbidgei (Sulu, Philippines, mid-20th century)

A subspecies of the Reddish Scops Owl. Known from a single questionable specimen and may not be valid.

Virgin Islands Screech Owl, Megascops nudipes newtoni (Virgin Islands, Caribbean, 1860s)

A subspecies of the Puerto Rican Screech Owl of somewhat doubtful validity which occurred on several ofthe Virgin Islands, West Indies. The last reliable records are in 1860; it was not found in thorough surveys in1995.

Socorro Elf Owl, Micrathene whitneyi graysoni (Socorro, Revillagigedo Islands, c. 1970)

A subspecies of the Elf Owl. Officially listed as critically endangered, the last specimen was taken in 1932,but there apparently still was a large population in 1958; it was not found by subsequent searches andappears to be extinct.

Antiguan Burrowing Owl,Athene cunicularia amaura (Antigua, St Kitts and Nevis, West Indies,c. 1905) Burrowing Owl subspecies

Guadeloupe Burrowing Owl,Athene cunicularia guadeloupensis (Guadeloupe and Marie-Galante,West Indies, c. 1890) Burrowing Owl subspeciesLord Howe Boobook,Ninox novaeseelandiae albaria (Lord Howe Island, Southwest Pacific, 1950s)Southern Boobook subspeciesNorfolk Boobook,Ninox novaeseelandiae undulata (Norfolk Island, Southwest Pacific, 1996)

Individuals of the nominate subspecies were introduced in a last-ditch effort to save the local owlpopulation. There now exists a hybrid population of a few dozen birds; the last individual ofN. n. undulata,a female named Miamiti died in 1996.

Cave-nesting Masked Owl, Tyto novaehollandiae troughtoni (Nullarbor Plain, Australia, 1960s)

Doubtfully distinct from nominate subspecies, but differed behaviorally.

Buru Masked Owl, Tyto sororcula cayelii (Buru, Indonesia, mid-20th century?)

Subspecies of Lesser Masked Owl. Last recorded in 1921; the identity of a similar bird found on Seramremains to be determined. Seems to survive as an owl matching this bird's description was encountered inAugust, 2006.

Peleng Masked Owl, Tyto rosenbergii pelengensis (Peleng, Banggai Islands, mid-20th century)

Subspecies of Sulawesi Owl or separate species. Possibly extant, but only specimen known taken in 1938and no further records.

Samar Bay Owl,Phodilus badius riverae (Samar, Philippines, mid-20th century)

Subspecies of Oriental Bay Owl or possibly distinct species. Taxonomy doubtful but only specimen lost in1945 bombing raid so validity cannot be verified; no population exists on Samar today.

Caprimulgiformes

Nightjars and allies.


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New Caledonian White-throated Eared-nightjar,Eurostopodus mystacalis exsul(New Caledonia,Melanesia, mid-20th century)

This distinct subspecies of the White-throated Eared-nightjar is possibly a separate species. It was foundonly once; due to its cryptic habits, it possibly still exists, but this is now considered unlikely.

Apodiformes

Swifts and hummingbirds.

Alejandro Selkirk Firecrown, Sephanoides fernandensis leyboldi (Alejandro Selkirk Island, JuanFernndez Islands, Southeast Pacific, 1908) Juan Fernndez Firecrown subspeciesLuzon Whitehead's Swiftlet, Collocalia whiteheadi whiteheadi (Luzon, Philippines, 20th century?)

The nominate subspecies of Whitehead's Swiftlet is only known from four specimens collected at MountData in 1895 and from the lack of further records and the massive habitat destruction, it is usuallyconsidered extinct. Given the size of the island, it might still exist though.

Coraciiformes

Kingfishers and related birds.

Sangihe Dwarf-kingfisher, Ceyx fallax sangirensis (Sngihe, Indonesia, 1998?)

This subspecies of the Sulawesi Kingfisher was last seen in 1997 but not during a thorough survey one yearlater; it is either close to extinction or already extinct. Sometimes it is said to occur on Talaud Islands also,but this is erroneous.

Rarotonga Kingfisher, Todiramphus cf. tutus (Rarotonga, Cook Islands, mid-1980s?)

There exist reports of locals that kingfishers probably a subspecies of the Chattering Kingfisher which isfound on neighboring islands, but possibly vagrants from there were found until around 1979, and there is alast record from 1984. Presently, no kingfishers are known to exist on Rarotonga.

Mangareva Kingfisher, Todiramphus gambieri gambieri (Mangareva, Gambier Islands, late 19thcentury)

Only known from a single 1844 specimen, the nominate subspecies of the Tuamotu Kingfisher was notfound anymore when it was next searched for in 1922.

Javan Blue-banded Kingfisher,Alcedo euryzona euryzona (Java, Indonesia, mid-20th century)

The nominate subspecies of the Blue-banded Kingfisher; the last specimen was taken in 1937 and the lastunconfirmed records are from the 1950s.

Guadalcanal Little Kingfisher,Alcedo pusilla aolae (Guadalcanal, Solomon Islands) Little KingfishersubspeciesSakarha Pygmy Kingfisher,Ispidina madagascariensis dilutus (Southwest Madagascar, late 20thcentury?)

This subspecies of the Madagascar Pygmy Kingfisher is only known from one specimen taken in 1974 in anarea where most habitat had already been lost.


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Ticao Tarictic Hornbill,Penelopides panini ticaensis (Ticao, Philippines, 1970s)

A subspecies of the Tarictic Hornbill of somewhat uncertain status possibly a distinct species, possibly acolor morph the last confirmed report was in 1971 and it became extinct shortly thereafter.

Piciformes

Woodpeckers and related birds.

Grand Bahama West Indian Woodpecker, Melanerpes superciliaris bahamensis (Grand Bahama,Bahamas, 1950s)

A West Indian Woodpecker subspecies of somewhat uncertain validity

Javan Buff-rumped Woodpecker, Meiglyptes tristis tristis (Java, Indonesia, c. 1920)

The nominate subspecies of the Buff-rumped Woodpecker became rare during the 19th century due todestruction of habitat. The last confirmed record was in 1880, and it obviously became extinct in the early20th century.

Guadalupe Flicker, Colaptes cafer rufipileus (Guadalupe, East Pacific, c. 1910)

A subspecies of the Red-shafted Flicker (or the Northern Flicker, as C. auratus rufipileus), it was lastrecorded in 1906 and not found anymore in 1911 and 1922. Recently, vagrant birds of a mainlandsubspecies have begun recolonizing the island as the habitat improves after the removal of feral goats.

Northern White-mantled Barbet, Capito hypoleucus hypoleucus (Colombia, mid-20th century)

The nominate subspecies of the White-mantled Barbet has not been seen since the late 1940s and its habitathas been almost completely destroyed.

Botero White-mantled Barbet, Capito hypoleucus carrikeri (Colombia, mid-20th century)

Another subspecies of the White-mantled Barbet, last seen in 1950.

Todd's Jacamar,Brachygalba lugubris phaeonota (Brazil, late 20th century?)

A subspecies of the Brown Jacamar, or possibly a hybrid, color morph or full species. Might survive as it isonly known from a remote and seldom visited

Cebu White-bellied Woodpecker,Dryocopus javensis cebuensis (Cebu, Philippines, 20th century)

Only known by 3 specimens collected before 1900.

Passeriformes

Perching birds.

Pittidae Pittas

Bougainville Black-faced Pitta,Pitta anerythra pallida (Bougainville, Solomon Islands, mid-20thcentury)


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A subspecies of the Black-faced Pitta. Once common on Bougainville, but not recorded since 1938.

Choiseul Black-faced Pitta,Pitta anerythra nigrifrons (Choiseul, Solomon Islands, late 20thcentury?)

Another subspecies of the Black-faced Pitta. Not found anymore during recent searches; doubtful recordsfrom nearby islands.

Tyrannidae Tyrant flycatchers

Bogot Bearded Tachuri,Polystictus pectoralis bogotensis (C Colombia, late 20th century?)

A Bearded Tachuri subspecies or possibly a distinct species that has not been recorded for some time and isprobably extinct.

Grenadan Euler's FlycatcherLathrotriccus euleri flaviventris (Grenada, West Indies, early 1950s)

A subspecies of Euler's Flycatcher, formerly known asEmpidonax euleri johnstonei.

San Cristbal Vermilion Flycatcher,Pyrocephalus rubinus dubius (San Cristbal, Galapagos, late 20th

century?)

A subspecies of Vermilion Flycatcher, described as extremely rare by David W. Steadman in the 1980s andnot found despite a six-month survey in 1998. Sometimes considered as full species.

Furnariidae Ovenbirds

Peruvian Scale-throated Earthcreeper, Upucerthia dumetaria peruana (Peru, late 20th century?)

A subspecies of the Scale-throated Earthcreeper, it is only known from 2 specimens taken in the early 1950sat Puno, Peru, and has never been found since. It might still exist, or have become extinct due to habitat

destruction in the meantime.

Northern Stripe-crowned Spinetail, Cranioleuca pyrrhophia rufipennis (N Bolivia, late 20thcentury?)

A Stripe-crowned Spinetail subspecies known from a few specimens and not recorded since the 1950s; maybe endangered or even extinct.

Formicariidae Antpittas and antthrushes

Northern Giant Antpitta, Grallaria gigantea lehmanni (Colombia, late 20th century?)

A Giant Antpitta (or possibly Great Antpitta) subspecies apparently not recorded since the 1940s. Might stillsurvive in Purac National Natural Park.

Pardalotidae Pardalotes, scrubwrens, thornbills, and gerygones

Western Rufous Bristlebird,Dasyornis broadbenti littoralis (Australia, 20th century) RufousBristlebird subspeciesKing Island Brown Thornbill,Acanthiza pusilla archibaldi (King Island, Australia, early 1970s?)

A Brown Thornbill subspecies which was last found in 1971, but there was an unconfirmed report in 2002suggesting a small number is still extant.


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Petroicidae Australasian "robins"

Tiwi Island Hooded Robin, Melanodryas cucullata melvillensis (Tiwi Islands, Australia, 1992)

Subspecies of the Hooded Robin, last observed in 1992

Cinclosomatidae Whipbirds and allies

Mount Lofty Spotted Quail-thrush, Cinclosoma punctatum anachoreta (Australia, mid-1980s)

A subspecies of the Spotted Quail-thrush, last recorded in 1984.

Monarchidae Monarch flycatchers

Negros Celestial Monarch,Hypothymis coelestis rabori (Negros and possibly Sibuyan, Philippines,late 20th century?)

A subspecies of the Celestial Monarch, not uncommon on Negros in 1959, but never recorded afterwards. Asingle Sibuyan specimen from an unspecified locality taken in the 19th century is the only record for thisisland.

Hiva Oa Monarch,Pomarea mendozae mendozae (Hiva Oa and Tahuata, Marquesas, late 1970s) Marquesas Monarch nominate subspeciesManu'a Shrikebill, Clytorhynchus vitiensis powelli (Manu'a Islands, Samoa, 1990s?)

Usually treated as a subspecies of the Fiji Shrikebill but probably a distinct species, the American Samoanpopulation declined due to habitat destruction and may have become extinct following the cyclones Ofa andVal.

Rhipiduridae fantails

Lord Howe Fantail,Rhipidura fuliginosa cervina (Lord Howe Island, Southwest Pacific, c. 1925)New Zealand Fantail subspeciesGuam Rufous Fantail,Rhipidura rufifrons uraniae (Guam, Marianas, 1984) Rufous Fantailsubspecies

Campephagidae Cuckoo-shrikes and trillers

Cebu Bar-bellied Cuckoo-shrike, Coracina striata cebuensis (Cebu, Philippines, early 20th century) Bar-bellied Cuckoo-shrike subspeciesMaros Cicadabird, Coracina tenuirostris edithae (Sulawesi, mid-20th century)

A subspecies of the Cicadabird known from a single specimen collected in 1931; quite possibly just avagrant individual.

Cebu Blackish Cuckoo-shrike, Coracina coerulescens altera (Cebu, Philippines, early 20th century?)

A Blackish Cuckoo-shrike subspecies; possibly extant as the birds are rather unmistakable and a 1999record therefore likely to be valid.

Marinduque Blackish Cuckoo-shrike, Coracina coerulescens deschauenseei (Marinduque,Philippines, late 20th century?)


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Another Blackish Cuckoo-shrike subspecies, described from specimens collected in 1971, but apparentlynot seen since.

Norfolk Island Long-tailed Triller,Lalage leucopyga leucopyga (Norfolk Island, Southwest Pacific,1942)

A subspecies of the Long-tailed Triller, possibly a distinct species.

Oriolidae Orioles and Figbird

Cebu Dark-throated Oriole, Oriolus xanthonotus assimilis (Cebu, Philippines, early 20th century)Dark-throated Oriole subspecies

Corvidae Crows, ravens, magpies and jays

Pied Raven, Corvus corax varius morpha leucophaeus (Faroe Islands, 1948)

A distinct local variety of the Icelandic subspecies of the Common Raven.

Callaeidae New Zealand wattlebirds

South Island Kkako, Callaeas cinerea cinerea (South Island, New Zealand, 1960s?)

The nominate subspecies of the Kkako is usually considered extinct, as it has not been reliably recordedfor decades. However, there are recent reports from Fiordland suggesting a population still exists.

Regulidae Kinglets

Guadalupe Ruby-crowned Kinglet,Regulus calendula obscurus (Guadalupe, East Pacific, 20thcentury?)

A subspecies of the Ruby-crowned Kinglet that has not been found in recent times.

Hirundinidae Swallows and martins

Jamaican Golden Swallow, Tachycineta euchrysea euchrysea (Jamaica, West Indies, c. 1990?)

The nominate subspecies of the Golden Swallow, endemic to Jamaica. The last major roost-site wasdestroyed in 1987, and the last confirmed sighting was in 1989. May still exist in the Cockpit Country, butprobably extinct.

Phylloscopidae phylloscopid warbers or leaf-warblers

Eastern Canary Islands Chiffchaff,Phylloscopus canariensis exsul(Lanzarote and possiblyFuerteventura, Canary Islands, 1986?)

A subspecies of the Canary Islands Chiffchaff, it became extinct in 1986 at latest, but probably muchearlier, at some time in the first half of the 20th century.

Cettiidae cettiid warblers or typical bush-warblers

Babar Stubtail, Urosphena subulata advena (Babar, Indonesia, mid-20th century) Timor StubtailsubspeciesWestern Turner's Eremomela,Eremomela turneri kalindei (Congo Basin, early 1980s)


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The West African subspecies of Turner's Eremomela has not been recorded since the end of the 1970s andhabitat at the locations where it was once found is much reduced or destroyed. Placement in Cettiidaerequires confirmation.

Acrocephalidae acrocephalid warblers or marsh- and tree warblers

Aguiguan Nightingale Reed-warbler,Acrocephalus luscinia nijoi (Aguiguan, Marianas, c. 1997)

A subspecies of the Nightingale Reed-warbler of uncertain validity.

Astrolabe Nightingale Reed-warbler,Acrocephalus luscinia astrolabii (Marianas?, mid-19th century?)

A valid taxon, probably a subspecies of the Nightingale Reed-warbler, known from just 2 specimens foundat an unknown location in the western Pacific.

Pagan Nightingale Reed-warbler,Acrocephalus luscinia yamashinae (Pagan, Marianas, 1970s)

Another doubtful subspecies of the Nightingale Reed-warbler.

Marshall Islands Reed-warbler,Acrocephalus rehsei ssp.? (Marshall Islands, Micronesia, c.1880?)

Oral tradition and some early reports mention a bird called anna which inhabited some of the MarshallIslands. The best match is the Nauru Reed-warbler; the anna might have been an undescribed subspecies

of that species, or a distant but related species of reed-warbler.[1]

Laysan Millerbird,Acrocephalus familiaris familiaris (Laysan Island, Hawaiian Islands, late 1910s)

Millerbird nominate subspecies

Huahine Polynesian Warbler,Acrocephalus caffer garretti (Huahine, Society Islands, 19th century?)

A poorly known subspecies of the Tahiti Reed-warbler.

Raiatea Polynesian Warbler,Acrocephalus caffer musae (Raiatea, Society Islands, 19th century?)

Another subspecies of the Tahiti Reed-warbler, known only from a drawing.

Pycnonotidae Bulbuls

Sumatra Blue-wattled Bulbul,Pycnonotus nieuwenhuisii inexspectatus (Sumatra, Indonesia, late 20thcentury?)

A subspecies of the Blue-wattled Bulbul known from a single 1937 specimen. The entire "species" may be a

hybrid.

Cisticolidae Cisticolas and allies

Northern White-winged Apalis,Apalis chariessa chariessa (Kenya, 1960s?)

The nominate subspecies of the White-winged Apalis remains known only from the Tana River, a center ofendemism. It was last recorded in 1961.

Sylviidae sylviid ("true") warblers and parrotbills


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Vanua Levu Long-legged Warbler, Trichocichla rufa clunei (Vanua Levu, Fiji, late 20th century?)

A subspecies of the Long-legged Warbler; it was only found once, but there was an unconfirmed sighting in1990. Placement in Sylviidae doubtful.

Fayyum Warbler, Sylvia melanocephala/momus norissae (Egypt, c. 1940)

A doubtfully distinct Sardinian Warbler subspecies.

Zosteropidae White-eyes. Probably belong into Timaliidae

Guam Bridled White-eye,Zosterops conspicillatus conspicillatus (Guam, Marianas, 1983)

Bridled White-eye nominate subspecies or possibly monotypic species.

Seychelles Chestnut-sided White-eye,Zosterops mayottensis semiflava (Marianne Island, Seychelles,late 19th century). Extinct subspecies of the Chestnut-sided White-eye.

Sometimes considered as full species

Mukojima White-eye,Apalopteron familiare familiare (Mukojima Group, Ogasawara Islands, 1930s)

Bonin White-eye ("Bonin Honeyeater") subspecies

Timaliidae Old World babblers

Vanderbilt's Babbler, Malacocincla sepiarium vanderbilti (Sumatra, Indonesia, late 20th century?)

An enigmatic subspecies of the Horsfield's Babbler, known from a single specimen. Not seen since the 1940sat the latest.

Burmese Jerdon's Babbler, Chrysomma altirostre altirostre (Myanmar, 1940s)

The nominate subspecies of Jerdon's Babbler was last seen in 1941, but due to the lack of recent fieldwork,it might still exist.

"African warblers"

Chapin's Crombec, Sylvietta leucophrys chapini (Congo Basin, late 20th century?)

A subspecies of the White-browed Crombec, sometimes listed as a separate species. Restricted to the LenduPlateau, it is either rare or already extinct.

Sylvioidea incertae sedis

Amik Gl Bearded Reedling,Panurus biarmicus kosswigi (S Turkey, 1970s)

Bearded Reedling subspecies

Troglodytidae Wrens

San Benedicto Rock Wren, Salpinctes obsoletus exsul(San Benedicto, Revillagigedo Islands, 1952)

A subspecies of the Rock Wren which became extinct around 9 AM, August 1, 1952, when its island habitat


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was devastated by a massive volcanic eruption.

Guadalupe Bewick's Wren, Thryomanes bewickii brevicauda (Guadalupe, East Pacific, late 1890s?)

Bewick's Wren subspecies. An extinction date of "1903" seems to be in error; the last unquestionable recordis apparently of 1897.

San Clemente Bewick's Wren, Thryomanes bewickii leucophrys (San Clemente, East Pacific, 1940s)

Another Bewick's Wren subspecies.

Daito Winter Wren, Troglodytes troglodytes orii (Daito Islands, Northwest Pacific, c. 1940)

A disputed Winter Wren subspecies; as it is known from a single specimen that may have been a vagrantindividual, it is possibly invalid.

Guadeloupe Wren, Troglodytes aedon guadeloupensis (Guadeloupe, Caribbean, late 20th century?)

Found in 1914, 1969, 1970s; very rare or already extinct. Taxonomy un

List of Extinct Birds - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

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