List of 10 minerals (groups) you really want to know to be people Quartz, Olivine, Amphibole,...
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List of 10 minerals (groups) you really want to know to be
people
• Quartz, Olivine, Amphibole, Pyroxene, Feldspars, Garnet, Staurolith, Aluminosilicates, Micas, Calcite
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Chemical classes of mineralsChemical classes of minerals
Silicates – contain O and SiSilicates – contain O and SiCarbonates – contain C and OCarbonates – contain C and OOxides – contain O and Oxides – contain O and metallic cations metallic cationsSulfides – contain S and Sulfides – contain S and metallic cations metallic cationsSulfates – contain SO4 and Sulfates – contain SO4 and
metallic cations metallic cations
Rock-forming mineralsRock-forming minerals
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Chemical classes - Chemical classes - continuedcontinued
Halides – contain Cl, F, I, or Halides – contain Cl, F, I, or Br Br
Hydroxides – contain OHHydroxides – contain OHNative elements – masses of Native elements – masses of all the same element all the same element metallically bonded metallically bonded
Rock-forming mineralsRock-forming minerals
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Silicate ion (SiO44–)
Oxygen ions(O2–) Silicon ion
(Si4+)
The silicate ion forms tetrahedra.
Quartzstructure
Rock-forming mineralsRock-forming minerals
Formation of silicate mineralsFormation of silicate minerals
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Rock-forming mineralsRock-forming minerals
Isolated silica tetrahedraIsolated silica tetrahedrahave isolated [SiO4]have isolated [SiO4]4−4− tetrahedra that are connected only by interstitial tetrahedra that are connected only by interstitial cations.cations.
Single-chain linkagesSingle-chain linkageshave interlocking chains of silicate tetrahedra with SiOhave interlocking chains of silicate tetrahedra with SiO33, 1:3 ratio, , 1:3 ratio,
Double-chain linkagesDouble-chain linkageslike above but Silike above but Si44OO1111, 4:11 ratio, for double chains., 4:11 ratio, for double chains.
Sheet linkagesSheet linkagesparallel sheets of silicate tetrahedra with Siparallel sheets of silicate tetrahedra with Si22OO55 or a 2:5 ratio. or a 2:5 ratio.
FrameworksFrameworkshave a three-dimensional framework of silicate tetrahedra with SiOhave a three-dimensional framework of silicate tetrahedra with SiO22 or a or a
1:2 ratio.1:2 ratio.
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Mineral Chemical formula
Cleavage planesand number of
cleavage directionsSilicate
structure Specimen
1 plane Isolatedtetrahedra
Olivine (Mg, Fe)2SiO4
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Isolated tetrahedra (soro- and nesosilicates)
Olivine group: forsterite-fayalite solid solution
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Mineral Chemical formula
Cleavage planesand number of
cleavage directionsSilicate
structure Specimen
1 plane Isolatedtetrahedra
2 planes at 90°Single chains
Olivine
Pyroxene
(Mg, Fe)2SiO4
(Mg, Fe)SiO3
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Mineral Chemical formula
Cleavage planesand number of
cleavage directionsSilicate
structure Specimen
1 plane Isolatedtetrahedra
2 planes at 90°Single chains
2 planes at 60°and 120° Double chains
Olivine
Pyroxene
Amphibole
(Mg, Fe)2SiO4
(Mg, Fe)SiO3
Ca2(Mg, Fe)5Si8O22(OH)2
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Fig. 2.17
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Fig. 3.19
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Single chains of tetrahedra
Pyroxene group
Fig. 3.11
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Double chains of tetrahedra
Amphibole group
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Mineral Chemical formula
Cleavage planesand number of
cleavage directionsSilicate
structure Specimen
1 plane Isolatedtetrahedra
2 planes at 90°Single chains
2 planes at 60°and 120° Double chains
1 plane Sheets
Olivine
Pyroxene
Amphibole
Micas
(Mg, Fe)2SiO4
(Mg, Fe)SiO3
Ca2(Mg, Fe)5Si8O22(OH)2
Muscovite:KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
Biotite:K(Mg, Fe)3AlSi3O10(OH)2
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Sheets of tetrahedra (phyllosilicates)
Mica group
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chrysotile
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Mineral Chemical formula
Cleavage planesand number of
cleavage directionsSilicate
structure Specimen
1 plane Isolatedtetrahedra
2 planes at 90°Single chains
2 planes at 60°and 120° Double chains
1 plane Sheets
Olivine
Pyroxene
Amphibole
Micas
Feldspars
2 planes at 90° Three-dimensionalframework
(Mg, Fe)2SiO4
(Mg, Fe)SiO3
Ca2(Mg, Fe)5Si8O22(OH)2
Muscovite:KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
Biotite:K(Mg, Fe)3AlSi3O10(OH)2
Orthoclase feldspar:KAlSi3O8
Plagioclase feldspar: (Ca, Na) AlSi3O8
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3-D frameworks of tetrahedra (tectosilicates)
Feldspar group
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Feldspars
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Some minerals contain water
• E.g., Amphiboles, Chlorite, Serpentine
• Water plays a crucial role in plate tectonic.
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Halides• Fluorite CaF2
• Halite NaCl• Sylvite KCl
halite x 2
fluorite x 2
sylvite
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Carbonates• Second most abundant group in the Earth’s
crust
• Major component of limestone, marble, carbonatites
• Three major minerals:Calcite: CaCO3
Aragonite: CaCO3
Dolomite: (Ca,Mg)CO3
calcite
aragonite x 2
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Fig. 3.12
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Aragonite is the high-pressure polymorph of calcite, but it is also found in shells, hot springs, and cave deposits
Tem
per
atu
re (
C)
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70% of bone is made of “hydroxyapatite:” apatite, calcite, fluorite, calcium hydroxide;90% of tooth enamel consists of this
TEM image showing apatite nano-crystals in a well-preserved dinosaur bone. Huifang Xu, Madison
Phosphates
Apatite: Ca5(PO4)3S
apatite on calcite
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SulfatesGypsum CaSO4·2H2O (anhydrite: no H2O) Barite BaSO4
gypsum, gypsum, growing in mud
anhydrite
barite
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SulfidesPyrite FeS2
Galena PbS
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Oxides and hydroxidesMagnetite Fe3O4
HematiteFe2O3
Corundum Al2O3
magnetite
hematite x 2
corundum x 2
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Pre
ssur
e [k
bars
]
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