Liquid Crystal Displayddlab.hanyang.ac.kr/inner_image/수업자료_under... · 2017-03-20 ·...

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Liquid Crystal Display

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What is LCDs

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What kind of physical mechanism is involved

전기장자기장

자극 분자배열 변화 광학효과 유발

Electro-Optic effect

v Operating Mechanism

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Physics of Liquid Crystals

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What are Liquid Crystals

LC 자연의 미묘한 상

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Liquid Crystals = Liquid + Crystals

No Positional Order

No Orientational Order

Positional Order

Orientational Order

Weak Positional Order

Weak Orientational Order

Crystal LC Liquid

T

구동 광학 v Definition of LC

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- Thermotropic LCs

Rigid part

(Core)

Flexible part

(Tail)

hydrophobic

hydrophilic

v Types of LC Structure

- Lyotropic LCs

Oil

Water

egrave Detergent Surfactant Oil recovery Bio-technology

egrave LCD

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Main-Chain PLC

Side-Chain PLC

- Polymeric LCs

- Discotic LCs

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v History of LC

Soft crystal

Floating crystal

Crystalline fluid

Liquid crystal

액정분류화 체계 확립

최초 발견자

구조규명

LCD 선도자

師祖님

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Smectic A

(SmA)Nematic (N) Smectic C

(SmC)

Crystalline

structure

v LC Phases (Non-Chiral)

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Chiral Smectic C FLC (SmC)

Chiral Smectic CA

AFLC (SmCA)

Chiral nematic

Cholesteric (NCh)

v LC Phases (Chiral)

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Blue Phase LC

Phases between Iso amp N phase in short pitch ChLCFluid lattice stabilized by lattice defects (disclinations) (주기 수백 nm)n Optical isotropy but large rotatory powern Competition between chirality amp uniformly molecular packingn Formation of double-twist cylinder

(energetically more favorable than conventional ChLC)n No alignment layer

Three possible phases in double twist cylindern BP I (body-centered cubic) BP II (simple cubic) BP III (amorphous)

Double twist cylinderBP I (bcc) BP II (sc) BP III (amorphous)

disclination

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Operating Principle

bull Electric field induced birefringence ( BP harr Nematic )

Optically isotropic Optically anisotropic

E = 0

E = 0

bull Response time

Where lattice constant

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bull H Kikuchi et al Nature Materials (2002) - Polymer-Stabilized LC BP I - Wide temp range (gt60) - Fast response time ~200 us (applied voltage 57V cell gap 49 um)

bull A Yoshizawa et al Advanced Materials (2007) - BP III - Fast response time ~15 ms (applied voltage 82Vum) - In-plane switching (electrode distance 10 um)

bull Samsung Electronics SID (2008) - 15rdquo BP LCD - Polymer-stabilized liquid crystal - Alignment layer free - Wide viewing angle - Fast response time

Blue Phase LCDs

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Physical Properties of LC

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n εσ

χη

nperp εperpσperp χperpηperp

egrave 액정의 화학적 구조 비등방적

Key Characteristics of LC

Δε = ε - εperp Dielectric anisotropy

Δn = n - nperp Birefringence

Apply Electric Field rarr Control of molecular alignment rarr Control of retardation rarr Optical effect rarr Optical Device

d

w

1 액정분자의 배열은 어떻게 결정되는가 2 배열에 따라 광학효과가 달라지는 이유는 Question

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Free Energy for LC

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LCs Continuous medium

v Continuum Theory

Continuum theory

In equilibrium state (without external force)

n homogeneous f(elastic energy density) = f0(minimize)

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Deformation of director eth restoring force

F

F

With external force

Director의 변형을 기술

Elastic energy density

f를 nij의 급수로 전개가능

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ring Curvature strain tensor

Eq(1)

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v Elastic Deformation in LC

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Free Energy Density per unit volume

i j=12hellip6

Ki 6개 Kij 36개

xy

z

- LC molecules Cylindrical Symmetry

eth Free energy must be conserved under rotation around z-axis

n의 변형에 대해 작용하는 복원력이 Hook의 법칙에 따라 n의 변형에 비례한다고 하면

비압축성유체의 등온적인 n의 변형에 대한 자유밀도에너지는 다음과 같이 주어진다

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x rarr -x y rarr -y z rarr z Eq (1)

180ordm Rotation

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90ordm Rotation

x rarr y y rarr -x z rarr z

Eq (1)

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45ordm Rotation

180ordm Rotation wrt x-axis

xy

z

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If we consider bulk LC it can be neglected

Gauss theorem

from molecular chirality

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Splay (K11) Twist (K22) Bend (K33)

For non-chiral nematic LC

K11=K1=07 times 10-12 N

K22=K2=04 times 10-12 N

K33=K3=17 times 10-12 N

for PAA

K33 gt K11 gt K22

One elastic constant approximation

K33 = K11 = K22 = K

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ring n εσ

χη

n εσ χη

rArr 액정의 화학적 구조에 의해 결정

v Anisotropic Properties of LC

Δε = ε - ε Dielectric anisotropy

Δn = n - n Birefringence

Optical effects

Apply Electric Field rarr Molecular motion control rarr Control of retardationrarr Optical effect rarr Optical Device

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ring - Optical property

- Dynamic property Very Poor

Uncontrollable

LC molecules align on properly treated surfaces

v LC Alignment

R d

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Planar

Rubbed PI PVASiO2 (20ordmltθ lt40ordm)

Homeotropic

Surfactant (Lecithin)PI Rotationally evaporated SiO2Tilted

Lecithin+rubbingSiO2+homeotropic alignment layerRubbed PI

Rubbed side chain PISiO2 (θ lt20ordm)

Pre-tilt angle

Hybrid

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v Surfactant

r

a

r gt a

r ~ a

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v Organic Layer

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v SiO2 Evaporation

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Ⅰa Ⅱa Ⅲb Ⅳb Ⅴb Ⅵb Ⅶb Ⅷ Ⅰ b Ⅱ b Ⅲ a Ⅳ a Ⅴ a

LiF perp CaF2

XX

BN X C X

NaF X NaCl

X

MgF XMg(OH)2 perp

Al XAl2O3 X

perp

Aluminosilicat

es X

Si3N4

XSiO2

X

KBrX

Kl X

TiO2

XCr2O3 X

Cr X 17

Fe2O3 perp NiO X

Ni X

ZnS Xperp

ZnO X

Ge2O3 perp

AsS3

X

Y2O3 X ZrO2

Xperp

In2O3 Xperp

SnO2

Xperp

Cs2O X

BaTiO4X CeO

XThF4 perp

TaN5

X perp

Pt X Au X HGF2X PbO2 X

v Inorganic Substrate

times Parallel nonuniformperp Homeotropic

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90

65

60

15

10

5

3

0

SurfactantsPolymenthylsiloxanneFluorinated PolymersTangentially evaporated CaF

Long chain alchohol on SAIBE SiOx

Surfactants on tangentially evaporated layersPlasma polymerized fluorinated film on tang evap layers(one of the method below + surfactant)

Lecithin or DMOAP adsorbed on SiOx

evaporated tangentially

SiOx Mgf2 evaporated at (-) lt 75

C2F4 plasma polymerized on SiOx evaporated at (-) lt 75

25

Double evaporation

SiOx evaporated at 72lt (-) lt 75

Rubbing of inorganic layersObliquely evaporated SiOx Mgf2 evaporated at 45 lt (-) lt 75Macrocycles

Rubbed Polymers

Summary

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CommonLiquid Crystal Alignment Methods

Gratings SiO Evaporation

UV Treatment

Glass Polyimide Polystyrene

Contact Methods Non-Contact Methods

Rubbed Substrates Stamping Ion Beam

Polyimide Photopolymer

Imprinting

v Alignment Methods

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1 Rubbing Method

- Contact method- Advantages Simple amp Cheap process ethMass-production- Disadvantages Produce dust particle static charge defects- Shear alignment of polymer chain- Anisotropy of surface morphology

N Rubbing 횟수

d 러빙천과 배향막간의 접촉거리

n 회전수

v 기판의 이동속도

r 러빙롤러의 반경

rd

v

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2 Photo Alignment

- Non-contact method- Advantages Multi-domain No particles- Disadvantages Poor thermal stability image sticking- Photo-dissociation Photo-dimerization Photo-isomerization

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Photo-dimerization

Photo-dissociation

N

O

O

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3 Ion-beam exposure

DLC Al2O3 Polyimide

Multi-domain

- PI JALS-2021-1 (Homeotropic alignment)- Ion-beam 250 eV- Incidence angle gt20o

- Exposure time ~ 10s

J ndashC KimPusan National Univ

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A B

Polyamic Acid

O O O

Main Chain 배향막의 기계적 물성 및 신뢰성을 결정함

Side Chain Pre-tilt 및 Surface Energy를 결정함

Polyimide Alignment Layer

- 세정제에 대한 내약품성 - Pre-tilt angle (2 ~ 90deg) 조절이 용이해야 함 - Pre-tilt 안정성이 좋아야 함 - 고신뢰성 (High Voltage Holding Ratio Low residual DC)

A AB

B

Imide Part Amic Acid Part

Heat

Imidization

- 인쇄성과 밀착성이 좋을 것 (700 ~ 1000 Å) - 낮은 bake 온도 (230 이하) - 강한 배향력 - 내열성 (250 이상)

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eth Morphology amp Polymer chain distribution

Chain ordering

Chain Distribution isotropic

Chain Distribution anisotropic

Rubbing or LPUV exposure

What is happening on substrates

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bull Morphological Effect Minimization of long-range elastic energy

a

λ

탄성 에너지가 낮은 상태

탄성 에너지가 높은 상태

bull Physico-Chemical Effect Surface Anisotropy and LC-Surface Interaction

Rubbing direction

Alignment Mechanism

- SEM AFM X-ray scattering

- Contact angle measurement

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E S Lee JJAP 32 L1822 (1993)D -S Seo MCLC 231 95 (1993)

PI PS

R R

1 Anchoring energy 2 Rubbed Polystyrene

Alignment Mechanism

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Oslash AFM image

h asymp 5 nmλ asymp 60 ~ 70 nm

Rubbed Polystyrene

200 400 600 8000 nm-50

+50 nm

R

Oslash X-ray

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Azimuthal Anchoring energy

Characterization of LC Alignment

ALC

Direction

Value(How strong)

bull Azimuthalbull Polar

ϕ amp θ

Anchoringenergy


Polar Anchoring energy

Surface anchoring energy

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Phenomenological model No information about microscopic interactionRubbing pound egrave Wi pound Why

Need more microscopic model to understandLC anchoring properties

Rapini-Papoular form

0 2 4 6 800

02

04

06

08

10

12

of Rubbing

Anc

horin

g En

ergy

egrave Consider polymer chain distributionwhere

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- Bulk Free Energy Density

- Surface Free Energy Density

- Electromagnetic Energy

Total Free Energy

v Total Free Energy

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ϕ

θ

E static (constant)

Nature Entropy aacute Free energy acirc

Energy

x

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Theorem (Calculus of variation)

For any F which can be written as

can be minimized by solving the Euler-Lagrange equations

Find θ(z) amp ϕ(z)

Find LCrsquos orientational distribution

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v Example Twisted Nematic

ϕ(0)=0 ϕ(d)= ϕ0 θ(0)=θ(d)=0

x

y

z

d

ϕ0

Assume Hard anchoring No field

x

y

ϕ 0 0

Boundary condition

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From boundary condition [ϕ(0)=0 ϕ(d)= ϕ0]

z

ϕ(z)

d

ϕ0

x

y

z

d

Euler-Lagrange Eq

If ϕ0=π2 TN

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Example 2 Tilt amp Twisted Nematic

ϕ

θ

where

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ab constant

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Tilted Solution

z=0

z=d

θ0

z=0

z=d

θ0

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Tilted amp Twisted Solution

egrave possible solution is depending on the relative magnitude of Kegrave undefined at θm=π2 amp cannot be positive at θm=0

--- eq(1)

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i) K3 le 2K2

ii) K3 gt 2K2

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From eq(1)

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Planar amp non-planar twist

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egrave non-planar solution is preferred to the planar twist solution

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Case (i) K2 gt K1

egrave Non-planar twist

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Case (ii) K1 gt K2

egrave Planar twist

Case (iii) K1 = K2 (K1= K2 = K3)

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z=0

z=d

HW

ϕ

θ

α

α

(i) θ(0)=π2 - α θ(d)=π2 + α

(ii) θ(0)=π2 - α θ(d)=π2 + α - π

Find the LCrsquos distribution in the cell with the following boundary conditions

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Stimulus

Cell thicknessExternal fieldEtchellip

Response

RetardationThreshold fieldTorqueTwisting angle

LC director rArr Deformed

Elastic energy+

Electro-magnetic energy+

Surface energy

Anchoring EnergyRapini-Papoular form

Wθ Polar anchoring energy Wφ Azimuthal anchoring energy

v Anchoring Energy Measurement

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How can we measure anchoring strength

Experimental

technique

Indirect

Direct

Geometry

type

External

field type

Surface

disclination

Twist angle

measurement

Wedge

cell

Freedericksz

transition

High field

Torque

measurement

Flexoelectricity

The effect of substrate on the director profile near the interface

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LC +

Chiral dopant

Natural twist angle φ0 =2πdp

Minimization

Twist angle measurement (d ~ de)

Strong anchoring Bottom surface

Top surface

Δφ

φ0

φr

Θ

R

R

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Static amp Dynamic Propertiesof LC Alignment

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Director Distribution of LC in Steady State

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v Electric Field amp Electric Energy

VV E

Independent of n egrave omitting

electric susceptibility tensor

20

20 )(

21

21

21 EnEEDFelec

sdotΔminusminus=sdotminus= perp εεεε

20 )(

21 EnFelec

sdotΔminus= εε

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v Magnetic Field amp Magnetic Energy

where B is magnetic induction

n)Hn)(- χ(χHχM mm||m||

sdot+= perp

n)Hn(HMHB sdotΔ+=+= perp micromicromicromicromicro 000 )(

20

20 )(

21

21

21 HnHHBFmag

sdotΔminusminus=sdotminus= perp χmicromicromicro

20 )(

21 HnFmag

sdotΔminus= χmicro

sample infinite-semifor ])(21

[21 22

0 HnHFmag

sdotminusΔ= χmicro

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v Magnetic Coherence Length

φ

x

y

zR

H

0FF=

$$

amp

part

partminus

part

part

φφ dzd

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Magnetic coherence length

0]cos)([ 2222 =minusrarr φφHξ

dzd

constant cos)( 2222 +=rarr φφHξ

χξφφφξ

Δ==+rarr 2

22

21

)( where0sincos)( K

HHH

infinrarrinfinrarr= zz as )( 0)0( condition Boundary φφ

φφ cos)(2 plusmn=Hξ

intint =rarr+z

Hξdzd

02

0 )(cos sign Choose

φ

φφ

$amp

(

)+

minusminus=rarr=

(

)+

minus minus

)(exptan2

2)(

)(24cotln

2

1

2 Hzz

Hz

ξπ

φξ

φπ

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With different geometries

oerstedsHχdynesK a476 10 10 10 === minusminus

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VV

Δε gt 0Δn gt 0

0 V 3 V 5 V

v Freedericksz Phase Transition

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bull Elastic Energy density

x

y

z

nEθ

232

1222

1212

1 )()()( nnKnnKnKFd

timesnablatimes+timesnablasdot+sdotnabla=

dzdsinn θ

θ=sdotnabla

$

amp=

$

amppart

part+

$

amppart

part+

$$

amp

part

partminus

part

part==timesnabla part

partpartpart

partpart

00cos

ˆsinˆcosˆsincoscossin0

ˆˆˆn

dzd

zx

yx

xzy

zyx

zyx

θθ

θθθθ

θθ

0 0 0

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( )

( )θθθ

θθθθ

θθ

23

21

2

21

2224

321

22

121

232

1222

1212

1

cossin

cossincossin

)()()(

KKdzd

dzdK

dzdK

nnKnnKnKFd

+

$amp

=

$amp

++

$amp

=


000cos)cossin0(nn =

$

ampsdot=timesnablasdotdzdθ

θθθ

$

amp minusminus==timesnablatimesdzd

dzd

zyx

dzd

θθ

θθθ

θ

θθθ

2cossincos000coscossin0ˆˆˆ

nn

( )θθθ 2

32

1

2

21 cossin KKdzdFd +

$amp

=

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y

z

θ

yrsquo

zrsquo

$$

amp

$$

amp=

$$

amp perp

||0

00

z

y

z

y

EE

DD

ε

εε

In the principal axes (yrsquo zrsquo) of the LC molecule

In the laboratory frame (y z)

$$

amp

$$

amp=

$$

amp

z

y

zzzy

yzyy

z

y

EE

DD

εε

εε

bull  Electric Energy density

zze DEDEF21

21

=sdot=

jiji ED ε=

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Coordinate Transformation

Eno

Ey

Ene

Ex

$$

amp

minus=

θθθθ

θcossinsincos

)(R

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ndash  Coordinate transform

$$

amp

$$

amp

minus=

$$

amp(

(

z

y

z

y

EE

EE

θθ

θθ

cossinsincos

$$

amp

$$

amp

minus

$$

amp=

$$

amp(

( perp

z

y

z

y

EE

DD

θθ

θθε

ε

cossinsincos

00

||

$$

amp

$$

amp

minus

$$

amp

$$

amp minus=

$$

amp perp

z

y

z

y

EE

DD

θθ

θθε

ε

θθ

θθ

cossinsincos

00

cossinsincos

||

$$

amp

minus

$$

amp

$$

amp minus=

$$

amp perp

θθ

θθε

ε

θθ

θθεε

εε

cossinsincos

00

cossinsincos

||zzzy

yzyy

yzzy

yyzz

yz

yy

εε

εε

θθεε

θεεθεθεε

minus=

=

Δ=

Δ+=+= perpperp

cossinsinsincos 22

||2

perpminus=Δ εεε ||

( )zE00=E ( )

$$

amp

Δ+

Δ=

$$

amp=

$$

amp

$$

amp=

$$

amp

perp z

z

zzz

zyz

zzzzy

yzyy

z

y

EE

EE

EDD

θεε

θθε

ε

εεε

εε2sin

cossin0

Info

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Dis

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inee

ring

The voltage is given by

intint Δ+==

perp

dd dzDdzzEV0 2

00 )sin(

)(θεεε

1

0 20

0 )sin(

minus

perp $

amp(

Δ+= int

d dzVDθεεε

ε

1

0 22

021

021

021

)sin(

21)(

minus

perp $

amp(

Δ+===sdot intintint

ddd dzVDVdzzEDdzEDθεε

ε

1

0 20

202

1223

212

1

)sin(]sincos[

minus

perp $

amp(

Δ+minus+= intint

dd

totaldz

VdzKKFθεε

εθθθ

220

2213

23

21 )sin(

cossincossin)(]sincos[

θεεεθθ

εθθθθθθΔ+

minus=minus++perp

aDKKKK

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inee

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Letrsquos suppose Econstant One constant approximation K1=K2=K3=K

)sin(21

21

21

21 222 θεεε Δ+minus=minus=minus=sdotminus= perpEEDEDEF zzzzze

θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 minus=$

amp(

)minus+$$

amp(

)+

θθεθ

cossinΔεEdzd

K 202

2

minus=$$

amp(

)

θθεθθ

θθ

cossinΔεEKdzd

K 202

2

==$

ampamp

(

dd

θθε

θ 220 coscosKΔε

E minus= m

z

d

0

θm d2 θ(d2)=θm

$

amp minus=minus

int 2KΔε

Ecoscos

022

dzd

m m

ε

θθ

θθ

θ

$

amp=minus

int 2KΔε

Ecoscos

02

22

dd

m m

ε

θθ

θπ

θ

At z=d

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inee

ring

If E=0 θm=π2 EraquoEth θm=0

As E decreases θm approaches to π2

2coscoslim

2

222

π

θθ

θπ

θπθ

=minus

intrarrm

mm

d

E

θm

π2

Eth

22KΔεE 0

thπε

=$

amp

( d

dπ

ε ΔεK

dVE

0

thth ==

ΔεKV0

th επ= Threshold voltage

(Frederick transition voltage)

Info

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ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring (z)θ

Distribution of Molecular Alignment

0 V 3 V 5 V

θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 =$

amp

(minus+$

ampamp

(+

Info

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ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

z=0

z=d

1 Find molecular distribution [θ(z)] and discuss the case of Δεgt0 or Δεlt02 Determine the threshold voltage

E

Suppose (i) one constant approximation (ii) Δε ltlt1 (iii) hard anchoring

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ring

Dynamic Properties of LC

Info

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bull Dynamic Property

Erickson-Leslie Equation (elastic torque oacute electric torque)

Eq of Motion

At equilibrium

|elastic torque| = |electric torque|

torqueelectric torqueelastictφγ1 +=part

part

Info

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ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

( ) ( )θεεεθθθ 2

||2

02

32

1

2

sin21

cossin21

Δminus++amp

()

=+= EKKdzdFFF ed

Electric torque = EPE

times=τ

xE

xED

zEDEDyEDEDxEDEDED

EDP

zy

xyyxzxxzyzzyE

ˆ cossin

ˆ

ˆ)(ˆ)(ˆ)(

20

0

θθεε

τ

ε

Δ=

=

minus+minus+minus=times=

minus=

0cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 =+

$

ampminus+

$$

amp+ θθε

θθθ

θθθ

0FF=

$

amppart

partminus

part

part

θθ dzd

θθεθ

θθθ

cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(KddF 2

0

2

31 minus$

amp(

)minus=

( ) ( ) ( )2

312

22

32

12

32

1 cossin2cossincossinddF

$

ampminus++=()

+- +=

$

ampdzdKK

dzdKK

dzdKK

dzd

dzd θ

θθθ

θθθ

θθθ

z

z

ED

ED

zzz

yzy

ε

ε

=

=

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ion

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inee

ring

θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 minus=$

amp(

)minus+$$

amp(

)+

elastic torque + electric torque = Euler-Lagrange Eq

$

amppart

partminus

part

part=

θθ FF

dzd

At equilibrium

elastic torque = electric torque

Info

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ion

Dis

play

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inee

ring

bull  Equation of Motion

( )

2

2

12

02

32

2

2

312

22

32

1

tI

tγ cos sinΔεEε

zν

)cosαsin(α

zcos)sinK(K

zsinKcosK

part

part+

part

part=+

part

partminus+

$

amp

(part

partminus+

part

part+

θθθθθθ

θθθ

θθθ α23 Leslie 점성계수

ν  흐름속도 γ1=α3-α2 회전 점성도 I 관성모멘트

dtdφγcosφ sinφΔεEε

zφ

K 12

02

2

=+part

part

Back flow 와 관성효과 무시 One constant approximation K1=K2=K3=K

)sin(expφφ dπztτ

mon=

2

22

dπ

4πΔεE

1on K

γτminus

=2

2

dπ

1off Kγτ =

Solution

$

amppart

partminus

part

part=

θθθ

γ FF

1 dzd

dtd

Info

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ion

Dis

play

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inee

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bull Response Time

- Rising Time (T90 rarr T10 ) τon rarr Field driven

- Decay Time (T10 rarr T 90) τoff rarr Relaxation

bull T-V curve rarr Find Voltages of T(100) and T(04)

Tran

mitt

ance

Voltage

Tran

smitt

ance

Time

bull T-Time curve

T(04)

T(100)

T(90)

T(10) T(10)

T(90)

Definition Operation Voltage (Vop) = Voltage at 04 of Transmittance

V(T100)

Vop

Input Signal

bull Definition of response time

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inee

ring

Disadvantage

Response Time Viewing Angle Color Reappearance Luminance Contrast Ratio (Dark room)

Advantage

Power Consumption Thickness Purity Focus Minuteness amp Convergence Contrast Ratio (Living room)

v LCD TV Vs CRT TV

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

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inee

ring bull General TFT-LCD ~ 10s ms oacute CRT EL PDP lt 1ms

bull Frame Rate

- Movie 24 framess eth 124 sec = 417 ms

- TV (NTSC) 30 framess eth 130 sec = 333 ms

- PC 60 framess eth 160sec = 167 ms

Response time of LC mode should faster than 167 ms in all gray levels

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

Response Time (m

s)

63 55 47 39 31 23 15 7 0

Final Gray Level

v 고속응답의 필요성

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1 LC molecular parameters

2 Structure andor Driving scheme

bull γ1 darr Δε uarr Keff uarr

bull Synthesis new materials

bull Optimization of cell structurebull Texture-free structurebull Simple dynamicsbull New driving method

v How can we make fast mode

Info

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ion

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play

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inee

ring

Switching Speed of Nematic LC Mode

$

amp

minus=

$

amp

minus()

+

-= 2c

20

12

theff

12

on EE1

Δεεγ

1)(VV1

Kγ

πdτ

2c0

21

eff

12

off ΔεEε1

dγKγ

πdτ =

$

amp=

ΔεεKπV0

effth =

ΔεεK

dπV

0

effth

=

for TN VA OCB modes

for IPS modes

Keff TN K1+(K3-2K2)4 IPS K2

VAOCB K3

For fast switching γ1 darr Δε uarr Keff uarr

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A B core structuresR Rrsquo terminal moietiesM N lateral substituentsX Y Z linking groups

Y Z RrsquoXR

M N

A B

1 Molecular Structures

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Core Structures rigid part

bull TNI darr phenyl trans-cyclohexane

bull Δε uarr phenyl ring phenylcyclohaxane heterocyclic nitrogenbull Δn prop molecular poarizability order parameter linear long thin uarr rarr aromatic ring tolane + Terminal group CN uarrbull K3K1 darr aromatic ring heterocyclic core

Determine TNI Δε Δn K

Combination n=1~2

O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

Info

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ion

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inee

ring

Terminal Moieties soft part

- 액정성을 결정함

- Hydro Carbon rarr Alkyl chain- Functional group 액정의 물성결정

CN rarr Δε gt 0- Long chain γ uarr larr Inter molecular interaction uarr- Δn Core part에 가장 dependent but terminal group에 의해 dilute 됨- Δn uarr minimize alkyl chain length + cyano group

CnH2n+1 CnH2n+1OCnH2n-1 CnH2n-1OH F Cl OCF3 OCHF2OCH2F CF3 CN NCS

CnH2n+1 CnH2n-1 CnH2n+1O CnH2n-1O Rigid Part

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Lateral sustituents

- H F Cl CN CH3

- 물성 조절에 용이하게 이용됨

- Molecular packing에 영향을 미침 rarr 액정의 열적 안정성

- Cl 액정성 darr γ uarr

- 측방 치환기 종류에 따른 액정성 변화의 이유(1) 분자폭의 증가

(2) 분자간의 측면 거리 증가

(3) 분자폭의 증대나 입체장해에 따른 분자의 비틀림도 유발

(4) 분자간 측면 인력이 감소한다 분자간의 분산력이 거리의 6승에 반비례

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Linking groups

CequivC COO CH2CH2

C-C CouplingOCH2 (CH2)n

Rigid Rigid

- Core group과의 선형성 유지가 중요

- 액정성에 영향을 미침

Aromatic ringgtCyclooctane ringgtCyclohexane ringgt-N=NO-gt -N=N-gt-CH=CH-gt-COO-gt-C=C-gt-CH=N-gtnone- Length uarr rarr anisotropy of molecular polarizability uarr rarr Δn uarr- Azo imine group anisotropy of molecular polarizability uarr- Ester group 안정 합성이 용이 rarr 널리 이용됨

- 말단기에 cyano group을 갖는 ester group γ uarr

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Design Combination of Nematic Liquid Crystal Molecules

CnH2n+1 CnH2n-1 CnH2n+1O CnH2n-1O

Combination n=1~2

H F Cl CN CH3

H F Cl CN CH3

CequivC COO CH2CH2


O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

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bull Relation between LC Parameters

K

TN-I Phase Transition TemperatureΔn Birefringence IndexΔε Dielectric Anisotropy γ1 Rotational Viscosityη Bulk Viscosity

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bull Rotational viscosity Vs Response Time

Decay time strongly related to γ

Info

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ion

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play

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inee

ring

2 Cell Structure andor Control of Dynamic Motion

bull Optimization of cell structure

- Width between slits ω darr rArr τdarr

- Cell gap d darr rArr τdarr

- Shape of slit pattern rArr Texture와 관계

Info

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ion

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bull Texture-free structure

Info

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ion

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play

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ring

EE

bull Two step (or 3D) dynamics

1st Step Field 2nd Step Elastic property

Simple is Fast

Info

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ion

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3 Fast Driving Method

bull Capacitive-Coupled Driving (CCD)

Vpacute= Vp +Δ Vp

For example Vp= 3V ΔVp =03V at 3V

Vpacute= 33V

1Vrarr3V ΔVp gt 03V rarr Vpacutegt 33V5Vrarr3V ΔVp lt 03V rarr Vpacutelt 33V

ggdLCst

stp ΔV

C(V)CCCΔV

++=

Info

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ion

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play

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inee

ring

bull Dynamic Capacitance Compensaion

Info

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ion

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play

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inee

ring

ToFrom

ToFrom

With DCCWithout DCC

Info

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ion

Dis

play

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inee

ring

현 상 Example 원 인

Dynamic Contrast Ratio

화면이 갑자기 변할 때의 Contrast ratio

RT gt 1 frame

Stroboscopic Motion 물체가 천천히 움직일 때의 화질

농구공의 long pass

RT gt 1 frame

Tailing 야구공

Mouse pointerRT gt 12 frame

Hold-type display

Blurring 풀밭 WaterfallRT gt 12 frame

Hold-type display

Key Features for Evaluating Motion Picture Quality

Info

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ion

Dis

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ring

Real Motion Hold TypeImpulse type

1 frame

bull Impulse Vs Hold Type

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring Gate selection timing

1 frame (167 ms)

LC response

Lamp illumination

Blink back light system(Hitachi)

Info

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ion

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play

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ring

Black image insertion + Blinking back light system

Super Impulse System

Info

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ion

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play

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inee

ring

Conventional LCD

180 Hz 구동

Field Sequential LCD

FS LCD

Advantage of FS LCD

Higher Properties - Higher Transmittance amp Brightness (more than 3times) - Higher Resolution (more than 3times) - Higher Gamut (more than 80) - Faster Response Image (60Frame3color in One Second) - Low BL Power Consumption Low Cost - No Color Filter amp Less Drive IC

Info

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ion

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Dynamic Dimming

Info

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play

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Summary

Materials (New LC)- 50 ~ 60 ms (on+off) rarr 20 ms

For TV application

Fast switching mode- FLC OCB

+

Fast driving method- Inter-gray response 30~40 ms rarr 10 ms

+

Hold eth Impulse-like+

Info

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ion

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ring

What is LCDs

Info

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ion

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play

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ring

Info

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ion

Dis

play

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ring

Info

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ion

Dis

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ring

Info

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ion

Dis

play

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ring

Info

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ion

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play

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ring

Info

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ion

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play

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ring

Info

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ion

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play

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ring

Info

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ion

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play

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전기장자기장




Info

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ion

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play

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ring


Info

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ion

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ring



Info

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ion

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No Positional Order


Positional Order

Orientational Order



Crystal LC Liquid

T


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ion

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play

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ring

- Thermotropic LCs

Rigid part

(Core)

Flexible part

(Tail)

hydrophobic

hydrophilic


- Lyotropic LCs

Oil

Water


egrave LCD

Info

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ion

Dis

play

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inee

ring

Main-Chain PLC

Side-Chain PLC

- Polymeric LCs

- Discotic LCs

Info

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ion

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play

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inee

ring

v History of LC

Soft crystal

Floating crystal

Crystalline fluid

Liquid crystal


최초 발견자

구조규명

LCD 선도자

師祖님

Info

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ion

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play

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inee

ring

Smectic A


(SmC)

Crystalline

structure


Info

rmat

ion

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play

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inee

ring


Chiral Smectic CA

AFLC (SmCA)

Chiral nematic

Cholesteric (NCh)


Info

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ion

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play

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inee

ring

Blue Phase LC





disclination

Info

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ion

Dis

play

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ring

Operating Principle



E = 0

E = 0

bull Response time


Info

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ion

Dis

play

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ring




Blue Phase LCDs

Info

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ion

Dis

play

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ring

Info

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ion

Dis

play

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ring


Info

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ion

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play

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n εσ

χη







d

w


Info

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ion

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play

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ring

Free Energy for LC

Info

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ion

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play

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v Continuum Theory

Continuum theory



Info

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ion

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play

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ring


F

F

With external force




Info

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ion

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play

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Eq(1)

Info

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Info

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ion

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Info

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ring


i j=12hellip6

Ki 6개 Kij 36개

xy

z





Info

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ion

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180ordm Rotation

Info

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ion

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play

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90ordm Rotation


Eq (1)

Info

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ion

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45ordm Rotation


xy

z

Info

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ion

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Info

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Info

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Gauss theorem


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K11=K1=07 times 10-12 N

K22=K2=04 times 10-12 N

K33=K3=17 times 10-12 N

for PAA

K33 gt K11 gt K22


K33 = K11 = K22 = K

Info

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ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring n εσ

χη

n εσ χη





Optical effects


Info

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ion

Dis

play

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inee



Uncontrollable


v LC Alignment

R d

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ion

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ring

Planar


Homeotropic




Pre-tilt angle

Hybrid

Info

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ion

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v Surfactant

r

a

r gt a

r ~ a

Info

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v Organic Layer

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ring

v SiO2 Evaporation

Info

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ion

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ring


LiF perp CaF2

XX

BN X C X

NaF X NaCl

X

MgF XMg(OH)2 perp

Al XAl2O3 X

perp

Aluminosilicat

es X

Si3N4

XSiO2

X

KBrX

Kl X

TiO2

XCr2O3 X

Cr X 17

Fe2O3 perp NiO X

Ni X

ZnS Xperp

ZnO X

Ge2O3 perp

AsS3

X

Y2O3 X ZrO2

Xperp

In2O3 Xperp

SnO2

Xperp

Cs2O X

BaTiO4X CeO

XThF4 perp

TaN5

X perp




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90

65

60

15

10

5

3

0








25

Double evaporation



Rubbed Polymers

Summary

Info

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UV Treatment





Imprinting

v Alignment Methods

Info

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1 Rubbing Method


N Rubbing 횟수


n 회전수



rd

v

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2 Photo Alignment


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Photo-dimerization

Photo-dissociation

N

O

O

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3 Ion-beam exposure

DLC Al2O3 Polyimide

Multi-domain




Info

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ion

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A B

Polyamic Acid

O O O





A AB

B


Heat

Imidization


Info

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Chain ordering





Info

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a

λ




Rubbing direction

Alignment Mechanism



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PI PS

R R


Alignment Mechanism

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Oslash AFM image


Rubbed Polystyrene

200 400 600 8000 nm-50

+50 nm

R

Oslash X-ray

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ALC

Direction

Value(How strong)


ϕ amp θ

Anchoringenergy




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ring




0 2 4 6 800

02

04

06

08

10

12

of Rubbing

Anc

horin

g En

ergy


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play

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Total Free Energy

v Total Free Energy

Info

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ion

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play

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ϕ

θ

E static (constant)


Energy

x

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ion

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ϕ(0)=0 ϕ(d)= ϕ0 θ(0)=θ(d)=0

x

y

z

d

ϕ0


x

y

ϕ 0 0

Boundary condition

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inee

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z

ϕ(z)

d

ϕ0

x

y

z

d

Euler-Lagrange Eq

If ϕ0=π2 TN

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ring


ϕ

θ

where

Info

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ab constant

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Tilted Solution

z=0

z=d

θ0

z=0

z=d

θ0

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--- eq(1)

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i) K3 le 2K2

ii) K3 gt 2K2

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From eq(1)

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Case (i) K2 gt K1


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Case (ii) K1 gt K2

egrave Planar twist

Case (iii) K1 = K2 (K1= K2 = K3)

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z=0

z=d

HW

ϕ

θ

α

α

(i) θ(0)=π2 - α θ(d)=π2 + α

(ii) θ(0)=π2 - α θ(d)=π2 + α - π


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Stimulus


Response



Elastic energy+


Surface energy




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Experimental

technique

Indirect

Direct

Geometry

type

External

field type

Surface

disclination

Twist angle

measurement

Wedge

cell

Freedericksz

transition

High field

Torque

measurement

Flexoelectricity


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LC +

Chiral dopant


Minimization



Top surface

Δφ

φ0

φr

Θ

R

R

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VV E



20

20 )(

21

21

21 EnEEDFelec


20 )(

21 EnFelec

sdotΔminus= εε

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sdot+= perp


20

20 )(

21

21

21 HnHHBFmag


20 )(

21 HnFmag



[21 22

0 HnHFmag


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φ

x

y

zR

H

0FF=

$$

amp

part

partminus

part

part

φφ dzd

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dzd


χξφφφξ

Δ==+rarr 2

22

21

)( where0sincos)( K

HHH



intint =rarr+z

Hξdzd

02

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φφ

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)+

minusminus=rarr=

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)+

minus minus

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2)(

)(24cotln

2

1

2 Hzz

Hz

ξπ

φξ

φπ

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VV

Δε gt 0Δn gt 0

0 V 3 V 5 V


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x

y

z

nEθ

232

1222

1212

1 )()()( nnKnnKnKFd


dzdsinn θ

θ=sdotnabla

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amp=

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dzd

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zyx

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θθθθ

θθ

0 0 0

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( )

( )θθθ

θθθθ

θθ

23

21

2

21

2224

321

22

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21 cossin KKdzdFd +

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y

z

θ

yrsquo

zrsquo

$$

amp

$$

amp=

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amp perp

||0

00

z

y

z

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yzyy

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zze DEDEF21

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jiji ED ε=

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Eno

Ey

Ene

Ex

$$

amp

minus=

θθθθ

θcossinsincos

)(R

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$$

amp

$$

amp

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$$

amp(

(

z

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( perp

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θεε

θθε

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εεε

εε2sin

cossin0

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intint Δ+==

perp

dd dzDdzzEV0 2

00 )sin(

)(θεεε

1

0 20

0 )sin(

minus

perp $

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220

2213

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21 )sin(


θεεεθθ

εθθθθθθΔ+

minus=minus++perp

aDKKKK

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)sin(21

21

21


θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

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)+

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$

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θθ

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$

amp=minus

int 2KΔε

Ecoscos

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22

dd

m m

ε

θθ

θπ

θ

At z=d

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2coscoslim

2

222

π

θθ

θπ

θπθ

=minus

intrarrm

mm

d

E

θm

π2

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22KΔεE 0

thπε

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( d

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ε ΔεK

dVE

0

thth ==

ΔεKV0



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ring (z)θ


0 V 3 V 5 V

θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

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amp

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ampamp

(+

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z=0

z=d


E


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Eq of Motion

At equilibrium



part

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||2

02

32

1

2

sin21

cossin21

Δminus++amp

()

=+= EKKdzdFFF ed


times=τ

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22

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( ) ( ) ( )2

312

22

32

12

32


$

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+- +=

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dzdKK

dzdKK

dzd

dzd θ

θθθ

θθθ

θθθ

z

z

ED

ED

zzz

yzy

ε

ε

=

=

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θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 minus=$

amp(

)minus+$$

amp(

)+


$

amppart

partminus

part

part=

θθ FF

dzd

At equilibrium


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( )

2

2

12

02

32

2

2

312

22

32

1

tI

tγ cos sinΔεEε

zν

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zcos)sinK(K

zsinKcosK

part

part+

part

part=+

part

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$

amp

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zφ

K 12

02

2

=+part

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mon=

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dπ

4πΔεE

1on K

γτminus

=2

2

dπ

1off Kγτ =

Solution

$

amppart

partminus

part

part=

θθθ

γ FF

1 dzd

dtd

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bull Response Time




Tran

mitt

ance

Voltage

Tran

smitt

ance

Time

bull T-Time curve

T(04)

T(100)

T(90)

T(10) T(10)

T(90)


V(T100)

Vop

Input Signal


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Disadvantage


Advantage


v LCD TV Vs CRT TV

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bull Frame Rate





0

1000

2000

3000

4000

Response Time (m

s)

63 55 47 39 31 23 15 7 0

Final Gray Level


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Info

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$

amp

minus=

$

amp

minus()

+

-= 2c

20

12

theff

12

on EE1

Δεεγ

1)(VV1

Kγ

πdτ

2c0

21

eff

12

off ΔεEε1

dγKγ

πdτ =

$

amp=

ΔεεKπV0

effth =

ΔεεK

dπV

0

effth

=

for TN VA OCB modes

for IPS modes


VAOCB K3


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Y Z RrsquoXR

M N

A B


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Combination n=1~2

O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

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Info

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Lateral sustituents

- H F Cl CN CH3








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Linking groups

CequivC COO CH2CH2


Rigid Rigid





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Combination n=1~2

H F Cl CN CH3

H F Cl CN CH3

CequivC COO CH2CH2


O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

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K


Info

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ion

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Info

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EE



Simple is Fast

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Vpacute= Vp +Δ Vp


Vpacute= 33V


ggdLCst

stp ΔV

C(V)CCCΔV

++=

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Info

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ToFrom

ToFrom

With DCCWithout DCC

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RT gt 1 frame



RT gt 1 frame

Tailing 야구공


Hold-type display


Hold-type display


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1 frame


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1 frame (167 ms)

LC response

Lamp illumination


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Conventional LCD

180 Hz 구동


FS LCD

Advantage of FS LCD


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Dynamic Dimming

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Summary


For TV application


+


+


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ring

Info

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ion

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play

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inee

ring

Info

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ion

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ring

Info

rmat

ion

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play

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inee

ring

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

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inee

ring

Info

rmat

ion

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play

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inee

ring

Info

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ion

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play

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inee

ring

Info

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ion

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전기장자기장




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Info

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ion

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Info

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No Positional Order


Positional Order

Orientational Order



Crystal LC Liquid

T


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- Thermotropic LCs

Rigid part

(Core)

Flexible part

(Tail)

hydrophobic

hydrophilic


- Lyotropic LCs

Oil

Water


egrave LCD

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Main-Chain PLC

Side-Chain PLC

- Polymeric LCs

- Discotic LCs

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v History of LC

Soft crystal

Floating crystal

Crystalline fluid

Liquid crystal


최초 발견자

구조규명

LCD 선도자

師祖님

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Smectic A


(SmC)

Crystalline

structure


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Chiral Smectic CA

AFLC (SmCA)

Chiral nematic

Cholesteric (NCh)


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Blue Phase LC





disclination

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Operating Principle



E = 0

E = 0

bull Response time


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Blue Phase LCDs

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Info

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Info

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n εσ

χη







d

w


Info

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ion

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Free Energy for LC

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v Continuum Theory

Continuum theory



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F

F

With external force




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Eq(1)

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Info

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ion

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Info

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inee

ring


i j=12hellip6

Ki 6개 Kij 36개

xy

z





Info

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ion

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inee

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180ordm Rotation

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90ordm Rotation


Eq (1)

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45ordm Rotation


xy

z

Info

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Info

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ion

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Info

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ion

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Gauss theorem


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K11=K1=07 times 10-12 N

K22=K2=04 times 10-12 N

K33=K3=17 times 10-12 N

for PAA

K33 gt K11 gt K22


K33 = K11 = K22 = K

Info

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ring n εσ

χη

n εσ χη





Optical effects


Info

rmat

ion

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Uncontrollable


v LC Alignment

R d

Info

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ion

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inee

ring

Planar


Homeotropic




Pre-tilt angle

Hybrid

Info

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ion

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inee

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v Surfactant

r

a

r gt a

r ~ a

Info

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v Organic Layer

Info

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v SiO2 Evaporation

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LiF perp CaF2

XX

BN X C X

NaF X NaCl

X

MgF XMg(OH)2 perp

Al XAl2O3 X

perp

Aluminosilicat

es X

Si3N4

XSiO2

X

KBrX

Kl X

TiO2

XCr2O3 X

Cr X 17

Fe2O3 perp NiO X

Ni X

ZnS Xperp

ZnO X

Ge2O3 perp

AsS3

X

Y2O3 X ZrO2

Xperp

In2O3 Xperp

SnO2

Xperp

Cs2O X

BaTiO4X CeO

XThF4 perp

TaN5

X perp




Info

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90

65

60

15

10

5

3

0








25

Double evaporation



Rubbed Polymers

Summary

Info

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UV Treatment





Imprinting

v Alignment Methods

Info

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1 Rubbing Method


N Rubbing 횟수


n 회전수



rd

v

Info

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inee

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2 Photo Alignment


Info

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inee

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Photo-dimerization

Photo-dissociation

N

O

O

Info

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inee

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3 Ion-beam exposure

DLC Al2O3 Polyimide

Multi-domain




Info

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ion

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inee

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A B

Polyamic Acid

O O O





A AB

B


Heat

Imidization


Info

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inee

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Chain ordering





Info

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inee

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a

λ




Rubbing direction

Alignment Mechanism



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inee

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PI PS

R R


Alignment Mechanism

Info

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Oslash AFM image


Rubbed Polystyrene

200 400 600 8000 nm-50

+50 nm

R

Oslash X-ray

Info

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inee

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ALC

Direction

Value(How strong)


ϕ amp θ

Anchoringenergy




Info

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ion

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play

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inee

ring




0 2 4 6 800

02

04

06

08

10

12

of Rubbing

Anc

horin

g En

ergy


Info

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ion

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inee

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Total Free Energy

v Total Free Energy

Info

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ϕ

θ

E static (constant)


Energy

x

Info

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inee

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Info

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inee

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ϕ(0)=0 ϕ(d)= ϕ0 θ(0)=θ(d)=0

x

y

z

d

ϕ0


x

y

ϕ 0 0

Boundary condition

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inee

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z

ϕ(z)

d

ϕ0

x

y

z

d

Euler-Lagrange Eq

If ϕ0=π2 TN

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inee

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ϕ

θ

where

Info

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Dis

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ab constant

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Tilted Solution

z=0

z=d

θ0

z=0

z=d

θ0

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--- eq(1)

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i) K3 le 2K2

ii) K3 gt 2K2

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From eq(1)

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Case (i) K2 gt K1


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Case (ii) K1 gt K2

egrave Planar twist

Case (iii) K1 = K2 (K1= K2 = K3)

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z=0

z=d

HW

ϕ

θ

α

α

(i) θ(0)=π2 - α θ(d)=π2 + α

(ii) θ(0)=π2 - α θ(d)=π2 + α - π


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Stimulus


Response



Elastic energy+


Surface energy




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Experimental

technique

Indirect

Direct

Geometry

type

External

field type

Surface

disclination

Twist angle

measurement

Wedge

cell

Freedericksz

transition

High field

Torque

measurement

Flexoelectricity


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LC +

Chiral dopant


Minimization



Top surface

Δφ

φ0

φr

Θ

R

R

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VV E



20

20 )(

21

21

21 EnEEDFelec


20 )(

21 EnFelec

sdotΔminus= εε

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sdot+= perp


20

20 )(

21

21

21 HnHHBFmag


20 )(

21 HnFmag



[21 22

0 HnHFmag


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φ

x

y

zR

H

0FF=

$$

amp

part

partminus

part

part

φφ dzd

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dzd


χξφφφξ

Δ==+rarr 2

22

21

)( where0sincos)( K

HHH



intint =rarr+z

Hξdzd

02

0 )(cos sign Choose

φ

φφ

$amp

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)+

minusminus=rarr=

(

)+

minus minus

)(exptan2

2)(

)(24cotln

2

1

2 Hzz

Hz

ξπ

φξ

φπ

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VV

Δε gt 0Δn gt 0

0 V 3 V 5 V


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x

y

z

nEθ

232

1222

1212

1 )()()( nnKnnKnKFd


dzdsinn θ

θ=sdotnabla

$

amp=

$

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partpart

00cos


ˆˆˆn

dzd

zx

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xzy

zyx

zyx

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θθθθ

θθ

0 0 0

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( )

( )θθθ

θθθθ

θθ

23

21

2

21

2224

321

22

121

232

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1212

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+

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1

2

21 cossin KKdzdFd +

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y

z

θ

yrsquo

zrsquo

$$

amp

$$

amp=

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amp perp

||0

00

z

y

z

y

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εε



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yzyy

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εε


zze DEDEF21

21

=sdot=

jiji ED ε=

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Eno

Ey

Ene

Ex

$$

amp

minus=

θθθθ

θcossinsincos

)(R

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$$

amp

$$

amp

minus=

$$

amp(

(

z

y

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( perp

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amp minus=

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yzyy

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θεε

θθε

ε

εεε

εε2sin

cossin0

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intint Δ+==

perp

dd dzDdzzEV0 2

00 )sin(

)(θεεε

1

0 20

0 )sin(

minus

perp $

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d dzVDθεεε

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ε

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220

2213

23

21 )sin(


θεεεθθ

εθθθθθθΔ+

minus=minus++perp

aDKKKK

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)sin(21

21

21


θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 minus=$

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)minus+$$

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)+

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E minus= m

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θm d2 θ(d2)=θm

$

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022

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θθ

θ

$

amp=minus

int 2KΔε

Ecoscos

02

22

dd

m m

ε

θθ

θπ

θ

At z=d

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2coscoslim

2

222

π

θθ

θπ

θπθ

=minus

intrarrm

mm

d

E

θm

π2

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22KΔεE 0

thπε

=$

amp

( d

dπ

ε ΔεK

dVE

0

thth ==

ΔεKV0



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ring (z)θ


0 V 3 V 5 V

θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 =$

amp

(minus+$

ampamp

(+

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z=0

z=d


E


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Eq of Motion

At equilibrium



part

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||2

02

32

1

2

sin21

cossin21

Δminus++amp

()

=+= EKKdzdFFF ed


times=τ

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ˆ)(ˆ)(ˆ)(

20

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=


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2

132

22

32

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0

2

31 minus$

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( ) ( ) ( )2

312

22

32

12

32


$

ampminus++=()

+- +=

$

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dzdKK

dzdKK

dzd

dzd θ

θθθ

θθθ

θθθ

z

z

ED

ED

zzz

yzy

ε

ε

=

=

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θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 minus=$

amp(

)minus+$$

amp(

)+


$

amppart

partminus

part

part=

θθ FF

dzd

At equilibrium


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( )

2

2

12

02

32

2

2

312

22

32

1

tI

tγ cos sinΔεEε

zν

)cosαsin(α

zcos)sinK(K

zsinKcosK

part

part+

part

part=+

part

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$

amp

(part

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part

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zφ

K 12

02

2

=+part

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mon=

2

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dπ

4πΔεE

1on K

γτminus

=2

2

dπ

1off Kγτ =

Solution

$

amppart

partminus

part

part=

θθθ

γ FF

1 dzd

dtd

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bull Response Time




Tran

mitt

ance

Voltage

Tran

smitt

ance

Time

bull T-Time curve

T(04)

T(100)

T(90)

T(10) T(10)

T(90)


V(T100)

Vop

Input Signal


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Disadvantage


Advantage


v LCD TV Vs CRT TV

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bull Frame Rate





0

1000

2000

3000

4000

Response Time (m

s)

63 55 47 39 31 23 15 7 0

Final Gray Level


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ion

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$

amp

minus=

$

amp

minus()

+

-= 2c

20

12

theff

12

on EE1

Δεεγ

1)(VV1

Kγ

πdτ

2c0

21

eff

12

off ΔεEε1

dγKγ

πdτ =

$

amp=

ΔεεKπV0

effth =

ΔεεK

dπV

0

effth

=

for TN VA OCB modes

for IPS modes


VAOCB K3


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Y Z RrsquoXR

M N

A B


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Combination n=1~2

O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

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Info

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Lateral sustituents

- H F Cl CN CH3








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Linking groups

CequivC COO CH2CH2


Rigid Rigid





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Combination n=1~2

H F Cl CN CH3

H F Cl CN CH3

CequivC COO CH2CH2


O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

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K


Info

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ion

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Info

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EE



Simple is Fast

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Vpacute= Vp +Δ Vp


Vpacute= 33V


ggdLCst

stp ΔV

C(V)CCCΔV

++=

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Info

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ToFrom

ToFrom

With DCCWithout DCC

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RT gt 1 frame



RT gt 1 frame

Tailing 야구공


Hold-type display


Hold-type display


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1 frame


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1 frame (167 ms)

LC response

Lamp illumination


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Conventional LCD

180 Hz 구동


FS LCD

Advantage of FS LCD


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Dynamic Dimming

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Summary


For TV application


+


+


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ion

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Info

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ion

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ring

Info

rmat

ion

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ring

Info

rmat

ion

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play

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inee

ring

Info

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ion

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Info

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ion

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ion

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전기장자기장




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Info

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ion

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Info

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No Positional Order


Positional Order

Orientational Order



Crystal LC Liquid

T


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inee

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- Thermotropic LCs

Rigid part

(Core)

Flexible part

(Tail)

hydrophobic

hydrophilic


- Lyotropic LCs

Oil

Water


egrave LCD

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Main-Chain PLC

Side-Chain PLC

- Polymeric LCs

- Discotic LCs

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v History of LC

Soft crystal

Floating crystal

Crystalline fluid

Liquid crystal


최초 발견자

구조규명

LCD 선도자

師祖님

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Smectic A


(SmC)

Crystalline

structure


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Chiral Smectic CA

AFLC (SmCA)

Chiral nematic

Cholesteric (NCh)


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Blue Phase LC





disclination

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Operating Principle



E = 0

E = 0

bull Response time


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Blue Phase LCDs

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Info

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Info

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n εσ

χη







d

w


Info

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ion

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Free Energy for LC

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v Continuum Theory

Continuum theory



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F

F

With external force




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Eq(1)

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Info

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Info

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ring


i j=12hellip6

Ki 6개 Kij 36개

xy

z





Info

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ion

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180ordm Rotation

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90ordm Rotation


Eq (1)

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45ordm Rotation


xy

z

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ion

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Info

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Gauss theorem


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K11=K1=07 times 10-12 N

K22=K2=04 times 10-12 N

K33=K3=17 times 10-12 N

for PAA

K33 gt K11 gt K22


K33 = K11 = K22 = K

Info

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ring n εσ

χη

n εσ χη





Optical effects


Info

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ion

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Uncontrollable


v LC Alignment

R d

Info

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ion

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Planar


Homeotropic




Pre-tilt angle

Hybrid

Info

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ion

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v Surfactant

r

a

r gt a

r ~ a

Info

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v Organic Layer

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v SiO2 Evaporation

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LiF perp CaF2

XX

BN X C X

NaF X NaCl

X

MgF XMg(OH)2 perp

Al XAl2O3 X

perp

Aluminosilicat

es X

Si3N4

XSiO2

X

KBrX

Kl X

TiO2

XCr2O3 X

Cr X 17

Fe2O3 perp NiO X

Ni X

ZnS Xperp

ZnO X

Ge2O3 perp

AsS3

X

Y2O3 X ZrO2

Xperp

In2O3 Xperp

SnO2

Xperp

Cs2O X

BaTiO4X CeO

XThF4 perp

TaN5

X perp




Info

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90

65

60

15

10

5

3

0








25

Double evaporation



Rubbed Polymers

Summary

Info

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UV Treatment





Imprinting

v Alignment Methods

Info

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1 Rubbing Method


N Rubbing 횟수


n 회전수



rd

v

Info

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inee

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2 Photo Alignment


Info

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inee

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Photo-dimerization

Photo-dissociation

N

O

O

Info

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inee

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3 Ion-beam exposure

DLC Al2O3 Polyimide

Multi-domain




Info

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inee

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A B

Polyamic Acid

O O O





A AB

B


Heat

Imidization


Info

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inee

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Chain ordering





Info

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inee

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a

λ




Rubbing direction

Alignment Mechanism



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PI PS

R R


Alignment Mechanism

Info

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Oslash AFM image


Rubbed Polystyrene

200 400 600 8000 nm-50

+50 nm

R

Oslash X-ray

Info

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inee

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ALC

Direction

Value(How strong)


ϕ amp θ

Anchoringenergy




Info

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ion

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inee

ring




0 2 4 6 800

02

04

06

08

10

12

of Rubbing

Anc

horin

g En

ergy


Info

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ion

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inee

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Total Free Energy

v Total Free Energy

Info

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ϕ

θ

E static (constant)


Energy

x

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inee

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inee

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ϕ(0)=0 ϕ(d)= ϕ0 θ(0)=θ(d)=0

x

y

z

d

ϕ0


x

y

ϕ 0 0

Boundary condition

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inee

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z

ϕ(z)

d

ϕ0

x

y

z

d

Euler-Lagrange Eq

If ϕ0=π2 TN

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inee

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ϕ

θ

where

Info

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ion

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inee

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ab constant

Info

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ion

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inee

ring

Tilted Solution

z=0

z=d

θ0

z=0

z=d

θ0

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--- eq(1)

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i) K3 le 2K2

ii) K3 gt 2K2

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From eq(1)

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Case (i) K2 gt K1


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Case (ii) K1 gt K2

egrave Planar twist

Case (iii) K1 = K2 (K1= K2 = K3)

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z=0

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HW

ϕ

θ

α

α

(i) θ(0)=π2 - α θ(d)=π2 + α

(ii) θ(0)=π2 - α θ(d)=π2 + α - π


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Stimulus


Response



Elastic energy+


Surface energy




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Experimental

technique

Indirect

Direct

Geometry

type

External

field type

Surface

disclination

Twist angle

measurement

Wedge

cell

Freedericksz

transition

High field

Torque

measurement

Flexoelectricity


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LC +

Chiral dopant


Minimization



Top surface

Δφ

φ0

φr

Θ

R

R

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VV E



20

20 )(

21

21

21 EnEEDFelec


20 )(

21 EnFelec

sdotΔminus= εε

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sdot+= perp


20

20 )(

21

21

21 HnHHBFmag


20 )(

21 HnFmag



[21 22

0 HnHFmag


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φ

x

y

zR

H

0FF=

$$

amp

part

partminus

part

part

φφ dzd

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dzd


χξφφφξ

Δ==+rarr 2

22

21

)( where0sincos)( K

HHH



intint =rarr+z

Hξdzd

02

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φφ

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)+

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)+

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)(24cotln

2

1

2 Hzz

Hz

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φπ

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VV

Δε gt 0Δn gt 0

0 V 3 V 5 V


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x

y

z

nEθ

232

1222

1212

1 )()()( nnKnnKnKFd


dzdsinn θ

θ=sdotnabla

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θθθθ

θθ

0 0 0

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( )

( )θθθ

θθθθ

θθ

23

21

2

21

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321

22

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y

z

θ

yrsquo

zrsquo

$$

amp

$$

amp=

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amp perp

||0

00

z

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zze DEDEF21

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jiji ED ε=

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Eno

Ey

Ene

Ex

$$

amp

minus=

θθθθ

θcossinsincos

)(R

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$$

amp

$$

amp

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$$

amp(

(

z

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εεε

εε2sin

cossin0

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intint Δ+==

perp

dd dzDdzzEV0 2

00 )sin(

)(θεεε

1

0 20

0 )sin(

minus

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220

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θεεεθθ

εθθθθθθΔ+

minus=minus++perp

aDKKKK

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)sin(21

21

21


θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

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θθ

θ

$

amp=minus

int 2KΔε

Ecoscos

02

22

dd

m m

ε

θθ

θπ

θ

At z=d

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2coscoslim

2

222

π

θθ

θπ

θπθ

=minus

intrarrm

mm

d

E

θm

π2

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22KΔεE 0

thπε

=$

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( d

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ε ΔεK

dVE

0

thth ==

ΔεKV0



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0 V 3 V 5 V

θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

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amp

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ampamp

(+

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z=0

z=d


E


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Eq of Motion

At equilibrium



part

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||2

02

32

1

2

sin21

cossin21

Δminus++amp

()

=+= EKKdzdFFF ed


times=τ

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20

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( ) ( ) ( )2

312

22

32

12

32


$

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+- +=

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dzdKK

dzdKK

dzd

dzd θ

θθθ

θθθ

θθθ

z

z

ED

ED

zzz

yzy

ε

ε

=

=

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θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 minus=$

amp(

)minus+$$

amp(

)+


$

amppart

partminus

part

part=

θθ FF

dzd

At equilibrium


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( )

2

2

12

02

32

2

2

312

22

32

1

tI

tγ cos sinΔεEε

zν

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zcos)sinK(K

zsinKcosK

part

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part

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$

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zφ

K 12

02

2

=+part

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mon=

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dπ

4πΔεE

1on K

γτminus

=2

2

dπ

1off Kγτ =

Solution

$

amppart

partminus

part

part=

θθθ

γ FF

1 dzd

dtd

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bull Response Time




Tran

mitt

ance

Voltage

Tran

smitt

ance

Time

bull T-Time curve

T(04)

T(100)

T(90)

T(10) T(10)

T(90)


V(T100)

Vop

Input Signal


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Disadvantage


Advantage


v LCD TV Vs CRT TV

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bull Frame Rate





0

1000

2000

3000

4000

Response Time (m

s)

63 55 47 39 31 23 15 7 0

Final Gray Level


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$

amp

minus=

$

amp

minus()

+

-= 2c

20

12

theff

12

on EE1

Δεεγ

1)(VV1

Kγ

πdτ

2c0

21

eff

12

off ΔεEε1

dγKγ

πdτ =

$

amp=

ΔεεKπV0

effth =

ΔεεK

dπV

0

effth

=

for TN VA OCB modes

for IPS modes


VAOCB K3


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Y Z RrsquoXR

M N

A B


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Combination n=1~2

O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

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Lateral sustituents

- H F Cl CN CH3








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Linking groups

CequivC COO CH2CH2


Rigid Rigid





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Combination n=1~2

H F Cl CN CH3

H F Cl CN CH3

CequivC COO CH2CH2


O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

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K


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EE



Simple is Fast

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Vpacute= Vp +Δ Vp


Vpacute= 33V


ggdLCst

stp ΔV

C(V)CCCΔV

++=

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ToFrom

ToFrom

With DCCWithout DCC

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RT gt 1 frame



RT gt 1 frame

Tailing 야구공


Hold-type display


Hold-type display


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1 frame


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1 frame (167 ms)

LC response

Lamp illumination


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Conventional LCD

180 Hz 구동


FS LCD

Advantage of FS LCD


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Dynamic Dimming

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Summary


For TV application


+


+


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Info

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ion

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Info

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전기장자기장




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No Positional Order


Positional Order

Orientational Order



Crystal LC Liquid

T


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- Thermotropic LCs

Rigid part

(Core)

Flexible part

(Tail)

hydrophobic

hydrophilic


- Lyotropic LCs

Oil

Water


egrave LCD

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Main-Chain PLC

Side-Chain PLC

- Polymeric LCs

- Discotic LCs

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v History of LC

Soft crystal

Floating crystal

Crystalline fluid

Liquid crystal


최초 발견자

구조규명

LCD 선도자

師祖님

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Smectic A


(SmC)

Crystalline

structure


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Chiral Smectic CA

AFLC (SmCA)

Chiral nematic

Cholesteric (NCh)


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Blue Phase LC





disclination

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Operating Principle



E = 0

E = 0

bull Response time


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Blue Phase LCDs

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n εσ

χη







d

w


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Free Energy for LC

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v Continuum Theory

Continuum theory



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F

F

With external force




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Eq(1)

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Info

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i j=12hellip6

Ki 6개 Kij 36개

xy

z





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180ordm Rotation

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90ordm Rotation


Eq (1)

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45ordm Rotation


xy

z

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Gauss theorem


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K11=K1=07 times 10-12 N

K22=K2=04 times 10-12 N

K33=K3=17 times 10-12 N

for PAA

K33 gt K11 gt K22


K33 = K11 = K22 = K

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ring n εσ

χη

n εσ χη





Optical effects


Info

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ion

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Uncontrollable


v LC Alignment

R d

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Planar


Homeotropic




Pre-tilt angle

Hybrid

Info

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v Surfactant

r

a

r gt a

r ~ a

Info

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v Organic Layer

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v SiO2 Evaporation

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LiF perp CaF2

XX

BN X C X

NaF X NaCl

X

MgF XMg(OH)2 perp

Al XAl2O3 X

perp

Aluminosilicat

es X

Si3N4

XSiO2

X

KBrX

Kl X

TiO2

XCr2O3 X

Cr X 17

Fe2O3 perp NiO X

Ni X

ZnS Xperp

ZnO X

Ge2O3 perp

AsS3

X

Y2O3 X ZrO2

Xperp

In2O3 Xperp

SnO2

Xperp

Cs2O X

BaTiO4X CeO

XThF4 perp

TaN5

X perp




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90

65

60

15

10

5

3

0








25

Double evaporation



Rubbed Polymers

Summary

Info

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UV Treatment





Imprinting

v Alignment Methods

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1 Rubbing Method


N Rubbing 횟수


n 회전수



rd

v

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2 Photo Alignment


Info

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Photo-dimerization

Photo-dissociation

N

O

O

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3 Ion-beam exposure

DLC Al2O3 Polyimide

Multi-domain




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A B

Polyamic Acid

O O O





A AB

B


Heat

Imidization


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Chain ordering





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a

λ




Rubbing direction

Alignment Mechanism



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PI PS

R R


Alignment Mechanism

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Oslash AFM image


Rubbed Polystyrene

200 400 600 8000 nm-50

+50 nm

R

Oslash X-ray

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inee

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ALC

Direction

Value(How strong)


ϕ amp θ

Anchoringenergy




Info

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inee

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0 2 4 6 800

02

04

06

08

10

12

of Rubbing

Anc

horin

g En

ergy


Info

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ion

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Total Free Energy

v Total Free Energy

Info

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ϕ

θ

E static (constant)


Energy

x

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ϕ(0)=0 ϕ(d)= ϕ0 θ(0)=θ(d)=0

x

y

z

d

ϕ0


x

y

ϕ 0 0

Boundary condition

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z

ϕ(z)

d

ϕ0

x

y

z

d

Euler-Lagrange Eq

If ϕ0=π2 TN

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ϕ

θ

where

Info

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inee

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ab constant

Info

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ion

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inee

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Tilted Solution

z=0

z=d

θ0

z=0

z=d

θ0

Info

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--- eq(1)

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i) K3 le 2K2

ii) K3 gt 2K2

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From eq(1)

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Case (i) K2 gt K1


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Case (ii) K1 gt K2

egrave Planar twist

Case (iii) K1 = K2 (K1= K2 = K3)

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z=0

z=d

HW

ϕ

θ

α

α

(i) θ(0)=π2 - α θ(d)=π2 + α

(ii) θ(0)=π2 - α θ(d)=π2 + α - π


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Stimulus


Response



Elastic energy+


Surface energy




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Experimental

technique

Indirect

Direct

Geometry

type

External

field type

Surface

disclination

Twist angle

measurement

Wedge

cell

Freedericksz

transition

High field

Torque

measurement

Flexoelectricity


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LC +

Chiral dopant


Minimization



Top surface

Δφ

φ0

φr

Θ

R

R

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VV E



20

20 )(

21

21

21 EnEEDFelec


20 )(

21 EnFelec

sdotΔminus= εε

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sdot+= perp


20

20 )(

21

21

21 HnHHBFmag


20 )(

21 HnFmag



[21 22

0 HnHFmag


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φ

x

y

zR

H

0FF=

$$

amp

part

partminus

part

part

φφ dzd

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dzd


χξφφφξ

Δ==+rarr 2

22

21

)( where0sincos)( K

HHH



intint =rarr+z

Hξdzd

02

0 )(cos sign Choose

φ

φφ

$amp

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)+

minusminus=rarr=

(

)+

minus minus

)(exptan2

2)(

)(24cotln

2

1

2 Hzz

Hz

ξπ

φξ

φπ

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VV

Δε gt 0Δn gt 0

0 V 3 V 5 V


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x

y

z

nEθ

232

1222

1212

1 )()()( nnKnnKnKFd


dzdsinn θ

θ=sdotnabla

$

amp=

$

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$

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partpart

00cos


ˆˆˆn

dzd

zx

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xzy

zyx

zyx

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θθθθ

θθ

0 0 0

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( )

( )θθθ

θθθθ

θθ

23

21

2

21

2224

321

22

121

232

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1212

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+

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000cos)cossin0(nn =

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θ

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nn

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32

1

2

21 cossin KKdzdFd +

$amp

=

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y

z

θ

yrsquo

zrsquo

$$

amp

$$

amp=

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amp perp

||0

00

z

y

z

y

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εε



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amp

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yzyy

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εε


zze DEDEF21

21

=sdot=

jiji ED ε=

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Eno

Ey

Ene

Ex

$$

amp

minus=

θθθθ

θcossinsincos

)(R

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$$

amp

$$

amp

minus=

$$

amp(

(

z

y

z

y

EE

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cossinsincos

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( perp

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amp minus=

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amp=

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yzyy

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θεε

θθε

ε

εεε

εε2sin

cossin0

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intint Δ+==

perp

dd dzDdzzEV0 2

00 )sin(

)(θεεε

1

0 20

0 )sin(

minus

perp $

amp(

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d dzVDθεεε

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220

2213

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21 )sin(


θεεεθθ

εθθθθθθΔ+

minus=minus++perp

aDKKKK

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)sin(21

21

21


θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

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)minus+$$

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)+

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E minus= m

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θm d2 θ(d2)=θm

$

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022

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m m

ε

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θθ

θ

$

amp=minus

int 2KΔε

Ecoscos

02

22

dd

m m

ε

θθ

θπ

θ

At z=d

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2coscoslim

2

222

π

θθ

θπ

θπθ

=minus

intrarrm

mm

d

E

θm

π2

Eth

22KΔεE 0

thπε

=$

amp

( d

dπ

ε ΔεK

dVE

0

thth ==

ΔεKV0



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0 V 3 V 5 V

θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 =$

amp

(minus+$

ampamp

(+

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z=0

z=d


E


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Eq of Motion

At equilibrium



part

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||2

02

32

1

2

sin21

cossin21

Δminus++amp

()

=+= EKKdzdFFF ed


times=τ

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xED

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ˆ

ˆ)(ˆ)(ˆ)(

20

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=


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2

132

22

32

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0

2

31 minus$

amp(

)minus=

( ) ( ) ( )2

312

22

32

12

32


$

ampminus++=()

+- +=

$

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dzdKK

dzdKK

dzd

dzd θ

θθθ

θθθ

θθθ

z

z

ED

ED

zzz

yzy

ε

ε

=

=

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θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 minus=$

amp(

)minus+$$

amp(

)+


$

amppart

partminus

part

part=

θθ FF

dzd

At equilibrium


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( )

2

2

12

02

32

2

2

312

22

32

1

tI

tγ cos sinΔεEε

zν

)cosαsin(α

zcos)sinK(K

zsinKcosK

part

part+

part

part=+

part

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$

amp

(part

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part

part+

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zφ

K 12

02

2

=+part

part



mon=

2

22

dπ

4πΔεE

1on K

γτminus

=2

2

dπ

1off Kγτ =

Solution

$

amppart

partminus

part

part=

θθθ

γ FF

1 dzd

dtd

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bull Response Time




Tran

mitt

ance

Voltage

Tran

smitt

ance

Time

bull T-Time curve

T(04)

T(100)

T(90)

T(10) T(10)

T(90)


V(T100)

Vop

Input Signal


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Disadvantage


Advantage


v LCD TV Vs CRT TV

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bull Frame Rate





0

1000

2000

3000

4000

Response Time (m

s)

63 55 47 39 31 23 15 7 0

Final Gray Level


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$

amp

minus=

$

amp

minus()

+

-= 2c

20

12

theff

12

on EE1

Δεεγ

1)(VV1

Kγ

πdτ

2c0

21

eff

12

off ΔεEε1

dγKγ

πdτ =

$

amp=

ΔεεKπV0

effth =

ΔεεK

dπV

0

effth

=

for TN VA OCB modes

for IPS modes


VAOCB K3


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Y Z RrsquoXR

M N

A B


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Combination n=1~2

O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

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Lateral sustituents

- H F Cl CN CH3








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Linking groups

CequivC COO CH2CH2


Rigid Rigid





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Combination n=1~2

H F Cl CN CH3

H F Cl CN CH3

CequivC COO CH2CH2


O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

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K


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EE



Simple is Fast

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Vpacute= Vp +Δ Vp


Vpacute= 33V


ggdLCst

stp ΔV

C(V)CCCΔV

++=

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ToFrom

ToFrom

With DCCWithout DCC

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RT gt 1 frame



RT gt 1 frame

Tailing 야구공


Hold-type display


Hold-type display


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1 frame


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1 frame (167 ms)

LC response

Lamp illumination


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Conventional LCD

180 Hz 구동


FS LCD

Advantage of FS LCD


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Dynamic Dimming

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Summary


For TV application


+


+


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전기장자기장




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No Positional Order


Positional Order

Orientational Order



Crystal LC Liquid

T


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- Thermotropic LCs

Rigid part

(Core)

Flexible part

(Tail)

hydrophobic

hydrophilic


- Lyotropic LCs

Oil

Water


egrave LCD

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Main-Chain PLC

Side-Chain PLC

- Polymeric LCs

- Discotic LCs

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v History of LC

Soft crystal

Floating crystal

Crystalline fluid

Liquid crystal


최초 발견자

구조규명

LCD 선도자

師祖님

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Smectic A


(SmC)

Crystalline

structure


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Chiral Smectic CA

AFLC (SmCA)

Chiral nematic

Cholesteric (NCh)


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Blue Phase LC





disclination

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Operating Principle



E = 0

E = 0

bull Response time


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Blue Phase LCDs

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n εσ

χη







d

w


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Free Energy for LC

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v Continuum Theory

Continuum theory



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F

F

With external force




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Eq(1)

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i j=12hellip6

Ki 6개 Kij 36개

xy

z





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180ordm Rotation

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90ordm Rotation


Eq (1)

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45ordm Rotation


xy

z

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Gauss theorem


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K11=K1=07 times 10-12 N

K22=K2=04 times 10-12 N

K33=K3=17 times 10-12 N

for PAA

K33 gt K11 gt K22


K33 = K11 = K22 = K

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ring n εσ

χη

n εσ χη





Optical effects


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Uncontrollable


v LC Alignment

R d

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Planar


Homeotropic




Pre-tilt angle

Hybrid

Info

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v Surfactant

r

a

r gt a

r ~ a

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v Organic Layer

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v SiO2 Evaporation

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LiF perp CaF2

XX

BN X C X

NaF X NaCl

X

MgF XMg(OH)2 perp

Al XAl2O3 X

perp

Aluminosilicat

es X

Si3N4

XSiO2

X

KBrX

Kl X

TiO2

XCr2O3 X

Cr X 17

Fe2O3 perp NiO X

Ni X

ZnS Xperp

ZnO X

Ge2O3 perp

AsS3

X

Y2O3 X ZrO2

Xperp

In2O3 Xperp

SnO2

Xperp

Cs2O X

BaTiO4X CeO

XThF4 perp

TaN5

X perp




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90

65

60

15

10

5

3

0








25

Double evaporation



Rubbed Polymers

Summary

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UV Treatment





Imprinting

v Alignment Methods

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1 Rubbing Method


N Rubbing 횟수


n 회전수



rd

v

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2 Photo Alignment


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Photo-dimerization

Photo-dissociation

N

O

O

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3 Ion-beam exposure

DLC Al2O3 Polyimide

Multi-domain




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A B

Polyamic Acid

O O O





A AB

B


Heat

Imidization


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Chain ordering





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a

λ




Rubbing direction

Alignment Mechanism



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PI PS

R R


Alignment Mechanism

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Oslash AFM image


Rubbed Polystyrene

200 400 600 8000 nm-50

+50 nm

R

Oslash X-ray

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ALC

Direction

Value(How strong)


ϕ amp θ

Anchoringenergy




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0 2 4 6 800

02

04

06

08

10

12

of Rubbing

Anc

horin

g En

ergy


Info

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Total Free Energy

v Total Free Energy

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ϕ

θ

E static (constant)


Energy

x

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ϕ(0)=0 ϕ(d)= ϕ0 θ(0)=θ(d)=0

x

y

z

d

ϕ0


x

y

ϕ 0 0

Boundary condition

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z

ϕ(z)

d

ϕ0

x

y

z

d

Euler-Lagrange Eq

If ϕ0=π2 TN

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ϕ

θ

where

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ab constant

Info

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Tilted Solution

z=0

z=d

θ0

z=0

z=d

θ0

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--- eq(1)

Info

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inee

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i) K3 le 2K2

ii) K3 gt 2K2

Info

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inee

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From eq(1)

Info

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Case (i) K2 gt K1


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Case (ii) K1 gt K2

egrave Planar twist

Case (iii) K1 = K2 (K1= K2 = K3)

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z=0

z=d

HW

ϕ

θ

α

α

(i) θ(0)=π2 - α θ(d)=π2 + α

(ii) θ(0)=π2 - α θ(d)=π2 + α - π


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Stimulus


Response



Elastic energy+


Surface energy




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Experimental

technique

Indirect

Direct

Geometry

type

External

field type

Surface

disclination

Twist angle

measurement

Wedge

cell

Freedericksz

transition

High field

Torque

measurement

Flexoelectricity


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LC +

Chiral dopant


Minimization



Top surface

Δφ

φ0

φr

Θ

R

R

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VV E



20

20 )(

21

21

21 EnEEDFelec


20 )(

21 EnFelec

sdotΔminus= εε

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sdot+= perp


20

20 )(

21

21

21 HnHHBFmag


20 )(

21 HnFmag



[21 22

0 HnHFmag


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φ

x

y

zR

H

0FF=

$$

amp

part

partminus

part

part

φφ dzd

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dzd


χξφφφξ

Δ==+rarr 2

22

21

)( where0sincos)( K

HHH



intint =rarr+z

Hξdzd

02

0 )(cos sign Choose

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φφ

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)+

minusminus=rarr=

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)+

minus minus

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2)(

)(24cotln

2

1

2 Hzz

Hz

ξπ

φξ

φπ

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VV

Δε gt 0Δn gt 0

0 V 3 V 5 V


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x

y

z

nEθ

232

1222

1212

1 )()()( nnKnnKnKFd


dzdsinn θ

θ=sdotnabla

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amp=

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dzd

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θθθθ

θθ

0 0 0

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( )

( )θθθ

θθθθ

θθ

23

21

2

21

2224

321

22

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232

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y

z

θ

yrsquo

zrsquo

$$

amp

$$

amp=

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amp perp

||0

00

z

y

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jiji ED ε=

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Eno

Ey

Ene

Ex

$$

amp

minus=

θθθθ

θcossinsincos

)(R

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$$

amp

$$

amp

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$$

amp(

(

z

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εεε

εε2sin

cossin0

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intint Δ+==

perp

dd dzDdzzEV0 2

00 )sin(

)(θεεε

1

0 20

0 )sin(

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220

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θεεεθθ

εθθθθθθΔ+

minus=minus++perp

aDKKKK

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)sin(21

21

21


θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

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amp=minus

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22

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m m

ε

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θ

At z=d

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2coscoslim

2

222

π

θθ

θπ

θπθ

=minus

intrarrm

mm

d

E

θm

π2

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22KΔεE 0

thπε

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( d

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ε ΔεK

dVE

0

thth ==

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0 V 3 V 5 V

θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

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amp

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(+

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z=0

z=d


E


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Eq of Motion

At equilibrium



part

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||2

02

32

1

2

sin21

cossin21

Δminus++amp

()

=+= EKKdzdFFF ed


times=τ

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( ) ( ) ( )2

312

22

32

12

32


$

ampminus++=()

+- +=

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dzdKK

dzdKK

dzd

dzd θ

θθθ

θθθ

θθθ

z

z

ED

ED

zzz

yzy

ε

ε

=

=

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θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 minus=$

amp(

)minus+$$

amp(

)+


$

amppart

partminus

part

part=

θθ FF

dzd

At equilibrium


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( )

2

2

12

02

32

2

2

312

22

32

1

tI

tγ cos sinΔεEε

zν

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zcos)sinK(K

zsinKcosK

part

part+

part

part=+

part

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$

amp

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part

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zφ

K 12

02

2

=+part

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mon=

2

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dπ

4πΔεE

1on K

γτminus

=2

2

dπ

1off Kγτ =

Solution

$

amppart

partminus

part

part=

θθθ

γ FF

1 dzd

dtd

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bull Response Time




Tran

mitt

ance

Voltage

Tran

smitt

ance

Time

bull T-Time curve

T(04)

T(100)

T(90)

T(10) T(10)

T(90)


V(T100)

Vop

Input Signal


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Disadvantage


Advantage


v LCD TV Vs CRT TV

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bull Frame Rate





0

1000

2000

3000

4000

Response Time (m

s)

63 55 47 39 31 23 15 7 0

Final Gray Level


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$

amp

minus=

$

amp

minus()

+

-= 2c

20

12

theff

12

on EE1

Δεεγ

1)(VV1

Kγ

πdτ

2c0

21

eff

12

off ΔεEε1

dγKγ

πdτ =

$

amp=

ΔεεKπV0

effth =

ΔεεK

dπV

0

effth

=

for TN VA OCB modes

for IPS modes


VAOCB K3


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Y Z RrsquoXR

M N

A B


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Combination n=1~2

O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

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Lateral sustituents

- H F Cl CN CH3








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Linking groups

CequivC COO CH2CH2


Rigid Rigid





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Combination n=1~2

H F Cl CN CH3

H F Cl CN CH3

CequivC COO CH2CH2


O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

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K


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EE



Simple is Fast

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Vpacute= Vp +Δ Vp


Vpacute= 33V


ggdLCst

stp ΔV

C(V)CCCΔV

++=

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ToFrom

ToFrom

With DCCWithout DCC

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RT gt 1 frame



RT gt 1 frame

Tailing 야구공


Hold-type display


Hold-type display


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1 frame


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1 frame (167 ms)

LC response

Lamp illumination


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Conventional LCD

180 Hz 구동


FS LCD

Advantage of FS LCD


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Dynamic Dimming

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Summary


For TV application


+


+


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전기장자기장




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No Positional Order


Positional Order

Orientational Order



Crystal LC Liquid

T


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- Thermotropic LCs

Rigid part

(Core)

Flexible part

(Tail)

hydrophobic

hydrophilic


- Lyotropic LCs

Oil

Water


egrave LCD

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Main-Chain PLC

Side-Chain PLC

- Polymeric LCs

- Discotic LCs

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v History of LC

Soft crystal

Floating crystal

Crystalline fluid

Liquid crystal


최초 발견자

구조규명

LCD 선도자

師祖님

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Smectic A


(SmC)

Crystalline

structure


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Chiral Smectic CA

AFLC (SmCA)

Chiral nematic

Cholesteric (NCh)


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Blue Phase LC





disclination

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Operating Principle



E = 0

E = 0

bull Response time


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Blue Phase LCDs

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n εσ

χη







d

w


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Free Energy for LC

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v Continuum Theory

Continuum theory



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F

F

With external force




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Eq(1)

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i j=12hellip6

Ki 6개 Kij 36개

xy

z





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180ordm Rotation

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90ordm Rotation


Eq (1)

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45ordm Rotation


xy

z

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Gauss theorem


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K11=K1=07 times 10-12 N

K22=K2=04 times 10-12 N

K33=K3=17 times 10-12 N

for PAA

K33 gt K11 gt K22


K33 = K11 = K22 = K

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ring n εσ

χη

n εσ χη





Optical effects


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Uncontrollable


v LC Alignment

R d

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Planar


Homeotropic




Pre-tilt angle

Hybrid

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v Surfactant

r

a

r gt a

r ~ a

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v Organic Layer

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v SiO2 Evaporation

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LiF perp CaF2

XX

BN X C X

NaF X NaCl

X

MgF XMg(OH)2 perp

Al XAl2O3 X

perp

Aluminosilicat

es X

Si3N4

XSiO2

X

KBrX

Kl X

TiO2

XCr2O3 X

Cr X 17

Fe2O3 perp NiO X

Ni X

ZnS Xperp

ZnO X

Ge2O3 perp

AsS3

X

Y2O3 X ZrO2

Xperp

In2O3 Xperp

SnO2

Xperp

Cs2O X

BaTiO4X CeO

XThF4 perp

TaN5

X perp




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90

65

60

15

10

5

3

0








25

Double evaporation



Rubbed Polymers

Summary

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UV Treatment





Imprinting

v Alignment Methods

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1 Rubbing Method


N Rubbing 횟수


n 회전수



rd

v

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2 Photo Alignment


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Photo-dimerization

Photo-dissociation

N

O

O

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3 Ion-beam exposure

DLC Al2O3 Polyimide

Multi-domain




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A B

Polyamic Acid

O O O





A AB

B


Heat

Imidization


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Chain ordering





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a

λ




Rubbing direction

Alignment Mechanism



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PI PS

R R


Alignment Mechanism

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Oslash AFM image


Rubbed Polystyrene

200 400 600 8000 nm-50

+50 nm

R

Oslash X-ray

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ALC

Direction

Value(How strong)


ϕ amp θ

Anchoringenergy




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0 2 4 6 800

02

04

06

08

10

12

of Rubbing

Anc

horin

g En

ergy


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Total Free Energy

v Total Free Energy

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ϕ

θ

E static (constant)


Energy

x

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ϕ(0)=0 ϕ(d)= ϕ0 θ(0)=θ(d)=0

x

y

z

d

ϕ0


x

y

ϕ 0 0

Boundary condition

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z

ϕ(z)

d

ϕ0

x

y

z

d

Euler-Lagrange Eq

If ϕ0=π2 TN

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ϕ

θ

where

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ab constant

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Tilted Solution

z=0

z=d

θ0

z=0

z=d

θ0

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--- eq(1)

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i) K3 le 2K2

ii) K3 gt 2K2

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From eq(1)

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Info

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Case (i) K2 gt K1


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Case (ii) K1 gt K2

egrave Planar twist

Case (iii) K1 = K2 (K1= K2 = K3)

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z=0

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HW

ϕ

θ

α

α

(i) θ(0)=π2 - α θ(d)=π2 + α

(ii) θ(0)=π2 - α θ(d)=π2 + α - π


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Stimulus


Response



Elastic energy+


Surface energy




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Experimental

technique

Indirect

Direct

Geometry

type

External

field type

Surface

disclination

Twist angle

measurement

Wedge

cell

Freedericksz

transition

High field

Torque

measurement

Flexoelectricity


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LC +

Chiral dopant


Minimization



Top surface

Δφ

φ0

φr

Θ

R

R

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VV E



20

20 )(

21

21

21 EnEEDFelec


20 )(

21 EnFelec

sdotΔminus= εε

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sdot+= perp


20

20 )(

21

21

21 HnHHBFmag


20 )(

21 HnFmag



[21 22

0 HnHFmag


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φ

x

y

zR

H

0FF=

$$

amp

part

partminus

part

part

φφ dzd

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dzd


χξφφφξ

Δ==+rarr 2

22

21

)( where0sincos)( K

HHH



intint =rarr+z

Hξdzd

02

0 )(cos sign Choose

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φφ

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)+

minusminus=rarr=

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)+

minus minus

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2)(

)(24cotln

2

1

2 Hzz

Hz

ξπ

φξ

φπ

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VV

Δε gt 0Δn gt 0

0 V 3 V 5 V


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x

y

z

nEθ

232

1222

1212

1 )()()( nnKnnKnKFd


dzdsinn θ

θ=sdotnabla

$

amp=

$

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partpart

00cos


ˆˆˆn

dzd

zx

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xzy

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zyx

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θθθθ

θθ

0 0 0

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( )

( )θθθ

θθθθ

θθ

23

21

2

21

2224

321

22

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232

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1212

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000cos)cossin0(nn =

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θ

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nn

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1

2

21 cossin KKdzdFd +

$amp

=

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y

z

θ

yrsquo

zrsquo

$$

amp

$$

amp=

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amp perp

||0

00

z

y

z

y

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εε



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amp

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y

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yzyy

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εε


zze DEDEF21

21

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jiji ED ε=

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Eno

Ey

Ene

Ex

$$

amp

minus=

θθθθ

θcossinsincos

)(R

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$$

amp

$$

amp

minus=

$$

amp(

(

z

y

z

y

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amp=

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( perp

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amp minus=

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amp=

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zzzzy

yzyy

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y

EE

EE

EDD

θεε

θθε

ε

εεε

εε2sin

cossin0

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intint Δ+==

perp

dd dzDdzzEV0 2

00 )sin(

)(θεεε

1

0 20

0 )sin(

minus

perp $

amp(

Δ+= int

d dzVDθεεε

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0 22

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21)(

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ε

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0 20

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VdzKKFθεε

εθθθ

220

2213

23

21 )sin(


θεεεθθ

εθθθθθθΔ+

minus=minus++perp

aDKKKK

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)sin(21

21

21


θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 minus=$

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)minus+$$

amp(

)+

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)

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==$

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dd

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E minus= m

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d

0

θm d2 θ(d2)=θm

$

amp minus=minus

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022

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m m

ε

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θθ

θ

$

amp=minus

int 2KΔε

Ecoscos

02

22

dd

m m

ε

θθ

θπ

θ

At z=d

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2coscoslim

2

222

π

θθ

θπ

θπθ

=minus

intrarrm

mm

d

E

θm

π2

Eth

22KΔεE 0

thπε

=$

amp

( d

dπ

ε ΔεK

dVE

0

thth ==

ΔεKV0



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0 V 3 V 5 V

θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 =$

amp

(minus+$

ampamp

(+

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z=0

z=d


E


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Eq of Motion

At equilibrium



part

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||2

02

32

1

2

sin21

cossin21

Δminus++amp

()

=+= EKKdzdFFF ed


times=τ

xE

xED

zEDEDyEDEDxEDEDED

EDP

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ˆ

ˆ)(ˆ)(ˆ)(

20

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=


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2

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22

32

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0

2

31 minus$

amp(

)minus=

( ) ( ) ( )2

312

22

32

12

32


$

ampminus++=()

+- +=

$

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dzdKK

dzdKK

dzd

dzd θ

θθθ

θθθ

θθθ

z

z

ED

ED

zzz

yzy

ε

ε

=

=

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θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 minus=$

amp(

)minus+$$

amp(

)+


$

amppart

partminus

part

part=

θθ FF

dzd

At equilibrium


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( )

2

2

12

02

32

2

2

312

22

32

1

tI

tγ cos sinΔεEε

zν

)cosαsin(α

zcos)sinK(K

zsinKcosK

part

part+

part

part=+

part

partminus+

$

amp

(part

partminus+

part

part+

θθθθθθ

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zφ

K 12

02

2

=+part

part



mon=

2

22

dπ

4πΔεE

1on K

γτminus

=2

2

dπ

1off Kγτ =

Solution

$

amppart

partminus

part

part=

θθθ

γ FF

1 dzd

dtd

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bull Response Time




Tran

mitt

ance

Voltage

Tran

smitt

ance

Time

bull T-Time curve

T(04)

T(100)

T(90)

T(10) T(10)

T(90)


V(T100)

Vop

Input Signal


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Disadvantage


Advantage


v LCD TV Vs CRT TV

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bull Frame Rate





0

1000

2000

3000

4000

Response Time (m

s)

63 55 47 39 31 23 15 7 0

Final Gray Level


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$

amp

minus=

$

amp

minus()

+

-= 2c

20

12

theff

12

on EE1

Δεεγ

1)(VV1

Kγ

πdτ

2c0

21

eff

12

off ΔεEε1

dγKγ

πdτ =

$

amp=

ΔεεKπV0

effth =

ΔεεK

dπV

0

effth

=

for TN VA OCB modes

for IPS modes


VAOCB K3


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Y Z RrsquoXR

M N

A B


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Combination n=1~2

O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

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Info

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Lateral sustituents

- H F Cl CN CH3








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Linking groups

CequivC COO CH2CH2


Rigid Rigid





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Combination n=1~2

H F Cl CN CH3

H F Cl CN CH3

CequivC COO CH2CH2


O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

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K


Info

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ion

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Info

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EE



Simple is Fast

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Vpacute= Vp +Δ Vp


Vpacute= 33V


ggdLCst

stp ΔV

C(V)CCCΔV

++=

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ToFrom

ToFrom

With DCCWithout DCC

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RT gt 1 frame



RT gt 1 frame

Tailing 야구공


Hold-type display


Hold-type display


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1 frame


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1 frame (167 ms)

LC response

Lamp illumination


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Conventional LCD

180 Hz 구동


FS LCD

Advantage of FS LCD


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Dynamic Dimming

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Summary


For TV application


+


+


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Info

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Info

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전기장자기장




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Info

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No Positional Order


Positional Order

Orientational Order



Crystal LC Liquid

T


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- Thermotropic LCs

Rigid part

(Core)

Flexible part

(Tail)

hydrophobic

hydrophilic


- Lyotropic LCs

Oil

Water


egrave LCD

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Main-Chain PLC

Side-Chain PLC

- Polymeric LCs

- Discotic LCs

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v History of LC

Soft crystal

Floating crystal

Crystalline fluid

Liquid crystal


최초 발견자

구조규명

LCD 선도자

師祖님

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Smectic A


(SmC)

Crystalline

structure


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Chiral Smectic CA

AFLC (SmCA)

Chiral nematic

Cholesteric (NCh)


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Blue Phase LC





disclination

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Operating Principle



E = 0

E = 0

bull Response time


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Blue Phase LCDs

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Info

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n εσ

χη







d

w


Info

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ion

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Free Energy for LC

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v Continuum Theory

Continuum theory



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F

F

With external force




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Eq(1)

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Info

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Info

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i j=12hellip6

Ki 6개 Kij 36개

xy

z





Info

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180ordm Rotation

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90ordm Rotation


Eq (1)

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45ordm Rotation


xy

z

Info

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Info

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ion

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Info

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Gauss theorem


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K11=K1=07 times 10-12 N

K22=K2=04 times 10-12 N

K33=K3=17 times 10-12 N

for PAA

K33 gt K11 gt K22


K33 = K11 = K22 = K

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ring n εσ

χη

n εσ χη





Optical effects


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Uncontrollable


v LC Alignment

R d

Info

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Planar


Homeotropic




Pre-tilt angle

Hybrid

Info

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v Surfactant

r

a

r gt a

r ~ a

Info

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v Organic Layer

Info

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v SiO2 Evaporation

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LiF perp CaF2

XX

BN X C X

NaF X NaCl

X

MgF XMg(OH)2 perp

Al XAl2O3 X

perp

Aluminosilicat

es X

Si3N4

XSiO2

X

KBrX

Kl X

TiO2

XCr2O3 X

Cr X 17

Fe2O3 perp NiO X

Ni X

ZnS Xperp

ZnO X

Ge2O3 perp

AsS3

X

Y2O3 X ZrO2

Xperp

In2O3 Xperp

SnO2

Xperp

Cs2O X

BaTiO4X CeO

XThF4 perp

TaN5

X perp




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90

65

60

15

10

5

3

0








25

Double evaporation



Rubbed Polymers

Summary

Info

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UV Treatment





Imprinting

v Alignment Methods

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1 Rubbing Method


N Rubbing 횟수


n 회전수



rd

v

Info

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inee

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2 Photo Alignment


Info

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Photo-dimerization

Photo-dissociation

N

O

O

Info

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3 Ion-beam exposure

DLC Al2O3 Polyimide

Multi-domain




Info

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A B

Polyamic Acid

O O O





A AB

B


Heat

Imidization


Info

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inee

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Chain ordering





Info

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inee

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a

λ




Rubbing direction

Alignment Mechanism



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inee

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PI PS

R R


Alignment Mechanism

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Oslash AFM image


Rubbed Polystyrene

200 400 600 8000 nm-50

+50 nm

R

Oslash X-ray

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inee

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ALC

Direction

Value(How strong)


ϕ amp θ

Anchoringenergy




Info

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inee

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0 2 4 6 800

02

04

06

08

10

12

of Rubbing

Anc

horin

g En

ergy


Info

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ion

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inee

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Total Free Energy

v Total Free Energy

Info

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ϕ

θ

E static (constant)


Energy

x

Info

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Info

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ϕ(0)=0 ϕ(d)= ϕ0 θ(0)=θ(d)=0

x

y

z

d

ϕ0


x

y

ϕ 0 0

Boundary condition

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z

ϕ(z)

d

ϕ0

x

y

z

d

Euler-Lagrange Eq

If ϕ0=π2 TN

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ϕ

θ

where

Info

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inee

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ab constant

Info

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ion

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inee

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Tilted Solution

z=0

z=d

θ0

z=0

z=d

θ0

Info

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inee

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--- eq(1)

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inee

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i) K3 le 2K2

ii) K3 gt 2K2

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inee

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From eq(1)

Info

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inee

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Info

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ion

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inee

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Info

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inee

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Case (i) K2 gt K1


Info

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inee

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Case (ii) K1 gt K2

egrave Planar twist

Case (iii) K1 = K2 (K1= K2 = K3)

Info

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inee

ring

z=0

z=d

HW

ϕ

θ

α

α

(i) θ(0)=π2 - α θ(d)=π2 + α

(ii) θ(0)=π2 - α θ(d)=π2 + α - π


Info

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Stimulus


Response



Elastic energy+


Surface energy




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Experimental

technique

Indirect

Direct

Geometry

type

External

field type

Surface

disclination

Twist angle

measurement

Wedge

cell

Freedericksz

transition

High field

Torque

measurement

Flexoelectricity


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LC +

Chiral dopant


Minimization



Top surface

Δφ

φ0

φr

Θ

R

R

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VV E



20

20 )(

21

21

21 EnEEDFelec


20 )(

21 EnFelec

sdotΔminus= εε

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sdot+= perp


20

20 )(

21

21

21 HnHHBFmag


20 )(

21 HnFmag



[21 22

0 HnHFmag


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φ

x

y

zR

H

0FF=

$$

amp

part

partminus

part

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φφ dzd

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dzd


χξφφφξ

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22

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)( where0sincos)( K

HHH



intint =rarr+z

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VV

Δε gt 0Δn gt 0

0 V 3 V 5 V


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x

y

z

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232

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0 0 0

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( )

( )θθθ

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y

z

θ

yrsquo

zrsquo

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amp=

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Eno

Ey

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$$

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minus=

θθθθ

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)(R

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$$

amp

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intint Δ+==

perp

dd dzDdzzEV0 2

00 )sin(

)(θεεε

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minus=minus++perp

aDKKKK

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)sin(21

21

21


θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

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At z=d

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2coscoslim

2

222

π

θθ

θπ

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=minus

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mm

d

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0 V 3 V 5 V

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z=0

z=d


E


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Eq of Motion

At equilibrium



part

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||2

02

32

1

2

sin21

cossin21

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θθθ

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z

ED

ED

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yzy

ε

ε

=

=

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θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 minus=$

amp(

)minus+$$

amp(

)+


$

amppart

partminus

part

part=

θθ FF

dzd

At equilibrium


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( )

2

2

12

02

32

2

2

312

22

32

1

tI

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1on K

γτminus

=2

2

dπ

1off Kγτ =

Solution

$

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partminus

part

part=

θθθ

γ FF

1 dzd

dtd

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bull Response Time




Tran

mitt

ance

Voltage

Tran

smitt

ance

Time

bull T-Time curve

T(04)

T(100)

T(90)

T(10) T(10)

T(90)


V(T100)

Vop

Input Signal


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Disadvantage


Advantage


v LCD TV Vs CRT TV

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bull Frame Rate





0

1000

2000

3000

4000

Response Time (m

s)

63 55 47 39 31 23 15 7 0

Final Gray Level


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$

amp

minus=

$

amp

minus()

+

-= 2c

20

12

theff

12

on EE1

Δεεγ

1)(VV1

Kγ

πdτ

2c0

21

eff

12

off ΔεEε1

dγKγ

πdτ =

$

amp=

ΔεεKπV0

effth =

ΔεεK

dπV

0

effth

=

for TN VA OCB modes

for IPS modes


VAOCB K3


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Y Z RrsquoXR

M N

A B


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Combination n=1~2

O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

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Lateral sustituents

- H F Cl CN CH3








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Linking groups

CequivC COO CH2CH2


Rigid Rigid





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Combination n=1~2

H F Cl CN CH3

H F Cl CN CH3

CequivC COO CH2CH2


O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

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K


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EE



Simple is Fast

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Vpacute= Vp +Δ Vp


Vpacute= 33V


ggdLCst

stp ΔV

C(V)CCCΔV

++=

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ToFrom

ToFrom

With DCCWithout DCC

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RT gt 1 frame



RT gt 1 frame

Tailing 야구공


Hold-type display


Hold-type display


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1 frame


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1 frame (167 ms)

LC response

Lamp illumination


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Conventional LCD

180 Hz 구동


FS LCD

Advantage of FS LCD


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Dynamic Dimming

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Summary


For TV application


+


+


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전기장자기장




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No Positional Order


Positional Order

Orientational Order



Crystal LC Liquid

T


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- Thermotropic LCs

Rigid part

(Core)

Flexible part

(Tail)

hydrophobic

hydrophilic


- Lyotropic LCs

Oil

Water


egrave LCD

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Main-Chain PLC

Side-Chain PLC

- Polymeric LCs

- Discotic LCs

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v History of LC

Soft crystal

Floating crystal

Crystalline fluid

Liquid crystal


최초 발견자

구조규명

LCD 선도자

師祖님

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Smectic A


(SmC)

Crystalline

structure


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Chiral Smectic CA

AFLC (SmCA)

Chiral nematic

Cholesteric (NCh)


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Blue Phase LC





disclination

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Operating Principle



E = 0

E = 0

bull Response time


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Blue Phase LCDs

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n εσ

χη







d

w


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Free Energy for LC

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v Continuum Theory

Continuum theory



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F

F

With external force




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Eq(1)

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i j=12hellip6

Ki 6개 Kij 36개

xy

z





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180ordm Rotation

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90ordm Rotation


Eq (1)

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45ordm Rotation


xy

z

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Gauss theorem


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K11=K1=07 times 10-12 N

K22=K2=04 times 10-12 N

K33=K3=17 times 10-12 N

for PAA

K33 gt K11 gt K22


K33 = K11 = K22 = K

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ring n εσ

χη

n εσ χη





Optical effects


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Uncontrollable


v LC Alignment

R d

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Planar


Homeotropic




Pre-tilt angle

Hybrid

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v Surfactant

r

a

r gt a

r ~ a

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v Organic Layer

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v SiO2 Evaporation

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LiF perp CaF2

XX

BN X C X

NaF X NaCl

X

MgF XMg(OH)2 perp

Al XAl2O3 X

perp

Aluminosilicat

es X

Si3N4

XSiO2

X

KBrX

Kl X

TiO2

XCr2O3 X

Cr X 17

Fe2O3 perp NiO X

Ni X

ZnS Xperp

ZnO X

Ge2O3 perp

AsS3

X

Y2O3 X ZrO2

Xperp

In2O3 Xperp

SnO2

Xperp

Cs2O X

BaTiO4X CeO

XThF4 perp

TaN5

X perp




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90

65

60

15

10

5

3

0








25

Double evaporation



Rubbed Polymers

Summary

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UV Treatment





Imprinting

v Alignment Methods

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1 Rubbing Method


N Rubbing 횟수


n 회전수



rd

v

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2 Photo Alignment


Info

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Photo-dimerization

Photo-dissociation

N

O

O

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3 Ion-beam exposure

DLC Al2O3 Polyimide

Multi-domain




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A B

Polyamic Acid

O O O





A AB

B


Heat

Imidization


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Chain ordering





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a

λ




Rubbing direction

Alignment Mechanism



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PI PS

R R


Alignment Mechanism

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Oslash AFM image


Rubbed Polystyrene

200 400 600 8000 nm-50

+50 nm

R

Oslash X-ray

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ALC

Direction

Value(How strong)


ϕ amp θ

Anchoringenergy




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0 2 4 6 800

02

04

06

08

10

12

of Rubbing

Anc

horin

g En

ergy


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Total Free Energy

v Total Free Energy

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ϕ

θ

E static (constant)


Energy

x

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ϕ(0)=0 ϕ(d)= ϕ0 θ(0)=θ(d)=0

x

y

z

d

ϕ0


x

y

ϕ 0 0

Boundary condition

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z

ϕ(z)

d

ϕ0

x

y

z

d

Euler-Lagrange Eq

If ϕ0=π2 TN

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ϕ

θ

where

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ab constant

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Tilted Solution

z=0

z=d

θ0

z=0

z=d

θ0

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--- eq(1)

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i) K3 le 2K2

ii) K3 gt 2K2

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From eq(1)

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Info

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Case (i) K2 gt K1


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Case (ii) K1 gt K2

egrave Planar twist

Case (iii) K1 = K2 (K1= K2 = K3)

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inee

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z=0

z=d

HW

ϕ

θ

α

α

(i) θ(0)=π2 - α θ(d)=π2 + α

(ii) θ(0)=π2 - α θ(d)=π2 + α - π


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inee

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Stimulus


Response



Elastic energy+


Surface energy




Info

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ion

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play

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inee

ring


Experimental

technique

Indirect

Direct

Geometry

type

External

field type

Surface

disclination

Twist angle

measurement

Wedge

cell

Freedericksz

transition

High field

Torque

measurement

Flexoelectricity


Info

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LC +

Chiral dopant


Minimization



Top surface

Δφ

φ0

φr

Θ

R

R

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VV E



20

20 )(

21

21

21 EnEEDFelec


20 )(

21 EnFelec

sdotΔminus= εε

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sdot+= perp


20

20 )(

21

21

21 HnHHBFmag


20 )(

21 HnFmag



[21 22

0 HnHFmag


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φ

x

y

zR

H

0FF=

$$

amp

part

partminus

part

part

φφ dzd

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dzd


χξφφφξ

Δ==+rarr 2

22

21

)( where0sincos)( K

HHH



intint =rarr+z

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Hz

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φπ

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VV

Δε gt 0Δn gt 0

0 V 3 V 5 V


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x

y

z

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232

1222

1212

1 )()()( nnKnnKnKFd


dzdsinn θ

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θθθθ

θθ

0 0 0

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( )

( )θθθ

θθθθ

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21

2

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y

z

θ

yrsquo

zrsquo

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Eno

Ey

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Ex

$$

amp

minus=

θθθθ

θcossinsincos

)(R

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$$

amp

$$

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amp(

(

z

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θεε

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εεε

εε2sin

cossin0

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intint Δ+==

perp

dd dzDdzzEV0 2

00 )sin(

)(θεεε

1

0 20

0 )sin(

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perp $

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220

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θεεεθθ

εθθθθθθΔ+

minus=minus++perp

aDKKKK

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)sin(21

21

21


θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

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amp=minus

int 2KΔε

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22

dd

m m

ε

θθ

θπ

θ

At z=d

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2coscoslim

2

222

π

θθ

θπ

θπθ

=minus

intrarrm

mm

d

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θm

π2

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22KΔεE 0

thπε

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dVE

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0 V 3 V 5 V

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θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

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amp

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z=0

z=d


E


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Eq of Motion

At equilibrium



part

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||2

02

32

1

2

sin21

cossin21

Δminus++amp

()

=+= EKKdzdFFF ed


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312

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12

32


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dzdKK

dzd

dzd θ

θθθ

θθθ

θθθ

z

z

ED

ED

zzz

yzy

ε

ε

=

=

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θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 minus=$

amp(

)minus+$$

amp(

)+


$

amppart

partminus

part

part=

θθ FF

dzd

At equilibrium


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( )

2

2

12

02

32

2

2

312

22

32

1

tI

tγ cos sinΔεEε

zν

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K 12

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2

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dπ

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1on K

γτminus

=2

2

dπ

1off Kγτ =

Solution

$

amppart

partminus

part

part=

θθθ

γ FF

1 dzd

dtd

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bull Response Time




Tran

mitt

ance

Voltage

Tran

smitt

ance

Time

bull T-Time curve

T(04)

T(100)

T(90)

T(10) T(10)

T(90)


V(T100)

Vop

Input Signal


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Disadvantage


Advantage


v LCD TV Vs CRT TV

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bull Frame Rate





0

1000

2000

3000

4000

Response Time (m

s)

63 55 47 39 31 23 15 7 0

Final Gray Level


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$

amp

minus=

$

amp

minus()

+

-= 2c

20

12

theff

12

on EE1

Δεεγ

1)(VV1

Kγ

πdτ

2c0

21

eff

12

off ΔεEε1

dγKγ

πdτ =

$

amp=

ΔεεKπV0

effth =

ΔεεK

dπV

0

effth

=

for TN VA OCB modes

for IPS modes


VAOCB K3


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Y Z RrsquoXR

M N

A B


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Combination n=1~2

O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

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Lateral sustituents

- H F Cl CN CH3








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Linking groups

CequivC COO CH2CH2


Rigid Rigid





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Combination n=1~2

H F Cl CN CH3

H F Cl CN CH3

CequivC COO CH2CH2


O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

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K


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EE



Simple is Fast

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Vpacute= Vp +Δ Vp


Vpacute= 33V


ggdLCst

stp ΔV

C(V)CCCΔV

++=

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ToFrom

ToFrom

With DCCWithout DCC

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RT gt 1 frame



RT gt 1 frame

Tailing 야구공


Hold-type display


Hold-type display


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1 frame


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1 frame (167 ms)

LC response

Lamp illumination


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Conventional LCD

180 Hz 구동


FS LCD

Advantage of FS LCD


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Dynamic Dimming

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Summary


For TV application


+


+


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전기장자기장




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No Positional Order


Positional Order

Orientational Order



Crystal LC Liquid

T


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- Thermotropic LCs

Rigid part

(Core)

Flexible part

(Tail)

hydrophobic

hydrophilic


- Lyotropic LCs

Oil

Water


egrave LCD

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Main-Chain PLC

Side-Chain PLC

- Polymeric LCs

- Discotic LCs

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v History of LC

Soft crystal

Floating crystal

Crystalline fluid

Liquid crystal


최초 발견자

구조규명

LCD 선도자

師祖님

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Smectic A


(SmC)

Crystalline

structure


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Chiral Smectic CA

AFLC (SmCA)

Chiral nematic

Cholesteric (NCh)


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Blue Phase LC





disclination

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Operating Principle



E = 0

E = 0

bull Response time


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Blue Phase LCDs

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n εσ

χη







d

w


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Free Energy for LC

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v Continuum Theory

Continuum theory



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F

F

With external force




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Eq(1)

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i j=12hellip6

Ki 6개 Kij 36개

xy

z





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180ordm Rotation

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90ordm Rotation


Eq (1)

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45ordm Rotation


xy

z

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Gauss theorem


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K11=K1=07 times 10-12 N

K22=K2=04 times 10-12 N

K33=K3=17 times 10-12 N

for PAA

K33 gt K11 gt K22


K33 = K11 = K22 = K

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ring n εσ

χη

n εσ χη





Optical effects


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Uncontrollable


v LC Alignment

R d

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Planar


Homeotropic




Pre-tilt angle

Hybrid

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v Surfactant

r

a

r gt a

r ~ a

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v Organic Layer

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v SiO2 Evaporation

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LiF perp CaF2

XX

BN X C X

NaF X NaCl

X

MgF XMg(OH)2 perp

Al XAl2O3 X

perp

Aluminosilicat

es X

Si3N4

XSiO2

X

KBrX

Kl X

TiO2

XCr2O3 X

Cr X 17

Fe2O3 perp NiO X

Ni X

ZnS Xperp

ZnO X

Ge2O3 perp

AsS3

X

Y2O3 X ZrO2

Xperp

In2O3 Xperp

SnO2

Xperp

Cs2O X

BaTiO4X CeO

XThF4 perp

TaN5

X perp




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90

65

60

15

10

5

3

0








25

Double evaporation



Rubbed Polymers

Summary

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UV Treatment





Imprinting

v Alignment Methods

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1 Rubbing Method


N Rubbing 횟수


n 회전수



rd

v

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2 Photo Alignment


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Photo-dimerization

Photo-dissociation

N

O

O

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3 Ion-beam exposure

DLC Al2O3 Polyimide

Multi-domain




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A B

Polyamic Acid

O O O





A AB

B


Heat

Imidization


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Chain ordering





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a

λ




Rubbing direction

Alignment Mechanism



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PI PS

R R


Alignment Mechanism

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Oslash AFM image


Rubbed Polystyrene

200 400 600 8000 nm-50

+50 nm

R

Oslash X-ray

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ALC

Direction

Value(How strong)


ϕ amp θ

Anchoringenergy




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0 2 4 6 800

02

04

06

08

10

12

of Rubbing

Anc

horin

g En

ergy


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Total Free Energy

v Total Free Energy

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ϕ

θ

E static (constant)


Energy

x

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ϕ(0)=0 ϕ(d)= ϕ0 θ(0)=θ(d)=0

x

y

z

d

ϕ0


x

y

ϕ 0 0

Boundary condition

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z

ϕ(z)

d

ϕ0

x

y

z

d

Euler-Lagrange Eq

If ϕ0=π2 TN

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ϕ

θ

where

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ab constant

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Tilted Solution

z=0

z=d

θ0

z=0

z=d

θ0

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--- eq(1)

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i) K3 le 2K2

ii) K3 gt 2K2

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From eq(1)

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Info

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Info

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Case (i) K2 gt K1


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Case (ii) K1 gt K2

egrave Planar twist

Case (iii) K1 = K2 (K1= K2 = K3)

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z=0

z=d

HW

ϕ

θ

α

α

(i) θ(0)=π2 - α θ(d)=π2 + α

(ii) θ(0)=π2 - α θ(d)=π2 + α - π


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Stimulus


Response



Elastic energy+


Surface energy




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inee

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Experimental

technique

Indirect

Direct

Geometry

type

External

field type

Surface

disclination

Twist angle

measurement

Wedge

cell

Freedericksz

transition

High field

Torque

measurement

Flexoelectricity


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inee

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LC +

Chiral dopant


Minimization



Top surface

Δφ

φ0

φr

Θ

R

R

Info

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ion

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inee

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Info

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ion

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inee

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Info

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inee

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VV E



20

20 )(

21

21

21 EnEEDFelec


20 )(

21 EnFelec

sdotΔminus= εε

Info

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sdot+= perp


20

20 )(

21

21

21 HnHHBFmag


20 )(

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[21 22

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φ

x

y

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dzd


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VV

Δε gt 0Δn gt 0

0 V 3 V 5 V


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x

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$$

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intint Δ+==

perp

dd dzDdzzEV0 2

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)(θεεε

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aDKKKK

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)sin(21

21

21


θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

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2coscoslim

2

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z=0

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E


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Eq of Motion

At equilibrium



part

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||2

02

32

1

2

sin21

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=

=

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θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 minus=$

amp(

)minus+$$

amp(

)+


$

amppart

partminus

part

part=

θθ FF

dzd

At equilibrium


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( )

2

2

12

02

32

2

2

312

22

32

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tI

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2

dπ

1off Kγτ =

Solution

$

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θθθ

γ FF

1 dzd

dtd

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bull Response Time




Tran

mitt

ance

Voltage

Tran

smitt

ance

Time

bull T-Time curve

T(04)

T(100)

T(90)

T(10) T(10)

T(90)


V(T100)

Vop

Input Signal


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Disadvantage


Advantage


v LCD TV Vs CRT TV

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bull Frame Rate





0

1000

2000

3000

4000

Response Time (m

s)

63 55 47 39 31 23 15 7 0

Final Gray Level


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$

amp

minus=

$

amp

minus()

+

-= 2c

20

12

theff

12

on EE1

Δεεγ

1)(VV1

Kγ

πdτ

2c0

21

eff

12

off ΔεEε1

dγKγ

πdτ =

$

amp=

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effth =

ΔεεK

dπV

0

effth

=

for TN VA OCB modes

for IPS modes


VAOCB K3


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Y Z RrsquoXR

M N

A B


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Combination n=1~2

O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

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Info

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Lateral sustituents

- H F Cl CN CH3








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Linking groups

CequivC COO CH2CH2


Rigid Rigid





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Combination n=1~2

H F Cl CN CH3

H F Cl CN CH3

CequivC COO CH2CH2


O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

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K


Info

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EE



Simple is Fast

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Vpacute= Vp +Δ Vp


Vpacute= 33V


ggdLCst

stp ΔV

C(V)CCCΔV

++=

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ToFrom

ToFrom

With DCCWithout DCC

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RT gt 1 frame



RT gt 1 frame

Tailing 야구공


Hold-type display


Hold-type display


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1 frame


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1 frame (167 ms)

LC response

Lamp illumination


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Conventional LCD

180 Hz 구동


FS LCD

Advantage of FS LCD


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Dynamic Dimming

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Summary


For TV application


+


+


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No Positional Order


Positional Order

Orientational Order



Crystal LC Liquid

T


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- Thermotropic LCs

Rigid part

(Core)

Flexible part

(Tail)

hydrophobic

hydrophilic


- Lyotropic LCs

Oil

Water


egrave LCD

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Main-Chain PLC

Side-Chain PLC

- Polymeric LCs

- Discotic LCs

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v History of LC

Soft crystal

Floating crystal

Crystalline fluid

Liquid crystal


최초 발견자

구조규명

LCD 선도자

師祖님

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Smectic A


(SmC)

Crystalline

structure


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Chiral Smectic CA

AFLC (SmCA)

Chiral nematic

Cholesteric (NCh)


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Blue Phase LC





disclination

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Operating Principle



E = 0

E = 0

bull Response time


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Blue Phase LCDs

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n εσ

χη







d

w


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Free Energy for LC

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v Continuum Theory

Continuum theory



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F

F

With external force




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Eq(1)

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Info

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Info

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i j=12hellip6

Ki 6개 Kij 36개

xy

z





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180ordm Rotation

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90ordm Rotation


Eq (1)

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45ordm Rotation


xy

z

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Gauss theorem


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K11=K1=07 times 10-12 N

K22=K2=04 times 10-12 N

K33=K3=17 times 10-12 N

for PAA

K33 gt K11 gt K22


K33 = K11 = K22 = K

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ring n εσ

χη

n εσ χη





Optical effects


Info

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Uncontrollable


v LC Alignment

R d

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Planar


Homeotropic




Pre-tilt angle

Hybrid

Info

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v Surfactant

r

a

r gt a

r ~ a

Info

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v Organic Layer

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v SiO2 Evaporation

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LiF perp CaF2

XX

BN X C X

NaF X NaCl

X

MgF XMg(OH)2 perp

Al XAl2O3 X

perp

Aluminosilicat

es X

Si3N4

XSiO2

X

KBrX

Kl X

TiO2

XCr2O3 X

Cr X 17

Fe2O3 perp NiO X

Ni X

ZnS Xperp

ZnO X

Ge2O3 perp

AsS3

X

Y2O3 X ZrO2

Xperp

In2O3 Xperp

SnO2

Xperp

Cs2O X

BaTiO4X CeO

XThF4 perp

TaN5

X perp




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90

65

60

15

10

5

3

0








25

Double evaporation



Rubbed Polymers

Summary

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UV Treatment





Imprinting

v Alignment Methods

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1 Rubbing Method


N Rubbing 횟수


n 회전수



rd

v

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2 Photo Alignment


Info

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Photo-dimerization

Photo-dissociation

N

O

O

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3 Ion-beam exposure

DLC Al2O3 Polyimide

Multi-domain




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A B

Polyamic Acid

O O O





A AB

B


Heat

Imidization


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Chain ordering





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a

λ




Rubbing direction

Alignment Mechanism



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PI PS

R R


Alignment Mechanism

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Oslash AFM image


Rubbed Polystyrene

200 400 600 8000 nm-50

+50 nm

R

Oslash X-ray

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ALC

Direction

Value(How strong)


ϕ amp θ

Anchoringenergy




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inee

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0 2 4 6 800

02

04

06

08

10

12

of Rubbing

Anc

horin

g En

ergy


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Total Free Energy

v Total Free Energy

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ϕ

θ

E static (constant)


Energy

x

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ϕ(0)=0 ϕ(d)= ϕ0 θ(0)=θ(d)=0

x

y

z

d

ϕ0


x

y

ϕ 0 0

Boundary condition

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z

ϕ(z)

d

ϕ0

x

y

z

d

Euler-Lagrange Eq

If ϕ0=π2 TN

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ϕ

θ

where

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ab constant

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Tilted Solution

z=0

z=d

θ0

z=0

z=d

θ0

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--- eq(1)

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i) K3 le 2K2

ii) K3 gt 2K2

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From eq(1)

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Info

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Case (i) K2 gt K1


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Case (ii) K1 gt K2

egrave Planar twist

Case (iii) K1 = K2 (K1= K2 = K3)

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z=0

z=d

HW

ϕ

θ

α

α

(i) θ(0)=π2 - α θ(d)=π2 + α

(ii) θ(0)=π2 - α θ(d)=π2 + α - π


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Stimulus


Response



Elastic energy+


Surface energy




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inee

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Experimental

technique

Indirect

Direct

Geometry

type

External

field type

Surface

disclination

Twist angle

measurement

Wedge

cell

Freedericksz

transition

High field

Torque

measurement

Flexoelectricity


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LC +

Chiral dopant


Minimization



Top surface

Δφ

φ0

φr

Θ

R

R

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inee

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Info

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Info

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VV E



20

20 )(

21

21

21 EnEEDFelec


20 )(

21 EnFelec

sdotΔminus= εε

Info

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ion

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play

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inee

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sdot+= perp


20

20 )(

21

21

21 HnHHBFmag


20 )(

21 HnFmag



[21 22

0 HnHFmag


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

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inee

ring


φ

x

y

zR

H

0FF=

$$

amp

part

partminus

part

part

φφ dzd

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring



dzd


χξφφφξ

Δ==+rarr 2

22

21

)( where0sincos)( K

HHH



intint =rarr+z

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VV

Δε gt 0Δn gt 0

0 V 3 V 5 V


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x

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( )

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y

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$$

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intint Δ+==

perp

dd dzDdzzEV0 2

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)(θεεε

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minus=minus++perp

aDKKKK

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)sin(21

21

21


θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

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2coscoslim

2

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z=0

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E


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Eq of Motion

At equilibrium



part

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||2

02

32

1

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sin21

cossin21

Δminus++amp

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z

ED

ED

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yzy

ε

ε

=

=

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θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 minus=$

amp(

)minus+$$

amp(

)+


$

amppart

partminus

part

part=

θθ FF

dzd

At equilibrium


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( )

2

2

12

02

32

2

2

312

22

32

1

tI

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1on K

γτminus

=2

2

dπ

1off Kγτ =

Solution

$

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part

part=

θθθ

γ FF

1 dzd

dtd

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bull Response Time




Tran

mitt

ance

Voltage

Tran

smitt

ance

Time

bull T-Time curve

T(04)

T(100)

T(90)

T(10) T(10)

T(90)


V(T100)

Vop

Input Signal


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Disadvantage


Advantage


v LCD TV Vs CRT TV

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bull Frame Rate





0

1000

2000

3000

4000

Response Time (m

s)

63 55 47 39 31 23 15 7 0

Final Gray Level


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ion

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inee

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$

amp

minus=

$

amp

minus()

+

-= 2c

20

12

theff

12

on EE1

Δεεγ

1)(VV1

Kγ

πdτ

2c0

21

eff

12

off ΔεEε1

dγKγ

πdτ =

$

amp=

ΔεεKπV0

effth =

ΔεεK

dπV

0

effth

=

for TN VA OCB modes

for IPS modes


VAOCB K3


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Y Z RrsquoXR

M N

A B


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ion

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Combination n=1~2

O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

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Info

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Lateral sustituents

- H F Cl CN CH3








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Linking groups

CequivC COO CH2CH2


Rigid Rigid





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Combination n=1~2

H F Cl CN CH3

H F Cl CN CH3

CequivC COO CH2CH2


O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

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K


Info

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ion

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Info

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EE



Simple is Fast

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Vpacute= Vp +Δ Vp


Vpacute= 33V


ggdLCst

stp ΔV

C(V)CCCΔV

++=

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Info

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ToFrom

ToFrom

With DCCWithout DCC

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RT gt 1 frame



RT gt 1 frame

Tailing 야구공


Hold-type display


Hold-type display


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1 frame


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1 frame (167 ms)

LC response

Lamp illumination


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Conventional LCD

180 Hz 구동


FS LCD

Advantage of FS LCD


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Dynamic Dimming

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Summary


For TV application


+


+


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No Positional Order


Positional Order

Orientational Order



Crystal LC Liquid

T


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- Thermotropic LCs

Rigid part

(Core)

Flexible part

(Tail)

hydrophobic

hydrophilic


- Lyotropic LCs

Oil

Water


egrave LCD

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Main-Chain PLC

Side-Chain PLC

- Polymeric LCs

- Discotic LCs

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v History of LC

Soft crystal

Floating crystal

Crystalline fluid

Liquid crystal


최초 발견자

구조규명

LCD 선도자

師祖님

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Smectic A


(SmC)

Crystalline

structure


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Chiral Smectic CA

AFLC (SmCA)

Chiral nematic

Cholesteric (NCh)


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Blue Phase LC





disclination

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Operating Principle



E = 0

E = 0

bull Response time


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Blue Phase LCDs

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n εσ

χη







d

w


Info

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Free Energy for LC

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v Continuum Theory

Continuum theory



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F

F

With external force




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Eq(1)

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Info

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Info

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ring


i j=12hellip6

Ki 6개 Kij 36개

xy

z





Info

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ion

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180ordm Rotation

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90ordm Rotation


Eq (1)

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45ordm Rotation


xy

z

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Gauss theorem


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K11=K1=07 times 10-12 N

K22=K2=04 times 10-12 N

K33=K3=17 times 10-12 N

for PAA

K33 gt K11 gt K22


K33 = K11 = K22 = K

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ring n εσ

χη

n εσ χη





Optical effects


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ion

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Uncontrollable


v LC Alignment

R d

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Planar


Homeotropic




Pre-tilt angle

Hybrid

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v Surfactant

r

a

r gt a

r ~ a

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v Organic Layer

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v SiO2 Evaporation

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LiF perp CaF2

XX

BN X C X

NaF X NaCl

X

MgF XMg(OH)2 perp

Al XAl2O3 X

perp

Aluminosilicat

es X

Si3N4

XSiO2

X

KBrX

Kl X

TiO2

XCr2O3 X

Cr X 17

Fe2O3 perp NiO X

Ni X

ZnS Xperp

ZnO X

Ge2O3 perp

AsS3

X

Y2O3 X ZrO2

Xperp

In2O3 Xperp

SnO2

Xperp

Cs2O X

BaTiO4X CeO

XThF4 perp

TaN5

X perp




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90

65

60

15

10

5

3

0








25

Double evaporation



Rubbed Polymers

Summary

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UV Treatment





Imprinting

v Alignment Methods

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1 Rubbing Method


N Rubbing 횟수


n 회전수



rd

v

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2 Photo Alignment


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Photo-dimerization

Photo-dissociation

N

O

O

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3 Ion-beam exposure

DLC Al2O3 Polyimide

Multi-domain




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A B

Polyamic Acid

O O O





A AB

B


Heat

Imidization


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Chain ordering





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a

λ




Rubbing direction

Alignment Mechanism



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PI PS

R R


Alignment Mechanism

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Oslash AFM image


Rubbed Polystyrene

200 400 600 8000 nm-50

+50 nm

R

Oslash X-ray

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ALC

Direction

Value(How strong)


ϕ amp θ

Anchoringenergy




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inee

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0 2 4 6 800

02

04

06

08

10

12

of Rubbing

Anc

horin

g En

ergy


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Total Free Energy

v Total Free Energy

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ϕ

θ

E static (constant)


Energy

x

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ϕ(0)=0 ϕ(d)= ϕ0 θ(0)=θ(d)=0

x

y

z

d

ϕ0


x

y

ϕ 0 0

Boundary condition

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z

ϕ(z)

d

ϕ0

x

y

z

d

Euler-Lagrange Eq

If ϕ0=π2 TN

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ϕ

θ

where

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ab constant

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Tilted Solution

z=0

z=d

θ0

z=0

z=d

θ0

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--- eq(1)

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i) K3 le 2K2

ii) K3 gt 2K2

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From eq(1)

Info

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Info

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Info

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Case (i) K2 gt K1


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Case (ii) K1 gt K2

egrave Planar twist

Case (iii) K1 = K2 (K1= K2 = K3)

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z=0

z=d

HW

ϕ

θ

α

α

(i) θ(0)=π2 - α θ(d)=π2 + α

(ii) θ(0)=π2 - α θ(d)=π2 + α - π


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Stimulus


Response



Elastic energy+


Surface energy




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inee

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Experimental

technique

Indirect

Direct

Geometry

type

External

field type

Surface

disclination

Twist angle

measurement

Wedge

cell

Freedericksz

transition

High field

Torque

measurement

Flexoelectricity


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LC +

Chiral dopant


Minimization



Top surface

Δφ

φ0

φr

Θ

R

R

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inee

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Info

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inee

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Info

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VV E



20

20 )(

21

21

21 EnEEDFelec


20 )(

21 EnFelec

sdotΔminus= εε

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inee

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sdot+= perp


20

20 )(

21

21

21 HnHHBFmag


20 )(

21 HnFmag



[21 22

0 HnHFmag


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inee

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φ

x

y

zR

H

0FF=

$$

amp

part

partminus

part

part

φφ dzd

Info

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ion

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play

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inee

ring



dzd


χξφφφξ

Δ==+rarr 2

22

21

)( where0sincos)( K

HHH



intint =rarr+z

Hξdzd

02

0 )(cos sign Choose

φ

φφ

$amp

(

)+

minusminus=rarr=

(

)+

minus minus

)(exptan2

2)(

)(24cotln

2

1

2 Hzz

Hz

ξπ

φξ

φπ

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

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inee

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Info

rmat

ion

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inee

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VV

Δε gt 0Δn gt 0

0 V 3 V 5 V


Info

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ion

Dis

play

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inee

ring


x

y

z

nEθ

232

1222

1212

1 )()()( nnKnnKnKFd


dzdsinn θ

θ=sdotnabla

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( )

( )θθθ

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21

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y

z

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$$

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intint Δ+==

perp

dd dzDdzzEV0 2

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aDKKKK

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)sin(21

21

21


θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

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2coscoslim

2

222

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z=0

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Eq of Motion

At equilibrium



part

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||2

02

32

1

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sin21

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z

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ε

ε

=

=

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θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 minus=$

amp(

)minus+$$

amp(

)+


$

amppart

partminus

part

part=

θθ FF

dzd

At equilibrium


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( )

2

2

12

02

32

2

2

312

22

32

1

tI

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zφ

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γτminus

=2

2

dπ

1off Kγτ =

Solution

$

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part

part=

θθθ

γ FF

1 dzd

dtd

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bull Response Time




Tran

mitt

ance

Voltage

Tran

smitt

ance

Time

bull T-Time curve

T(04)

T(100)

T(90)

T(10) T(10)

T(90)


V(T100)

Vop

Input Signal


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Disadvantage


Advantage


v LCD TV Vs CRT TV

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bull Frame Rate





0

1000

2000

3000

4000

Response Time (m

s)

63 55 47 39 31 23 15 7 0

Final Gray Level


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ion

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inee

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Info

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$

amp

minus=

$

amp

minus()

+

-= 2c

20

12

theff

12

on EE1

Δεεγ

1)(VV1

Kγ

πdτ

2c0

21

eff

12

off ΔεEε1

dγKγ

πdτ =

$

amp=

ΔεεKπV0

effth =

ΔεεK

dπV

0

effth

=

for TN VA OCB modes

for IPS modes


VAOCB K3


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ion

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Y Z RrsquoXR

M N

A B


Info

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ion

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inee

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Combination n=1~2

O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

Info

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ion

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Info

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ion

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Lateral sustituents

- H F Cl CN CH3








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inee

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Linking groups

CequivC COO CH2CH2


Rigid Rigid





Info

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Combination n=1~2

H F Cl CN CH3

H F Cl CN CH3

CequivC COO CH2CH2


O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

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ion

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inee

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K


Info

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ion

Dis

play

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inee

ring



Info

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ion

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inee

ring






Info

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ion

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EE



Simple is Fast

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Vpacute= Vp +Δ Vp


Vpacute= 33V


ggdLCst

stp ΔV

C(V)CCCΔV

++=

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inee

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Info

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ion

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inee

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ToFrom

ToFrom

With DCCWithout DCC

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RT gt 1 frame



RT gt 1 frame

Tailing 야구공


Hold-type display


Hold-type display


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1 frame


Info

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ion

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1 frame (167 ms)

LC response

Lamp illumination


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inee

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Info

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ion

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inee

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Conventional LCD

180 Hz 구동


FS LCD

Advantage of FS LCD


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Dynamic Dimming

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Summary


For TV application


+


+


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inee

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No Positional Order


Positional Order

Orientational Order



Crystal LC Liquid

T


Info

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ion

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inee

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- Thermotropic LCs

Rigid part

(Core)

Flexible part

(Tail)

hydrophobic

hydrophilic


- Lyotropic LCs

Oil

Water


egrave LCD

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Main-Chain PLC

Side-Chain PLC

- Polymeric LCs

- Discotic LCs

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v History of LC

Soft crystal

Floating crystal

Crystalline fluid

Liquid crystal


최초 발견자

구조규명

LCD 선도자

師祖님

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Smectic A


(SmC)

Crystalline

structure


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Chiral Smectic CA

AFLC (SmCA)

Chiral nematic

Cholesteric (NCh)


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Blue Phase LC





disclination

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Operating Principle



E = 0

E = 0

bull Response time


Info

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ion

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Blue Phase LCDs

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inee

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Info

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play

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inee

ring


Info

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ion

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n εσ

χη







d

w


Info

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ion

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play

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Free Energy for LC

Info

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v Continuum Theory

Continuum theory



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F

F

With external force




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Eq(1)

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Info

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ion

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inee

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Info

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inee

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i j=12hellip6

Ki 6개 Kij 36개

xy

z





Info

rmat

ion

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180ordm Rotation

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90ordm Rotation


Eq (1)

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45ordm Rotation


xy

z

Info

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Info

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ion

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Info

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ion

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Gauss theorem


Info

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K11=K1=07 times 10-12 N

K22=K2=04 times 10-12 N

K33=K3=17 times 10-12 N

for PAA

K33 gt K11 gt K22


K33 = K11 = K22 = K

Info

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Dis

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Eng

inee

ring n εσ

χη

n εσ χη





Optical effects


Info

rmat

ion

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Uncontrollable


v LC Alignment

R d

Info

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Planar


Homeotropic




Pre-tilt angle

Hybrid

Info

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inee

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v Surfactant

r

a

r gt a

r ~ a

Info

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v Organic Layer

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v SiO2 Evaporation

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LiF perp CaF2

XX

BN X C X

NaF X NaCl

X

MgF XMg(OH)2 perp

Al XAl2O3 X

perp

Aluminosilicat

es X

Si3N4

XSiO2

X

KBrX

Kl X

TiO2

XCr2O3 X

Cr X 17

Fe2O3 perp NiO X

Ni X

ZnS Xperp

ZnO X

Ge2O3 perp

AsS3

X

Y2O3 X ZrO2

Xperp

In2O3 Xperp

SnO2

Xperp

Cs2O X

BaTiO4X CeO

XThF4 perp

TaN5

X perp




Info

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90

65

60

15

10

5

3

0








25

Double evaporation



Rubbed Polymers

Summary

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UV Treatment





Imprinting

v Alignment Methods

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1 Rubbing Method


N Rubbing 횟수


n 회전수



rd

v

Info

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inee

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2 Photo Alignment


Info

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inee

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Photo-dimerization

Photo-dissociation

N

O

O

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inee

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3 Ion-beam exposure

DLC Al2O3 Polyimide

Multi-domain




Info

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A B

Polyamic Acid

O O O





A AB

B


Heat

Imidization


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inee

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Chain ordering





Info

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inee

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a

λ




Rubbing direction

Alignment Mechanism



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PI PS

R R


Alignment Mechanism

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Oslash AFM image


Rubbed Polystyrene

200 400 600 8000 nm-50

+50 nm

R

Oslash X-ray

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inee

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ALC

Direction

Value(How strong)


ϕ amp θ

Anchoringenergy




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inee

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0 2 4 6 800

02

04

06

08

10

12

of Rubbing

Anc

horin

g En

ergy


Info

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ion

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inee

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Total Free Energy

v Total Free Energy

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ϕ

θ

E static (constant)


Energy

x

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ϕ(0)=0 ϕ(d)= ϕ0 θ(0)=θ(d)=0

x

y

z

d

ϕ0


x

y

ϕ 0 0

Boundary condition

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z

ϕ(z)

d

ϕ0

x

y

z

d

Euler-Lagrange Eq

If ϕ0=π2 TN

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ϕ

θ

where

Info

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ab constant

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inee

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Tilted Solution

z=0

z=d

θ0

z=0

z=d

θ0

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inee

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--- eq(1)

Info

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inee

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i) K3 le 2K2

ii) K3 gt 2K2

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inee

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From eq(1)

Info

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play

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inee

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Info

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inee

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Info

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Case (i) K2 gt K1


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Case (ii) K1 gt K2

egrave Planar twist

Case (iii) K1 = K2 (K1= K2 = K3)

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inee

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z=0

z=d

HW

ϕ

θ

α

α

(i) θ(0)=π2 - α θ(d)=π2 + α

(ii) θ(0)=π2 - α θ(d)=π2 + α - π


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Stimulus


Response



Elastic energy+


Surface energy




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inee

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Experimental

technique

Indirect

Direct

Geometry

type

External

field type

Surface

disclination

Twist angle

measurement

Wedge

cell

Freedericksz

transition

High field

Torque

measurement

Flexoelectricity


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inee

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LC +

Chiral dopant


Minimization



Top surface

Δφ

φ0

φr

Θ

R

R

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inee

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Info

rmat

ion

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play

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inee

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Info

rmat

ion

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VV E



20

20 )(

21

21

21 EnEEDFelec


20 )(

21 EnFelec

sdotΔminus= εε

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play

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inee

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sdot+= perp


20

20 )(

21

21

21 HnHHBFmag


20 )(

21 HnFmag



[21 22

0 HnHFmag


Info

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ion

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play

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inee

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φ

x

y

zR

H

0FF=

$$

amp

part

partminus

part

part

φφ dzd

Info

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ion

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play

Eng

inee

ring



dzd


χξφφφξ

Δ==+rarr 2

22

21

)( where0sincos)( K

HHH



intint =rarr+z

Hξdzd

02

0 )(cos sign Choose

φ

φφ

$amp

(

)+

minusminus=rarr=

(

)+

minus minus

)(exptan2

2)(

)(24cotln

2

1

2 Hzz

Hz

ξπ

φξ

φπ

Info

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ion

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play

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inee

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Info

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inee

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VV

Δε gt 0Δn gt 0

0 V 3 V 5 V


Info

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ion

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play

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inee

ring


x

y

z

nEθ

232

1222

1212

1 )()()( nnKnnKnKFd


dzdsinn θ

θ=sdotnabla

$

amp=

$

amppart

part+

$

amppart

part+

$$

amp

part

partminus

part


partpartpart

partpart

00cos


ˆˆˆn

dzd

zx

yx

xzy

zyx

zyx

θθ

θθθθ

θθ

0 0 0

Info

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inee

ring

( )

( )θθθ

θθθθ

θθ

23

21

2

21

2224

321

22

121

232

1222

1212

1

cossin

cossincossin

)()()(

KKdzd

dzdK

dzdK

nnKnnKnKFd

+

$amp

=

$amp

++

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)sin(21

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2coscoslim

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Eq of Motion

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θθεθ

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( )

2

2

12

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bull Response Time




Tran

mitt

ance

Voltage

Tran

smitt

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Time

bull T-Time curve

T(04)

T(100)

T(90)

T(10) T(10)

T(90)


V(T100)

Vop

Input Signal


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Disadvantage


Advantage


v LCD TV Vs CRT TV

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bull Frame Rate





0

1000

2000

3000

4000

Response Time (m

s)

63 55 47 39 31 23 15 7 0

Final Gray Level


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$

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for TN VA OCB modes

for IPS modes


VAOCB K3


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Y Z RrsquoXR

M N

A B


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Combination n=1~2

O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

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Lateral sustituents

- H F Cl CN CH3








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Linking groups

CequivC COO CH2CH2


Rigid Rigid





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Combination n=1~2

H F Cl CN CH3

H F Cl CN CH3

CequivC COO CH2CH2


O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

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K


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EE



Simple is Fast

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Vpacute= Vp +Δ Vp


Vpacute= 33V


ggdLCst

stp ΔV

C(V)CCCΔV

++=

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ToFrom

ToFrom

With DCCWithout DCC

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RT gt 1 frame



RT gt 1 frame

Tailing 야구공


Hold-type display


Hold-type display


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1 frame


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1 frame (167 ms)

LC response

Lamp illumination


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Conventional LCD

180 Hz 구동


FS LCD

Advantage of FS LCD


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Dynamic Dimming

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Summary


For TV application


+


+


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- Thermotropic LCs

Rigid part

(Core)

Flexible part

(Tail)

hydrophobic

hydrophilic


- Lyotropic LCs

Oil

Water


egrave LCD

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Main-Chain PLC

Side-Chain PLC

- Polymeric LCs

- Discotic LCs

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v History of LC

Soft crystal

Floating crystal

Crystalline fluid

Liquid crystal


최초 발견자

구조규명

LCD 선도자

師祖님

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Smectic A


(SmC)

Crystalline

structure


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Chiral Smectic CA

AFLC (SmCA)

Chiral nematic

Cholesteric (NCh)


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Blue Phase LC





disclination

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Operating Principle



E = 0

E = 0

bull Response time


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Blue Phase LCDs

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n εσ

χη







d

w


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Free Energy for LC

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v Continuum Theory

Continuum theory



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F

F

With external force




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Eq(1)

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i j=12hellip6

Ki 6개 Kij 36개

xy

z





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180ordm Rotation

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90ordm Rotation


Eq (1)

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45ordm Rotation


xy

z

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Gauss theorem


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K11=K1=07 times 10-12 N

K22=K2=04 times 10-12 N

K33=K3=17 times 10-12 N

for PAA

K33 gt K11 gt K22


K33 = K11 = K22 = K

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ring n εσ

χη

n εσ χη





Optical effects


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Uncontrollable


v LC Alignment

R d

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Planar


Homeotropic




Pre-tilt angle

Hybrid

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v Surfactant

r

a

r gt a

r ~ a

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v Organic Layer

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v SiO2 Evaporation

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LiF perp CaF2

XX

BN X C X

NaF X NaCl

X

MgF XMg(OH)2 perp

Al XAl2O3 X

perp

Aluminosilicat

es X

Si3N4

XSiO2

X

KBrX

Kl X

TiO2

XCr2O3 X

Cr X 17

Fe2O3 perp NiO X

Ni X

ZnS Xperp

ZnO X

Ge2O3 perp

AsS3

X

Y2O3 X ZrO2

Xperp

In2O3 Xperp

SnO2

Xperp

Cs2O X

BaTiO4X CeO

XThF4 perp

TaN5

X perp




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90

65

60

15

10

5

3

0








25

Double evaporation



Rubbed Polymers

Summary

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UV Treatment





Imprinting

v Alignment Methods

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1 Rubbing Method


N Rubbing 횟수


n 회전수



rd

v

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2 Photo Alignment


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Photo-dimerization

Photo-dissociation

N

O

O

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3 Ion-beam exposure

DLC Al2O3 Polyimide

Multi-domain




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A B

Polyamic Acid

O O O





A AB

B


Heat

Imidization


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Chain ordering





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a

λ




Rubbing direction

Alignment Mechanism



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PI PS

R R


Alignment Mechanism

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Oslash AFM image


Rubbed Polystyrene

200 400 600 8000 nm-50

+50 nm

R

Oslash X-ray

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ALC

Direction

Value(How strong)


ϕ amp θ

Anchoringenergy




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0 2 4 6 800

02

04

06

08

10

12

of Rubbing

Anc

horin

g En

ergy


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Total Free Energy

v Total Free Energy

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ϕ

θ

E static (constant)


Energy

x

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ϕ(0)=0 ϕ(d)= ϕ0 θ(0)=θ(d)=0

x

y

z

d

ϕ0


x

y

ϕ 0 0

Boundary condition

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z

ϕ(z)

d

ϕ0

x

y

z

d

Euler-Lagrange Eq

If ϕ0=π2 TN

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ϕ

θ

where

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ab constant

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Tilted Solution

z=0

z=d

θ0

z=0

z=d

θ0

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--- eq(1)

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i) K3 le 2K2

ii) K3 gt 2K2

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From eq(1)

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Case (i) K2 gt K1


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Case (ii) K1 gt K2

egrave Planar twist

Case (iii) K1 = K2 (K1= K2 = K3)

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z=0

z=d

HW

ϕ

θ

α

α

(i) θ(0)=π2 - α θ(d)=π2 + α

(ii) θ(0)=π2 - α θ(d)=π2 + α - π


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Stimulus


Response



Elastic energy+


Surface energy




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Experimental

technique

Indirect

Direct

Geometry

type

External

field type

Surface

disclination

Twist angle

measurement

Wedge

cell

Freedericksz

transition

High field

Torque

measurement

Flexoelectricity


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LC +

Chiral dopant


Minimization



Top surface

Δφ

φ0

φr

Θ

R

R

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Info

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VV E



20

20 )(

21

21

21 EnEEDFelec


20 )(

21 EnFelec

sdotΔminus= εε

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sdot+= perp


20

20 )(

21

21

21 HnHHBFmag


20 )(

21 HnFmag



[21 22

0 HnHFmag


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φ

x

y

zR

H

0FF=

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amp

part

partminus

part

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φφ dzd

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dzd


χξφφφξ

Δ==+rarr 2

22

21

)( where0sincos)( K

HHH



intint =rarr+z

Hξdzd

02

0 )(cos sign Choose

φ

φφ

$amp

(

)+

minusminus=rarr=

(

)+

minus minus

)(exptan2

2)(

)(24cotln

2

1

2 Hzz

Hz

ξπ

φξ

φπ

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Info

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VV

Δε gt 0Δn gt 0

0 V 3 V 5 V


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inee

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x

y

z

nEθ

232

1222

1212

1 )()()( nnKnnKnKFd


dzdsinn θ

θ=sdotnabla

$

amp=

$

amppart

part+

$

amppart

part+

$$

amp

part

partminus

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partpartpart

partpart

00cos


ˆˆˆn

dzd

zx

yx

xzy

zyx

zyx

θθ

θθθθ

θθ

0 0 0

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( )

( )θθθ

θθθθ

θθ

23

21

2

21

2224

321

22

121

232

1222

1212

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cossin

cossincossin

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KKdzd

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dzdK

nnKnnKnKFd

+

$amp

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$amp

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000cos)cossin0(nn =

$


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θθθ

θ

θθθ


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32

1

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21 cossin KKdzdFd +

$amp

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inee

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y

z

θ

yrsquo

zrsquo

$$

amp

$$

amp=

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amp perp

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z

y

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y

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amp=

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y

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yzyy

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ion

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play

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inee

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Eno

Ey

Ene

Ex

$$

amp

minus=

θθθθ

θcossinsincos

)(R

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$$

amp

$$

amp

minus=

$$

amp(

(

z

y

z

y

EE

EE

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amp minus=

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εεε

εε2sin

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intint Δ+==

perp

dd dzDdzzEV0 2

00 )sin(

)(θεεε

1

0 20

0 )sin(

minus

perp $

amp(

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220

2213

23

21 )sin(


θεεεθθ

εθθθθθθΔ+

minus=minus++perp

aDKKKK

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)sin(21

21

21


θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 minus=$

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amp=minus

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22

dd

m m

ε

θθ

θπ

θ

At z=d

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2coscoslim

2

222

π

θθ

θπ

θπθ

=minus

intrarrm

mm

d

E

θm

π2

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22KΔεE 0

thπε

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amp

( d

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ε ΔεK

dVE

0

thth ==

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ring (z)θ


0 V 3 V 5 V

θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 =$

amp

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ampamp

(+

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z=0

z=d


E


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Eq of Motion

At equilibrium



part

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||2

02

32

1

2

sin21

cossin21

Δminus++amp

()

=+= EKKdzdFFF ed


times=τ

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0

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31 minus$

amp(

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( ) ( ) ( )2

312

22

32

12

32


$

ampminus++=()

+- +=

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dzdKK

dzdKK

dzd

dzd θ

θθθ

θθθ

θθθ

z

z

ED

ED

zzz

yzy

ε

ε

=

=

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θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 minus=$

amp(

)minus+$$

amp(

)+


$

amppart

partminus

part

part=

θθ FF

dzd

At equilibrium


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( )

2

2

12

02

32

2

2

312

22

32

1

tI

tγ cos sinΔεEε

zν

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zcos)sinK(K

zsinKcosK

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part+

part

part=+

part

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$

amp

(part

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part

part+

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θθθ




zφ

K 12

02

2

=+part

part



mon=

2

22

dπ

4πΔεE

1on K

γτminus

=2

2

dπ

1off Kγτ =

Solution

$

amppart

partminus

part

part=

θθθ

γ FF

1 dzd

dtd

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bull Response Time




Tran

mitt

ance

Voltage

Tran

smitt

ance

Time

bull T-Time curve

T(04)

T(100)

T(90)

T(10) T(10)

T(90)


V(T100)

Vop

Input Signal


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Disadvantage


Advantage


v LCD TV Vs CRT TV

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bull Frame Rate





0

1000

2000

3000

4000

Response Time (m

s)

63 55 47 39 31 23 15 7 0

Final Gray Level


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$

amp

minus=

$

amp

minus()

+

-= 2c

20

12

theff

12

on EE1

Δεεγ

1)(VV1

Kγ

πdτ

2c0

21

eff

12

off ΔεEε1

dγKγ

πdτ =

$

amp=

ΔεεKπV0

effth =

ΔεεK

dπV

0

effth

=

for TN VA OCB modes

for IPS modes


VAOCB K3


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Y Z RrsquoXR

M N

A B


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Combination n=1~2

O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

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Lateral sustituents

- H F Cl CN CH3








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Linking groups

CequivC COO CH2CH2


Rigid Rigid





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Combination n=1~2

H F Cl CN CH3

H F Cl CN CH3

CequivC COO CH2CH2


O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

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K


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Info

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EE



Simple is Fast

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Vpacute= Vp +Δ Vp


Vpacute= 33V


ggdLCst

stp ΔV

C(V)CCCΔV

++=

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ToFrom

ToFrom

With DCCWithout DCC

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RT gt 1 frame



RT gt 1 frame

Tailing 야구공


Hold-type display


Hold-type display


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1 frame


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1 frame (167 ms)

LC response

Lamp illumination


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Conventional LCD

180 Hz 구동


FS LCD

Advantage of FS LCD


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Dynamic Dimming

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Summary


For TV application


+


+


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Main-Chain PLC

Side-Chain PLC

- Polymeric LCs

- Discotic LCs

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v History of LC

Soft crystal

Floating crystal

Crystalline fluid

Liquid crystal


최초 발견자

구조규명

LCD 선도자

師祖님

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Smectic A


(SmC)

Crystalline

structure


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Chiral Smectic CA

AFLC (SmCA)

Chiral nematic

Cholesteric (NCh)


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Blue Phase LC





disclination

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Operating Principle



E = 0

E = 0

bull Response time


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Blue Phase LCDs

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n εσ

χη







d

w


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Free Energy for LC

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v Continuum Theory

Continuum theory



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F

F

With external force




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Eq(1)

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i j=12hellip6

Ki 6개 Kij 36개

xy

z





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180ordm Rotation

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90ordm Rotation


Eq (1)

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45ordm Rotation


xy

z

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Gauss theorem


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K11=K1=07 times 10-12 N

K22=K2=04 times 10-12 N

K33=K3=17 times 10-12 N

for PAA

K33 gt K11 gt K22


K33 = K11 = K22 = K

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ring n εσ

χη

n εσ χη





Optical effects


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Uncontrollable


v LC Alignment

R d

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Planar


Homeotropic




Pre-tilt angle

Hybrid

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v Surfactant

r

a

r gt a

r ~ a

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v Organic Layer

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v SiO2 Evaporation

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LiF perp CaF2

XX

BN X C X

NaF X NaCl

X

MgF XMg(OH)2 perp

Al XAl2O3 X

perp

Aluminosilicat

es X

Si3N4

XSiO2

X

KBrX

Kl X

TiO2

XCr2O3 X

Cr X 17

Fe2O3 perp NiO X

Ni X

ZnS Xperp

ZnO X

Ge2O3 perp

AsS3

X

Y2O3 X ZrO2

Xperp

In2O3 Xperp

SnO2

Xperp

Cs2O X

BaTiO4X CeO

XThF4 perp

TaN5

X perp




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90

65

60

15

10

5

3

0








25

Double evaporation



Rubbed Polymers

Summary

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UV Treatment





Imprinting

v Alignment Methods

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1 Rubbing Method


N Rubbing 횟수


n 회전수



rd

v

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2 Photo Alignment


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Photo-dimerization

Photo-dissociation

N

O

O

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3 Ion-beam exposure

DLC Al2O3 Polyimide

Multi-domain




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A B

Polyamic Acid

O O O





A AB

B


Heat

Imidization


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Chain ordering





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a

λ




Rubbing direction

Alignment Mechanism



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PI PS

R R


Alignment Mechanism

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Oslash AFM image


Rubbed Polystyrene

200 400 600 8000 nm-50

+50 nm

R

Oslash X-ray

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ALC

Direction

Value(How strong)


ϕ amp θ

Anchoringenergy




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0 2 4 6 800

02

04

06

08

10

12

of Rubbing

Anc

horin

g En

ergy


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Total Free Energy

v Total Free Energy

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ϕ

θ

E static (constant)


Energy

x

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ϕ(0)=0 ϕ(d)= ϕ0 θ(0)=θ(d)=0

x

y

z

d

ϕ0


x

y

ϕ 0 0

Boundary condition

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z

ϕ(z)

d

ϕ0

x

y

z

d

Euler-Lagrange Eq

If ϕ0=π2 TN

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ϕ

θ

where

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ab constant

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Tilted Solution

z=0

z=d

θ0

z=0

z=d

θ0

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--- eq(1)

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i) K3 le 2K2

ii) K3 gt 2K2

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From eq(1)

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Case (i) K2 gt K1


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Case (ii) K1 gt K2

egrave Planar twist

Case (iii) K1 = K2 (K1= K2 = K3)

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z=0

z=d

HW

ϕ

θ

α

α

(i) θ(0)=π2 - α θ(d)=π2 + α

(ii) θ(0)=π2 - α θ(d)=π2 + α - π


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Stimulus


Response



Elastic energy+


Surface energy




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Experimental

technique

Indirect

Direct

Geometry

type

External

field type

Surface

disclination

Twist angle

measurement

Wedge

cell

Freedericksz

transition

High field

Torque

measurement

Flexoelectricity


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LC +

Chiral dopant


Minimization



Top surface

Δφ

φ0

φr

Θ

R

R

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Info

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VV E



20

20 )(

21

21

21 EnEEDFelec


20 )(

21 EnFelec

sdotΔminus= εε

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sdot+= perp


20

20 )(

21

21

21 HnHHBFmag


20 )(

21 HnFmag



[21 22

0 HnHFmag


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φ

x

y

zR

H

0FF=

$$

amp

part

partminus

part

part

φφ dzd

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dzd


χξφφφξ

Δ==+rarr 2

22

21

)( where0sincos)( K

HHH



intint =rarr+z

Hξdzd

02

0 )(cos sign Choose

φ

φφ

$amp

(

)+

minusminus=rarr=

(

)+

minus minus

)(exptan2

2)(

)(24cotln

2

1

2 Hzz

Hz

ξπ

φξ

φπ

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Info

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VV

Δε gt 0Δn gt 0

0 V 3 V 5 V


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inee

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x

y

z

nEθ

232

1222

1212

1 )()()( nnKnnKnKFd


dzdsinn θ

θ=sdotnabla

$

amp=

$

amppart

part+

$

amppart

part+

$$

amp

part

partminus

part


partpartpart

partpart

00cos


ˆˆˆn

dzd

zx

yx

xzy

zyx

zyx

θθ

θθθθ

θθ

0 0 0

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( )

( )θθθ

θθθθ

θθ

23

21

2

21

2224

321

22

121

232

1222

1212

1

cossin

cossincossin

)()()(

KKdzd

dzdK

dzdK

nnKnnKnKFd

+

$amp

=

$amp

++

$amp

=


000cos)cossin0(nn =

$


θθθ

$


dzd

zyx

dzd

θθ

θθθ

θ

θθθ


nn

( )θθθ 2

32

1

2

21 cossin KKdzdFd +

$amp

=

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inee

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y

z

θ

yrsquo

zrsquo

$$

amp

$$

amp=

$$

amp perp

||0

00

z

y

z

y

EE

DD

ε

εε



$$

amp

$$

amp=

$$

amp

z

y

zzzy

yzyy

z

y

EE

DD

εε

εε


zze DEDEF21

21

=sdot=

jiji ED ε=

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inee

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Eno

Ey

Ene

Ex

$$

amp

minus=

θθθθ

θcossinsincos

)(R

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inee

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$$

amp

$$

amp

minus=

$$

amp(

(

z

y

z

y

EE

EE

θθ

θθ

cossinsincos

$$

amp

$$

amp

minus

$$

amp=

$$

amp(

( perp

z

y

z

y

EE

DD

θθ

θθε

ε

cossinsincos

00

||

$$

amp

$$

amp

minus

$$

amp

$$

amp minus=

$$

amp perp

z

y

z

y

EE

DD

θθ

θθε

ε

θθ

θθ

cossinsincos

00

cossinsincos

||

$$

amp

minus

$$

amp

$$

amp minus=

$$

amp perp

θθ

θθε

ε

θθ

θθεε

εε

cossinsincos

00

cossinsincos

||zzzy

yzyy

yzzy

yyzz

yz

yy

εε

εε

θθεε

θεεθεθεε

minus=

=

Δ=

Δ+=+= perpperp

cossinsinsincos 22

||2


( )zE00=E ( )

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amp

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amp=

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amp

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amp=

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amp

perp z

z

zzz

zyz

zzzzy

yzyy

z

y

EE

EE

EDD

θεε

θθε

ε

εεε

εε2sin

cossin0

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intint Δ+==

perp

dd dzDdzzEV0 2

00 )sin(

)(θεεε

1

0 20

0 )sin(

minus

perp $

amp(

Δ+= int

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0 22

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021

021

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VdzKKFθεε

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220

2213

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21 )sin(


θεεεθθ

εθθθθθθΔ+

minus=minus++perp

aDKKKK

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)sin(21

21

21


θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 minus=$

amp(

)minus+$$

amp(

)+

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cossinΔεEdzd

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)

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==$

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dd

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E minus= m

z

d

0

θm d2 θ(d2)=θm

$

amp minus=minus

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θθ

θ

$

amp=minus

int 2KΔε

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22

dd

m m

ε

θθ

θπ

θ

At z=d

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2coscoslim

2

222

π

θθ

θπ

θπθ

=minus

intrarrm

mm

d

E

θm

π2

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22KΔεE 0

thπε

=$

amp

( d

dπ

ε ΔεK

dVE

0

thth ==

ΔεKV0



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inee

ring (z)θ


0 V 3 V 5 V

θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 =$

amp

(minus+$

ampamp

(+

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z=0

z=d


E


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Eq of Motion

At equilibrium



part

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||2

02

32

1

2

sin21

cossin21

Δminus++amp

()

=+= EKKdzdFFF ed


times=τ

xE

xED

zEDEDyEDEDxEDEDED

EDP

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ˆ)(ˆ)(ˆ)(

20

0

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τ

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=


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sincos)K(Kdzd

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2

132

22

32

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sincos)K(KddF 2

0

2

31 minus$

amp(

)minus=

( ) ( ) ( )2

312

22

32

12

32


$

ampminus++=()

+- +=

$

ampdzdKK

dzdKK

dzdKK

dzd

dzd θ

θθθ

θθθ

θθθ

z

z

ED

ED

zzz

yzy

ε

ε

=

=

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θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 minus=$

amp(

)minus+$$

amp(

)+


$

amppart

partminus

part

part=

θθ FF

dzd

At equilibrium


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( )

2

2

12

02

32

2

2

312

22

32

1

tI

tγ cos sinΔεEε

zν

)cosαsin(α

zcos)sinK(K

zsinKcosK

part

part+

part

part=+

part

partminus+

$

amp

(part

partminus+

part

part+

θθθθθθ

θθθ




zφ

K 12

02

2

=+part

part



mon=

2

22

dπ

4πΔεE

1on K

γτminus

=2

2

dπ

1off Kγτ =

Solution

$

amppart

partminus

part

part=

θθθ

γ FF

1 dzd

dtd

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bull Response Time




Tran

mitt

ance

Voltage

Tran

smitt

ance

Time

bull T-Time curve

T(04)

T(100)

T(90)

T(10) T(10)

T(90)


V(T100)

Vop

Input Signal


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Disadvantage


Advantage


v LCD TV Vs CRT TV

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bull Frame Rate





0

1000

2000

3000

4000

Response Time (m

s)

63 55 47 39 31 23 15 7 0

Final Gray Level


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ion

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$

amp

minus=

$

amp

minus()

+

-= 2c

20

12

theff

12

on EE1

Δεεγ

1)(VV1

Kγ

πdτ

2c0

21

eff

12

off ΔεEε1

dγKγ

πdτ =

$

amp=

ΔεεKπV0

effth =

ΔεεK

dπV

0

effth

=

for TN VA OCB modes

for IPS modes


VAOCB K3


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Y Z RrsquoXR

M N

A B


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Combination n=1~2

O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

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Lateral sustituents

- H F Cl CN CH3








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Linking groups

CequivC COO CH2CH2


Rigid Rigid





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Combination n=1~2

H F Cl CN CH3

H F Cl CN CH3

CequivC COO CH2CH2


O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

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K


Info

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Info

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EE



Simple is Fast

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Vpacute= Vp +Δ Vp


Vpacute= 33V


ggdLCst

stp ΔV

C(V)CCCΔV

++=

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ToFrom

ToFrom

With DCCWithout DCC

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RT gt 1 frame



RT gt 1 frame

Tailing 야구공


Hold-type display


Hold-type display


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1 frame


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1 frame (167 ms)

LC response

Lamp illumination


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Conventional LCD

180 Hz 구동


FS LCD

Advantage of FS LCD


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Dynamic Dimming

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Summary


For TV application


+


+


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ion

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v History of LC

Soft crystal

Floating crystal

Crystalline fluid

Liquid crystal


최초 발견자

구조규명

LCD 선도자

師祖님

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Smectic A


(SmC)

Crystalline

structure


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Chiral Smectic CA

AFLC (SmCA)

Chiral nematic

Cholesteric (NCh)


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Blue Phase LC





disclination

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Operating Principle



E = 0

E = 0

bull Response time


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Blue Phase LCDs

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n εσ

χη







d

w


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Free Energy for LC

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v Continuum Theory

Continuum theory



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F

F

With external force




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Eq(1)

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i j=12hellip6

Ki 6개 Kij 36개

xy

z





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180ordm Rotation

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90ordm Rotation


Eq (1)

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45ordm Rotation


xy

z

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Gauss theorem


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K11=K1=07 times 10-12 N

K22=K2=04 times 10-12 N

K33=K3=17 times 10-12 N

for PAA

K33 gt K11 gt K22


K33 = K11 = K22 = K

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ring n εσ

χη

n εσ χη





Optical effects


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Uncontrollable


v LC Alignment

R d

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Planar


Homeotropic




Pre-tilt angle

Hybrid

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v Surfactant

r

a

r gt a

r ~ a

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v Organic Layer

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v SiO2 Evaporation

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LiF perp CaF2

XX

BN X C X

NaF X NaCl

X

MgF XMg(OH)2 perp

Al XAl2O3 X

perp

Aluminosilicat

es X

Si3N4

XSiO2

X

KBrX

Kl X

TiO2

XCr2O3 X

Cr X 17

Fe2O3 perp NiO X

Ni X

ZnS Xperp

ZnO X

Ge2O3 perp

AsS3

X

Y2O3 X ZrO2

Xperp

In2O3 Xperp

SnO2

Xperp

Cs2O X

BaTiO4X CeO

XThF4 perp

TaN5

X perp




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90

65

60

15

10

5

3

0








25

Double evaporation



Rubbed Polymers

Summary

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UV Treatment





Imprinting

v Alignment Methods

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1 Rubbing Method


N Rubbing 횟수


n 회전수



rd

v

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2 Photo Alignment


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Photo-dimerization

Photo-dissociation

N

O

O

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3 Ion-beam exposure

DLC Al2O3 Polyimide

Multi-domain




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A B

Polyamic Acid

O O O





A AB

B


Heat

Imidization


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Chain ordering





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a

λ




Rubbing direction

Alignment Mechanism



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PI PS

R R


Alignment Mechanism

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Oslash AFM image


Rubbed Polystyrene

200 400 600 8000 nm-50

+50 nm

R

Oslash X-ray

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ALC

Direction

Value(How strong)


ϕ amp θ

Anchoringenergy




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0 2 4 6 800

02

04

06

08

10

12

of Rubbing

Anc

horin

g En

ergy


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Total Free Energy

v Total Free Energy

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ϕ

θ

E static (constant)


Energy

x

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ϕ(0)=0 ϕ(d)= ϕ0 θ(0)=θ(d)=0

x

y

z

d

ϕ0


x

y

ϕ 0 0

Boundary condition

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z

ϕ(z)

d

ϕ0

x

y

z

d

Euler-Lagrange Eq

If ϕ0=π2 TN

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ϕ

θ

where

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ab constant

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Tilted Solution

z=0

z=d

θ0

z=0

z=d

θ0

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--- eq(1)

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i) K3 le 2K2

ii) K3 gt 2K2

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From eq(1)

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Info

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Case (i) K2 gt K1


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Case (ii) K1 gt K2

egrave Planar twist

Case (iii) K1 = K2 (K1= K2 = K3)

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z=0

z=d

HW

ϕ

θ

α

α

(i) θ(0)=π2 - α θ(d)=π2 + α

(ii) θ(0)=π2 - α θ(d)=π2 + α - π


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Stimulus


Response



Elastic energy+


Surface energy




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Experimental

technique

Indirect

Direct

Geometry

type

External

field type

Surface

disclination

Twist angle

measurement

Wedge

cell

Freedericksz

transition

High field

Torque

measurement

Flexoelectricity


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LC +

Chiral dopant


Minimization



Top surface

Δφ

φ0

φr

Θ

R

R

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Info

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Info

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VV E



20

20 )(

21

21

21 EnEEDFelec


20 )(

21 EnFelec

sdotΔminus= εε

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sdot+= perp


20

20 )(

21

21

21 HnHHBFmag


20 )(

21 HnFmag



[21 22

0 HnHFmag


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φ

x

y

zR

H

0FF=

$$

amp

part

partminus

part

part

φφ dzd

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inee

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dzd


χξφφφξ

Δ==+rarr 2

22

21

)( where0sincos)( K

HHH



intint =rarr+z

Hξdzd

02

0 )(cos sign Choose

φ

φφ

$amp

(

)+

minusminus=rarr=

(

)+

minus minus

)(exptan2

2)(

)(24cotln

2

1

2 Hzz

Hz

ξπ

φξ

φπ

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inee

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Info

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inee

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VV

Δε gt 0Δn gt 0

0 V 3 V 5 V


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play

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inee

ring


x

y

z

nEθ

232

1222

1212

1 )()()( nnKnnKnKFd


dzdsinn θ

θ=sdotnabla

$

amp=

$

amppart

part+

$

amppart

part+

$$

amp

part

partminus

part


partpartpart

partpart

00cos


ˆˆˆn

dzd

zx

yx

xzy

zyx

zyx

θθ

θθθθ

θθ

0 0 0

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( )

( )θθθ

θθθθ

θθ

23

21

2

21

2224

321

22

121

232

1222

1212

1

cossin

cossincossin

)()()(

KKdzd

dzdK

dzdK

nnKnnKnKFd

+

$amp

=

$amp

++

$amp

=


000cos)cossin0(nn =

$


θθθ

$


dzd

zyx

dzd

θθ

θθθ

θ

θθθ


nn

( )θθθ 2

32

1

2

21 cossin KKdzdFd +

$amp

=

Info

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inee

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y

z

θ

yrsquo

zrsquo

$$

amp

$$

amp=

$$

amp perp

||0

00

z

y

z

y

EE

DD

ε

εε



$$

amp

$$

amp=

$$

amp

z

y

zzzy

yzyy

z

y

EE

DD

εε

εε


zze DEDEF21

21

=sdot=

jiji ED ε=

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inee

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Eno

Ey

Ene

Ex

$$

amp

minus=

θθθθ

θcossinsincos

)(R

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inee

ring


$$

amp

$$

amp

minus=

$$

amp(

(

z

y

z

y

EE

EE

θθ

θθ

cossinsincos

$$

amp

$$

amp

minus

$$

amp=

$$

amp(

( perp

z

y

z

y

EE

DD

θθ

θθε

ε

cossinsincos

00

||

$$

amp

$$

amp

minus

$$

amp

$$

amp minus=

$$

amp perp

z

y

z

y

EE

DD

θθ

θθε

ε

θθ

θθ

cossinsincos

00

cossinsincos

||

$$

amp

minus

$$

amp

$$

amp minus=

$$

amp perp

θθ

θθε

ε

θθ

θθεε

εε

cossinsincos

00

cossinsincos

||zzzy

yzyy

yzzy

yyzz

yz

yy

εε

εε

θθεε

θεεθεθεε

minus=

=

Δ=

Δ+=+= perpperp

cossinsinsincos 22

||2


( )zE00=E ( )

$$

amp

Δ+

Δ=

$$

amp=

$$

amp

$$

amp=

$$

amp

perp z

z

zzz

zyz

zzzzy

yzyy

z

y

EE

EE

EDD

θεε

θθε

ε

εεε

εε2sin

cossin0

Info

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ion

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play

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inee

ring


intint Δ+==

perp

dd dzDdzzEV0 2

00 )sin(

)(θεεε

1

0 20

0 )sin(

minus

perp $

amp(

Δ+= int

d dzVDθεεε

ε

1

0 22

021

021

021

)sin(

21)(

minus

perp $

amp(



ε

1

0 20

202

1223

212

1

)sin(]sincos[

minus

perp $

amp(

Δ+minus+= intint

dd

totaldz

VdzKKFθεε

εθθθ

220

2213

23

21 )sin(


θεεεθθ

εθθθθθθΔ+

minus=minus++perp

aDKKKK

Info

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inee

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)sin(21

21

21


θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 minus=$

amp(

)minus+$$

amp(

)+

θθεθ

cossinΔεEdzd

K 202

2

minus=$$

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)

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==$

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dd

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z

d

0

θm d2 θ(d2)=θm

$

amp minus=minus

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ε

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θθ

θ

$

amp=minus

int 2KΔε

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02

22

dd

m m

ε

θθ

θπ

θ

At z=d

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2coscoslim

2

222

π

θθ

θπ

θπθ

=minus

intrarrm

mm

d

E

θm

π2

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22KΔεE 0

thπε

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amp

( d

dπ

ε ΔεK

dVE

0

thth ==

ΔεKV0



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ion

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play

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inee

ring (z)θ


0 V 3 V 5 V

θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 =$

amp

(minus+$

ampamp

(+

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z=0

z=d


E


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Eq of Motion

At equilibrium



part

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||2

02

32

1

2

sin21

cossin21

Δminus++amp

()

=+= EKKdzdFFF ed


times=τ

xE

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20

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sincos)K(Kdzd

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2

132

22

32

1 =+

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θθθ

0FF=

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0

2

31 minus$

amp(

)minus=

( ) ( ) ( )2

312

22

32

12

32


$

ampminus++=()

+- +=

$

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dzdKK

dzdKK

dzd

dzd θ

θθθ

θθθ

θθθ

z

z

ED

ED

zzz

yzy

ε

ε

=

=

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θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 minus=$

amp(

)minus+$$

amp(

)+


$

amppart

partminus

part

part=

θθ FF

dzd

At equilibrium


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( )

2

2

12

02

32

2

2

312

22

32

1

tI

tγ cos sinΔεEε

zν

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zcos)sinK(K

zsinKcosK

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part+

part

part=+

part

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$

amp

(part

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part

part+

θθθθθθ

θθθ




zφ

K 12

02

2

=+part

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mon=

2

22

dπ

4πΔεE

1on K

γτminus

=2

2

dπ

1off Kγτ =

Solution

$

amppart

partminus

part

part=

θθθ

γ FF

1 dzd

dtd

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bull Response Time




Tran

mitt

ance

Voltage

Tran

smitt

ance

Time

bull T-Time curve

T(04)

T(100)

T(90)

T(10) T(10)

T(90)


V(T100)

Vop

Input Signal


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Disadvantage


Advantage


v LCD TV Vs CRT TV

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bull Frame Rate





0

1000

2000

3000

4000

Response Time (m

s)

63 55 47 39 31 23 15 7 0

Final Gray Level


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ion

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inee

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Info

rmat

ion

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$

amp

minus=

$

amp

minus()

+

-= 2c

20

12

theff

12

on EE1

Δεεγ

1)(VV1

Kγ

πdτ

2c0

21

eff

12

off ΔεEε1

dγKγ

πdτ =

$

amp=

ΔεεKπV0

effth =

ΔεεK

dπV

0

effth

=

for TN VA OCB modes

for IPS modes


VAOCB K3


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Y Z RrsquoXR

M N

A B


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Combination n=1~2

O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

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Lateral sustituents

- H F Cl CN CH3








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Linking groups

CequivC COO CH2CH2


Rigid Rigid





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Combination n=1~2

H F Cl CN CH3

H F Cl CN CH3

CequivC COO CH2CH2


O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

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K


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EE



Simple is Fast

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Vpacute= Vp +Δ Vp


Vpacute= 33V


ggdLCst

stp ΔV

C(V)CCCΔV

++=

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ToFrom

ToFrom

With DCCWithout DCC

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RT gt 1 frame



RT gt 1 frame

Tailing 야구공


Hold-type display


Hold-type display


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1 frame


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1 frame (167 ms)

LC response

Lamp illumination


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Conventional LCD

180 Hz 구동


FS LCD

Advantage of FS LCD


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Dynamic Dimming

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Summary


For TV application


+


+


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Smectic A


(SmC)

Crystalline

structure


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Chiral Smectic CA

AFLC (SmCA)

Chiral nematic

Cholesteric (NCh)


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Blue Phase LC





disclination

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Operating Principle



E = 0

E = 0

bull Response time


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Blue Phase LCDs

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n εσ

χη







d

w


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Free Energy for LC

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v Continuum Theory

Continuum theory



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F

F

With external force




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Eq(1)

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i j=12hellip6

Ki 6개 Kij 36개

xy

z





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180ordm Rotation

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90ordm Rotation


Eq (1)

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45ordm Rotation


xy

z

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Gauss theorem


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K11=K1=07 times 10-12 N

K22=K2=04 times 10-12 N

K33=K3=17 times 10-12 N

for PAA

K33 gt K11 gt K22


K33 = K11 = K22 = K

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ring n εσ

χη

n εσ χη





Optical effects


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Uncontrollable


v LC Alignment

R d

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Planar


Homeotropic




Pre-tilt angle

Hybrid

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v Surfactant

r

a

r gt a

r ~ a

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v Organic Layer

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v SiO2 Evaporation

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LiF perp CaF2

XX

BN X C X

NaF X NaCl

X

MgF XMg(OH)2 perp

Al XAl2O3 X

perp

Aluminosilicat

es X

Si3N4

XSiO2

X

KBrX

Kl X

TiO2

XCr2O3 X

Cr X 17

Fe2O3 perp NiO X

Ni X

ZnS Xperp

ZnO X

Ge2O3 perp

AsS3

X

Y2O3 X ZrO2

Xperp

In2O3 Xperp

SnO2

Xperp

Cs2O X

BaTiO4X CeO

XThF4 perp

TaN5

X perp




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90

65

60

15

10

5

3

0








25

Double evaporation



Rubbed Polymers

Summary

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UV Treatment





Imprinting

v Alignment Methods

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1 Rubbing Method


N Rubbing 횟수


n 회전수



rd

v

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2 Photo Alignment


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Photo-dimerization

Photo-dissociation

N

O

O

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3 Ion-beam exposure

DLC Al2O3 Polyimide

Multi-domain




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A B

Polyamic Acid

O O O





A AB

B


Heat

Imidization


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Chain ordering





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a

λ




Rubbing direction

Alignment Mechanism



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PI PS

R R


Alignment Mechanism

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Oslash AFM image


Rubbed Polystyrene

200 400 600 8000 nm-50

+50 nm

R

Oslash X-ray

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ALC

Direction

Value(How strong)


ϕ amp θ

Anchoringenergy




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0 2 4 6 800

02

04

06

08

10

12

of Rubbing

Anc

horin

g En

ergy


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Total Free Energy

v Total Free Energy

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ϕ

θ

E static (constant)


Energy

x

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ϕ(0)=0 ϕ(d)= ϕ0 θ(0)=θ(d)=0

x

y

z

d

ϕ0


x

y

ϕ 0 0

Boundary condition

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z

ϕ(z)

d

ϕ0

x

y

z

d

Euler-Lagrange Eq

If ϕ0=π2 TN

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ϕ

θ

where

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ab constant

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Tilted Solution

z=0

z=d

θ0

z=0

z=d

θ0

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--- eq(1)

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i) K3 le 2K2

ii) K3 gt 2K2

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From eq(1)

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Case (i) K2 gt K1


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Case (ii) K1 gt K2

egrave Planar twist

Case (iii) K1 = K2 (K1= K2 = K3)

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z=0

z=d

HW

ϕ

θ

α

α

(i) θ(0)=π2 - α θ(d)=π2 + α

(ii) θ(0)=π2 - α θ(d)=π2 + α - π


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Stimulus


Response



Elastic energy+


Surface energy




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Experimental

technique

Indirect

Direct

Geometry

type

External

field type

Surface

disclination

Twist angle

measurement

Wedge

cell

Freedericksz

transition

High field

Torque

measurement

Flexoelectricity


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LC +

Chiral dopant


Minimization



Top surface

Δφ

φ0

φr

Θ

R

R

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VV E



20

20 )(

21

21

21 EnEEDFelec


20 )(

21 EnFelec

sdotΔminus= εε

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sdot+= perp


20

20 )(

21

21

21 HnHHBFmag


20 )(

21 HnFmag



[21 22

0 HnHFmag


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φ

x

y

zR

H

0FF=

$$

amp

part

partminus

part

part

φφ dzd

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inee

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dzd


χξφφφξ

Δ==+rarr 2

22

21

)( where0sincos)( K

HHH



intint =rarr+z

Hξdzd

02

0 )(cos sign Choose

φ

φφ

$amp

(

)+

minusminus=rarr=

(

)+

minus minus

)(exptan2

2)(

)(24cotln

2

1

2 Hzz

Hz

ξπ

φξ

φπ

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VV

Δε gt 0Δn gt 0

0 V 3 V 5 V


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play

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inee

ring


x

y

z

nEθ

232

1222

1212

1 )()()( nnKnnKnKFd


dzdsinn θ

θ=sdotnabla

$

amp=

$

amppart

part+

$

amppart

part+

$$

amp

part

partminus

part


partpartpart

partpart

00cos


ˆˆˆn

dzd

zx

yx

xzy

zyx

zyx

θθ

θθθθ

θθ

0 0 0

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( )

( )θθθ

θθθθ

θθ

23

21

2

21

2224

321

22

121

232

1222

1212

1

cossin

cossincossin

)()()(

KKdzd

dzdK

dzdK

nnKnnKnKFd

+

$amp

=

$amp

++

$amp

=


000cos)cossin0(nn =

$


θθθ

$


dzd

zyx

dzd

θθ

θθθ

θ

θθθ


nn

( )θθθ 2

32

1

2

21 cossin KKdzdFd +

$amp

=

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y

z

θ

yrsquo

zrsquo

$$

amp

$$

amp=

$$

amp perp

||0

00

z

y

z

y

EE

DD

ε

εε



$$

amp

$$

amp=

$$

amp

z

y

zzzy

yzyy

z

y

EE

DD

εε

εε


zze DEDEF21

21

=sdot=

jiji ED ε=

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Eno

Ey

Ene

Ex

$$

amp

minus=

θθθθ

θcossinsincos

)(R

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inee

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$$

amp

$$

amp

minus=

$$

amp(

(

z

y

z

y

EE

EE

θθ

θθ

cossinsincos

$$

amp

$$

amp

minus

$$

amp=

$$

amp(

( perp

z

y

z

y

EE

DD

θθ

θθε

ε

cossinsincos

00

||

$$

amp

$$

amp

minus

$$

amp

$$

amp minus=

$$

amp perp

z

y

z

y

EE

DD

θθ

θθε

ε

θθ

θθ

cossinsincos

00

cossinsincos

||

$$

amp

minus

$$

amp

$$

amp minus=

$$

amp perp

θθ

θθε

ε

θθ

θθεε

εε

cossinsincos

00

cossinsincos

||zzzy

yzyy

yzzy

yyzz

yz

yy

εε

εε

θθεε

θεεθεθεε

minus=

=

Δ=

Δ+=+= perpperp

cossinsinsincos 22

||2


( )zE00=E ( )

$$

amp

Δ+

Δ=

$$

amp=

$$

amp

$$

amp=

$$

amp

perp z

z

zzz

zyz

zzzzy

yzyy

z

y

EE

EE

EDD

θεε

θθε

ε

εεε

εε2sin

cossin0

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inee

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intint Δ+==

perp

dd dzDdzzEV0 2

00 )sin(

)(θεεε

1

0 20

0 )sin(

minus

perp $

amp(

Δ+= int

d dzVDθεεε

ε

1

0 22

021

021

021

)sin(

21)(

minus

perp $

amp(



ε

1

0 20

202

1223

212

1

)sin(]sincos[

minus

perp $

amp(

Δ+minus+= intint

dd

totaldz

VdzKKFθεε

εθθθ

220

2213

23

21 )sin(


θεεεθθ

εθθθθθθΔ+

minus=minus++perp

aDKKKK

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)sin(21

21

21


θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 minus=$

amp(

)minus+$$

amp(

)+

θθεθ

cossinΔεEdzd

K 202

2

minus=$$

amp(

)

θθεθθ

θθ

cossinΔεEKdzd

K 202

2

==$

ampamp

(

dd

θθε

θ 220 coscosKΔε

E minus= m

z

d

0

θm d2 θ(d2)=θm

$

amp minus=minus

int 2KΔε

Ecoscos

022

dzd

m m

ε

θθ

θθ

θ

$

amp=minus

int 2KΔε

Ecoscos

02

22

dd

m m

ε

θθ

θπ

θ

At z=d

Info

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ion

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play

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inee

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2coscoslim

2

222

π

θθ

θπ

θπθ

=minus

intrarrm

mm

d

E

θm

π2

Eth

22KΔεE 0

thπε

=$

amp

( d

dπ

ε ΔεK

dVE

0

thth ==

ΔεKV0



Info

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ion

Dis

play

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inee

ring (z)θ


0 V 3 V 5 V

θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 =$

amp

(minus+$

ampamp

(+

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play

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inee

ring

z=0

z=d


E


Info

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Eq of Motion

At equilibrium



part

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||2

02

32

1

2

sin21

cossin21

Δminus++amp

()

=+= EKKdzdFFF ed


times=τ

xE

xED

zEDEDyEDEDxEDEDED

EDP

zy

xyyxzxxzyzzyE

ˆ cossin

ˆ

ˆ)(ˆ)(ˆ)(

20

0

θθεε

τ

ε

Δ=

=


minus=

0cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 =+

$

ampminus+

$$

amp+ θθε

θθθ

θθθ

0FF=

$

amppart

partminus

part

part

θθ dzd

θθεθ

θθθ

cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(KddF 2

0

2

31 minus$

amp(

)minus=

( ) ( ) ( )2

312

22

32

12

32


$

ampminus++=()

+- +=

$

ampdzdKK

dzdKK

dzdKK

dzd

dzd θ

θθθ

θθθ

θθθ

z

z

ED

ED

zzz

yzy

ε

ε

=

=

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θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 minus=$

amp(

)minus+$$

amp(

)+


$

amppart

partminus

part

part=

θθ FF

dzd

At equilibrium


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( )

2

2

12

02

32

2

2

312

22

32

1

tI

tγ cos sinΔεEε

zν

)cosαsin(α

zcos)sinK(K

zsinKcosK

part

part+

part

part=+

part

partminus+

$

amp

(part

partminus+

part

part+

θθθθθθ

θθθ




zφ

K 12

02

2

=+part

part



mon=

2

22

dπ

4πΔεE

1on K

γτminus

=2

2

dπ

1off Kγτ =

Solution

$

amppart

partminus

part

part=

θθθ

γ FF

1 dzd

dtd

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bull Response Time




Tran

mitt

ance

Voltage

Tran

smitt

ance

Time

bull T-Time curve

T(04)

T(100)

T(90)

T(10) T(10)

T(90)


V(T100)

Vop

Input Signal


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Disadvantage


Advantage


v LCD TV Vs CRT TV

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bull Frame Rate





0

1000

2000

3000

4000

Response Time (m

s)

63 55 47 39 31 23 15 7 0

Final Gray Level


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$

amp

minus=

$

amp

minus()

+

-= 2c

20

12

theff

12

on EE1

Δεεγ

1)(VV1

Kγ

πdτ

2c0

21

eff

12

off ΔεEε1

dγKγ

πdτ =

$

amp=

ΔεεKπV0

effth =

ΔεεK

dπV

0

effth

=

for TN VA OCB modes

for IPS modes


VAOCB K3


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Y Z RrsquoXR

M N

A B


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Combination n=1~2

O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

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Lateral sustituents

- H F Cl CN CH3








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Linking groups

CequivC COO CH2CH2


Rigid Rigid





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Combination n=1~2

H F Cl CN CH3

H F Cl CN CH3

CequivC COO CH2CH2


O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

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K


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EE



Simple is Fast

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Vpacute= Vp +Δ Vp


Vpacute= 33V


ggdLCst

stp ΔV

C(V)CCCΔV

++=

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ToFrom

ToFrom

With DCCWithout DCC

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RT gt 1 frame



RT gt 1 frame

Tailing 야구공


Hold-type display


Hold-type display


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1 frame


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1 frame (167 ms)

LC response

Lamp illumination


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Conventional LCD

180 Hz 구동


FS LCD

Advantage of FS LCD


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Dynamic Dimming

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Summary


For TV application


+


+


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Chiral Smectic CA

AFLC (SmCA)

Chiral nematic

Cholesteric (NCh)


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Blue Phase LC





disclination

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Operating Principle



E = 0

E = 0

bull Response time


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Blue Phase LCDs

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n εσ

χη







d

w


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Free Energy for LC

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v Continuum Theory

Continuum theory



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F

F

With external force




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Eq(1)

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i j=12hellip6

Ki 6개 Kij 36개

xy

z





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180ordm Rotation

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90ordm Rotation


Eq (1)

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45ordm Rotation


xy

z

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Gauss theorem


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K11=K1=07 times 10-12 N

K22=K2=04 times 10-12 N

K33=K3=17 times 10-12 N

for PAA

K33 gt K11 gt K22


K33 = K11 = K22 = K

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ring n εσ

χη

n εσ χη





Optical effects


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Uncontrollable


v LC Alignment

R d

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Planar


Homeotropic




Pre-tilt angle

Hybrid

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v Surfactant

r

a

r gt a

r ~ a

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v Organic Layer

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v SiO2 Evaporation

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LiF perp CaF2

XX

BN X C X

NaF X NaCl

X

MgF XMg(OH)2 perp

Al XAl2O3 X

perp

Aluminosilicat

es X

Si3N4

XSiO2

X

KBrX

Kl X

TiO2

XCr2O3 X

Cr X 17

Fe2O3 perp NiO X

Ni X

ZnS Xperp

ZnO X

Ge2O3 perp

AsS3

X

Y2O3 X ZrO2

Xperp

In2O3 Xperp

SnO2

Xperp

Cs2O X

BaTiO4X CeO

XThF4 perp

TaN5

X perp




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90

65

60

15

10

5

3

0








25

Double evaporation



Rubbed Polymers

Summary

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UV Treatment





Imprinting

v Alignment Methods

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1 Rubbing Method


N Rubbing 횟수


n 회전수



rd

v

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2 Photo Alignment


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Photo-dimerization

Photo-dissociation

N

O

O

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3 Ion-beam exposure

DLC Al2O3 Polyimide

Multi-domain




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A B

Polyamic Acid

O O O





A AB

B


Heat

Imidization


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Chain ordering





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a

λ




Rubbing direction

Alignment Mechanism



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PI PS

R R


Alignment Mechanism

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Oslash AFM image


Rubbed Polystyrene

200 400 600 8000 nm-50

+50 nm

R

Oslash X-ray

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ALC

Direction

Value(How strong)


ϕ amp θ

Anchoringenergy




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0 2 4 6 800

02

04

06

08

10

12

of Rubbing

Anc

horin

g En

ergy


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Total Free Energy

v Total Free Energy

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ϕ

θ

E static (constant)


Energy

x

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ϕ(0)=0 ϕ(d)= ϕ0 θ(0)=θ(d)=0

x

y

z

d

ϕ0


x

y

ϕ 0 0

Boundary condition

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z

ϕ(z)

d

ϕ0

x

y

z

d

Euler-Lagrange Eq

If ϕ0=π2 TN

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ϕ

θ

where

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ab constant

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Tilted Solution

z=0

z=d

θ0

z=0

z=d

θ0

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--- eq(1)

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i) K3 le 2K2

ii) K3 gt 2K2

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From eq(1)

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Case (i) K2 gt K1


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Case (ii) K1 gt K2

egrave Planar twist

Case (iii) K1 = K2 (K1= K2 = K3)

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z=0

z=d

HW

ϕ

θ

α

α

(i) θ(0)=π2 - α θ(d)=π2 + α

(ii) θ(0)=π2 - α θ(d)=π2 + α - π


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Stimulus


Response



Elastic energy+


Surface energy




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Experimental

technique

Indirect

Direct

Geometry

type

External

field type

Surface

disclination

Twist angle

measurement

Wedge

cell

Freedericksz

transition

High field

Torque

measurement

Flexoelectricity


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LC +

Chiral dopant


Minimization



Top surface

Δφ

φ0

φr

Θ

R

R

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VV E



20

20 )(

21

21

21 EnEEDFelec


20 )(

21 EnFelec

sdotΔminus= εε

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sdot+= perp


20

20 )(

21

21

21 HnHHBFmag


20 )(

21 HnFmag



[21 22

0 HnHFmag


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φ

x

y

zR

H

0FF=

$$

amp

part

partminus

part

part

φφ dzd

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dzd


χξφφφξ

Δ==+rarr 2

22

21

)( where0sincos)( K

HHH



intint =rarr+z

Hξdzd

02

0 )(cos sign Choose

φ

φφ

$amp

(

)+

minusminus=rarr=

(

)+

minus minus

)(exptan2

2)(

)(24cotln

2

1

2 Hzz

Hz

ξπ

φξ

φπ

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VV

Δε gt 0Δn gt 0

0 V 3 V 5 V


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x

y

z

nEθ

232

1222

1212

1 )()()( nnKnnKnKFd


dzdsinn θ

θ=sdotnabla

$

amp=

$

amppart

part+

$

amppart

part+

$$

amp

part

partminus

part


partpartpart

partpart

00cos


ˆˆˆn

dzd

zx

yx

xzy

zyx

zyx

θθ

θθθθ

θθ

0 0 0

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( )

( )θθθ

θθθθ

θθ

23

21

2

21

2224

321

22

121

232

1222

1212

1

cossin

cossincossin

)()()(

KKdzd

dzdK

dzdK

nnKnnKnKFd

+

$amp

=

$amp

++

$amp

=


000cos)cossin0(nn =

$


θθθ

$


dzd

zyx

dzd

θθ

θθθ

θ

θθθ


nn

( )θθθ 2

32

1

2

21 cossin KKdzdFd +

$amp

=

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y

z

θ

yrsquo

zrsquo

$$

amp

$$

amp=

$$

amp perp

||0

00

z

y

z

y

EE

DD

ε

εε



$$

amp

$$

amp=

$$

amp

z

y

zzzy

yzyy

z

y

EE

DD

εε

εε


zze DEDEF21

21

=sdot=

jiji ED ε=

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Eno

Ey

Ene

Ex

$$

amp

minus=

θθθθ

θcossinsincos

)(R

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$$

amp

$$

amp

minus=

$$

amp(

(

z

y

z

y

EE

EE

θθ

θθ

cossinsincos

$$

amp

$$

amp

minus

$$

amp=

$$

amp(

( perp

z

y

z

y

EE

DD

θθ

θθε

ε

cossinsincos

00

||

$$

amp

$$

amp

minus

$$

amp

$$

amp minus=

$$

amp perp

z

y

z

y

EE

DD

θθ

θθε

ε

θθ

θθ

cossinsincos

00

cossinsincos

||

$$

amp

minus

$$

amp

$$

amp minus=

$$

amp perp

θθ

θθε

ε

θθ

θθεε

εε

cossinsincos

00

cossinsincos

||zzzy

yzyy

yzzy

yyzz

yz

yy

εε

εε

θθεε

θεεθεθεε

minus=

=

Δ=

Δ+=+= perpperp

cossinsinsincos 22

||2


( )zE00=E ( )

$$

amp

Δ+

Δ=

$$

amp=

$$

amp

$$

amp=

$$

amp

perp z

z

zzz

zyz

zzzzy

yzyy

z

y

EE

EE

EDD

θεε

θθε

ε

εεε

εε2sin

cossin0

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intint Δ+==

perp

dd dzDdzzEV0 2

00 )sin(

)(θεεε

1

0 20

0 )sin(

minus

perp $

amp(

Δ+= int

d dzVDθεεε

ε

1

0 22

021

021

021

)sin(

21)(

minus

perp $

amp(



ε

1

0 20

202

1223

212

1

)sin(]sincos[

minus

perp $

amp(

Δ+minus+= intint

dd

totaldz

VdzKKFθεε

εθθθ

220

2213

23

21 )sin(


θεεεθθ

εθθθθθθΔ+

minus=minus++perp

aDKKKK

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)sin(21

21

21


θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 minus=$

amp(

)minus+$$

amp(

)+

θθεθ

cossinΔεEdzd

K 202

2

minus=$$

amp(

)

θθεθθ

θθ

cossinΔεEKdzd

K 202

2

==$

ampamp

(

dd

θθε

θ 220 coscosKΔε

E minus= m

z

d

0

θm d2 θ(d2)=θm

$

amp minus=minus

int 2KΔε

Ecoscos

022

dzd

m m

ε

θθ

θθ

θ

$

amp=minus

int 2KΔε

Ecoscos

02

22

dd

m m

ε

θθ

θπ

θ

At z=d

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2coscoslim

2

222

π

θθ

θπ

θπθ

=minus

intrarrm

mm

d

E

θm

π2

Eth

22KΔεE 0

thπε

=$

amp

( d

dπ

ε ΔεK

dVE

0

thth ==

ΔεKV0



Info

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ion

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play

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inee

ring (z)θ


0 V 3 V 5 V

θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 =$

amp

(minus+$

ampamp

(+

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z=0

z=d


E


Info

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inee

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Info

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inee

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Eq of Motion

At equilibrium



part

Info

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ion

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play

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inee

ring


||2

02

32

1

2

sin21

cossin21

Δminus++amp

()

=+= EKKdzdFFF ed


times=τ

xE

xED

zEDEDyEDEDxEDEDED

EDP

zy

xyyxzxxzyzzyE

ˆ cossin

ˆ

ˆ)(ˆ)(ˆ)(

20

0

θθεε

τ

ε

Δ=

=


minus=

0cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 =+

$

ampminus+

$$

amp+ θθε

θθθ

θθθ

0FF=

$

amppart

partminus

part

part

θθ dzd

θθεθ

θθθ

cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(KddF 2

0

2

31 minus$

amp(

)minus=

( ) ( ) ( )2

312

22

32

12

32


$

ampminus++=()

+- +=

$

ampdzdKK

dzdKK

dzdKK

dzd

dzd θ

θθθ

θθθ

θθθ

z

z

ED

ED

zzz

yzy

ε

ε

=

=

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inee

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θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 minus=$

amp(

)minus+$$

amp(

)+


$

amppart

partminus

part

part=

θθ FF

dzd

At equilibrium


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( )

2

2

12

02

32

2

2

312

22

32

1

tI

tγ cos sinΔεEε

zν

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zsinKcosK

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$

amp

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θθθθθθ

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zφ

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4πΔεE

1on K

γτminus

=2

2

dπ

1off Kγτ =

Solution

$

amppart

partminus

part

part=

θθθ

γ FF

1 dzd

dtd

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bull Response Time




Tran

mitt

ance

Voltage

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Time

bull T-Time curve

T(04)

T(100)

T(90)

T(10) T(10)

T(90)


V(T100)

Vop

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Disadvantage


Advantage


v LCD TV Vs CRT TV

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0

1000

2000

3000

4000

Response Time (m

s)

63 55 47 39 31 23 15 7 0

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$

amp

minus=

$

amp

minus()

+

-= 2c

20

12

theff

12

on EE1

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1)(VV1

Kγ

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2c0

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12

off ΔεEε1

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πdτ =

$

amp=

ΔεεKπV0

effth =

ΔεεK

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0

effth

=

for TN VA OCB modes

for IPS modes


VAOCB K3


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Y Z RrsquoXR

M N

A B


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Combination n=1~2

O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

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Lateral sustituents

- H F Cl CN CH3








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Linking groups

CequivC COO CH2CH2


Rigid Rigid





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Combination n=1~2

H F Cl CN CH3

H F Cl CN CH3

CequivC COO CH2CH2


O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

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K


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EE



Simple is Fast

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Vpacute= Vp +Δ Vp


Vpacute= 33V


ggdLCst

stp ΔV

C(V)CCCΔV

++=

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ToFrom

ToFrom

With DCCWithout DCC

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RT gt 1 frame



RT gt 1 frame

Tailing 야구공


Hold-type display


Hold-type display


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1 frame


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1 frame (167 ms)

LC response

Lamp illumination


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Conventional LCD

180 Hz 구동


FS LCD

Advantage of FS LCD


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Dynamic Dimming

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Summary


For TV application


+


+


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Blue Phase LC





disclination

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Operating Principle



E = 0

E = 0

bull Response time


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Blue Phase LCDs

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n εσ

χη







d

w


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Free Energy for LC

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v Continuum Theory

Continuum theory



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F

F

With external force




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Eq(1)

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i j=12hellip6

Ki 6개 Kij 36개

xy

z





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180ordm Rotation

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90ordm Rotation


Eq (1)

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45ordm Rotation


xy

z

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Gauss theorem


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K11=K1=07 times 10-12 N

K22=K2=04 times 10-12 N

K33=K3=17 times 10-12 N

for PAA

K33 gt K11 gt K22


K33 = K11 = K22 = K

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ring n εσ

χη

n εσ χη





Optical effects


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Uncontrollable


v LC Alignment

R d

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Planar


Homeotropic




Pre-tilt angle

Hybrid

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v Surfactant

r

a

r gt a

r ~ a

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v Organic Layer

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v SiO2 Evaporation

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LiF perp CaF2

XX

BN X C X

NaF X NaCl

X

MgF XMg(OH)2 perp

Al XAl2O3 X

perp

Aluminosilicat

es X

Si3N4

XSiO2

X

KBrX

Kl X

TiO2

XCr2O3 X

Cr X 17

Fe2O3 perp NiO X

Ni X

ZnS Xperp

ZnO X

Ge2O3 perp

AsS3

X

Y2O3 X ZrO2

Xperp

In2O3 Xperp

SnO2

Xperp

Cs2O X

BaTiO4X CeO

XThF4 perp

TaN5

X perp




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90

65

60

15

10

5

3

0








25

Double evaporation



Rubbed Polymers

Summary

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UV Treatment





Imprinting

v Alignment Methods

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1 Rubbing Method


N Rubbing 횟수


n 회전수



rd

v

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2 Photo Alignment


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Photo-dimerization

Photo-dissociation

N

O

O

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3 Ion-beam exposure

DLC Al2O3 Polyimide

Multi-domain




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A B

Polyamic Acid

O O O





A AB

B


Heat

Imidization


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Chain ordering





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a

λ




Rubbing direction

Alignment Mechanism



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PI PS

R R


Alignment Mechanism

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Oslash AFM image


Rubbed Polystyrene

200 400 600 8000 nm-50

+50 nm

R

Oslash X-ray

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ALC

Direction

Value(How strong)


ϕ amp θ

Anchoringenergy




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0 2 4 6 800

02

04

06

08

10

12

of Rubbing

Anc

horin

g En

ergy


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Total Free Energy

v Total Free Energy

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ϕ

θ

E static (constant)


Energy

x

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ϕ(0)=0 ϕ(d)= ϕ0 θ(0)=θ(d)=0

x

y

z

d

ϕ0


x

y

ϕ 0 0

Boundary condition

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z

ϕ(z)

d

ϕ0

x

y

z

d

Euler-Lagrange Eq

If ϕ0=π2 TN

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ϕ

θ

where

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ab constant

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Tilted Solution

z=0

z=d

θ0

z=0

z=d

θ0

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--- eq(1)

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i) K3 le 2K2

ii) K3 gt 2K2

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From eq(1)

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Case (i) K2 gt K1


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Case (ii) K1 gt K2

egrave Planar twist

Case (iii) K1 = K2 (K1= K2 = K3)

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z=0

z=d

HW

ϕ

θ

α

α

(i) θ(0)=π2 - α θ(d)=π2 + α

(ii) θ(0)=π2 - α θ(d)=π2 + α - π


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Stimulus


Response



Elastic energy+


Surface energy




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Experimental

technique

Indirect

Direct

Geometry

type

External

field type

Surface

disclination

Twist angle

measurement

Wedge

cell

Freedericksz

transition

High field

Torque

measurement

Flexoelectricity


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LC +

Chiral dopant


Minimization



Top surface

Δφ

φ0

φr

Θ

R

R

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VV E



20

20 )(

21

21

21 EnEEDFelec


20 )(

21 EnFelec

sdotΔminus= εε

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sdot+= perp


20

20 )(

21

21

21 HnHHBFmag


20 )(

21 HnFmag



[21 22

0 HnHFmag


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φ

x

y

zR

H

0FF=

$$

amp

part

partminus

part

part

φφ dzd

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dzd


χξφφφξ

Δ==+rarr 2

22

21

)( where0sincos)( K

HHH



intint =rarr+z

Hξdzd

02

0 )(cos sign Choose

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φφ

$amp

(

)+

minusminus=rarr=

(

)+

minus minus

)(exptan2

2)(

)(24cotln

2

1

2 Hzz

Hz

ξπ

φξ

φπ

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VV

Δε gt 0Δn gt 0

0 V 3 V 5 V


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inee

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x

y

z

nEθ

232

1222

1212

1 )()()( nnKnnKnKFd


dzdsinn θ

θ=sdotnabla

$

amp=

$

amppart

part+

$

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$$

amp

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partpartpart

partpart

00cos


ˆˆˆn

dzd

zx

yx

xzy

zyx

zyx

θθ

θθθθ

θθ

0 0 0

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( )

( )θθθ

θθθθ

θθ

23

21

2

21

2224

321

22

121

232

1222

1212

1

cossin

cossincossin

)()()(

KKdzd

dzdK

dzdK

nnKnnKnKFd

+

$amp

=

$amp

++

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=


000cos)cossin0(nn =

$


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zyx

dzd

θθ

θθθ

θ

θθθ


nn

( )θθθ 2

32

1

2

21 cossin KKdzdFd +

$amp

=

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y

z

θ

yrsquo

zrsquo

$$

amp

$$

amp=

$$

amp perp

||0

00

z

y

z

y

EE

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amp

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amp=

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amp

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y

zzzy

yzyy

z

y

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εε

εε


zze DEDEF21

21

=sdot=

jiji ED ε=

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Eno

Ey

Ene

Ex

$$

amp

minus=

θθθθ

θcossinsincos

)(R

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$$

amp

$$

amp

minus=

$$

amp(

(

z

y

z

y

EE

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θθ

θθ

cossinsincos

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amp

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amp

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amp=

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( perp

z

y

z

y

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θθε

ε

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amp

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amp

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amp minus=

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amp minus=

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amp perp

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θθε

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yz

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||2


( )zE00=E ( )

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amp=

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amp

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amp=

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amp

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zzz

zyz

zzzzy

yzyy

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y

EE

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EDD

θεε

θθε

ε

εεε

εε2sin

cossin0

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intint Δ+==

perp

dd dzDdzzEV0 2

00 )sin(

)(θεεε

1

0 20

0 )sin(

minus

perp $

amp(

Δ+= int

d dzVDθεεε

ε

1

0 22

021

021

021

)sin(

21)(

minus

perp $

amp(



ε

1

0 20

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212

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amp(

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totaldz

VdzKKFθεε

εθθθ

220

2213

23

21 )sin(


θεεεθθ

εθθθθθθΔ+

minus=minus++perp

aDKKKK

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)sin(21

21

21


θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 minus=$

amp(

)minus+$$

amp(

)+

θθεθ

cossinΔεEdzd

K 202

2

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)

θθεθθ

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==$

ampamp

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dd

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E minus= m

z

d

0

θm d2 θ(d2)=θm

$

amp minus=minus

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m m

ε

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θθ

θ

$

amp=minus

int 2KΔε

Ecoscos

02

22

dd

m m

ε

θθ

θπ

θ

At z=d

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inee

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2coscoslim

2

222

π

θθ

θπ

θπθ

=minus

intrarrm

mm

d

E

θm

π2

Eth

22KΔεE 0

thπε

=$

amp

( d

dπ

ε ΔεK

dVE

0

thth ==

ΔεKV0



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play

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ring (z)θ


0 V 3 V 5 V

θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

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amp

(minus+$

ampamp

(+

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z=0

z=d


E


Info

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ion

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play

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inee

ring


Info

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Eq of Motion

At equilibrium



part

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ion

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play

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inee

ring


||2

02

32

1

2

sin21

cossin21

Δminus++amp

()

=+= EKKdzdFFF ed


times=τ

xE

xED

zEDEDyEDEDxEDEDED

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xyyxzxxzyzzyE

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ˆ)(ˆ)(ˆ)(

20

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2

132

22

32

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0

2

31 minus$

amp(

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( ) ( ) ( )2

312

22

32

12

32


$

ampminus++=()

+- +=

$

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dzdKK

dzdKK

dzd

dzd θ

θθθ

θθθ

θθθ

z

z

ED

ED

zzz

yzy

ε

ε

=

=

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inee

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θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 minus=$

amp(

)minus+$$

amp(

)+


$

amppart

partminus

part

part=

θθ FF

dzd

At equilibrium


Info

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ion

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play

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inee

ring


( )

2

2

12

02

32

2

2

312

22

32

1

tI

tγ cos sinΔεEε

zν

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zsinKcosK

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part+

part

part=+

part

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$

amp

(part

partminus+

part

part+

θθθθθθ

θθθ




zφ

K 12

02

2

=+part

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mon=

2

22

dπ

4πΔεE

1on K

γτminus

=2

2

dπ

1off Kγτ =

Solution

$

amppart

partminus

part

part=

θθθ

γ FF

1 dzd

dtd

Info

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ion

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play

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inee

ring

bull Response Time




Tran

mitt

ance

Voltage

Tran

smitt

ance

Time

bull T-Time curve

T(04)

T(100)

T(90)

T(10) T(10)

T(90)


V(T100)

Vop

Input Signal


Info

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ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Disadvantage


Advantage


v LCD TV Vs CRT TV

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

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inee


bull Frame Rate





0

1000

2000

3000

4000

Response Time (m

s)

63 55 47 39 31 23 15 7 0

Final Gray Level


Info

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ion

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play

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inee

ring







Info

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ion

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play

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inee

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$

amp

minus=

$

amp

minus()

+

-= 2c

20

12

theff

12

on EE1

Δεεγ

1)(VV1

Kγ

πdτ

2c0

21

eff

12

off ΔεEε1

dγKγ

πdτ =

$

amp=

ΔεεKπV0

effth =

ΔεεK

dπV

0

effth

=

for TN VA OCB modes

for IPS modes


VAOCB K3


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ion

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inee

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Y Z RrsquoXR

M N

A B


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ion

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inee

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Combination n=1~2

O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

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ion

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inee

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Info

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ion

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Lateral sustituents

- H F Cl CN CH3








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Linking groups

CequivC COO CH2CH2


Rigid Rigid





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ion

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inee

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Combination n=1~2

H F Cl CN CH3

H F Cl CN CH3

CequivC COO CH2CH2


O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

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ion

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K


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ion

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EE



Simple is Fast

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Vpacute= Vp +Δ Vp


Vpacute= 33V


ggdLCst

stp ΔV

C(V)CCCΔV

++=

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inee

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ToFrom

ToFrom

With DCCWithout DCC

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RT gt 1 frame



RT gt 1 frame

Tailing 야구공


Hold-type display


Hold-type display


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1 frame


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1 frame (167 ms)

LC response

Lamp illumination


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Info

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ion

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Conventional LCD

180 Hz 구동


FS LCD

Advantage of FS LCD


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Dynamic Dimming

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Summary


For TV application


+


+


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Operating Principle



E = 0

E = 0

bull Response time


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Blue Phase LCDs

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n εσ

χη







d

w


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Free Energy for LC

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v Continuum Theory

Continuum theory



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F

F

With external force




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Eq(1)

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ring


i j=12hellip6

Ki 6개 Kij 36개

xy

z





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180ordm Rotation

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90ordm Rotation


Eq (1)

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45ordm Rotation


xy

z

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Gauss theorem


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K11=K1=07 times 10-12 N

K22=K2=04 times 10-12 N

K33=K3=17 times 10-12 N

for PAA

K33 gt K11 gt K22


K33 = K11 = K22 = K

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ring n εσ

χη

n εσ χη





Optical effects


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Uncontrollable


v LC Alignment

R d

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Planar


Homeotropic




Pre-tilt angle

Hybrid

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v Surfactant

r

a

r gt a

r ~ a

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v Organic Layer

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v SiO2 Evaporation

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LiF perp CaF2

XX

BN X C X

NaF X NaCl

X

MgF XMg(OH)2 perp

Al XAl2O3 X

perp

Aluminosilicat

es X

Si3N4

XSiO2

X

KBrX

Kl X

TiO2

XCr2O3 X

Cr X 17

Fe2O3 perp NiO X

Ni X

ZnS Xperp

ZnO X

Ge2O3 perp

AsS3

X

Y2O3 X ZrO2

Xperp

In2O3 Xperp

SnO2

Xperp

Cs2O X

BaTiO4X CeO

XThF4 perp

TaN5

X perp




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90

65

60

15

10

5

3

0








25

Double evaporation



Rubbed Polymers

Summary

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UV Treatment





Imprinting

v Alignment Methods

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1 Rubbing Method


N Rubbing 횟수


n 회전수



rd

v

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2 Photo Alignment


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Photo-dimerization

Photo-dissociation

N

O

O

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3 Ion-beam exposure

DLC Al2O3 Polyimide

Multi-domain




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A B

Polyamic Acid

O O O





A AB

B


Heat

Imidization


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Chain ordering





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a

λ




Rubbing direction

Alignment Mechanism



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PI PS

R R


Alignment Mechanism

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Oslash AFM image


Rubbed Polystyrene

200 400 600 8000 nm-50

+50 nm

R

Oslash X-ray

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inee

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ALC

Direction

Value(How strong)


ϕ amp θ

Anchoringenergy




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inee

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0 2 4 6 800

02

04

06

08

10

12

of Rubbing

Anc

horin

g En

ergy


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ion

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Total Free Energy

v Total Free Energy

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ϕ

θ

E static (constant)


Energy

x

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ϕ(0)=0 ϕ(d)= ϕ0 θ(0)=θ(d)=0

x

y

z

d

ϕ0


x

y

ϕ 0 0

Boundary condition

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z

ϕ(z)

d

ϕ0

x

y

z

d

Euler-Lagrange Eq

If ϕ0=π2 TN

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ϕ

θ

where

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ab constant

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Tilted Solution

z=0

z=d

θ0

z=0

z=d

θ0

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--- eq(1)

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i) K3 le 2K2

ii) K3 gt 2K2

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From eq(1)

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Case (i) K2 gt K1


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Case (ii) K1 gt K2

egrave Planar twist

Case (iii) K1 = K2 (K1= K2 = K3)

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inee

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z=0

z=d

HW

ϕ

θ

α

α

(i) θ(0)=π2 - α θ(d)=π2 + α

(ii) θ(0)=π2 - α θ(d)=π2 + α - π


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Stimulus


Response



Elastic energy+


Surface energy




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inee

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Experimental

technique

Indirect

Direct

Geometry

type

External

field type

Surface

disclination

Twist angle

measurement

Wedge

cell

Freedericksz

transition

High field

Torque

measurement

Flexoelectricity


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inee

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LC +

Chiral dopant


Minimization



Top surface

Δφ

φ0

φr

Θ

R

R

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ion

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VV E



20

20 )(

21

21

21 EnEEDFelec


20 )(

21 EnFelec

sdotΔminus= εε

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play

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inee

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sdot+= perp


20

20 )(

21

21

21 HnHHBFmag


20 )(

21 HnFmag



[21 22

0 HnHFmag


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ion

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play

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inee

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φ

x

y

zR

H

0FF=

$$

amp

part

partminus

part

part

φφ dzd

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inee

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dzd


χξφφφξ

Δ==+rarr 2

22

21

)( where0sincos)( K

HHH



intint =rarr+z

Hξdzd

02

0 )(cos sign Choose

φ

φφ

$amp

(

)+

minusminus=rarr=

(

)+

minus minus

)(exptan2

2)(

)(24cotln

2

1

2 Hzz

Hz

ξπ

φξ

φπ

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ion

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inee

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inee

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VV

Δε gt 0Δn gt 0

0 V 3 V 5 V


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play

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inee

ring


x

y

z

nEθ

232

1222

1212

1 )()()( nnKnnKnKFd


dzdsinn θ

θ=sdotnabla

$

amp=

$

amppart

part+

$

amppart

part+

$$

amp

part

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part


partpartpart

partpart

00cos


ˆˆˆn

dzd

zx

yx

xzy

zyx

zyx

θθ

θθθθ

θθ

0 0 0

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( )

( )θθθ

θθθθ

θθ

23

21

2

21

2224

321

22

121

232

1222

1212

1

cossin

cossincossin

)()()(

KKdzd

dzdK

dzdK

nnKnnKnKFd

+

$amp

=

$amp

++

$amp

=


000cos)cossin0(nn =

$


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θθ

θθθ

θ

θθθ


nn

( )θθθ 2

32

1

2

21 cossin KKdzdFd +

$amp

=

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ion

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inee

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y

z

θ

yrsquo

zrsquo

$$

amp

$$

amp=

$$

amp perp

||0

00

z

y

z

y

EE

DD

ε

εε



$$

amp

$$

amp=

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amp

z

y

zzzy

yzyy

z

y

EE

DD

εε

εε


zze DEDEF21

21

=sdot=

jiji ED ε=

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ion

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inee

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Eno

Ey

Ene

Ex

$$

amp

minus=

θθθθ

θcossinsincos

)(R

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inee

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$$

amp

$$

amp

minus=

$$

amp(

(

z

y

z

y

EE

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θθ

cossinsincos

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amp

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amp

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$$

amp=

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amp(

( perp

z

y

z

y

EE

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θθ

θθε

ε

cossinsincos

00

||

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amp

$$

amp

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amp minus=

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ε

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||

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amp

$$

amp minus=

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amp perp

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θθε

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θθεε

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yzyy

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yz

yy

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θθεε

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minus=

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Δ+=+= perpperp

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||2


( )zE00=E ( )

$$

amp

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Δ=

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amp=

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amp

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amp=

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amp

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zzz

zyz

zzzzy

yzyy

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y

EE

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EDD

θεε

θθε

ε

εεε

εε2sin

cossin0

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inee

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intint Δ+==

perp

dd dzDdzzEV0 2

00 )sin(

)(θεεε

1

0 20

0 )sin(

minus

perp $

amp(

Δ+= int

d dzVDθεεε

ε

1

0 22

021

021

021

)sin(

21)(

minus

perp $

amp(



ε

1

0 20

202

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212

1

)sin(]sincos[

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amp(

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totaldz

VdzKKFθεε

εθθθ

220

2213

23

21 )sin(


θεεεθθ

εθθθθθθΔ+

minus=minus++perp

aDKKKK

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inee

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)sin(21

21

21


θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 minus=$

amp(

)minus+$$

amp(

)+

θθεθ

cossinΔεEdzd

K 202

2

minus=$$

amp(

)

θθεθθ

θθ

cossinΔεEKdzd

K 202

2

==$

ampamp

(

dd

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E minus= m

z

d

0

θm d2 θ(d2)=θm

$

amp minus=minus

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Ecoscos

022

dzd

m m

ε

θθ

θθ

θ

$

amp=minus

int 2KΔε

Ecoscos

02

22

dd

m m

ε

θθ

θπ

θ

At z=d

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ion

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inee

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2coscoslim

2

222

π

θθ

θπ

θπθ

=minus

intrarrm

mm

d

E

θm

π2

Eth

22KΔεE 0

thπε

=$

amp

( d

dπ

ε ΔεK

dVE

0

thth ==

ΔεKV0



Info

rmat

ion

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play

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ring (z)θ


0 V 3 V 5 V

θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 =$

amp

(minus+$

ampamp

(+

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ion

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play

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inee

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z=0

z=d


E


Info

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ion

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play

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inee

ring


Info

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ion

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play

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inee

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Eq of Motion

At equilibrium



part

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ion

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play

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inee

ring


||2

02

32

1

2

sin21

cossin21

Δminus++amp

()

=+= EKKdzdFFF ed


times=τ

xE

xED

zEDEDyEDEDxEDEDED

EDP

zy

xyyxzxxzyzzyE

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ˆ

ˆ)(ˆ)(ˆ)(

20

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τ

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=


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sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 =+

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amp+ θθε

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θθθ

0FF=

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part

part

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sincos)K(KddF 2

0

2

31 minus$

amp(

)minus=

( ) ( ) ( )2

312

22

32

12

32


$

ampminus++=()

+- +=

$

ampdzdKK

dzdKK

dzdKK

dzd

dzd θ

θθθ

θθθ

θθθ

z

z

ED

ED

zzz

yzy

ε

ε

=

=

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ion

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inee

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θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 minus=$

amp(

)minus+$$

amp(

)+


$

amppart

partminus

part

part=

θθ FF

dzd

At equilibrium


Info

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ion

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play

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inee

ring


( )

2

2

12

02

32

2

2

312

22

32

1

tI

tγ cos sinΔεEε

zν

)cosαsin(α

zcos)sinK(K

zsinKcosK

part

part+

part

part=+

part

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$

amp

(part

partminus+

part

part+

θθθθθθ

θθθ




zφ

K 12

02

2

=+part

part



mon=

2

22

dπ

4πΔεE

1on K

γτminus

=2

2

dπ

1off Kγτ =

Solution

$

amppart

partminus

part

part=

θθθ

γ FF

1 dzd

dtd

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play

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inee

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bull Response Time




Tran

mitt

ance

Voltage

Tran

smitt

ance

Time

bull T-Time curve

T(04)

T(100)

T(90)

T(10) T(10)

T(90)


V(T100)

Vop

Input Signal


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ion

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play

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inee

ring

Disadvantage


Advantage


v LCD TV Vs CRT TV

Info

rmat

ion

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play

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inee


bull Frame Rate





0

1000

2000

3000

4000

Response Time (m

s)

63 55 47 39 31 23 15 7 0

Final Gray Level


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rmat

ion

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play

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inee

ring







Info

rmat

ion

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play

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inee

ring


$

amp

minus=

$

amp

minus()

+

-= 2c

20

12

theff

12

on EE1

Δεεγ

1)(VV1

Kγ

πdτ

2c0

21

eff

12

off ΔεEε1

dγKγ

πdτ =

$

amp=

ΔεεKπV0

effth =

ΔεεK

dπV

0

effth

=

for TN VA OCB modes

for IPS modes


VAOCB K3


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


Y Z RrsquoXR

M N

A B


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring





Combination n=1~2

O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring







Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Lateral sustituents

- H F Cl CN CH3








Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Linking groups

CequivC COO CH2CH2


Rigid Rigid





Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring




Combination n=1~2

H F Cl CN CH3

H F Cl CN CH3

CequivC COO CH2CH2


O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


K


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring



Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring






Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

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inee

ring


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

EE



Simple is Fast

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring



Vpacute= Vp +Δ Vp


Vpacute= 33V


ggdLCst

stp ΔV

C(V)CCCΔV

++=

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

ToFrom

ToFrom

With DCCWithout DCC

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring




RT gt 1 frame



RT gt 1 frame

Tailing 야구공


Hold-type display


Hold-type display


Info

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1 frame


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LC response

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Conventional LCD

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Dynamic Dimming

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Summary


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+


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Blue Phase LCDs

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n εσ

χη







d

w


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Free Energy for LC

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v Continuum Theory

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F

F

With external force




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Eq(1)

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i j=12hellip6

Ki 6개 Kij 36개

xy

z





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180ordm Rotation

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Gauss theorem


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K11=K1=07 times 10-12 N

K22=K2=04 times 10-12 N

K33=K3=17 times 10-12 N

for PAA

K33 gt K11 gt K22


K33 = K11 = K22 = K

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ring n εσ

χη

n εσ χη





Optical effects


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Uncontrollable


v LC Alignment

R d

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Planar


Homeotropic




Pre-tilt angle

Hybrid

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v Surfactant

r

a

r gt a

r ~ a

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v Organic Layer

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v SiO2 Evaporation

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LiF perp CaF2

XX

BN X C X

NaF X NaCl

X

MgF XMg(OH)2 perp

Al XAl2O3 X

perp

Aluminosilicat

es X

Si3N4

XSiO2

X

KBrX

Kl X

TiO2

XCr2O3 X

Cr X 17

Fe2O3 perp NiO X

Ni X

ZnS Xperp

ZnO X

Ge2O3 perp

AsS3

X

Y2O3 X ZrO2

Xperp

In2O3 Xperp

SnO2

Xperp

Cs2O X

BaTiO4X CeO

XThF4 perp

TaN5

X perp




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90

65

60

15

10

5

3

0








25

Double evaporation



Rubbed Polymers

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UV Treatment





Imprinting

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N Rubbing 횟수


n 회전수



rd

v

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2 Photo Alignment


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Photo-dimerization

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N

O

O

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3 Ion-beam exposure

DLC Al2O3 Polyimide

Multi-domain




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A B

Polyamic Acid

O O O





A AB

B


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Chain ordering





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a

λ




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PI PS

R R


Alignment Mechanism

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Oslash AFM image


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200 400 600 8000 nm-50

+50 nm

R

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ALC

Direction

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ϕ amp θ

Anchoringenergy




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0 2 4 6 800

02

04

06

08

10

12

of Rubbing

Anc

horin

g En

ergy


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Total Free Energy

v Total Free Energy

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ϕ

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E static (constant)


Energy

x

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ϕ(0)=0 ϕ(d)= ϕ0 θ(0)=θ(d)=0

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ϕ 0 0

Boundary condition

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Euler-Lagrange Eq

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ϕ

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where

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ab constant

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Tilted Solution

z=0

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z=0

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θ0

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--- eq(1)

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i) K3 le 2K2

ii) K3 gt 2K2

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From eq(1)

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Case (i) K2 gt K1


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Case (ii) K1 gt K2

egrave Planar twist

Case (iii) K1 = K2 (K1= K2 = K3)

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z=0

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HW

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α

α

(i) θ(0)=π2 - α θ(d)=π2 + α

(ii) θ(0)=π2 - α θ(d)=π2 + α - π


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Stimulus


Response



Elastic energy+


Surface energy




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Experimental

technique

Indirect

Direct

Geometry

type

External

field type

Surface

disclination

Twist angle

measurement

Wedge

cell

Freedericksz

transition

High field

Torque

measurement

Flexoelectricity


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LC +

Chiral dopant


Minimization



Top surface

Δφ

φ0

φr

Θ

R

R

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VV E



20

20 )(

21

21

21 EnEEDFelec


20 )(

21 EnFelec

sdotΔminus= εε

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sdot+= perp


20

20 )(

21

21

21 HnHHBFmag


20 )(

21 HnFmag



[21 22

0 HnHFmag


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φ

x

y

zR

H

0FF=

$$

amp

part

partminus

part

part

φφ dzd

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dzd


χξφφφξ

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22

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)( where0sincos)( K

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intint =rarr+z

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Hz

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φπ

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VV

Δε gt 0Δn gt 0

0 V 3 V 5 V


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x

y

z

nEθ

232

1222

1212

1 )()()( nnKnnKnKFd


dzdsinn θ

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θθθθ

θθ

0 0 0

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( )

( )θθθ

θθθθ

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23

21

2

21

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321

22

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y

z

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Eno

Ey

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)(R

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$$

amp

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(

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intint Δ+==

perp

dd dzDdzzEV0 2

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)(θεεε

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minus=minus++perp

aDKKKK

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)sin(21

21

21


θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

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2

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22

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θ

At z=d

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2coscoslim

2

222

π

θθ

θπ

θπθ

=minus

intrarrm

mm

d

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ring (z)θ


0 V 3 V 5 V

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132

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32

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amp

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z=0

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E


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Eq of Motion

At equilibrium



part

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||2

02

32

1

2

sin21

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dzd θ

θθθ

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θθθ

z

z

ED

ED

zzz

yzy

ε

ε

=

=

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θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 minus=$

amp(

)minus+$$

amp(

)+


$

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part=

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dzd

At equilibrium


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( )

2

2

12

02

32

2

2

312

22

32

1

tI

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2

dπ

1off Kγτ =

Solution

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partminus

part

part=

θθθ

γ FF

1 dzd

dtd

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bull Response Time




Tran

mitt

ance

Voltage

Tran

smitt

ance

Time

bull T-Time curve

T(04)

T(100)

T(90)

T(10) T(10)

T(90)


V(T100)

Vop

Input Signal


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Disadvantage


Advantage


v LCD TV Vs CRT TV

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inee


bull Frame Rate





0

1000

2000

3000

4000

Response Time (m

s)

63 55 47 39 31 23 15 7 0

Final Gray Level


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ion

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inee

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Info

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$

amp

minus=

$

amp

minus()

+

-= 2c

20

12

theff

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on EE1

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1)(VV1

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off ΔεEε1

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$

amp=

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effth =

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effth

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for TN VA OCB modes

for IPS modes


VAOCB K3


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Y Z RrsquoXR

M N

A B


Info

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Combination n=1~2

O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

Info

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Info

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ion

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Lateral sustituents

- H F Cl CN CH3








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Linking groups

CequivC COO CH2CH2


Rigid Rigid





Info

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Combination n=1~2

H F Cl CN CH3

H F Cl CN CH3

CequivC COO CH2CH2


O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

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K


Info

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ion

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Info

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Info

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EE



Simple is Fast

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Vpacute= Vp +Δ Vp


Vpacute= 33V


ggdLCst

stp ΔV

C(V)CCCΔV

++=

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Info

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ion

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ToFrom

ToFrom

With DCCWithout DCC

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ion

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play

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inee

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RT gt 1 frame



RT gt 1 frame

Tailing 야구공


Hold-type display


Hold-type display


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ion

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play

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inee

ring


1 frame


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee


1 frame (167 ms)

LC response

Lamp illumination


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring



Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Conventional LCD

180 Hz 구동


FS LCD

Advantage of FS LCD


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Dynamic Dimming

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Summary


For TV application


+


+


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

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inee

ring

n εσ

χη







d

w


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Free Energy for LC

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


v Continuum Theory

Continuum theory



Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


F

F

With external force




Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee


Eq(1)

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


i j=12hellip6

Ki 6개 Kij 36개

xy

z





Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


180ordm Rotation

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

90ordm Rotation


Eq (1)

Info

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ion

Dis

play

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inee

ring

45ordm Rotation


xy

z

Info

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ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

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inee

ring

Info

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ion

Dis

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inee

ring


Gauss theorem


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ion

Dis

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Eng

inee

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K11=K1=07 times 10-12 N

K22=K2=04 times 10-12 N

K33=K3=17 times 10-12 N

for PAA

K33 gt K11 gt K22


K33 = K11 = K22 = K

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ring n εσ

χη

n εσ χη





Optical effects


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Uncontrollable


v LC Alignment

R d

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Planar


Homeotropic




Pre-tilt angle

Hybrid

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v Surfactant

r

a

r gt a

r ~ a

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v Organic Layer

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v SiO2 Evaporation

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LiF perp CaF2

XX

BN X C X

NaF X NaCl

X

MgF XMg(OH)2 perp

Al XAl2O3 X

perp

Aluminosilicat

es X

Si3N4

XSiO2

X

KBrX

Kl X

TiO2

XCr2O3 X

Cr X 17

Fe2O3 perp NiO X

Ni X

ZnS Xperp

ZnO X

Ge2O3 perp

AsS3

X

Y2O3 X ZrO2

Xperp

In2O3 Xperp

SnO2

Xperp

Cs2O X

BaTiO4X CeO

XThF4 perp

TaN5

X perp




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90

65

60

15

10

5

3

0








25

Double evaporation



Rubbed Polymers

Summary

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inee

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UV Treatment





Imprinting

v Alignment Methods

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1 Rubbing Method


N Rubbing 횟수


n 회전수



rd

v

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inee

ring

2 Photo Alignment


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inee

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Photo-dimerization

Photo-dissociation

N

O

O

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inee

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3 Ion-beam exposure

DLC Al2O3 Polyimide

Multi-domain




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A B

Polyamic Acid

O O O





A AB

B


Heat

Imidization


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Chain ordering





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a

λ




Rubbing direction

Alignment Mechanism



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inee

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PI PS

R R


Alignment Mechanism

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Oslash AFM image


Rubbed Polystyrene

200 400 600 8000 nm-50

+50 nm

R

Oslash X-ray

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ALC

Direction

Value(How strong)


ϕ amp θ

Anchoringenergy




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0 2 4 6 800

02

04

06

08

10

12

of Rubbing

Anc

horin

g En

ergy


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Total Free Energy

v Total Free Energy

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ϕ

θ

E static (constant)


Energy

x

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ϕ(0)=0 ϕ(d)= ϕ0 θ(0)=θ(d)=0

x

y

z

d

ϕ0


x

y

ϕ 0 0

Boundary condition

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z

ϕ(z)

d

ϕ0

x

y

z

d

Euler-Lagrange Eq

If ϕ0=π2 TN

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ϕ

θ

where

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ab constant

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Tilted Solution

z=0

z=d

θ0

z=0

z=d

θ0

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--- eq(1)

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i) K3 le 2K2

ii) K3 gt 2K2

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From eq(1)

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Case (i) K2 gt K1


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Case (ii) K1 gt K2

egrave Planar twist

Case (iii) K1 = K2 (K1= K2 = K3)

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z=0

z=d

HW

ϕ

θ

α

α

(i) θ(0)=π2 - α θ(d)=π2 + α

(ii) θ(0)=π2 - α θ(d)=π2 + α - π


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Stimulus


Response



Elastic energy+


Surface energy




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Experimental

technique

Indirect

Direct

Geometry

type

External

field type

Surface

disclination

Twist angle

measurement

Wedge

cell

Freedericksz

transition

High field

Torque

measurement

Flexoelectricity


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LC +

Chiral dopant


Minimization



Top surface

Δφ

φ0

φr

Θ

R

R

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VV E



20

20 )(

21

21

21 EnEEDFelec


20 )(

21 EnFelec

sdotΔminus= εε

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sdot+= perp


20

20 )(

21

21

21 HnHHBFmag


20 )(

21 HnFmag



[21 22

0 HnHFmag


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φ

x

y

zR

H

0FF=

$$

amp

part

partminus

part

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φφ dzd

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inee

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dzd


χξφφφξ

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22

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)( where0sincos)( K

HHH



intint =rarr+z

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Hz

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VV

Δε gt 0Δn gt 0

0 V 3 V 5 V


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inee

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x

y

z

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232

1222

1212

1 )()()( nnKnnKnKFd


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0 0 0

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( )

( )θθθ

θθθθ

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23

21

2

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y

z

θ

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zrsquo

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Eno

Ey

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Ex

$$

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)(R

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$$

amp

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(

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intint Δ+==

perp

dd dzDdzzEV0 2

00 )sin(

)(θεεε

1

0 20

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minus=minus++perp

aDKKKK

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)sin(21

21

21


θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

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amp=minus

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At z=d

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inee

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2coscoslim

2

222

π

θθ

θπ

θπθ

=minus

intrarrm

mm

d

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play

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ring (z)θ


0 V 3 V 5 V

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132

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inee

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z=0

z=d


E


Info

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play

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inee

ring


Info

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ion

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inee

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Eq of Motion

At equilibrium



part

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play

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inee

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||2

02

32

1

2

sin21

cossin21

Δminus++amp

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=+= EKKdzdFFF ed


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θθθ

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z

ED

ED

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ε

ε

=

=

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inee

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θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

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1 minus=$

amp(

)minus+$$

amp(

)+


$

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partminus

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part=

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dzd

At equilibrium


Info

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ion

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inee

ring


( )

2

2

12

02

32

2

2

312

22

32

1

tI

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2

dπ

1off Kγτ =

Solution

$

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partminus

part

part=

θθθ

γ FF

1 dzd

dtd

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inee

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bull Response Time




Tran

mitt

ance

Voltage

Tran

smitt

ance

Time

bull T-Time curve

T(04)

T(100)

T(90)

T(10) T(10)

T(90)


V(T100)

Vop

Input Signal


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inee

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Disadvantage


Advantage


v LCD TV Vs CRT TV

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ion

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play

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inee


bull Frame Rate





0

1000

2000

3000

4000

Response Time (m

s)

63 55 47 39 31 23 15 7 0

Final Gray Level


Info

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ion

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play

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inee

ring







Info

rmat

ion

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play

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inee

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$

amp

minus=

$

amp

minus()

+

-= 2c

20

12

theff

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on EE1

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1)(VV1

Kγ

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2c0

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off ΔεEε1

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$

amp=

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effth =

ΔεεK

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effth

=

for TN VA OCB modes

for IPS modes


VAOCB K3


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ion

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play

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inee

ring


Y Z RrsquoXR

M N

A B


Info

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ion

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play

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inee

ring





Combination n=1~2

O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

Info

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ion

Dis

play

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inee

ring







Info

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ion

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inee

ring

Lateral sustituents

- H F Cl CN CH3








Info

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inee

ring

Linking groups

CequivC COO CH2CH2


Rigid Rigid





Info

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ion

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play

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inee

ring




Combination n=1~2

H F Cl CN CH3

H F Cl CN CH3

CequivC COO CH2CH2


O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

Info

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ion

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play

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inee

ring


K


Info

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ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring



Info

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ion

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play

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inee

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Info

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ion

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Info

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ion

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inee

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EE



Simple is Fast

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inee

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Vpacute= Vp +Δ Vp


Vpacute= 33V


ggdLCst

stp ΔV

C(V)CCCΔV

++=

Info

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ion

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play

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inee

ring


Info

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ion

Dis

play

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inee

ring

ToFrom

ToFrom

With DCCWithout DCC

Info

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ion

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play

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inee

ring




RT gt 1 frame



RT gt 1 frame

Tailing 야구공


Hold-type display


Hold-type display


Info

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ion

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play

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inee

ring


1 frame


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee


1 frame (167 ms)

LC response

Lamp illumination


Info

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ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring



Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Conventional LCD

180 Hz 구동


FS LCD

Advantage of FS LCD


Info

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ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Dynamic Dimming

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

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ring

Summary


For TV application


+


+


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

n εσ

χη







d

w


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Free Energy for LC

Info

rmat

ion

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play

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inee

ring


v Continuum Theory

Continuum theory



Info

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ion

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inee

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F

F

With external force




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ion

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play

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inee


Eq(1)

Info

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ion

Dis

play

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inee

ring


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Info

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ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


i j=12hellip6

Ki 6개 Kij 36개

xy

z





Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

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180ordm Rotation

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

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inee

ring

90ordm Rotation


Eq (1)

Info

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ion

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play

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inee

ring

45ordm Rotation


xy

z

Info

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ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

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inee

ring

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

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inee

ring


Gauss theorem


Info

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ion

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play

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inee

ring



K11=K1=07 times 10-12 N

K22=K2=04 times 10-12 N

K33=K3=17 times 10-12 N

for PAA

K33 gt K11 gt K22


K33 = K11 = K22 = K

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring n εσ

χη

n εσ χη





Optical effects


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee



Uncontrollable


v LC Alignment

R d

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Planar


Homeotropic




Pre-tilt angle

Hybrid

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

v Surfactant

r

a

r gt a

r ~ a

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

v Organic Layer

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

v SiO2 Evaporation

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


LiF perp CaF2

XX

BN X C X

NaF X NaCl

X

MgF XMg(OH)2 perp

Al XAl2O3 X

perp

Aluminosilicat

es X

Si3N4

XSiO2

X

KBrX

Kl X

TiO2

XCr2O3 X

Cr X 17

Fe2O3 perp NiO X

Ni X

ZnS Xperp

ZnO X

Ge2O3 perp

AsS3

X

Y2O3 X ZrO2

Xperp

In2O3 Xperp

SnO2

Xperp

Cs2O X

BaTiO4X CeO

XThF4 perp

TaN5

X perp




Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

90

65

60

15

10

5

3

0








25

Double evaporation



Rubbed Polymers

Summary

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring



UV Treatment





Imprinting

v Alignment Methods

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

1 Rubbing Method


N Rubbing 횟수


n 회전수



rd

v

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

2 Photo Alignment


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Photo-dimerization

Photo-dissociation

N

O

O

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

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3 Ion-beam exposure

DLC Al2O3 Polyimide

Multi-domain




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A B

Polyamic Acid

O O O





A AB

B


Heat

Imidization


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Chain ordering





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a

λ




Rubbing direction

Alignment Mechanism



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PI PS

R R


Alignment Mechanism

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Oslash AFM image


Rubbed Polystyrene

200 400 600 8000 nm-50

+50 nm

R

Oslash X-ray

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ALC

Direction

Value(How strong)


ϕ amp θ

Anchoringenergy




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0 2 4 6 800

02

04

06

08

10

12

of Rubbing

Anc

horin

g En

ergy


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Total Free Energy

v Total Free Energy

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ϕ

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E static (constant)


Energy

x

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ϕ(0)=0 ϕ(d)= ϕ0 θ(0)=θ(d)=0

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d

ϕ0


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ϕ 0 0

Boundary condition

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z

ϕ(z)

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x

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Euler-Lagrange Eq

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ϕ

θ

where

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ab constant

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θ0

z=0

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θ0

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--- eq(1)

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i) K3 le 2K2

ii) K3 gt 2K2

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From eq(1)

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Case (i) K2 gt K1


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egrave Planar twist

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HW

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(ii) θ(0)=π2 - α θ(d)=π2 + α - π


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Stimulus


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Elastic energy+


Surface energy




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Experimental

technique

Indirect

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type

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field type

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disclination

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measurement

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cell

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measurement

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LC +

Chiral dopant


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R

R

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VV E



20

20 )(

21

21

21 EnEEDFelec


20 )(

21 EnFelec

sdotΔminus= εε

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sdot+= perp


20

20 )(

21

21

21 HnHHBFmag


20 )(

21 HnFmag



[21 22

0 HnHFmag


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φ

x

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zR

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dzd


χξφφφξ

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22

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Hz

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0 V 3 V 5 V


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x

y

z

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0 0 0

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( )

( )θθθ

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y

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Ey

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)(R

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intint Δ+==

perp

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minus=minus++perp

aDKKKK

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)sin(21

21

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At z=d

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2coscoslim

2

222

π

θθ

θπ

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=minus

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mm

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132

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z=0

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Eq of Motion

At equilibrium



part

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||2

02

32

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sin21

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ε

=

=

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θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 minus=$

amp(

)minus+$$

amp(

)+


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partminus

part

part=

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dzd

At equilibrium


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( )

2

2

12

02

32

2

2

312

22

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1

tI

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=2

2

dπ

1off Kγτ =

Solution

$

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part

part=

θθθ

γ FF

1 dzd

dtd

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bull Response Time




Tran

mitt

ance

Voltage

Tran

smitt

ance

Time

bull T-Time curve

T(04)

T(100)

T(90)

T(10) T(10)

T(90)


V(T100)

Vop

Input Signal


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Disadvantage


Advantage


v LCD TV Vs CRT TV

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bull Frame Rate





0

1000

2000

3000

4000

Response Time (m

s)

63 55 47 39 31 23 15 7 0

Final Gray Level


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$

amp

minus=

$

amp

minus()

+

-= 2c

20

12

theff

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on EE1

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1)(VV1

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2c0

21

eff

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off ΔεEε1

dγKγ

πdτ =

$

amp=

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effth =

ΔεεK

dπV

0

effth

=

for TN VA OCB modes

for IPS modes


VAOCB K3


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Y Z RrsquoXR

M N

A B


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Combination n=1~2

O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

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Lateral sustituents

- H F Cl CN CH3








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Linking groups

CequivC COO CH2CH2


Rigid Rigid





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Combination n=1~2

H F Cl CN CH3

H F Cl CN CH3

CequivC COO CH2CH2


O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

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K


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ion

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EE



Simple is Fast

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Vpacute= Vp +Δ Vp


Vpacute= 33V


ggdLCst

stp ΔV

C(V)CCCΔV

++=

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ToFrom

ToFrom

With DCCWithout DCC

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RT gt 1 frame



RT gt 1 frame

Tailing 야구공


Hold-type display


Hold-type display


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inee

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1 frame


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ion

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inee


1 frame (167 ms)

LC response

Lamp illumination


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inee

ring



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inee

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Conventional LCD

180 Hz 구동


FS LCD

Advantage of FS LCD


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Dynamic Dimming

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Summary


For TV application


+


+


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ion

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inee

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n εσ

χη







d

w


Info

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ion

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inee

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Free Energy for LC

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v Continuum Theory

Continuum theory



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F

F

With external force




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Eq(1)

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Info

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inee

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Info

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ring


i j=12hellip6

Ki 6개 Kij 36개

xy

z





Info

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ion

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inee

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180ordm Rotation

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90ordm Rotation


Eq (1)

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45ordm Rotation


xy

z

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ion

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ion

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Gauss theorem


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K11=K1=07 times 10-12 N

K22=K2=04 times 10-12 N

K33=K3=17 times 10-12 N

for PAA

K33 gt K11 gt K22


K33 = K11 = K22 = K

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ring n εσ

χη

n εσ χη





Optical effects


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Uncontrollable


v LC Alignment

R d

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inee

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Planar


Homeotropic




Pre-tilt angle

Hybrid

Info

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v Surfactant

r

a

r gt a

r ~ a

Info

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v Organic Layer

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v SiO2 Evaporation

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LiF perp CaF2

XX

BN X C X

NaF X NaCl

X

MgF XMg(OH)2 perp

Al XAl2O3 X

perp

Aluminosilicat

es X

Si3N4

XSiO2

X

KBrX

Kl X

TiO2

XCr2O3 X

Cr X 17

Fe2O3 perp NiO X

Ni X

ZnS Xperp

ZnO X

Ge2O3 perp

AsS3

X

Y2O3 X ZrO2

Xperp

In2O3 Xperp

SnO2

Xperp

Cs2O X

BaTiO4X CeO

XThF4 perp

TaN5

X perp




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inee

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90

65

60

15

10

5

3

0








25

Double evaporation



Rubbed Polymers

Summary

Info

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inee

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UV Treatment





Imprinting

v Alignment Methods

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ion

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inee

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1 Rubbing Method


N Rubbing 횟수


n 회전수



rd

v

Info

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ion

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inee

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2 Photo Alignment


Info

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ion

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inee

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Photo-dimerization

Photo-dissociation

N

O

O

Info

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ion

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play

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inee

ring

3 Ion-beam exposure

DLC Al2O3 Polyimide

Multi-domain




Info

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ion

Dis

play

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inee

ring

A B

Polyamic Acid

O O O





A AB

B


Heat

Imidization


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


Chain ordering





Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


a

λ




Rubbing direction

Alignment Mechanism



Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


PI PS

R R


Alignment Mechanism

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Oslash AFM image


Rubbed Polystyrene

200 400 600 8000 nm-50

+50 nm

R

Oslash X-ray

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring



ALC

Direction

Value(How strong)


ϕ amp θ

Anchoringenergy




Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring




0 2 4 6 800

02

04

06

08

10

12

of Rubbing

Anc

horin

g En

ergy


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring




Total Free Energy

v Total Free Energy

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

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inee

ring

ϕ

θ

E static (constant)


Energy

x

Info

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ion

Dis

play

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inee

ring






Info

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ion

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play

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inee

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ϕ(0)=0 ϕ(d)= ϕ0 θ(0)=θ(d)=0

x

y

z

d

ϕ0


x

y

ϕ 0 0

Boundary condition

Info

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ion

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inee

ring


z

ϕ(z)

d

ϕ0

x

y

z

d

Euler-Lagrange Eq

If ϕ0=π2 TN

Info

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ion

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play

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inee

ring


ϕ

θ

where

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

ab constant

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Tilted Solution

z=0

z=d

θ0

z=0

z=d

θ0

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring



--- eq(1)

Info

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ion

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play

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inee

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i) K3 le 2K2

ii) K3 gt 2K2

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From eq(1)

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Case (i) K2 gt K1


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Case (ii) K1 gt K2

egrave Planar twist

Case (iii) K1 = K2 (K1= K2 = K3)

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z=0

z=d

HW

ϕ

θ

α

α

(i) θ(0)=π2 - α θ(d)=π2 + α

(ii) θ(0)=π2 - α θ(d)=π2 + α - π


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Stimulus


Response



Elastic energy+


Surface energy




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Experimental

technique

Indirect

Direct

Geometry

type

External

field type

Surface

disclination

Twist angle

measurement

Wedge

cell

Freedericksz

transition

High field

Torque

measurement

Flexoelectricity


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LC +

Chiral dopant


Minimization



Top surface

Δφ

φ0

φr

Θ

R

R

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VV E



20

20 )(

21

21

21 EnEEDFelec


20 )(

21 EnFelec

sdotΔminus= εε

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sdot+= perp


20

20 )(

21

21

21 HnHHBFmag


20 )(

21 HnFmag



[21 22

0 HnHFmag


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φ

x

y

zR

H

0FF=

$$

amp

part

partminus

part

part

φφ dzd

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dzd


χξφφφξ

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22

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intint =rarr+z

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VV

Δε gt 0Δn gt 0

0 V 3 V 5 V


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x

y

z

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232

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0 0 0

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( )

( )θθθ

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y

z

θ

yrsquo

zrsquo

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amp

$$

amp=

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||0

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Eno

Ey

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Ex

$$

amp

minus=

θθθθ

θcossinsincos

)(R

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$$

amp

$$

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amp(

(

z

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intint Δ+==

perp

dd dzDdzzEV0 2

00 )sin(

)(θεεε

1

0 20

0 )sin(

minus

perp $

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εθθθθθθΔ+

minus=minus++perp

aDKKKK

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)sin(21

21

21


θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

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amp=minus

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m m

ε

θθ

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θ

At z=d

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2coscoslim

2

222

π

θθ

θπ

θπθ

=minus

intrarrm

mm

d

E

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π2

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0 V 3 V 5 V

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θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

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amp

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z=0

z=d


E


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Eq of Motion

At equilibrium



part

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||2

02

32

1

2

sin21

cossin21

Δminus++amp

()

=+= EKKdzdFFF ed


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dzd θ

θθθ

θθθ

θθθ

z

z

ED

ED

zzz

yzy

ε

ε

=

=

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θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 minus=$

amp(

)minus+$$

amp(

)+


$

amppart

partminus

part

part=

θθ FF

dzd

At equilibrium


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( )

2

2

12

02

32

2

2

312

22

32

1

tI

tγ cos sinΔεEε

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1on K

γτminus

=2

2

dπ

1off Kγτ =

Solution

$

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partminus

part

part=

θθθ

γ FF

1 dzd

dtd

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bull Response Time




Tran

mitt

ance

Voltage

Tran

smitt

ance

Time

bull T-Time curve

T(04)

T(100)

T(90)

T(10) T(10)

T(90)


V(T100)

Vop

Input Signal


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Disadvantage


Advantage


v LCD TV Vs CRT TV

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bull Frame Rate





0

1000

2000

3000

4000

Response Time (m

s)

63 55 47 39 31 23 15 7 0

Final Gray Level


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$

amp

minus=

$

amp

minus()

+

-= 2c

20

12

theff

12

on EE1

Δεεγ

1)(VV1

Kγ

πdτ

2c0

21

eff

12

off ΔεEε1

dγKγ

πdτ =

$

amp=

ΔεεKπV0

effth =

ΔεεK

dπV

0

effth

=

for TN VA OCB modes

for IPS modes


VAOCB K3


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Y Z RrsquoXR

M N

A B


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Combination n=1~2

O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

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Info

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Lateral sustituents

- H F Cl CN CH3








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Linking groups

CequivC COO CH2CH2


Rigid Rigid





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Combination n=1~2

H F Cl CN CH3

H F Cl CN CH3

CequivC COO CH2CH2


O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

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K


Info

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ion

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Info

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EE



Simple is Fast

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Vpacute= Vp +Δ Vp


Vpacute= 33V


ggdLCst

stp ΔV

C(V)CCCΔV

++=

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Info

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ToFrom

ToFrom

With DCCWithout DCC

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RT gt 1 frame



RT gt 1 frame

Tailing 야구공


Hold-type display


Hold-type display


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1 frame


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1 frame (167 ms)

LC response

Lamp illumination


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inee

ring



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Conventional LCD

180 Hz 구동


FS LCD

Advantage of FS LCD


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Dynamic Dimming

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Summary


For TV application


+


+


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Free Energy for LC

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v Continuum Theory

Continuum theory



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F

F

With external force




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Eq(1)

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i j=12hellip6

Ki 6개 Kij 36개

xy

z





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ion

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180ordm Rotation

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90ordm Rotation


Eq (1)

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45ordm Rotation


xy

z

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Gauss theorem


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K11=K1=07 times 10-12 N

K22=K2=04 times 10-12 N

K33=K3=17 times 10-12 N

for PAA

K33 gt K11 gt K22


K33 = K11 = K22 = K

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ring n εσ

χη

n εσ χη





Optical effects


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Uncontrollable


v LC Alignment

R d

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Planar


Homeotropic




Pre-tilt angle

Hybrid

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v Surfactant

r

a

r gt a

r ~ a

Info

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v Organic Layer

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v SiO2 Evaporation

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LiF perp CaF2

XX

BN X C X

NaF X NaCl

X

MgF XMg(OH)2 perp

Al XAl2O3 X

perp

Aluminosilicat

es X

Si3N4

XSiO2

X

KBrX

Kl X

TiO2

XCr2O3 X

Cr X 17

Fe2O3 perp NiO X

Ni X

ZnS Xperp

ZnO X

Ge2O3 perp

AsS3

X

Y2O3 X ZrO2

Xperp

In2O3 Xperp

SnO2

Xperp

Cs2O X

BaTiO4X CeO

XThF4 perp

TaN5

X perp




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90

65

60

15

10

5

3

0








25

Double evaporation



Rubbed Polymers

Summary

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UV Treatment





Imprinting

v Alignment Methods

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1 Rubbing Method


N Rubbing 횟수


n 회전수



rd

v

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2 Photo Alignment


Info

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Photo-dimerization

Photo-dissociation

N

O

O

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3 Ion-beam exposure

DLC Al2O3 Polyimide

Multi-domain




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A B

Polyamic Acid

O O O





A AB

B


Heat

Imidization


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Chain ordering





Info

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a

λ




Rubbing direction

Alignment Mechanism



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PI PS

R R


Alignment Mechanism

Info

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Oslash AFM image


Rubbed Polystyrene

200 400 600 8000 nm-50

+50 nm

R

Oslash X-ray

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inee

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ALC

Direction

Value(How strong)


ϕ amp θ

Anchoringenergy




Info

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inee

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0 2 4 6 800

02

04

06

08

10

12

of Rubbing

Anc

horin

g En

ergy


Info

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ion

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Total Free Energy

v Total Free Energy

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ϕ

θ

E static (constant)


Energy

x

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Info

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inee

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ϕ(0)=0 ϕ(d)= ϕ0 θ(0)=θ(d)=0

x

y

z

d

ϕ0


x

y

ϕ 0 0

Boundary condition

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z

ϕ(z)

d

ϕ0

x

y

z

d

Euler-Lagrange Eq

If ϕ0=π2 TN

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ϕ

θ

where

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ab constant

Info

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Tilted Solution

z=0

z=d

θ0

z=0

z=d

θ0

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--- eq(1)

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i) K3 le 2K2

ii) K3 gt 2K2

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inee

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From eq(1)

Info

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inee

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Info

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ion

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inee

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Info

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inee

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Case (i) K2 gt K1


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Case (ii) K1 gt K2

egrave Planar twist

Case (iii) K1 = K2 (K1= K2 = K3)

Info

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inee

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z=0

z=d

HW

ϕ

θ

α

α

(i) θ(0)=π2 - α θ(d)=π2 + α

(ii) θ(0)=π2 - α θ(d)=π2 + α - π


Info

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inee

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Stimulus


Response



Elastic energy+


Surface energy




Info

rmat

ion

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play

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inee

ring


Experimental

technique

Indirect

Direct

Geometry

type

External

field type

Surface

disclination

Twist angle

measurement

Wedge

cell

Freedericksz

transition

High field

Torque

measurement

Flexoelectricity


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

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inee

ring

LC +

Chiral dopant


Minimization



Top surface

Δφ

φ0

φr

Θ

R

R

Info

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ion

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play

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inee

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Info

rmat

ion

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play

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inee

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Info

rmat

ion

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inee

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VV E



20

20 )(

21

21

21 EnEEDFelec


20 )(

21 EnFelec

sdotΔminus= εε

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

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inee

ring




sdot+= perp


20

20 )(

21

21

21 HnHHBFmag


20 )(

21 HnFmag



[21 22

0 HnHFmag


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

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inee

ring


φ

x

y

zR

H

0FF=

$$

amp

part

partminus

part

part

φφ dzd

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring



dzd


χξφφφξ

Δ==+rarr 2

22

21

)( where0sincos)( K

HHH



intint =rarr+z

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)sin(21

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2coscoslim

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Eq of Motion

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θθεθ

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( )

2

2

12

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bull Response Time




Tran

mitt

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Voltage

Tran

smitt

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Time

bull T-Time curve

T(04)

T(100)

T(90)

T(10) T(10)

T(90)


V(T100)

Vop

Input Signal


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Disadvantage


Advantage


v LCD TV Vs CRT TV

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bull Frame Rate





0

1000

2000

3000

4000

Response Time (m

s)

63 55 47 39 31 23 15 7 0

Final Gray Level


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$

amp

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$

amp

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-= 2c

20

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for TN VA OCB modes

for IPS modes


VAOCB K3


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Y Z RrsquoXR

M N

A B


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Combination n=1~2

O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

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Lateral sustituents

- H F Cl CN CH3








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Linking groups

CequivC COO CH2CH2


Rigid Rigid





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Combination n=1~2

H F Cl CN CH3

H F Cl CN CH3

CequivC COO CH2CH2


O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

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K


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EE



Simple is Fast

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Vpacute= Vp +Δ Vp


Vpacute= 33V


ggdLCst

stp ΔV

C(V)CCCΔV

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ToFrom

ToFrom

With DCCWithout DCC

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RT gt 1 frame



RT gt 1 frame

Tailing 야구공


Hold-type display


Hold-type display


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1 frame


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1 frame (167 ms)

LC response

Lamp illumination


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Conventional LCD

180 Hz 구동


FS LCD

Advantage of FS LCD


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Dynamic Dimming

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Summary


For TV application


+


+


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v Continuum Theory

Continuum theory



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F

F

With external force




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Eq(1)

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i j=12hellip6

Ki 6개 Kij 36개

xy

z





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180ordm Rotation

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90ordm Rotation


Eq (1)

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45ordm Rotation


xy

z

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Gauss theorem


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K11=K1=07 times 10-12 N

K22=K2=04 times 10-12 N

K33=K3=17 times 10-12 N

for PAA

K33 gt K11 gt K22


K33 = K11 = K22 = K

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ring n εσ

χη

n εσ χη





Optical effects


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Uncontrollable


v LC Alignment

R d

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Planar


Homeotropic




Pre-tilt angle

Hybrid

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v Surfactant

r

a

r gt a

r ~ a

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v Organic Layer

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v SiO2 Evaporation

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LiF perp CaF2

XX

BN X C X

NaF X NaCl

X

MgF XMg(OH)2 perp

Al XAl2O3 X

perp

Aluminosilicat

es X

Si3N4

XSiO2

X

KBrX

Kl X

TiO2

XCr2O3 X

Cr X 17

Fe2O3 perp NiO X

Ni X

ZnS Xperp

ZnO X

Ge2O3 perp

AsS3

X

Y2O3 X ZrO2

Xperp

In2O3 Xperp

SnO2

Xperp

Cs2O X

BaTiO4X CeO

XThF4 perp

TaN5

X perp




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90

65

60

15

10

5

3

0








25

Double evaporation



Rubbed Polymers

Summary

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UV Treatment





Imprinting

v Alignment Methods

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1 Rubbing Method


N Rubbing 횟수


n 회전수



rd

v

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2 Photo Alignment


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Photo-dimerization

Photo-dissociation

N

O

O

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3 Ion-beam exposure

DLC Al2O3 Polyimide

Multi-domain




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A B

Polyamic Acid

O O O





A AB

B


Heat

Imidization


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Chain ordering





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a

λ




Rubbing direction

Alignment Mechanism



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PI PS

R R


Alignment Mechanism

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Oslash AFM image


Rubbed Polystyrene

200 400 600 8000 nm-50

+50 nm

R

Oslash X-ray

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ALC

Direction

Value(How strong)


ϕ amp θ

Anchoringenergy




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0 2 4 6 800

02

04

06

08

10

12

of Rubbing

Anc

horin

g En

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Total Free Energy

v Total Free Energy

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ϕ

θ

E static (constant)


Energy

x

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ϕ(0)=0 ϕ(d)= ϕ0 θ(0)=θ(d)=0

x

y

z

d

ϕ0


x

y

ϕ 0 0

Boundary condition

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z

ϕ(z)

d

ϕ0

x

y

z

d

Euler-Lagrange Eq

If ϕ0=π2 TN

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ϕ

θ

where

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ab constant

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Tilted Solution

z=0

z=d

θ0

z=0

z=d

θ0

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--- eq(1)

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i) K3 le 2K2

ii) K3 gt 2K2

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From eq(1)

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Case (i) K2 gt K1


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Case (ii) K1 gt K2

egrave Planar twist

Case (iii) K1 = K2 (K1= K2 = K3)

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z=0

z=d

HW

ϕ

θ

α

α

(i) θ(0)=π2 - α θ(d)=π2 + α

(ii) θ(0)=π2 - α θ(d)=π2 + α - π


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Stimulus


Response



Elastic energy+


Surface energy




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Experimental

technique

Indirect

Direct

Geometry

type

External

field type

Surface

disclination

Twist angle

measurement

Wedge

cell

Freedericksz

transition

High field

Torque

measurement

Flexoelectricity


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LC +

Chiral dopant


Minimization



Top surface

Δφ

φ0

φr

Θ

R

R

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VV E



20

20 )(

21

21

21 EnEEDFelec


20 )(

21 EnFelec

sdotΔminus= εε

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sdot+= perp


20

20 )(

21

21

21 HnHHBFmag


20 )(

21 HnFmag



[21 22

0 HnHFmag


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φ

x

y

zR

H

0FF=

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amp

part

partminus

part

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φφ dzd

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dzd


χξφφφξ

Δ==+rarr 2

22

21

)( where0sincos)( K

HHH



intint =rarr+z

Hξdzd

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$amp

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)+

minusminus=rarr=

(

)+

minus minus

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2)(

)(24cotln

2

1

2 Hzz

Hz

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φξ

φπ

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Info

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VV

Δε gt 0Δn gt 0

0 V 3 V 5 V


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inee

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x

y

z

nEθ

232

1222

1212

1 )()()( nnKnnKnKFd


dzdsinn θ

θ=sdotnabla

$

amp=

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amppart

part+

$

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$$

amp

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partpart

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ˆˆˆn

dzd

zx

yx

xzy

zyx

zyx

θθ

θθθθ

θθ

0 0 0

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( )

( )θθθ

θθθθ

θθ

23

21

2

21

2224

321

22

121

232

1222

1212

1

cossin

cossincossin

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KKdzd

dzdK

dzdK

nnKnnKnKFd

+

$amp

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++

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$


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θθθ

θ

θθθ


nn

( )θθθ 2

32

1

2

21 cossin KKdzdFd +

$amp

=

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y

z

θ

yrsquo

zrsquo

$$

amp

$$

amp=

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amp perp

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y

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y

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amp=

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Ey

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$$

amp

minus=

θθθθ

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$$

amp

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amp

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amp(

(

z

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EE

θθ

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cossinsincos

$$

amp

$$

amp

minus

$$

amp=

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amp(

( perp

z

y

z

y

EE

DD

θθ

θθε

ε

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00

||

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amp

$$

amp

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amp

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amp minus=

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amp perp

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y

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θθε

ε

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amp

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$$

amp

$$

amp minus=

$$

amp perp

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θθε

ε

θθ

θθεε

εε

cossinsincos

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||zzzy

yzyy

yzzy

yyzz

yz

yy

εε

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θθεε

θεεθεθεε

minus=

=

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Δ+=+= perpperp

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||2


( )zE00=E ( )

$$

amp

Δ+

Δ=

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amp=

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amp

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amp=

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amp

perp z

z

zzz

zyz

zzzzy

yzyy

z

y

EE

EE

EDD

θεε

θθε

ε

εεε

εε2sin

cossin0

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intint Δ+==

perp

dd dzDdzzEV0 2

00 )sin(

)(θεεε

1

0 20

0 )sin(

minus

perp $

amp(

Δ+= int

d dzVDθεεε

ε

1

0 22

021

021

021

)sin(

21)(

minus

perp $

amp(



ε

1

0 20

202

1223

212

1

)sin(]sincos[

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amp(

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dd

totaldz

VdzKKFθεε

εθθθ

220

2213

23

21 )sin(


θεεεθθ

εθθθθθθΔ+

minus=minus++perp

aDKKKK

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)sin(21

21

21


θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 minus=$

amp(

)minus+$$

amp(

)+

θθεθ

cossinΔεEdzd

K 202

2

minus=$$

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)

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θθ

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2

==$

ampamp

(

dd

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θ 220 coscosKΔε

E minus= m

z

d

0

θm d2 θ(d2)=θm

$

amp minus=minus

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022

dzd

m m

ε

θθ

θθ

θ

$

amp=minus

int 2KΔε

Ecoscos

02

22

dd

m m

ε

θθ

θπ

θ

At z=d

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2coscoslim

2

222

π

θθ

θπ

θπθ

=minus

intrarrm

mm

d

E

θm

π2

Eth

22KΔεE 0

thπε

=$

amp

( d

dπ

ε ΔεK

dVE

0

thth ==

ΔεKV0



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ion

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inee

ring (z)θ


0 V 3 V 5 V

θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 =$

amp

(minus+$

ampamp

(+

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z=0

z=d


E


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Eq of Motion

At equilibrium



part

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||2

02

32

1

2

sin21

cossin21

Δminus++amp

()

=+= EKKdzdFFF ed


times=τ

xE

xED

zEDEDyEDEDxEDEDED

EDP

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xyyxzxxzyzzyE

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ˆ

ˆ)(ˆ)(ˆ)(

20

0

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τ

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=


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sincos)K(Kdzd

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2

132

22

32

1 =+

$

ampminus+

$$

amp+ θθε

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θθθ

0FF=

$

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part

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sincos)K(KddF 2

0

2

31 minus$

amp(

)minus=

( ) ( ) ( )2

312

22

32

12

32


$

ampminus++=()

+- +=

$

ampdzdKK

dzdKK

dzdKK

dzd

dzd θ

θθθ

θθθ

θθθ

z

z

ED

ED

zzz

yzy

ε

ε

=

=

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θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 minus=$

amp(

)minus+$$

amp(

)+


$

amppart

partminus

part

part=

θθ FF

dzd

At equilibrium


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( )

2

2

12

02

32

2

2

312

22

32

1

tI

tγ cos sinΔεEε

zν

)cosαsin(α

zcos)sinK(K

zsinKcosK

part

part+

part

part=+

part

partminus+

$

amp

(part

partminus+

part

part+

θθθθθθ

θθθ




zφ

K 12

02

2

=+part

part



mon=

2

22

dπ

4πΔεE

1on K

γτminus

=2

2

dπ

1off Kγτ =

Solution

$

amppart

partminus

part

part=

θθθ

γ FF

1 dzd

dtd

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bull Response Time




Tran

mitt

ance

Voltage

Tran

smitt

ance

Time

bull T-Time curve

T(04)

T(100)

T(90)

T(10) T(10)

T(90)


V(T100)

Vop

Input Signal


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Disadvantage


Advantage


v LCD TV Vs CRT TV

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bull Frame Rate





0

1000

2000

3000

4000

Response Time (m

s)

63 55 47 39 31 23 15 7 0

Final Gray Level


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Info

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$

amp

minus=

$

amp

minus()

+

-= 2c

20

12

theff

12

on EE1

Δεεγ

1)(VV1

Kγ

πdτ

2c0

21

eff

12

off ΔεEε1

dγKγ

πdτ =

$

amp=

ΔεεKπV0

effth =

ΔεεK

dπV

0

effth

=

for TN VA OCB modes

for IPS modes


VAOCB K3


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Y Z RrsquoXR

M N

A B


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Combination n=1~2

O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

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Info

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Lateral sustituents

- H F Cl CN CH3








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Linking groups

CequivC COO CH2CH2


Rigid Rigid





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Combination n=1~2

H F Cl CN CH3

H F Cl CN CH3

CequivC COO CH2CH2


O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

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K


Info

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ion

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Info

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EE



Simple is Fast

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Vpacute= Vp +Δ Vp


Vpacute= 33V


ggdLCst

stp ΔV

C(V)CCCΔV

++=

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Info

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ion

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ToFrom

ToFrom

With DCCWithout DCC

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RT gt 1 frame



RT gt 1 frame

Tailing 야구공


Hold-type display


Hold-type display


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1 frame


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1 frame (167 ms)

LC response

Lamp illumination


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inee

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Conventional LCD

180 Hz 구동


FS LCD

Advantage of FS LCD


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Dynamic Dimming

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Summary


For TV application


+


+


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F

F

With external force




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Eq(1)

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Info

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Info

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i j=12hellip6

Ki 6개 Kij 36개

xy

z





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180ordm Rotation

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90ordm Rotation


Eq (1)

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45ordm Rotation


xy

z

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ion

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Gauss theorem


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K11=K1=07 times 10-12 N

K22=K2=04 times 10-12 N

K33=K3=17 times 10-12 N

for PAA

K33 gt K11 gt K22


K33 = K11 = K22 = K

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ring n εσ

χη

n εσ χη





Optical effects


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Uncontrollable


v LC Alignment

R d

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Planar


Homeotropic




Pre-tilt angle

Hybrid

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v Surfactant

r

a

r gt a

r ~ a

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v Organic Layer

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v SiO2 Evaporation

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LiF perp CaF2

XX

BN X C X

NaF X NaCl

X

MgF XMg(OH)2 perp

Al XAl2O3 X

perp

Aluminosilicat

es X

Si3N4

XSiO2

X

KBrX

Kl X

TiO2

XCr2O3 X

Cr X 17

Fe2O3 perp NiO X

Ni X

ZnS Xperp

ZnO X

Ge2O3 perp

AsS3

X

Y2O3 X ZrO2

Xperp

In2O3 Xperp

SnO2

Xperp

Cs2O X

BaTiO4X CeO

XThF4 perp

TaN5

X perp




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90

65

60

15

10

5

3

0








25

Double evaporation



Rubbed Polymers

Summary

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UV Treatment





Imprinting

v Alignment Methods

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1 Rubbing Method


N Rubbing 횟수


n 회전수



rd

v

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2 Photo Alignment


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Photo-dimerization

Photo-dissociation

N

O

O

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3 Ion-beam exposure

DLC Al2O3 Polyimide

Multi-domain




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A B

Polyamic Acid

O O O





A AB

B


Heat

Imidization


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Chain ordering





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a

λ




Rubbing direction

Alignment Mechanism



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PI PS

R R


Alignment Mechanism

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Oslash AFM image


Rubbed Polystyrene

200 400 600 8000 nm-50

+50 nm

R

Oslash X-ray

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ALC

Direction

Value(How strong)


ϕ amp θ

Anchoringenergy




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0 2 4 6 800

02

04

06

08

10

12

of Rubbing

Anc

horin

g En

ergy


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Total Free Energy

v Total Free Energy

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ϕ

θ

E static (constant)


Energy

x

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ϕ(0)=0 ϕ(d)= ϕ0 θ(0)=θ(d)=0

x

y

z

d

ϕ0


x

y

ϕ 0 0

Boundary condition

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z

ϕ(z)

d

ϕ0

x

y

z

d

Euler-Lagrange Eq

If ϕ0=π2 TN

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ϕ

θ

where

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ab constant

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Tilted Solution

z=0

z=d

θ0

z=0

z=d

θ0

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--- eq(1)

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i) K3 le 2K2

ii) K3 gt 2K2

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From eq(1)

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Case (i) K2 gt K1


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Case (ii) K1 gt K2

egrave Planar twist

Case (iii) K1 = K2 (K1= K2 = K3)

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z=0

z=d

HW

ϕ

θ

α

α

(i) θ(0)=π2 - α θ(d)=π2 + α

(ii) θ(0)=π2 - α θ(d)=π2 + α - π


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Stimulus


Response



Elastic energy+


Surface energy




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Experimental

technique

Indirect

Direct

Geometry

type

External

field type

Surface

disclination

Twist angle

measurement

Wedge

cell

Freedericksz

transition

High field

Torque

measurement

Flexoelectricity


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LC +

Chiral dopant


Minimization



Top surface

Δφ

φ0

φr

Θ

R

R

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VV E



20

20 )(

21

21

21 EnEEDFelec


20 )(

21 EnFelec

sdotΔminus= εε

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sdot+= perp


20

20 )(

21

21

21 HnHHBFmag


20 )(

21 HnFmag



[21 22

0 HnHFmag


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φ

x

y

zR

H

0FF=

$$

amp

part

partminus

part

part

φφ dzd

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inee

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dzd


χξφφφξ

Δ==+rarr 2

22

21

)( where0sincos)( K

HHH



intint =rarr+z

Hξdzd

02

0 )(cos sign Choose

φ

φφ

$amp

(

)+

minusminus=rarr=

(

)+

minus minus

)(exptan2

2)(

)(24cotln

2

1

2 Hzz

Hz

ξπ

φξ

φπ

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Info

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VV

Δε gt 0Δn gt 0

0 V 3 V 5 V


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inee

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x

y

z

nEθ

232

1222

1212

1 )()()( nnKnnKnKFd


dzdsinn θ

θ=sdotnabla

$

amp=

$

amppart

part+

$

amppart

part+

$$

amp

part

partminus

part


partpartpart

partpart

00cos


ˆˆˆn

dzd

zx

yx

xzy

zyx

zyx

θθ

θθθθ

θθ

0 0 0

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( )

( )θθθ

θθθθ

θθ

23

21

2

21

2224

321

22

121

232

1222

1212

1

cossin

cossincossin

)()()(

KKdzd

dzdK

dzdK

nnKnnKnKFd

+

$amp

=

$amp

++

$amp

=


000cos)cossin0(nn =

$


θθθ

$


dzd

zyx

dzd

θθ

θθθ

θ

θθθ


nn

( )θθθ 2

32

1

2

21 cossin KKdzdFd +

$amp

=

Info

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inee

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y

z

θ

yrsquo

zrsquo

$$

amp

$$

amp=

$$

amp perp

||0

00

z

y

z

y

EE

DD

ε

εε



$$

amp

$$

amp=

$$

amp

z

y

zzzy

yzyy

z

y

EE

DD

εε

εε


zze DEDEF21

21

=sdot=

jiji ED ε=

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Eno

Ey

Ene

Ex

$$

amp

minus=

θθθθ

θcossinsincos

)(R

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inee

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$$

amp

$$

amp

minus=

$$

amp(

(

z

y

z

y

EE

EE

θθ

θθ

cossinsincos

$$

amp

$$

amp

minus

$$

amp=

$$

amp(

( perp

z

y

z

y

EE

DD

θθ

θθε

ε

cossinsincos

00

||

$$

amp

$$

amp

minus

$$

amp

$$

amp minus=

$$

amp perp

z

y

z

y

EE

DD

θθ

θθε

ε

θθ

θθ

cossinsincos

00

cossinsincos

||

$$

amp

minus

$$

amp

$$

amp minus=

$$

amp perp

θθ

θθε

ε

θθ

θθεε

εε

cossinsincos

00

cossinsincos

||zzzy

yzyy

yzzy

yyzz

yz

yy

εε

εε

θθεε

θεεθεθεε

minus=

=

Δ=

Δ+=+= perpperp

cossinsinsincos 22

||2


( )zE00=E ( )

$$

amp

Δ+

Δ=

$$

amp=

$$

amp

$$

amp=

$$

amp

perp z

z

zzz

zyz

zzzzy

yzyy

z

y

EE

EE

EDD

θεε

θθε

ε

εεε

εε2sin

cossin0

Info

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inee

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intint Δ+==

perp

dd dzDdzzEV0 2

00 )sin(

)(θεεε

1

0 20

0 )sin(

minus

perp $

amp(

Δ+= int

d dzVDθεεε

ε

1

0 22

021

021

021

)sin(

21)(

minus

perp $

amp(



ε

1

0 20

202

1223

212

1

)sin(]sincos[

minus

perp $

amp(

Δ+minus+= intint

dd

totaldz

VdzKKFθεε

εθθθ

220

2213

23

21 )sin(


θεεεθθ

εθθθθθθΔ+

minus=minus++perp

aDKKKK

Info

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inee

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)sin(21

21

21


θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 minus=$

amp(

)minus+$$

amp(

)+

θθεθ

cossinΔεEdzd

K 202

2

minus=$$

amp(

)

θθεθθ

θθ

cossinΔεEKdzd

K 202

2

==$

ampamp

(

dd

θθε

θ 220 coscosKΔε

E minus= m

z

d

0

θm d2 θ(d2)=θm

$

amp minus=minus

int 2KΔε

Ecoscos

022

dzd

m m

ε

θθ

θθ

θ

$

amp=minus

int 2KΔε

Ecoscos

02

22

dd

m m

ε

θθ

θπ

θ

At z=d

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2coscoslim

2

222

π

θθ

θπ

θπθ

=minus

intrarrm

mm

d

E

θm

π2

Eth

22KΔεE 0

thπε

=$

amp

( d

dπ

ε ΔεK

dVE

0

thth ==

ΔεKV0



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ion

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inee

ring (z)θ


0 V 3 V 5 V

θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 =$

amp

(minus+$

ampamp

(+

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z=0

z=d


E


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Eq of Motion

At equilibrium



part

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||2

02

32

1

2

sin21

cossin21

Δminus++amp

()

=+= EKKdzdFFF ed


times=τ

xE

xED

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EDP

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xyyxzxxzyzzyE

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ˆ

ˆ)(ˆ)(ˆ)(

20

0

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τ

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=


minus=

0cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

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2

132

22

32

1 =+

$

ampminus+

$$

amp+ θθε

θθθ

θθθ

0FF=

$

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part

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sincos)K(KddF 2

0

2

31 minus$

amp(

)minus=

( ) ( ) ( )2

312

22

32

12

32


$

ampminus++=()

+- +=

$

ampdzdKK

dzdKK

dzdKK

dzd

dzd θ

θθθ

θθθ

θθθ

z

z

ED

ED

zzz

yzy

ε

ε

=

=

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θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 minus=$

amp(

)minus+$$

amp(

)+


$

amppart

partminus

part

part=

θθ FF

dzd

At equilibrium


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( )

2

2

12

02

32

2

2

312

22

32

1

tI

tγ cos sinΔεEε

zν

)cosαsin(α

zcos)sinK(K

zsinKcosK

part

part+

part

part=+

part

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$

amp

(part

partminus+

part

part+

θθθθθθ

θθθ




zφ

K 12

02

2

=+part

part



mon=

2

22

dπ

4πΔεE

1on K

γτminus

=2

2

dπ

1off Kγτ =

Solution

$

amppart

partminus

part

part=

θθθ

γ FF

1 dzd

dtd

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bull Response Time




Tran

mitt

ance

Voltage

Tran

smitt

ance

Time

bull T-Time curve

T(04)

T(100)

T(90)

T(10) T(10)

T(90)


V(T100)

Vop

Input Signal


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Disadvantage


Advantage


v LCD TV Vs CRT TV

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bull Frame Rate





0

1000

2000

3000

4000

Response Time (m

s)

63 55 47 39 31 23 15 7 0

Final Gray Level


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$

amp

minus=

$

amp

minus()

+

-= 2c

20

12

theff

12

on EE1

Δεεγ

1)(VV1

Kγ

πdτ

2c0

21

eff

12

off ΔεEε1

dγKγ

πdτ =

$

amp=

ΔεεKπV0

effth =

ΔεεK

dπV

0

effth

=

for TN VA OCB modes

for IPS modes


VAOCB K3


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Y Z RrsquoXR

M N

A B


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Combination n=1~2

O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

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Lateral sustituents

- H F Cl CN CH3








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Linking groups

CequivC COO CH2CH2


Rigid Rigid





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Combination n=1~2

H F Cl CN CH3

H F Cl CN CH3

CequivC COO CH2CH2


O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

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K


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ion

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EE



Simple is Fast

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Vpacute= Vp +Δ Vp


Vpacute= 33V


ggdLCst

stp ΔV

C(V)CCCΔV

++=

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ToFrom

ToFrom

With DCCWithout DCC

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RT gt 1 frame



RT gt 1 frame

Tailing 야구공


Hold-type display


Hold-type display


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1 frame


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1 frame (167 ms)

LC response

Lamp illumination


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Conventional LCD

180 Hz 구동


FS LCD

Advantage of FS LCD


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Dynamic Dimming

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Summary


For TV application


+


+


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Eq(1)

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i j=12hellip6

Ki 6개 Kij 36개

xy

z





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180ordm Rotation

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90ordm Rotation


Eq (1)

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45ordm Rotation


xy

z

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Gauss theorem


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K11=K1=07 times 10-12 N

K22=K2=04 times 10-12 N

K33=K3=17 times 10-12 N

for PAA

K33 gt K11 gt K22


K33 = K11 = K22 = K

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ring n εσ

χη

n εσ χη





Optical effects


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Uncontrollable


v LC Alignment

R d

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Planar


Homeotropic




Pre-tilt angle

Hybrid

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v Surfactant

r

a

r gt a

r ~ a

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v Organic Layer

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v SiO2 Evaporation

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LiF perp CaF2

XX

BN X C X

NaF X NaCl

X

MgF XMg(OH)2 perp

Al XAl2O3 X

perp

Aluminosilicat

es X

Si3N4

XSiO2

X

KBrX

Kl X

TiO2

XCr2O3 X

Cr X 17

Fe2O3 perp NiO X

Ni X

ZnS Xperp

ZnO X

Ge2O3 perp

AsS3

X

Y2O3 X ZrO2

Xperp

In2O3 Xperp

SnO2

Xperp

Cs2O X

BaTiO4X CeO

XThF4 perp

TaN5

X perp




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90

65

60

15

10

5

3

0








25

Double evaporation



Rubbed Polymers

Summary

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UV Treatment





Imprinting

v Alignment Methods

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1 Rubbing Method


N Rubbing 횟수


n 회전수



rd

v

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2 Photo Alignment


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Photo-dimerization

Photo-dissociation

N

O

O

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3 Ion-beam exposure

DLC Al2O3 Polyimide

Multi-domain




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A B

Polyamic Acid

O O O





A AB

B


Heat

Imidization


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Chain ordering





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a

λ




Rubbing direction

Alignment Mechanism



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PI PS

R R


Alignment Mechanism

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Oslash AFM image


Rubbed Polystyrene

200 400 600 8000 nm-50

+50 nm

R

Oslash X-ray

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ALC

Direction

Value(How strong)


ϕ amp θ

Anchoringenergy




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0 2 4 6 800

02

04

06

08

10

12

of Rubbing

Anc

horin

g En

ergy


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Total Free Energy

v Total Free Energy

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ϕ

θ

E static (constant)


Energy

x

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ϕ(0)=0 ϕ(d)= ϕ0 θ(0)=θ(d)=0

x

y

z

d

ϕ0


x

y

ϕ 0 0

Boundary condition

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z

ϕ(z)

d

ϕ0

x

y

z

d

Euler-Lagrange Eq

If ϕ0=π2 TN

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ϕ

θ

where

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ab constant

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Tilted Solution

z=0

z=d

θ0

z=0

z=d

θ0

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--- eq(1)

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i) K3 le 2K2

ii) K3 gt 2K2

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From eq(1)

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Case (i) K2 gt K1


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Case (ii) K1 gt K2

egrave Planar twist

Case (iii) K1 = K2 (K1= K2 = K3)

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z=0

z=d

HW

ϕ

θ

α

α

(i) θ(0)=π2 - α θ(d)=π2 + α

(ii) θ(0)=π2 - α θ(d)=π2 + α - π


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Stimulus


Response



Elastic energy+


Surface energy




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Experimental

technique

Indirect

Direct

Geometry

type

External

field type

Surface

disclination

Twist angle

measurement

Wedge

cell

Freedericksz

transition

High field

Torque

measurement

Flexoelectricity


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LC +

Chiral dopant


Minimization



Top surface

Δφ

φ0

φr

Θ

R

R

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VV E



20

20 )(

21

21

21 EnEEDFelec


20 )(

21 EnFelec

sdotΔminus= εε

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sdot+= perp


20

20 )(

21

21

21 HnHHBFmag


20 )(

21 HnFmag



[21 22

0 HnHFmag


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φ

x

y

zR

H

0FF=

$$

amp

part

partminus

part

part

φφ dzd

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dzd


χξφφφξ

Δ==+rarr 2

22

21

)( where0sincos)( K

HHH



intint =rarr+z

Hξdzd

02

0 )(cos sign Choose

φ

φφ

$amp

(

)+

minusminus=rarr=

(

)+

minus minus

)(exptan2

2)(

)(24cotln

2

1

2 Hzz

Hz

ξπ

φξ

φπ

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VV

Δε gt 0Δn gt 0

0 V 3 V 5 V


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inee

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x

y

z

nEθ

232

1222

1212

1 )()()( nnKnnKnKFd


dzdsinn θ

θ=sdotnabla

$

amp=

$

amppart

part+

$

amppart

part+

$$

amp

part

partminus

part


partpartpart

partpart

00cos


ˆˆˆn

dzd

zx

yx

xzy

zyx

zyx

θθ

θθθθ

θθ

0 0 0

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( )

( )θθθ

θθθθ

θθ

23

21

2

21

2224

321

22

121

232

1222

1212

1

cossin

cossincossin

)()()(

KKdzd

dzdK

dzdK

nnKnnKnKFd

+

$amp

=

$amp

++

$amp

=


000cos)cossin0(nn =

$


θθθ

$


dzd

zyx

dzd

θθ

θθθ

θ

θθθ


nn

( )θθθ 2

32

1

2

21 cossin KKdzdFd +

$amp

=

Info

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inee

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y

z

θ

yrsquo

zrsquo

$$

amp

$$

amp=

$$

amp perp

||0

00

z

y

z

y

EE

DD

ε

εε



$$

amp

$$

amp=

$$

amp

z

y

zzzy

yzyy

z

y

EE

DD

εε

εε


zze DEDEF21

21

=sdot=

jiji ED ε=

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Eno

Ey

Ene

Ex

$$

amp

minus=

θθθθ

θcossinsincos

)(R

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$$

amp

$$

amp

minus=

$$

amp(

(

z

y

z

y

EE

EE

θθ

θθ

cossinsincos

$$

amp

$$

amp

minus

$$

amp=

$$

amp(

( perp

z

y

z

y

EE

DD

θθ

θθε

ε

cossinsincos

00

||

$$

amp

$$

amp

minus

$$

amp

$$

amp minus=

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amp perp

z

y

z

y

EE

DD

θθ

θθε

ε

θθ

θθ

cossinsincos

00

cossinsincos

||

$$

amp

minus

$$

amp

$$

amp minus=

$$

amp perp

θθ

θθε

ε

θθ

θθεε

εε

cossinsincos

00

cossinsincos

||zzzy

yzyy

yzzy

yyzz

yz

yy

εε

εε

θθεε

θεεθεθεε

minus=

=

Δ=

Δ+=+= perpperp

cossinsinsincos 22

||2


( )zE00=E ( )

$$

amp

Δ+

Δ=

$$

amp=

$$

amp

$$

amp=

$$

amp

perp z

z

zzz

zyz

zzzzy

yzyy

z

y

EE

EE

EDD

θεε

θθε

ε

εεε

εε2sin

cossin0

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inee

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intint Δ+==

perp

dd dzDdzzEV0 2

00 )sin(

)(θεεε

1

0 20

0 )sin(

minus

perp $

amp(

Δ+= int

d dzVDθεεε

ε

1

0 22

021

021

021

)sin(

21)(

minus

perp $

amp(



ε

1

0 20

202

1223

212

1

)sin(]sincos[

minus

perp $

amp(

Δ+minus+= intint

dd

totaldz

VdzKKFθεε

εθθθ

220

2213

23

21 )sin(


θεεεθθ

εθθθθθθΔ+

minus=minus++perp

aDKKKK

Info

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inee

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)sin(21

21

21


θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 minus=$

amp(

)minus+$$

amp(

)+

θθεθ

cossinΔεEdzd

K 202

2

minus=$$

amp(

)

θθεθθ

θθ

cossinΔεEKdzd

K 202

2

==$

ampamp

(

dd

θθε

θ 220 coscosKΔε

E minus= m

z

d

0

θm d2 θ(d2)=θm

$

amp minus=minus

int 2KΔε

Ecoscos

022

dzd

m m

ε

θθ

θθ

θ

$

amp=minus

int 2KΔε

Ecoscos

02

22

dd

m m

ε

θθ

θπ

θ

At z=d

Info

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ion

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inee

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2coscoslim

2

222

π

θθ

θπ

θπθ

=minus

intrarrm

mm

d

E

θm

π2

Eth

22KΔεE 0

thπε

=$

amp

( d

dπ

ε ΔεK

dVE

0

thth ==

ΔεKV0



Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring (z)θ


0 V 3 V 5 V

θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 =$

amp

(minus+$

ampamp

(+

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play

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inee

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z=0

z=d


E


Info

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ion

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play

Eng

inee

ring


Info

rmat

ion

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play

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inee

ring



Eq of Motion

At equilibrium



part

Info

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ion

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play

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inee

ring


||2

02

32

1

2

sin21

cossin21

Δminus++amp

()

=+= EKKdzdFFF ed


times=τ

xE

xED

zEDEDyEDEDxEDEDED

EDP

zy

xyyxzxxzyzzyE

ˆ cossin

ˆ

ˆ)(ˆ)(ˆ)(

20

0

θθεε

τ

ε

Δ=

=


minus=

0cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 =+

$

ampminus+

$$

amp+ θθε

θθθ

θθθ

0FF=

$

amppart

partminus

part

part

θθ dzd

θθεθ

θθθ

cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(KddF 2

0

2

31 minus$

amp(

)minus=

( ) ( ) ( )2

312

22

32

12

32


$

ampminus++=()

+- +=

$

ampdzdKK

dzdKK

dzdKK

dzd

dzd θ

θθθ

θθθ

θθθ

z

z

ED

ED

zzz

yzy

ε

ε

=

=

Info

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play

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inee

ring

θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 minus=$

amp(

)minus+$$

amp(

)+


$

amppart

partminus

part

part=

θθ FF

dzd

At equilibrium


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( )

2

2

12

02

32

2

2

312

22

32

1

tI

tγ cos sinΔεEε

zν

)cosαsin(α

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zsinKcosK

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part

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$

amp

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part

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θθθθθθ

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zφ

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02

2

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mon=

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22

dπ

4πΔεE

1on K

γτminus

=2

2

dπ

1off Kγτ =

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$

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partminus

part

part=

θθθ

γ FF

1 dzd

dtd

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bull Response Time




Tran

mitt

ance

Voltage

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smitt

ance

Time

bull T-Time curve

T(04)

T(100)

T(90)

T(10) T(10)

T(90)


V(T100)

Vop

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Disadvantage


Advantage


v LCD TV Vs CRT TV

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bull Frame Rate





0

1000

2000

3000

4000

Response Time (m

s)

63 55 47 39 31 23 15 7 0

Final Gray Level


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$

amp

minus=

$

amp

minus()

+

-= 2c

20

12

theff

12

on EE1

Δεεγ

1)(VV1

Kγ

πdτ

2c0

21

eff

12

off ΔεEε1

dγKγ

πdτ =

$

amp=

ΔεεKπV0

effth =

ΔεεK

dπV

0

effth

=

for TN VA OCB modes

for IPS modes


VAOCB K3


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ion

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Y Z RrsquoXR

M N

A B


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ion

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Combination n=1~2

O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

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ion

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play

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inee

ring







Info

rmat

ion

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Lateral sustituents

- H F Cl CN CH3








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ion

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Linking groups

CequivC COO CH2CH2


Rigid Rigid





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Combination n=1~2

H F Cl CN CH3

H F Cl CN CH3

CequivC COO CH2CH2


O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

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K


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ion

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EE



Simple is Fast

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Vpacute= Vp +Δ Vp


Vpacute= 33V


ggdLCst

stp ΔV

C(V)CCCΔV

++=

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ion

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ToFrom

ToFrom

With DCCWithout DCC

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RT gt 1 frame



RT gt 1 frame

Tailing 야구공


Hold-type display


Hold-type display


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1 frame


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1 frame (167 ms)

LC response

Lamp illumination


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Conventional LCD

180 Hz 구동


FS LCD

Advantage of FS LCD


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Dynamic Dimming

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Summary


For TV application


+


+


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ion

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i j=12hellip6

Ki 6개 Kij 36개

xy

z





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180ordm Rotation

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90ordm Rotation


Eq (1)

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45ordm Rotation


xy

z

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Gauss theorem


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K11=K1=07 times 10-12 N

K22=K2=04 times 10-12 N

K33=K3=17 times 10-12 N

for PAA

K33 gt K11 gt K22


K33 = K11 = K22 = K

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ring n εσ

χη

n εσ χη





Optical effects


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Uncontrollable


v LC Alignment

R d

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Planar


Homeotropic




Pre-tilt angle

Hybrid

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v Surfactant

r

a

r gt a

r ~ a

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v Organic Layer

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v SiO2 Evaporation

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LiF perp CaF2

XX

BN X C X

NaF X NaCl

X

MgF XMg(OH)2 perp

Al XAl2O3 X

perp

Aluminosilicat

es X

Si3N4

XSiO2

X

KBrX

Kl X

TiO2

XCr2O3 X

Cr X 17

Fe2O3 perp NiO X

Ni X

ZnS Xperp

ZnO X

Ge2O3 perp

AsS3

X

Y2O3 X ZrO2

Xperp

In2O3 Xperp

SnO2

Xperp

Cs2O X

BaTiO4X CeO

XThF4 perp

TaN5

X perp




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90

65

60

15

10

5

3

0








25

Double evaporation



Rubbed Polymers

Summary

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UV Treatment





Imprinting

v Alignment Methods

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1 Rubbing Method


N Rubbing 횟수


n 회전수



rd

v

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2 Photo Alignment


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Photo-dimerization

Photo-dissociation

N

O

O

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3 Ion-beam exposure

DLC Al2O3 Polyimide

Multi-domain




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A B

Polyamic Acid

O O O





A AB

B


Heat

Imidization


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Chain ordering





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a

λ




Rubbing direction

Alignment Mechanism



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PI PS

R R


Alignment Mechanism

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Oslash AFM image


Rubbed Polystyrene

200 400 600 8000 nm-50

+50 nm

R

Oslash X-ray

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ALC

Direction

Value(How strong)


ϕ amp θ

Anchoringenergy




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0 2 4 6 800

02

04

06

08

10

12

of Rubbing

Anc

horin

g En

ergy


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Total Free Energy

v Total Free Energy

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ϕ

θ

E static (constant)


Energy

x

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ϕ(0)=0 ϕ(d)= ϕ0 θ(0)=θ(d)=0

x

y

z

d

ϕ0


x

y

ϕ 0 0

Boundary condition

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z

ϕ(z)

d

ϕ0

x

y

z

d

Euler-Lagrange Eq

If ϕ0=π2 TN

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ϕ

θ

where

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ab constant

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Tilted Solution

z=0

z=d

θ0

z=0

z=d

θ0

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--- eq(1)

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i) K3 le 2K2

ii) K3 gt 2K2

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From eq(1)

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Case (i) K2 gt K1


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Case (ii) K1 gt K2

egrave Planar twist

Case (iii) K1 = K2 (K1= K2 = K3)

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z=0

z=d

HW

ϕ

θ

α

α

(i) θ(0)=π2 - α θ(d)=π2 + α

(ii) θ(0)=π2 - α θ(d)=π2 + α - π


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Stimulus


Response



Elastic energy+


Surface energy




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Experimental

technique

Indirect

Direct

Geometry

type

External

field type

Surface

disclination

Twist angle

measurement

Wedge

cell

Freedericksz

transition

High field

Torque

measurement

Flexoelectricity


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LC +

Chiral dopant


Minimization



Top surface

Δφ

φ0

φr

Θ

R

R

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VV E



20

20 )(

21

21

21 EnEEDFelec


20 )(

21 EnFelec

sdotΔminus= εε

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sdot+= perp


20

20 )(

21

21

21 HnHHBFmag


20 )(

21 HnFmag



[21 22

0 HnHFmag


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φ

x

y

zR

H

0FF=

$$

amp

part

partminus

part

part

φφ dzd

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inee

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dzd


χξφφφξ

Δ==+rarr 2

22

21

)( where0sincos)( K

HHH



intint =rarr+z

Hξdzd

02

0 )(cos sign Choose

φ

φφ

$amp

(

)+

minusminus=rarr=

(

)+

minus minus

)(exptan2

2)(

)(24cotln

2

1

2 Hzz

Hz

ξπ

φξ

φπ

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VV

Δε gt 0Δn gt 0

0 V 3 V 5 V


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inee

ring


x

y

z

nEθ

232

1222

1212

1 )()()( nnKnnKnKFd


dzdsinn θ

θ=sdotnabla

$

amp=

$

amppart

part+

$

amppart

part+

$$

amp

part

partminus

part


partpartpart

partpart

00cos


ˆˆˆn

dzd

zx

yx

xzy

zyx

zyx

θθ

θθθθ

θθ

0 0 0

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( )

( )θθθ

θθθθ

θθ

23

21

2

21

2224

321

22

121

232

1222

1212

1

cossin

cossincossin

)()()(

KKdzd

dzdK

dzdK

nnKnnKnKFd

+

$amp

=

$amp

++

$amp

=


000cos)cossin0(nn =

$


θθθ

$


dzd

zyx

dzd

θθ

θθθ

θ

θθθ


nn

( )θθθ 2

32

1

2

21 cossin KKdzdFd +

$amp

=

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inee

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y

z

θ

yrsquo

zrsquo

$$

amp

$$

amp=

$$

amp perp

||0

00

z

y

z

y

EE

DD

ε

εε



$$

amp

$$

amp=

$$

amp

z

y

zzzy

yzyy

z

y

EE

DD

εε

εε


zze DEDEF21

21

=sdot=

jiji ED ε=

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Eno

Ey

Ene

Ex

$$

amp

minus=

θθθθ

θcossinsincos

)(R

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$$

amp

$$

amp

minus=

$$

amp(

(

z

y

z

y

EE

EE

θθ

θθ

cossinsincos

$$

amp

$$

amp

minus

$$

amp=

$$

amp(

( perp

z

y

z

y

EE

DD

θθ

θθε

ε

cossinsincos

00

||

$$

amp

$$

amp

minus

$$

amp

$$

amp minus=

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amp perp

z

y

z

y

EE

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θθ

θθε

ε

θθ

θθ

cossinsincos

00

cossinsincos

||

$$

amp

minus

$$

amp

$$

amp minus=

$$

amp perp

θθ

θθε

ε

θθ

θθεε

εε

cossinsincos

00

cossinsincos

||zzzy

yzyy

yzzy

yyzz

yz

yy

εε

εε

θθεε

θεεθεθεε

minus=

=

Δ=

Δ+=+= perpperp

cossinsinsincos 22

||2


( )zE00=E ( )

$$

amp

Δ+

Δ=

$$

amp=

$$

amp

$$

amp=

$$

amp

perp z

z

zzz

zyz

zzzzy

yzyy

z

y

EE

EE

EDD

θεε

θθε

ε

εεε

εε2sin

cossin0

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intint Δ+==

perp

dd dzDdzzEV0 2

00 )sin(

)(θεεε

1

0 20

0 )sin(

minus

perp $

amp(

Δ+= int

d dzVDθεεε

ε

1

0 22

021

021

021

)sin(

21)(

minus

perp $

amp(



ε

1

0 20

202

1223

212

1

)sin(]sincos[

minus

perp $

amp(

Δ+minus+= intint

dd

totaldz

VdzKKFθεε

εθθθ

220

2213

23

21 )sin(


θεεεθθ

εθθθθθθΔ+

minus=minus++perp

aDKKKK

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)sin(21

21

21


θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 minus=$

amp(

)minus+$$

amp(

)+

θθεθ

cossinΔεEdzd

K 202

2

minus=$$

amp(

)

θθεθθ

θθ

cossinΔεEKdzd

K 202

2

==$

ampamp

(

dd

θθε

θ 220 coscosKΔε

E minus= m

z

d

0

θm d2 θ(d2)=θm

$

amp minus=minus

int 2KΔε

Ecoscos

022

dzd

m m

ε

θθ

θθ

θ

$

amp=minus

int 2KΔε

Ecoscos

02

22

dd

m m

ε

θθ

θπ

θ

At z=d

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inee

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2coscoslim

2

222

π

θθ

θπ

θπθ

=minus

intrarrm

mm

d

E

θm

π2

Eth

22KΔεE 0

thπε

=$

amp

( d

dπ

ε ΔεK

dVE

0

thth ==

ΔεKV0



Info

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ion

Dis

play

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inee

ring (z)θ


0 V 3 V 5 V

θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 =$

amp

(minus+$

ampamp

(+

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inee

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z=0

z=d


E


Info

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ion

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play

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inee

ring


Info

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ion

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inee

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Eq of Motion

At equilibrium



part

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ion

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play

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inee

ring


||2

02

32

1

2

sin21

cossin21

Δminus++amp

()

=+= EKKdzdFFF ed


times=τ

xE

xED

zEDEDyEDEDxEDEDED

EDP

zy

xyyxzxxzyzzyE

ˆ cossin

ˆ

ˆ)(ˆ)(ˆ)(

20

0

θθεε

τ

ε

Δ=

=


minus=

0cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 =+

$

ampminus+

$$

amp+ θθε

θθθ

θθθ

0FF=

$

amppart

partminus

part

part

θθ dzd

θθεθ

θθθ

cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(KddF 2

0

2

31 minus$

amp(

)minus=

( ) ( ) ( )2

312

22

32

12

32


$

ampminus++=()

+- +=

$

ampdzdKK

dzdKK

dzdKK

dzd

dzd θ

θθθ

θθθ

θθθ

z

z

ED

ED

zzz

yzy

ε

ε

=

=

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inee

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θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 minus=$

amp(

)minus+$$

amp(

)+


$

amppart

partminus

part

part=

θθ FF

dzd

At equilibrium


Info

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ion

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play

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inee

ring


( )

2

2

12

02

32

2

2

312

22

32

1

tI

tγ cos sinΔεEε

zν

)cosαsin(α

zcos)sinK(K

zsinKcosK

part

part+

part

part=+

part

partminus+

$

amp

(part

partminus+

part

part+

θθθθθθ

θθθ




zφ

K 12

02

2

=+part

part



mon=

2

22

dπ

4πΔεE

1on K

γτminus

=2

2

dπ

1off Kγτ =

Solution

$

amppart

partminus

part

part=

θθθ

γ FF

1 dzd

dtd

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ion

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inee

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bull Response Time




Tran

mitt

ance

Voltage

Tran

smitt

ance

Time

bull T-Time curve

T(04)

T(100)

T(90)

T(10) T(10)

T(90)


V(T100)

Vop

Input Signal


Info

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ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Disadvantage


Advantage


v LCD TV Vs CRT TV

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee


bull Frame Rate





0

1000

2000

3000

4000

Response Time (m

s)

63 55 47 39 31 23 15 7 0

Final Gray Level


Info

rmat

ion

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play

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inee

ring







Info

rmat

ion

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play

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inee

ring


$

amp

minus=

$

amp

minus()

+

-= 2c

20

12

theff

12

on EE1

Δεεγ

1)(VV1

Kγ

πdτ

2c0

21

eff

12

off ΔεEε1

dγKγ

πdτ =

$

amp=

ΔεεKπV0

effth =

ΔεεK

dπV

0

effth

=

for TN VA OCB modes

for IPS modes


VAOCB K3


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


Y Z RrsquoXR

M N

A B


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring





Combination n=1~2

O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring







Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Lateral sustituents

- H F Cl CN CH3








Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Linking groups

CequivC COO CH2CH2


Rigid Rigid





Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

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Combination n=1~2

H F Cl CN CH3

H F Cl CN CH3

CequivC COO CH2CH2


O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

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ion

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play

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inee

ring


K


Info

rmat

ion

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play

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inee

ring



Info

rmat

ion

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play

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inee

ring






Info

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ion

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inee

ring


Info

rmat

ion

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ring

EE



Simple is Fast

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ion

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inee

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Vpacute= Vp +Δ Vp


Vpacute= 33V


ggdLCst

stp ΔV

C(V)CCCΔV

++=

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ion

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play

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inee

ring


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

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inee

ring

ToFrom

ToFrom

With DCCWithout DCC

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ion

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play

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inee

ring




RT gt 1 frame



RT gt 1 frame

Tailing 야구공


Hold-type display


Hold-type display


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ion

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play

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inee

ring


1 frame


Info

rmat

ion

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play

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inee


1 frame (167 ms)

LC response

Lamp illumination


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ion

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play

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inee

ring



Info

rmat

ion

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play

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inee

ring

Conventional LCD

180 Hz 구동


FS LCD

Advantage of FS LCD


Info

rmat

ion

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play

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inee

ring

Dynamic Dimming

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ion

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play

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inee

ring

Summary


For TV application


+


+


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ion

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play

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inee

ring

Info

rmat

ion

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play

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inee

ring


i j=12hellip6

Ki 6개 Kij 36개

xy

z





Info

rmat

ion

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play

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inee

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180ordm Rotation

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ion

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play

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inee

ring

90ordm Rotation


Eq (1)

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ion

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play

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inee

ring

45ordm Rotation


xy

z

Info

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ion

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play

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inee

ring


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

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inee

ring

Info

rmat

ion

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Gauss theorem


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ion

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inee

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K11=K1=07 times 10-12 N

K22=K2=04 times 10-12 N

K33=K3=17 times 10-12 N

for PAA

K33 gt K11 gt K22


K33 = K11 = K22 = K

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inee

ring n εσ

χη

n εσ χη





Optical effects


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ion

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Uncontrollable


v LC Alignment

R d

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ring

Planar


Homeotropic




Pre-tilt angle

Hybrid

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v Surfactant

r

a

r gt a

r ~ a

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v Organic Layer

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v SiO2 Evaporation

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LiF perp CaF2

XX

BN X C X

NaF X NaCl

X

MgF XMg(OH)2 perp

Al XAl2O3 X

perp

Aluminosilicat

es X

Si3N4

XSiO2

X

KBrX

Kl X

TiO2

XCr2O3 X

Cr X 17

Fe2O3 perp NiO X

Ni X

ZnS Xperp

ZnO X

Ge2O3 perp

AsS3

X

Y2O3 X ZrO2

Xperp

In2O3 Xperp

SnO2

Xperp

Cs2O X

BaTiO4X CeO

XThF4 perp

TaN5

X perp




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90

65

60

15

10

5

3

0








25

Double evaporation



Rubbed Polymers

Summary

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UV Treatment





Imprinting

v Alignment Methods

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1 Rubbing Method


N Rubbing 횟수


n 회전수



rd

v

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inee

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2 Photo Alignment


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inee

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Photo-dimerization

Photo-dissociation

N

O

O

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inee

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3 Ion-beam exposure

DLC Al2O3 Polyimide

Multi-domain




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A B

Polyamic Acid

O O O





A AB

B


Heat

Imidization


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inee

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Chain ordering





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a

λ




Rubbing direction

Alignment Mechanism



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ion

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inee

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PI PS

R R


Alignment Mechanism

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inee

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Oslash AFM image


Rubbed Polystyrene

200 400 600 8000 nm-50

+50 nm

R

Oslash X-ray

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ion

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inee

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ALC

Direction

Value(How strong)


ϕ amp θ

Anchoringenergy




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ion

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play

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inee

ring




0 2 4 6 800

02

04

06

08

10

12

of Rubbing

Anc

horin

g En

ergy


Info

rmat

ion

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play

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inee

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Total Free Energy

v Total Free Energy

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ion

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ϕ

θ

E static (constant)


Energy

x

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ion

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ring






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inee

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ϕ(0)=0 ϕ(d)= ϕ0 θ(0)=θ(d)=0

x

y

z

d

ϕ0


x

y

ϕ 0 0

Boundary condition

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z

ϕ(z)

d

ϕ0

x

y

z

d

Euler-Lagrange Eq

If ϕ0=π2 TN

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ϕ

θ

where

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ab constant

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Tilted Solution

z=0

z=d

θ0

z=0

z=d

θ0

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inee

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--- eq(1)

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i) K3 le 2K2

ii) K3 gt 2K2

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ion

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play

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inee

ring

From eq(1)

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ion

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play

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inee

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Info

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ion

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Info

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Case (i) K2 gt K1


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Case (ii) K1 gt K2

egrave Planar twist

Case (iii) K1 = K2 (K1= K2 = K3)

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inee

ring

z=0

z=d

HW

ϕ

θ

α

α

(i) θ(0)=π2 - α θ(d)=π2 + α

(ii) θ(0)=π2 - α θ(d)=π2 + α - π


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ion

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Stimulus


Response



Elastic energy+


Surface energy




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inee

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Experimental

technique

Indirect

Direct

Geometry

type

External

field type

Surface

disclination

Twist angle

measurement

Wedge

cell

Freedericksz

transition

High field

Torque

measurement

Flexoelectricity


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inee

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LC +

Chiral dopant


Minimization



Top surface

Δφ

φ0

φr

Θ

R

R

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ion

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ion

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VV E



20

20 )(

21

21

21 EnEEDFelec


20 )(

21 EnFelec

sdotΔminus= εε

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ion

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play

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inee

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sdot+= perp


20

20 )(

21

21

21 HnHHBFmag


20 )(

21 HnFmag



[21 22

0 HnHFmag


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ion

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inee

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φ

x

y

zR

H

0FF=

$$

amp

part

partminus

part

part

φφ dzd

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ion

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play

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inee

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dzd


χξφφφξ

Δ==+rarr 2

22

21

)( where0sincos)( K

HHH



intint =rarr+z

Hξdzd

02

0 )(cos sign Choose

φ

φφ

$amp

(

)+

minusminus=rarr=

(

)+

minus minus

)(exptan2

2)(

)(24cotln

2

1

2 Hzz

Hz

ξπ

φξ

φπ

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ion

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play

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inee

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Info

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ion

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inee

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VV

Δε gt 0Δn gt 0

0 V 3 V 5 V


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play

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inee

ring


x

y

z

nEθ

232

1222

1212

1 )()()( nnKnnKnKFd


dzdsinn θ

θ=sdotnabla

$

amp=

$

amppart

part+

$

amppart

part+

$$

amp

part

partminus

part


partpartpart

partpart

00cos


ˆˆˆn

dzd

zx

yx

xzy

zyx

zyx

θθ

θθθθ

θθ

0 0 0

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( )

( )θθθ

θθθθ

θθ

23

21

2

21

2224

321

22

121

232

1222

1212

1

cossin

cossincossin

)()()(

KKdzd

dzdK

dzdK

nnKnnKnKFd

+

$amp

=

$amp

++

$amp

=


000cos)cossin0(nn =

$


θθθ

$


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zyx

dzd

θθ

θθθ

θ

θθθ


nn

( )θθθ 2

32

1

2

21 cossin KKdzdFd +

$amp

=

Info

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ion

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play

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inee

ring

y

z

θ

yrsquo

zrsquo

$$

amp

$$

amp=

$$

amp perp

||0

00

z

y

z

y

EE

DD

ε

εε



$$

amp

$$

amp=

$$

amp

z

y

zzzy

yzyy

z

y

EE

DD

εε

εε


zze DEDEF21

21

=sdot=

jiji ED ε=

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ion

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play

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inee

ring


Eno

Ey

Ene

Ex

$$

amp

minus=

θθθθ

θcossinsincos

)(R

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ion

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play

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inee

ring


$$

amp

$$

amp

minus=

$$

amp(

(

z

y

z

y

EE

EE

θθ

θθ

cossinsincos

$$

amp

$$

amp

minus

$$

amp=

$$

amp(

( perp

z

y

z

y

EE

DD

θθ

θθε

ε

cossinsincos

00

||

$$

amp

$$

amp

minus

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amp

$$

amp minus=

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amp perp

z

y

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θθε

ε

θθ

θθ

cossinsincos

00

cossinsincos

||

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amp

minus

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amp

$$

amp minus=

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amp perp

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θθε

ε

θθ

θθεε

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||zzzy

yzyy

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yyzz

yz

yy

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θθεε

θεεθεθεε

minus=

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Δ+=+= perpperp

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||2


( )zE00=E ( )

$$

amp

Δ+

Δ=

$$

amp=

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amp

$$

amp=

$$

amp

perp z

z

zzz

zyz

zzzzy

yzyy

z

y

EE

EE

EDD

θεε

θθε

ε

εεε

εε2sin

cossin0

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ion

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inee

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intint Δ+==

perp

dd dzDdzzEV0 2

00 )sin(

)(θεεε

1

0 20

0 )sin(

minus

perp $

amp(

Δ+= int

d dzVDθεεε

ε

1

0 22

021

021

021

)sin(

21)(

minus

perp $

amp(



ε

1

0 20

202

1223

212

1

)sin(]sincos[

minus

perp $

amp(

Δ+minus+= intint

dd

totaldz

VdzKKFθεε

εθθθ

220

2213

23

21 )sin(


θεεεθθ

εθθθθθθΔ+

minus=minus++perp

aDKKKK

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)sin(21

21

21


θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 minus=$

amp(

)minus+$$

amp(

)+

θθεθ

cossinΔεEdzd

K 202

2

minus=$$

amp(

)

θθεθθ

θθ

cossinΔεEKdzd

K 202

2

==$

ampamp

(

dd

θθε

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E minus= m

z

d

0

θm d2 θ(d2)=θm

$

amp minus=minus

int 2KΔε

Ecoscos

022

dzd

m m

ε

θθ

θθ

θ

$

amp=minus

int 2KΔε

Ecoscos

02

22

dd

m m

ε

θθ

θπ

θ

At z=d

Info

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ion

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inee

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2coscoslim

2

222

π

θθ

θπ

θπθ

=minus

intrarrm

mm

d

E

θm

π2

Eth

22KΔεE 0

thπε

=$

amp

( d

dπ

ε ΔεK

dVE

0

thth ==

ΔεKV0



Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring (z)θ


0 V 3 V 5 V

θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 =$

amp

(minus+$

ampamp

(+

Info

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ion

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play

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inee

ring

z=0

z=d


E


Info

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ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


Info

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ion

Dis

play

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inee

ring



Eq of Motion

At equilibrium



part

Info

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ion

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play

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inee

ring


||2

02

32

1

2

sin21

cossin21

Δminus++amp

()

=+= EKKdzdFFF ed


times=τ

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xED

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EDP

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ˆ)(ˆ)(ˆ)(

20

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=


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sincos)K(Kdzd

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2

132

22

32

1 =+

$

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amp+ θθε

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0FF=

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sincos)K(KddF 2

0

2

31 minus$

amp(

)minus=

( ) ( ) ( )2

312

22

32

12

32


$

ampminus++=()

+- +=

$

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dzdKK

dzdKK

dzd

dzd θ

θθθ

θθθ

θθθ

z

z

ED

ED

zzz

yzy

ε

ε

=

=

Info

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inee

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θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 minus=$

amp(

)minus+$$

amp(

)+


$

amppart

partminus

part

part=

θθ FF

dzd

At equilibrium


Info

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ion

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play

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inee

ring


( )

2

2

12

02

32

2

2

312

22

32

1

tI

tγ cos sinΔεEε

zν

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zcos)sinK(K

zsinKcosK

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part+

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part

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$

amp

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part

part+

θθθθθθ

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zφ

K 12

02

2

=+part

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mon=

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22

dπ

4πΔεE

1on K

γτminus

=2

2

dπ

1off Kγτ =

Solution

$

amppart

partminus

part

part=

θθθ

γ FF

1 dzd

dtd

Info

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ion

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play

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inee

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bull Response Time




Tran

mitt

ance

Voltage

Tran

smitt

ance

Time

bull T-Time curve

T(04)

T(100)

T(90)

T(10) T(10)

T(90)


V(T100)

Vop

Input Signal


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ion

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play

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inee

ring

Disadvantage


Advantage


v LCD TV Vs CRT TV

Info

rmat

ion

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play

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inee


bull Frame Rate





0

1000

2000

3000

4000

Response Time (m

s)

63 55 47 39 31 23 15 7 0

Final Gray Level


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rmat

ion

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play

Eng

inee

ring







Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

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inee

ring


$

amp

minus=

$

amp

minus()

+

-= 2c

20

12

theff

12

on EE1

Δεεγ

1)(VV1

Kγ

πdτ

2c0

21

eff

12

off ΔεEε1

dγKγ

πdτ =

$

amp=

ΔεεKπV0

effth =

ΔεεK

dπV

0

effth

=

for TN VA OCB modes

for IPS modes


VAOCB K3


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


Y Z RrsquoXR

M N

A B


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring





Combination n=1~2

O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring







Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Lateral sustituents

- H F Cl CN CH3








Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

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inee

ring

Linking groups

CequivC COO CH2CH2


Rigid Rigid





Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring




Combination n=1~2

H F Cl CN CH3

H F Cl CN CH3

CequivC COO CH2CH2


O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


K


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring



Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring






Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

EE



Simple is Fast

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring



Vpacute= Vp +Δ Vp


Vpacute= 33V


ggdLCst

stp ΔV

C(V)CCCΔV

++=

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

ToFrom

ToFrom

With DCCWithout DCC

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring




RT gt 1 frame



RT gt 1 frame

Tailing 야구공


Hold-type display


Hold-type display


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


1 frame


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee


1 frame (167 ms)

LC response

Lamp illumination


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring



Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Conventional LCD

180 Hz 구동


FS LCD

Advantage of FS LCD


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Dynamic Dimming

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Summary


For TV application


+


+


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


i j=12hellip6

Ki 6개 Kij 36개

xy

z





Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


180ordm Rotation

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

90ordm Rotation


Eq (1)

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

45ordm Rotation


xy

z

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


Gauss theorem


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring



K11=K1=07 times 10-12 N

K22=K2=04 times 10-12 N

K33=K3=17 times 10-12 N

for PAA

K33 gt K11 gt K22


K33 = K11 = K22 = K

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring n εσ

χη

n εσ χη





Optical effects


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee



Uncontrollable


v LC Alignment

R d

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rmat

ion

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play

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inee

ring

Planar


Homeotropic




Pre-tilt angle

Hybrid

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ion

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play

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inee

ring

v Surfactant

r

a

r gt a

r ~ a

Info

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ion

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play

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inee

ring

v Organic Layer

Info

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ion

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play

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inee

ring

v SiO2 Evaporation

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ion

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play

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inee

ring


LiF perp CaF2

XX

BN X C X

NaF X NaCl

X

MgF XMg(OH)2 perp

Al XAl2O3 X

perp

Aluminosilicat

es X

Si3N4

XSiO2

X

KBrX

Kl X

TiO2

XCr2O3 X

Cr X 17

Fe2O3 perp NiO X

Ni X

ZnS Xperp

ZnO X

Ge2O3 perp

AsS3

X

Y2O3 X ZrO2

Xperp

In2O3 Xperp

SnO2

Xperp

Cs2O X

BaTiO4X CeO

XThF4 perp

TaN5

X perp




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inee

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90

65

60

15

10

5

3

0








25

Double evaporation



Rubbed Polymers

Summary

Info

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ion

Dis

play

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inee

ring



UV Treatment





Imprinting

v Alignment Methods

Info

rmat

ion

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play

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inee

ring

1 Rubbing Method


N Rubbing 횟수


n 회전수



rd

v

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ion

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play

Eng

inee

ring

2 Photo Alignment


Info

rmat

ion

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play

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inee

ring

Photo-dimerization

Photo-dissociation

N

O

O

Info

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ion

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play

Eng

inee

ring

3 Ion-beam exposure

DLC Al2O3 Polyimide

Multi-domain




Info

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ion

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play

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inee

ring

A B

Polyamic Acid

O O O





A AB

B


Heat

Imidization


Info

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ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


Chain ordering





Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


a

λ




Rubbing direction

Alignment Mechanism



Info

rmat

ion

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play

Eng

inee

ring


PI PS

R R


Alignment Mechanism

Info

rmat

ion

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play

Eng

inee

ring

Oslash AFM image


Rubbed Polystyrene

200 400 600 8000 nm-50

+50 nm

R

Oslash X-ray

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ion

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play

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inee

ring



ALC

Direction

Value(How strong)


ϕ amp θ

Anchoringenergy




Info

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ion

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play

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inee

ring




0 2 4 6 800

02

04

06

08

10

12

of Rubbing

Anc

horin

g En

ergy


Info

rmat

ion

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play

Eng

inee

ring




Total Free Energy

v Total Free Energy

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ion

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play

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inee

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ϕ

θ

E static (constant)


Energy

x

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ion

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inee

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inee

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ϕ(0)=0 ϕ(d)= ϕ0 θ(0)=θ(d)=0

x

y

z

d

ϕ0


x

y

ϕ 0 0

Boundary condition

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z

ϕ(z)

d

ϕ0

x

y

z

d

Euler-Lagrange Eq

If ϕ0=π2 TN

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ϕ

θ

where

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ab constant

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inee

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Tilted Solution

z=0

z=d

θ0

z=0

z=d

θ0

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inee

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--- eq(1)

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i) K3 le 2K2

ii) K3 gt 2K2

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ion

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inee

ring

From eq(1)

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inee

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Case (i) K2 gt K1


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Case (ii) K1 gt K2

egrave Planar twist

Case (iii) K1 = K2 (K1= K2 = K3)

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inee

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z=0

z=d

HW

ϕ

θ

α

α

(i) θ(0)=π2 - α θ(d)=π2 + α

(ii) θ(0)=π2 - α θ(d)=π2 + α - π


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Stimulus


Response



Elastic energy+


Surface energy




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inee

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Experimental

technique

Indirect

Direct

Geometry

type

External

field type

Surface

disclination

Twist angle

measurement

Wedge

cell

Freedericksz

transition

High field

Torque

measurement

Flexoelectricity


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inee

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LC +

Chiral dopant


Minimization



Top surface

Δφ

φ0

φr

Θ

R

R

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ion

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inee

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ion

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VV E



20

20 )(

21

21

21 EnEEDFelec


20 )(

21 EnFelec

sdotΔminus= εε

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play

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inee

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sdot+= perp


20

20 )(

21

21

21 HnHHBFmag


20 )(

21 HnFmag



[21 22

0 HnHFmag


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ion

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inee

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φ

x

y

zR

H

0FF=

$$

amp

part

partminus

part

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φφ dzd

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inee

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dzd


χξφφφξ

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22

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)( where0sincos)( K

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intint =rarr+z

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Hz

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ion

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play

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inee

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Info

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ion

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inee

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VV

Δε gt 0Δn gt 0

0 V 3 V 5 V


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play

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inee

ring


x

y

z

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232

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0 0 0

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inee

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( )

( )θθθ

θθθθ

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23

21

2

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ion

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play

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y

z

θ

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ion

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play

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inee

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Ey

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)(R

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play

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inee

ring


$$

amp

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(

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Info

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ion

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play

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inee

ring


intint Δ+==

perp

dd dzDdzzEV0 2

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)(θεεε

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minus=minus++perp

aDKKKK

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ion

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inee

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)sin(21

21

21


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sincos)K(Kdzd

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At z=d

Info

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ion

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play

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inee

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2coscoslim

2

222

π

θθ

θπ

θπθ

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mm

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play

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ring (z)θ


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Dis

play

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ring

z=0

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Info

rmat

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Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring



Eq of Motion

At equilibrium



part

Info

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ion

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play

Eng

inee

ring


||2

02

32

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sin21

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ED

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ε

ε

=

=

Info

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ion

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play

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inee

ring

θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 minus=$

amp(

)minus+$$

amp(

)+


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part=

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dzd

At equilibrium


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


( )

2

2

12

02

32

2

2

312

22

32

1

tI

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2

dπ

1off Kγτ =

Solution

$

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part

part=

θθθ

γ FF

1 dzd

dtd

Info

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ion

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play

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inee

ring

bull Response Time




Tran

mitt

ance

Voltage

Tran

smitt

ance

Time

bull T-Time curve

T(04)

T(100)

T(90)

T(10) T(10)

T(90)


V(T100)

Vop

Input Signal


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ion

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play

Eng

inee

ring

Disadvantage


Advantage


v LCD TV Vs CRT TV

Info

rmat

ion

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play

Eng

inee


bull Frame Rate





0

1000

2000

3000

4000

Response Time (m

s)

63 55 47 39 31 23 15 7 0

Final Gray Level


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring







Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


$

amp

minus=

$

amp

minus()

+

-= 2c

20

12

theff

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on EE1

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1)(VV1

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2c0

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off ΔεEε1

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$

amp=

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effth =

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for TN VA OCB modes

for IPS modes


VAOCB K3


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


Y Z RrsquoXR

M N

A B


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring





Combination n=1~2

O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring







Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Lateral sustituents

- H F Cl CN CH3








Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Linking groups

CequivC COO CH2CH2


Rigid Rigid





Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring




Combination n=1~2

H F Cl CN CH3

H F Cl CN CH3

CequivC COO CH2CH2


O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


K


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring



Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring






Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

EE



Simple is Fast

Info

rmat

ion

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play

Eng

inee

ring



Vpacute= Vp +Δ Vp


Vpacute= 33V


ggdLCst

stp ΔV

C(V)CCCΔV

++=

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

ToFrom

ToFrom

With DCCWithout DCC

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring




RT gt 1 frame



RT gt 1 frame

Tailing 야구공


Hold-type display


Hold-type display


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


1 frame


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee


1 frame (167 ms)

LC response

Lamp illumination


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring



Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Conventional LCD

180 Hz 구동


FS LCD

Advantage of FS LCD


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Dynamic Dimming

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Summary


For TV application


+


+


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


180ordm Rotation

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

90ordm Rotation


Eq (1)

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

45ordm Rotation


xy

z

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


Gauss theorem


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring



K11=K1=07 times 10-12 N

K22=K2=04 times 10-12 N

K33=K3=17 times 10-12 N

for PAA

K33 gt K11 gt K22


K33 = K11 = K22 = K

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring n εσ

χη

n εσ χη





Optical effects


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee



Uncontrollable


v LC Alignment

R d

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Planar


Homeotropic




Pre-tilt angle

Hybrid

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

v Surfactant

r

a

r gt a

r ~ a

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

v Organic Layer

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

v SiO2 Evaporation

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


LiF perp CaF2

XX

BN X C X

NaF X NaCl

X

MgF XMg(OH)2 perp

Al XAl2O3 X

perp

Aluminosilicat

es X

Si3N4

XSiO2

X

KBrX

Kl X

TiO2

XCr2O3 X

Cr X 17

Fe2O3 perp NiO X

Ni X

ZnS Xperp

ZnO X

Ge2O3 perp

AsS3

X

Y2O3 X ZrO2

Xperp

In2O3 Xperp

SnO2

Xperp

Cs2O X

BaTiO4X CeO

XThF4 perp

TaN5

X perp




Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

90

65

60

15

10

5

3

0








25

Double evaporation



Rubbed Polymers

Summary

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring



UV Treatment





Imprinting

v Alignment Methods

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

1 Rubbing Method


N Rubbing 횟수


n 회전수



rd

v

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

2 Photo Alignment


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Photo-dimerization

Photo-dissociation

N

O

O

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

3 Ion-beam exposure

DLC Al2O3 Polyimide

Multi-domain




Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

A B

Polyamic Acid

O O O





A AB

B


Heat

Imidization


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


Chain ordering





Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


a

λ




Rubbing direction

Alignment Mechanism



Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


PI PS

R R


Alignment Mechanism

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Oslash AFM image


Rubbed Polystyrene

200 400 600 8000 nm-50

+50 nm

R

Oslash X-ray

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring



ALC

Direction

Value(How strong)


ϕ amp θ

Anchoringenergy




Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring




0 2 4 6 800

02

04

06

08

10

12

of Rubbing

Anc

horin

g En

ergy


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring




Total Free Energy

v Total Free Energy

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

ϕ

θ

E static (constant)


Energy

x

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ϕ(0)=0 ϕ(d)= ϕ0 θ(0)=θ(d)=0

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d

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x

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ϕ 0 0

Boundary condition

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z

ϕ(z)

d

ϕ0

x

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Euler-Lagrange Eq

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ϕ

θ

where

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ab constant

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z=0

z=d

θ0

z=0

z=d

θ0

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--- eq(1)

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i) K3 le 2K2

ii) K3 gt 2K2

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From eq(1)

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HW

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(ii) θ(0)=π2 - α θ(d)=π2 + α - π


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Stimulus


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Elastic energy+


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Experimental

technique

Indirect

Direct

Geometry

type

External

field type

Surface

disclination

Twist angle

measurement

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cell

Freedericksz

transition

High field

Torque

measurement

Flexoelectricity


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LC +

Chiral dopant


Minimization



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Δφ

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φr

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R

R

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VV E



20

20 )(

21

21

21 EnEEDFelec


20 )(

21 EnFelec

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sdot+= perp


20

20 )(

21

21

21 HnHHBFmag


20 )(

21 HnFmag



[21 22

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φ

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dzd


χξφφφξ

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22

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x

y

z

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232

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( )

( )θθθ

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y

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Eno

Ey

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$$

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)(R

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$$

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intint Δ+==

perp

dd dzDdzzEV0 2

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)(θεεε

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0 20

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aDKKKK

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)sin(21

21

21


θθεθ

θθθ

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sincos)K(Kdzd

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22

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At z=d

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2coscoslim

2

222

π

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θπ

θπθ

=minus

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mm

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0 V 3 V 5 V

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132

22

32

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z=0

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Eq of Motion

At equilibrium



part

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||2

02

32

1

2

sin21

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θθθ

θθθ

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z

z

ED

ED

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yzy

ε

ε

=

=

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θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 minus=$

amp(

)minus+$$

amp(

)+


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partminus

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part=

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dzd

At equilibrium


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( )

2

2

12

02

32

2

2

312

22

32

1

tI

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1on K

γτminus

=2

2

dπ

1off Kγτ =

Solution

$

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part

part=

θθθ

γ FF

1 dzd

dtd

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bull Response Time




Tran

mitt

ance

Voltage

Tran

smitt

ance

Time

bull T-Time curve

T(04)

T(100)

T(90)

T(10) T(10)

T(90)


V(T100)

Vop

Input Signal


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Disadvantage


Advantage


v LCD TV Vs CRT TV

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bull Frame Rate





0

1000

2000

3000

4000

Response Time (m

s)

63 55 47 39 31 23 15 7 0

Final Gray Level


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$

amp

minus=

$

amp

minus()

+

-= 2c

20

12

theff

12

on EE1

Δεεγ

1)(VV1

Kγ

πdτ

2c0

21

eff

12

off ΔεEε1

dγKγ

πdτ =

$

amp=

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effth =

ΔεεK

dπV

0

effth

=

for TN VA OCB modes

for IPS modes


VAOCB K3


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Y Z RrsquoXR

M N

A B


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Combination n=1~2

O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

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Lateral sustituents

- H F Cl CN CH3








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Linking groups

CequivC COO CH2CH2


Rigid Rigid





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Combination n=1~2

H F Cl CN CH3

H F Cl CN CH3

CequivC COO CH2CH2


O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

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K


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EE



Simple is Fast

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Vpacute= Vp +Δ Vp


Vpacute= 33V


ggdLCst

stp ΔV

C(V)CCCΔV

++=

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ToFrom

ToFrom

With DCCWithout DCC

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RT gt 1 frame



RT gt 1 frame

Tailing 야구공


Hold-type display


Hold-type display


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1 frame


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1 frame (167 ms)

LC response

Lamp illumination


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Conventional LCD

180 Hz 구동


FS LCD

Advantage of FS LCD


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Dynamic Dimming

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Summary


For TV application


+


+


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90ordm Rotation


Eq (1)

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45ordm Rotation


xy

z

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Gauss theorem


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K11=K1=07 times 10-12 N

K22=K2=04 times 10-12 N

K33=K3=17 times 10-12 N

for PAA

K33 gt K11 gt K22


K33 = K11 = K22 = K

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ring n εσ

χη

n εσ χη





Optical effects


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Uncontrollable


v LC Alignment

R d

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Planar


Homeotropic




Pre-tilt angle

Hybrid

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v Surfactant

r

a

r gt a

r ~ a

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v Organic Layer

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v SiO2 Evaporation

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LiF perp CaF2

XX

BN X C X

NaF X NaCl

X

MgF XMg(OH)2 perp

Al XAl2O3 X

perp

Aluminosilicat

es X

Si3N4

XSiO2

X

KBrX

Kl X

TiO2

XCr2O3 X

Cr X 17

Fe2O3 perp NiO X

Ni X

ZnS Xperp

ZnO X

Ge2O3 perp

AsS3

X

Y2O3 X ZrO2

Xperp

In2O3 Xperp

SnO2

Xperp

Cs2O X

BaTiO4X CeO

XThF4 perp

TaN5

X perp




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90

65

60

15

10

5

3

0








25

Double evaporation



Rubbed Polymers

Summary

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UV Treatment





Imprinting

v Alignment Methods

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1 Rubbing Method


N Rubbing 횟수


n 회전수



rd

v

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2 Photo Alignment


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Photo-dimerization

Photo-dissociation

N

O

O

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3 Ion-beam exposure

DLC Al2O3 Polyimide

Multi-domain




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A B

Polyamic Acid

O O O





A AB

B


Heat

Imidization


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Chain ordering





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a

λ




Rubbing direction

Alignment Mechanism



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PI PS

R R


Alignment Mechanism

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Oslash AFM image


Rubbed Polystyrene

200 400 600 8000 nm-50

+50 nm

R

Oslash X-ray

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ALC

Direction

Value(How strong)


ϕ amp θ

Anchoringenergy




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inee

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0 2 4 6 800

02

04

06

08

10

12

of Rubbing

Anc

horin

g En

ergy


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ion

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Total Free Energy

v Total Free Energy

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ϕ

θ

E static (constant)


Energy

x

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inee

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Info

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inee

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ϕ(0)=0 ϕ(d)= ϕ0 θ(0)=θ(d)=0

x

y

z

d

ϕ0


x

y

ϕ 0 0

Boundary condition

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z

ϕ(z)

d

ϕ0

x

y

z

d

Euler-Lagrange Eq

If ϕ0=π2 TN

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ϕ

θ

where

Info

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ion

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inee

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ab constant

Info

rmat

ion

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play

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inee

ring

Tilted Solution

z=0

z=d

θ0

z=0

z=d

θ0

Info

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ion

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play

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inee

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--- eq(1)

Info

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play

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inee

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i) K3 le 2K2

ii) K3 gt 2K2

Info

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ion

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inee

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From eq(1)

Info

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play

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inee

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Info

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inee

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Info

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Case (i) K2 gt K1


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Case (ii) K1 gt K2

egrave Planar twist

Case (iii) K1 = K2 (K1= K2 = K3)

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inee

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z=0

z=d

HW

ϕ

θ

α

α

(i) θ(0)=π2 - α θ(d)=π2 + α

(ii) θ(0)=π2 - α θ(d)=π2 + α - π


Info

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inee

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Stimulus


Response



Elastic energy+


Surface energy




Info

rmat

ion

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play

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inee

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Experimental

technique

Indirect

Direct

Geometry

type

External

field type

Surface

disclination

Twist angle

measurement

Wedge

cell

Freedericksz

transition

High field

Torque

measurement

Flexoelectricity


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

LC +

Chiral dopant


Minimization



Top surface

Δφ

φ0

φr

Θ

R

R

Info

rmat

ion

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play

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inee

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Info

rmat

ion

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play

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inee

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Info

rmat

ion

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inee

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VV E



20

20 )(

21

21

21 EnEEDFelec


20 )(

21 EnFelec

sdotΔminus= εε

Info

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ion

Dis

play

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inee

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sdot+= perp


20

20 )(

21

21

21 HnHHBFmag


20 )(

21 HnFmag



[21 22

0 HnHFmag


Info

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ion

Dis

play

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inee

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φ

x

y

zR

H

0FF=

$$

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)sin(21

21

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2coscoslim

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Eq of Motion

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θθεθ

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( )

2

2

12

02

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bull Response Time




Tran

mitt

ance

Voltage

Tran

smitt

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Time

bull T-Time curve

T(04)

T(100)

T(90)

T(10) T(10)

T(90)


V(T100)

Vop

Input Signal


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Disadvantage


Advantage


v LCD TV Vs CRT TV

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bull Frame Rate





0

1000

2000

3000

4000

Response Time (m

s)

63 55 47 39 31 23 15 7 0

Final Gray Level


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$

amp

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$

amp

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-= 2c

20

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for TN VA OCB modes

for IPS modes


VAOCB K3


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Y Z RrsquoXR

M N

A B


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Combination n=1~2

O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

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Lateral sustituents

- H F Cl CN CH3








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Linking groups

CequivC COO CH2CH2


Rigid Rigid





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Combination n=1~2

H F Cl CN CH3

H F Cl CN CH3

CequivC COO CH2CH2


O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

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K


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EE



Simple is Fast

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Vpacute= Vp +Δ Vp


Vpacute= 33V


ggdLCst

stp ΔV

C(V)CCCΔV

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Info

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ToFrom

ToFrom

With DCCWithout DCC

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RT gt 1 frame



RT gt 1 frame

Tailing 야구공


Hold-type display


Hold-type display


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1 frame


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1 frame (167 ms)

LC response

Lamp illumination


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Conventional LCD

180 Hz 구동


FS LCD

Advantage of FS LCD


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Dynamic Dimming

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Summary


For TV application


+


+


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45ordm Rotation


xy

z

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Gauss theorem


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K11=K1=07 times 10-12 N

K22=K2=04 times 10-12 N

K33=K3=17 times 10-12 N

for PAA

K33 gt K11 gt K22


K33 = K11 = K22 = K

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ring n εσ

χη

n εσ χη





Optical effects


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Uncontrollable


v LC Alignment

R d

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Planar


Homeotropic




Pre-tilt angle

Hybrid

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v Surfactant

r

a

r gt a

r ~ a

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v Organic Layer

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v SiO2 Evaporation

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LiF perp CaF2

XX

BN X C X

NaF X NaCl

X

MgF XMg(OH)2 perp

Al XAl2O3 X

perp

Aluminosilicat

es X

Si3N4

XSiO2

X

KBrX

Kl X

TiO2

XCr2O3 X

Cr X 17

Fe2O3 perp NiO X

Ni X

ZnS Xperp

ZnO X

Ge2O3 perp

AsS3

X

Y2O3 X ZrO2

Xperp

In2O3 Xperp

SnO2

Xperp

Cs2O X

BaTiO4X CeO

XThF4 perp

TaN5

X perp




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90

65

60

15

10

5

3

0








25

Double evaporation



Rubbed Polymers

Summary

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UV Treatment





Imprinting

v Alignment Methods

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1 Rubbing Method


N Rubbing 횟수


n 회전수



rd

v

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2 Photo Alignment


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Photo-dimerization

Photo-dissociation

N

O

O

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3 Ion-beam exposure

DLC Al2O3 Polyimide

Multi-domain




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A B

Polyamic Acid

O O O





A AB

B


Heat

Imidization


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Chain ordering





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a

λ




Rubbing direction

Alignment Mechanism



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PI PS

R R


Alignment Mechanism

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Oslash AFM image


Rubbed Polystyrene

200 400 600 8000 nm-50

+50 nm

R

Oslash X-ray

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ALC

Direction

Value(How strong)


ϕ amp θ

Anchoringenergy




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0 2 4 6 800

02

04

06

08

10

12

of Rubbing

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g En

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Total Free Energy

v Total Free Energy

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ϕ

θ

E static (constant)


Energy

x

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ϕ(0)=0 ϕ(d)= ϕ0 θ(0)=θ(d)=0

x

y

z

d

ϕ0


x

y

ϕ 0 0

Boundary condition

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z

ϕ(z)

d

ϕ0

x

y

z

d

Euler-Lagrange Eq

If ϕ0=π2 TN

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ϕ

θ

where

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ab constant

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Tilted Solution

z=0

z=d

θ0

z=0

z=d

θ0

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--- eq(1)

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i) K3 le 2K2

ii) K3 gt 2K2

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From eq(1)

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Case (i) K2 gt K1


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Case (ii) K1 gt K2

egrave Planar twist

Case (iii) K1 = K2 (K1= K2 = K3)

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z=0

z=d

HW

ϕ

θ

α

α

(i) θ(0)=π2 - α θ(d)=π2 + α

(ii) θ(0)=π2 - α θ(d)=π2 + α - π


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Stimulus


Response



Elastic energy+


Surface energy




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Experimental

technique

Indirect

Direct

Geometry

type

External

field type

Surface

disclination

Twist angle

measurement

Wedge

cell

Freedericksz

transition

High field

Torque

measurement

Flexoelectricity


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LC +

Chiral dopant


Minimization



Top surface

Δφ

φ0

φr

Θ

R

R

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VV E



20

20 )(

21

21

21 EnEEDFelec


20 )(

21 EnFelec

sdotΔminus= εε

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sdot+= perp


20

20 )(

21

21

21 HnHHBFmag


20 )(

21 HnFmag



[21 22

0 HnHFmag


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φ

x

y

zR

H

0FF=

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partminus

part

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dzd


χξφφφξ

Δ==+rarr 2

22

21

)( where0sincos)( K

HHH



intint =rarr+z

Hξdzd

02

0 )(cos sign Choose

φ

φφ

$amp

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)+

minusminus=rarr=

(

)+

minus minus

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2)(

)(24cotln

2

1

2 Hzz

Hz

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φξ

φπ

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Info

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VV

Δε gt 0Δn gt 0

0 V 3 V 5 V


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inee

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x

y

z

nEθ

232

1222

1212

1 )()()( nnKnnKnKFd


dzdsinn θ

θ=sdotnabla

$

amp=

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part+

$

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part+

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amp

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partpart

00cos


ˆˆˆn

dzd

zx

yx

xzy

zyx

zyx

θθ

θθθθ

θθ

0 0 0

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( )

( )θθθ

θθθθ

θθ

23

21

2

21

2224

321

22

121

232

1222

1212

1

cossin

cossincossin

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KKdzd

dzdK

dzdK

nnKnnKnKFd

+

$amp

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θθθ

θ

θθθ


nn

( )θθθ 2

32

1

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21 cossin KKdzdFd +

$amp

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Info

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y

z

θ

yrsquo

zrsquo

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amp=

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Ey

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$$

amp

minus=

θθθθ

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)(R

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amp

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z

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θθ

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cossinsincos

00

cossinsincos

||

$$

amp

minus

$$

amp

$$

amp minus=

$$

amp perp

θθ

θθε

ε

θθ

θθεε

εε

cossinsincos

00

cossinsincos

||zzzy

yzyy

yzzy

yyzz

yz

yy

εε

εε

θθεε

θεεθεθεε

minus=

=

Δ=

Δ+=+= perpperp

cossinsinsincos 22

||2


( )zE00=E ( )

$$

amp

Δ+

Δ=

$$

amp=

$$

amp

$$

amp=

$$

amp

perp z

z

zzz

zyz

zzzzy

yzyy

z

y

EE

EE

EDD

θεε

θθε

ε

εεε

εε2sin

cossin0

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intint Δ+==

perp

dd dzDdzzEV0 2

00 )sin(

)(θεεε

1

0 20

0 )sin(

minus

perp $

amp(

Δ+= int

d dzVDθεεε

ε

1

0 22

021

021

021

)sin(

21)(

minus

perp $

amp(



ε

1

0 20

202

1223

212

1

)sin(]sincos[

minus

perp $

amp(

Δ+minus+= intint

dd

totaldz

VdzKKFθεε

εθθθ

220

2213

23

21 )sin(


θεεεθθ

εθθθθθθΔ+

minus=minus++perp

aDKKKK

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)sin(21

21

21


θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 minus=$

amp(

)minus+$$

amp(

)+

θθεθ

cossinΔεEdzd

K 202

2

minus=$$

amp(

)

θθεθθ

θθ

cossinΔεEKdzd

K 202

2

==$

ampamp

(

dd

θθε

θ 220 coscosKΔε

E minus= m

z

d

0

θm d2 θ(d2)=θm

$

amp minus=minus

int 2KΔε

Ecoscos

022

dzd

m m

ε

θθ

θθ

θ

$

amp=minus

int 2KΔε

Ecoscos

02

22

dd

m m

ε

θθ

θπ

θ

At z=d

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2coscoslim

2

222

π

θθ

θπ

θπθ

=minus

intrarrm

mm

d

E

θm

π2

Eth

22KΔεE 0

thπε

=$

amp

( d

dπ

ε ΔεK

dVE

0

thth ==

ΔεKV0



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ion

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inee

ring (z)θ


0 V 3 V 5 V

θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 =$

amp

(minus+$

ampamp

(+

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z=0

z=d


E


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Eq of Motion

At equilibrium



part

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||2

02

32

1

2

sin21

cossin21

Δminus++amp

()

=+= EKKdzdFFF ed


times=τ

xE

xED

zEDEDyEDEDxEDEDED

EDP

zy

xyyxzxxzyzzyE

ˆ cossin

ˆ

ˆ)(ˆ)(ˆ)(

20

0

θθεε

τ

ε

Δ=

=


minus=

0cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 =+

$

ampminus+

$$

amp+ θθε

θθθ

θθθ

0FF=

$

amppart

partminus

part

part

θθ dzd

θθεθ

θθθ

cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(KddF 2

0

2

31 minus$

amp(

)minus=

( ) ( ) ( )2

312

22

32

12

32


$

ampminus++=()

+- +=

$

ampdzdKK

dzdKK

dzdKK

dzd

dzd θ

θθθ

θθθ

θθθ

z

z

ED

ED

zzz

yzy

ε

ε

=

=

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θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 minus=$

amp(

)minus+$$

amp(

)+


$

amppart

partminus

part

part=

θθ FF

dzd

At equilibrium


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( )

2

2

12

02

32

2

2

312

22

32

1

tI

tγ cos sinΔεEε

zν

)cosαsin(α

zcos)sinK(K

zsinKcosK

part

part+

part

part=+

part

partminus+

$

amp

(part

partminus+

part

part+

θθθθθθ

θθθ




zφ

K 12

02

2

=+part

part



mon=

2

22

dπ

4πΔεE

1on K

γτminus

=2

2

dπ

1off Kγτ =

Solution

$

amppart

partminus

part

part=

θθθ

γ FF

1 dzd

dtd

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bull Response Time




Tran

mitt

ance

Voltage

Tran

smitt

ance

Time

bull T-Time curve

T(04)

T(100)

T(90)

T(10) T(10)

T(90)


V(T100)

Vop

Input Signal


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Disadvantage


Advantage


v LCD TV Vs CRT TV

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bull Frame Rate





0

1000

2000

3000

4000

Response Time (m

s)

63 55 47 39 31 23 15 7 0

Final Gray Level


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Info

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$

amp

minus=

$

amp

minus()

+

-= 2c

20

12

theff

12

on EE1

Δεεγ

1)(VV1

Kγ

πdτ

2c0

21

eff

12

off ΔεEε1

dγKγ

πdτ =

$

amp=

ΔεεKπV0

effth =

ΔεεK

dπV

0

effth

=

for TN VA OCB modes

for IPS modes


VAOCB K3


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Y Z RrsquoXR

M N

A B


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Combination n=1~2

O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

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Lateral sustituents

- H F Cl CN CH3








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Linking groups

CequivC COO CH2CH2


Rigid Rigid





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Combination n=1~2

H F Cl CN CH3

H F Cl CN CH3

CequivC COO CH2CH2


O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

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K


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ion

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Info

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EE



Simple is Fast

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Vpacute= Vp +Δ Vp


Vpacute= 33V


ggdLCst

stp ΔV

C(V)CCCΔV

++=

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ToFrom

ToFrom

With DCCWithout DCC

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RT gt 1 frame



RT gt 1 frame

Tailing 야구공


Hold-type display


Hold-type display


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1 frame


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1 frame (167 ms)

LC response

Lamp illumination


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Conventional LCD

180 Hz 구동


FS LCD

Advantage of FS LCD


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Dynamic Dimming

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Summary


For TV application


+


+


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Gauss theorem


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K11=K1=07 times 10-12 N

K22=K2=04 times 10-12 N

K33=K3=17 times 10-12 N

for PAA

K33 gt K11 gt K22


K33 = K11 = K22 = K

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ring n εσ

χη

n εσ χη





Optical effects


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Uncontrollable


v LC Alignment

R d

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Planar


Homeotropic




Pre-tilt angle

Hybrid

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v Surfactant

r

a

r gt a

r ~ a

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v Organic Layer

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v SiO2 Evaporation

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LiF perp CaF2

XX

BN X C X

NaF X NaCl

X

MgF XMg(OH)2 perp

Al XAl2O3 X

perp

Aluminosilicat

es X

Si3N4

XSiO2

X

KBrX

Kl X

TiO2

XCr2O3 X

Cr X 17

Fe2O3 perp NiO X

Ni X

ZnS Xperp

ZnO X

Ge2O3 perp

AsS3

X

Y2O3 X ZrO2

Xperp

In2O3 Xperp

SnO2

Xperp

Cs2O X

BaTiO4X CeO

XThF4 perp

TaN5

X perp




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90

65

60

15

10

5

3

0








25

Double evaporation



Rubbed Polymers

Summary

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UV Treatment





Imprinting

v Alignment Methods

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1 Rubbing Method


N Rubbing 횟수


n 회전수



rd

v

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2 Photo Alignment


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Photo-dimerization

Photo-dissociation

N

O

O

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3 Ion-beam exposure

DLC Al2O3 Polyimide

Multi-domain




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A B

Polyamic Acid

O O O





A AB

B


Heat

Imidization


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Chain ordering





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a

λ




Rubbing direction

Alignment Mechanism



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PI PS

R R


Alignment Mechanism

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Oslash AFM image


Rubbed Polystyrene

200 400 600 8000 nm-50

+50 nm

R

Oslash X-ray

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ALC

Direction

Value(How strong)


ϕ amp θ

Anchoringenergy




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0 2 4 6 800

02

04

06

08

10

12

of Rubbing

Anc

horin

g En

ergy


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Total Free Energy

v Total Free Energy

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ϕ

θ

E static (constant)


Energy

x

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ϕ(0)=0 ϕ(d)= ϕ0 θ(0)=θ(d)=0

x

y

z

d

ϕ0


x

y

ϕ 0 0

Boundary condition

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z

ϕ(z)

d

ϕ0

x

y

z

d

Euler-Lagrange Eq

If ϕ0=π2 TN

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ϕ

θ

where

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ab constant

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Tilted Solution

z=0

z=d

θ0

z=0

z=d

θ0

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--- eq(1)

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i) K3 le 2K2

ii) K3 gt 2K2

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From eq(1)

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Case (i) K2 gt K1


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Case (ii) K1 gt K2

egrave Planar twist

Case (iii) K1 = K2 (K1= K2 = K3)

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z=0

z=d

HW

ϕ

θ

α

α

(i) θ(0)=π2 - α θ(d)=π2 + α

(ii) θ(0)=π2 - α θ(d)=π2 + α - π


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Stimulus


Response



Elastic energy+


Surface energy




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Experimental

technique

Indirect

Direct

Geometry

type

External

field type

Surface

disclination

Twist angle

measurement

Wedge

cell

Freedericksz

transition

High field

Torque

measurement

Flexoelectricity


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LC +

Chiral dopant


Minimization



Top surface

Δφ

φ0

φr

Θ

R

R

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VV E



20

20 )(

21

21

21 EnEEDFelec


20 )(

21 EnFelec

sdotΔminus= εε

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sdot+= perp


20

20 )(

21

21

21 HnHHBFmag


20 )(

21 HnFmag



[21 22

0 HnHFmag


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φ

x

y

zR

H

0FF=

$$

amp

part

partminus

part

part

φφ dzd

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dzd


χξφφφξ

Δ==+rarr 2

22

21

)( where0sincos)( K

HHH



intint =rarr+z

Hξdzd

02

0 )(cos sign Choose

φ

φφ

$amp

(

)+

minusminus=rarr=

(

)+

minus minus

)(exptan2

2)(

)(24cotln

2

1

2 Hzz

Hz

ξπ

φξ

φπ

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VV

Δε gt 0Δn gt 0

0 V 3 V 5 V


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inee

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x

y

z

nEθ

232

1222

1212

1 )()()( nnKnnKnKFd


dzdsinn θ

θ=sdotnabla

$

amp=

$

amppart

part+

$

amppart

part+

$$

amp

part

partminus

part


partpartpart

partpart

00cos


ˆˆˆn

dzd

zx

yx

xzy

zyx

zyx

θθ

θθθθ

θθ

0 0 0

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( )

( )θθθ

θθθθ

θθ

23

21

2

21

2224

321

22

121

232

1222

1212

1

cossin

cossincossin

)()()(

KKdzd

dzdK

dzdK

nnKnnKnKFd

+

$amp

=

$amp

++

$amp

=


000cos)cossin0(nn =

$


θθθ

$


dzd

zyx

dzd

θθ

θθθ

θ

θθθ


nn

( )θθθ 2

32

1

2

21 cossin KKdzdFd +

$amp

=

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y

z

θ

yrsquo

zrsquo

$$

amp

$$

amp=

$$

amp perp

||0

00

z

y

z

y

EE

DD

ε

εε



$$

amp

$$

amp=

$$

amp

z

y

zzzy

yzyy

z

y

EE

DD

εε

εε


zze DEDEF21

21

=sdot=

jiji ED ε=

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Eno

Ey

Ene

Ex

$$

amp

minus=

θθθθ

θcossinsincos

)(R

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$$

amp

$$

amp

minus=

$$

amp(

(

z

y

z

y

EE

EE

θθ

θθ

cossinsincos

$$

amp

$$

amp

minus

$$

amp=

$$

amp(

( perp

z

y

z

y

EE

DD

θθ

θθε

ε

cossinsincos

00

||

$$

amp

$$

amp

minus

$$

amp

$$

amp minus=

$$

amp perp

z

y

z

y

EE

DD

θθ

θθε

ε

θθ

θθ

cossinsincos

00

cossinsincos

||

$$

amp

minus

$$

amp

$$

amp minus=

$$

amp perp

θθ

θθε

ε

θθ

θθεε

εε

cossinsincos

00

cossinsincos

||zzzy

yzyy

yzzy

yyzz

yz

yy

εε

εε

θθεε

θεεθεθεε

minus=

=

Δ=

Δ+=+= perpperp

cossinsinsincos 22

||2


( )zE00=E ( )

$$

amp

Δ+

Δ=

$$

amp=

$$

amp

$$

amp=

$$

amp

perp z

z

zzz

zyz

zzzzy

yzyy

z

y

EE

EE

EDD

θεε

θθε

ε

εεε

εε2sin

cossin0

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inee

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intint Δ+==

perp

dd dzDdzzEV0 2

00 )sin(

)(θεεε

1

0 20

0 )sin(

minus

perp $

amp(

Δ+= int

d dzVDθεεε

ε

1

0 22

021

021

021

)sin(

21)(

minus

perp $

amp(



ε

1

0 20

202

1223

212

1

)sin(]sincos[

minus

perp $

amp(

Δ+minus+= intint

dd

totaldz

VdzKKFθεε

εθθθ

220

2213

23

21 )sin(


θεεεθθ

εθθθθθθΔ+

minus=minus++perp

aDKKKK

Info

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)sin(21

21

21


θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 minus=$

amp(

)minus+$$

amp(

)+

θθεθ

cossinΔεEdzd

K 202

2

minus=$$

amp(

)

θθεθθ

θθ

cossinΔεEKdzd

K 202

2

==$

ampamp

(

dd

θθε

θ 220 coscosKΔε

E minus= m

z

d

0

θm d2 θ(d2)=θm

$

amp minus=minus

int 2KΔε

Ecoscos

022

dzd

m m

ε

θθ

θθ

θ

$

amp=minus

int 2KΔε

Ecoscos

02

22

dd

m m

ε

θθ

θπ

θ

At z=d

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inee

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2coscoslim

2

222

π

θθ

θπ

θπθ

=minus

intrarrm

mm

d

E

θm

π2

Eth

22KΔεE 0

thπε

=$

amp

( d

dπ

ε ΔεK

dVE

0

thth ==

ΔεKV0



Info

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ion

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play

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inee

ring (z)θ


0 V 3 V 5 V

θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 =$

amp

(minus+$

ampamp

(+

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inee

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z=0

z=d


E


Info

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Info

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Eq of Motion

At equilibrium



part

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||2

02

32

1

2

sin21

cossin21

Δminus++amp

()

=+= EKKdzdFFF ed


times=τ

xE

xED

zEDEDyEDEDxEDEDED

EDP

zy

xyyxzxxzyzzyE

ˆ cossin

ˆ

ˆ)(ˆ)(ˆ)(

20

0

θθεε

τ

ε

Δ=

=


minus=

0cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 =+

$

ampminus+

$$

amp+ θθε

θθθ

θθθ

0FF=

$

amppart

partminus

part

part

θθ dzd

θθεθ

θθθ

cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(KddF 2

0

2

31 minus$

amp(

)minus=

( ) ( ) ( )2

312

22

32

12

32


$

ampminus++=()

+- +=

$

ampdzdKK

dzdKK

dzdKK

dzd

dzd θ

θθθ

θθθ

θθθ

z

z

ED

ED

zzz

yzy

ε

ε

=

=

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θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 minus=$

amp(

)minus+$$

amp(

)+


$

amppart

partminus

part

part=

θθ FF

dzd

At equilibrium


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( )

2

2

12

02

32

2

2

312

22

32

1

tI

tγ cos sinΔεEε

zν

)cosαsin(α

zcos)sinK(K

zsinKcosK

part

part+

part

part=+

part

partminus+

$

amp

(part

partminus+

part

part+

θθθθθθ

θθθ




zφ

K 12

02

2

=+part

part



mon=

2

22

dπ

4πΔεE

1on K

γτminus

=2

2

dπ

1off Kγτ =

Solution

$

amppart

partminus

part

part=

θθθ

γ FF

1 dzd

dtd

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bull Response Time




Tran

mitt

ance

Voltage

Tran

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Time

bull T-Time curve

T(04)

T(100)

T(90)

T(10) T(10)

T(90)


V(T100)

Vop

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Disadvantage


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bull Frame Rate





0

1000

2000

3000

4000

Response Time (m

s)

63 55 47 39 31 23 15 7 0

Final Gray Level


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$

amp

minus=

$

amp

minus()

+

-= 2c

20

12

theff

12

on EE1

Δεεγ

1)(VV1

Kγ

πdτ

2c0

21

eff

12

off ΔεEε1

dγKγ

πdτ =

$

amp=

ΔεεKπV0

effth =

ΔεεK

dπV

0

effth

=

for TN VA OCB modes

for IPS modes


VAOCB K3


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Y Z RrsquoXR

M N

A B


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Combination n=1~2

O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

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Lateral sustituents

- H F Cl CN CH3








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Linking groups

CequivC COO CH2CH2


Rigid Rigid





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Combination n=1~2

H F Cl CN CH3

H F Cl CN CH3

CequivC COO CH2CH2


O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

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K


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EE



Simple is Fast

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Vpacute= Vp +Δ Vp


Vpacute= 33V


ggdLCst

stp ΔV

C(V)CCCΔV

++=

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ToFrom

ToFrom

With DCCWithout DCC

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RT gt 1 frame



RT gt 1 frame

Tailing 야구공


Hold-type display


Hold-type display


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1 frame


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1 frame (167 ms)

LC response

Lamp illumination


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Conventional LCD

180 Hz 구동


FS LCD

Advantage of FS LCD


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Dynamic Dimming

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Summary


For TV application


+


+


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Gauss theorem


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K11=K1=07 times 10-12 N

K22=K2=04 times 10-12 N

K33=K3=17 times 10-12 N

for PAA

K33 gt K11 gt K22


K33 = K11 = K22 = K

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ring n εσ

χη

n εσ χη





Optical effects


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Uncontrollable


v LC Alignment

R d

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Planar


Homeotropic




Pre-tilt angle

Hybrid

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v Surfactant

r

a

r gt a

r ~ a

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v Organic Layer

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v SiO2 Evaporation

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LiF perp CaF2

XX

BN X C X

NaF X NaCl

X

MgF XMg(OH)2 perp

Al XAl2O3 X

perp

Aluminosilicat

es X

Si3N4

XSiO2

X

KBrX

Kl X

TiO2

XCr2O3 X

Cr X 17

Fe2O3 perp NiO X

Ni X

ZnS Xperp

ZnO X

Ge2O3 perp

AsS3

X

Y2O3 X ZrO2

Xperp

In2O3 Xperp

SnO2

Xperp

Cs2O X

BaTiO4X CeO

XThF4 perp

TaN5

X perp




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90

65

60

15

10

5

3

0








25

Double evaporation



Rubbed Polymers

Summary

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UV Treatment





Imprinting

v Alignment Methods

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1 Rubbing Method


N Rubbing 횟수


n 회전수



rd

v

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2 Photo Alignment


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Photo-dimerization

Photo-dissociation

N

O

O

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3 Ion-beam exposure

DLC Al2O3 Polyimide

Multi-domain




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A B

Polyamic Acid

O O O





A AB

B


Heat

Imidization


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Chain ordering





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a

λ




Rubbing direction

Alignment Mechanism



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PI PS

R R


Alignment Mechanism

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Oslash AFM image


Rubbed Polystyrene

200 400 600 8000 nm-50

+50 nm

R

Oslash X-ray

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ALC

Direction

Value(How strong)


ϕ amp θ

Anchoringenergy




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0 2 4 6 800

02

04

06

08

10

12

of Rubbing

Anc

horin

g En

ergy


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Total Free Energy

v Total Free Energy

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ϕ

θ

E static (constant)


Energy

x

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ϕ(0)=0 ϕ(d)= ϕ0 θ(0)=θ(d)=0

x

y

z

d

ϕ0


x

y

ϕ 0 0

Boundary condition

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z

ϕ(z)

d

ϕ0

x

y

z

d

Euler-Lagrange Eq

If ϕ0=π2 TN

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ϕ

θ

where

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ab constant

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Tilted Solution

z=0

z=d

θ0

z=0

z=d

θ0

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--- eq(1)

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i) K3 le 2K2

ii) K3 gt 2K2

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From eq(1)

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Case (i) K2 gt K1


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Case (ii) K1 gt K2

egrave Planar twist

Case (iii) K1 = K2 (K1= K2 = K3)

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z=0

z=d

HW

ϕ

θ

α

α

(i) θ(0)=π2 - α θ(d)=π2 + α

(ii) θ(0)=π2 - α θ(d)=π2 + α - π


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Stimulus


Response



Elastic energy+


Surface energy




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Experimental

technique

Indirect

Direct

Geometry

type

External

field type

Surface

disclination

Twist angle

measurement

Wedge

cell

Freedericksz

transition

High field

Torque

measurement

Flexoelectricity


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LC +

Chiral dopant


Minimization



Top surface

Δφ

φ0

φr

Θ

R

R

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VV E



20

20 )(

21

21

21 EnEEDFelec


20 )(

21 EnFelec

sdotΔminus= εε

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sdot+= perp


20

20 )(

21

21

21 HnHHBFmag


20 )(

21 HnFmag



[21 22

0 HnHFmag


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φ

x

y

zR

H

0FF=

$$

amp

part

partminus

part

part

φφ dzd

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dzd


χξφφφξ

Δ==+rarr 2

22

21

)( where0sincos)( K

HHH



intint =rarr+z

Hξdzd

02

0 )(cos sign Choose

φ

φφ

$amp

(

)+

minusminus=rarr=

(

)+

minus minus

)(exptan2

2)(

)(24cotln

2

1

2 Hzz

Hz

ξπ

φξ

φπ

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VV

Δε gt 0Δn gt 0

0 V 3 V 5 V


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x

y

z

nEθ

232

1222

1212

1 )()()( nnKnnKnKFd


dzdsinn θ

θ=sdotnabla

$

amp=

$

amppart

part+

$

amppart

part+

$$

amp

part

partminus

part


partpartpart

partpart

00cos


ˆˆˆn

dzd

zx

yx

xzy

zyx

zyx

θθ

θθθθ

θθ

0 0 0

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( )

( )θθθ

θθθθ

θθ

23

21

2

21

2224

321

22

121

232

1222

1212

1

cossin

cossincossin

)()()(

KKdzd

dzdK

dzdK

nnKnnKnKFd

+

$amp

=

$amp

++

$amp

=


000cos)cossin0(nn =

$


θθθ

$


dzd

zyx

dzd

θθ

θθθ

θ

θθθ


nn

( )θθθ 2

32

1

2

21 cossin KKdzdFd +

$amp

=

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y

z

θ

yrsquo

zrsquo

$$

amp

$$

amp=

$$

amp perp

||0

00

z

y

z

y

EE

DD

ε

εε



$$

amp

$$

amp=

$$

amp

z

y

zzzy

yzyy

z

y

EE

DD

εε

εε


zze DEDEF21

21

=sdot=

jiji ED ε=

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Eno

Ey

Ene

Ex

$$

amp

minus=

θθθθ

θcossinsincos

)(R

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$$

amp

$$

amp

minus=

$$

amp(

(

z

y

z

y

EE

EE

θθ

θθ

cossinsincos

$$

amp

$$

amp

minus

$$

amp=

$$

amp(

( perp

z

y

z

y

EE

DD

θθ

θθε

ε

cossinsincos

00

||

$$

amp

$$

amp

minus

$$

amp

$$

amp minus=

$$

amp perp

z

y

z

y

EE

DD

θθ

θθε

ε

θθ

θθ

cossinsincos

00

cossinsincos

||

$$

amp

minus

$$

amp

$$

amp minus=

$$

amp perp

θθ

θθε

ε

θθ

θθεε

εε

cossinsincos

00

cossinsincos

||zzzy

yzyy

yzzy

yyzz

yz

yy

εε

εε

θθεε

θεεθεθεε

minus=

=

Δ=

Δ+=+= perpperp

cossinsinsincos 22

||2


( )zE00=E ( )

$$

amp

Δ+

Δ=

$$

amp=

$$

amp

$$

amp=

$$

amp

perp z

z

zzz

zyz

zzzzy

yzyy

z

y

EE

EE

EDD

θεε

θθε

ε

εεε

εε2sin

cossin0

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intint Δ+==

perp

dd dzDdzzEV0 2

00 )sin(

)(θεεε

1

0 20

0 )sin(

minus

perp $

amp(

Δ+= int

d dzVDθεεε

ε

1

0 22

021

021

021

)sin(

21)(

minus

perp $

amp(



ε

1

0 20

202

1223

212

1

)sin(]sincos[

minus

perp $

amp(

Δ+minus+= intint

dd

totaldz

VdzKKFθεε

εθθθ

220

2213

23

21 )sin(


θεεεθθ

εθθθθθθΔ+

minus=minus++perp

aDKKKK

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)sin(21

21

21


θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 minus=$

amp(

)minus+$$

amp(

)+

θθεθ

cossinΔεEdzd

K 202

2

minus=$$

amp(

)

θθεθθ

θθ

cossinΔεEKdzd

K 202

2

==$

ampamp

(

dd

θθε

θ 220 coscosKΔε

E minus= m

z

d

0

θm d2 θ(d2)=θm

$

amp minus=minus

int 2KΔε

Ecoscos

022

dzd

m m

ε

θθ

θθ

θ

$

amp=minus

int 2KΔε

Ecoscos

02

22

dd

m m

ε

θθ

θπ

θ

At z=d

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2coscoslim

2

222

π

θθ

θπ

θπθ

=minus

intrarrm

mm

d

E

θm

π2

Eth

22KΔεE 0

thπε

=$

amp

( d

dπ

ε ΔεK

dVE

0

thth ==

ΔεKV0



Info

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inee

ring (z)θ


0 V 3 V 5 V

θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 =$

amp

(minus+$

ampamp

(+

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z=0

z=d


E


Info

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Eq of Motion

At equilibrium



part

Info

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ion

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inee

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||2

02

32

1

2

sin21

cossin21

Δminus++amp

()

=+= EKKdzdFFF ed


times=τ

xE

xED

zEDEDyEDEDxEDEDED

EDP

zy

xyyxzxxzyzzyE

ˆ cossin

ˆ

ˆ)(ˆ)(ˆ)(

20

0

θθεε

τ

ε

Δ=

=


minus=

0cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 =+

$

ampminus+

$$

amp+ θθε

θθθ

θθθ

0FF=

$

amppart

partminus

part

part

θθ dzd

θθεθ

θθθ

cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(KddF 2

0

2

31 minus$

amp(

)minus=

( ) ( ) ( )2

312

22

32

12

32


$

ampminus++=()

+- +=

$

ampdzdKK

dzdKK

dzdKK

dzd

dzd θ

θθθ

θθθ

θθθ

z

z

ED

ED

zzz

yzy

ε

ε

=

=

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θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 minus=$

amp(

)minus+$$

amp(

)+


$

amppart

partminus

part

part=

θθ FF

dzd

At equilibrium


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inee

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( )

2

2

12

02

32

2

2

312

22

32

1

tI

tγ cos sinΔεEε

zν

)cosαsin(α

zcos)sinK(K

zsinKcosK

part

part+

part

part=+

part

partminus+

$

amp

(part

partminus+

part

part+

θθθθθθ

θθθ




zφ

K 12

02

2

=+part

part



mon=

2

22

dπ

4πΔεE

1on K

γτminus

=2

2

dπ

1off Kγτ =

Solution

$

amppart

partminus

part

part=

θθθ

γ FF

1 dzd

dtd

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bull Response Time




Tran

mitt

ance

Voltage

Tran

smitt

ance

Time

bull T-Time curve

T(04)

T(100)

T(90)

T(10) T(10)

T(90)


V(T100)

Vop

Input Signal


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ion

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inee

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Disadvantage


Advantage


v LCD TV Vs CRT TV

Info

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ion

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play

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inee


bull Frame Rate





0

1000

2000

3000

4000

Response Time (m

s)

63 55 47 39 31 23 15 7 0

Final Gray Level


Info

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ion

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play

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inee

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ion

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play

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inee

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$

amp

minus=

$

amp

minus()

+

-= 2c

20

12

theff

12

on EE1

Δεεγ

1)(VV1

Kγ

πdτ

2c0

21

eff

12

off ΔεEε1

dγKγ

πdτ =

$

amp=

ΔεεKπV0

effth =

ΔεεK

dπV

0

effth

=

for TN VA OCB modes

for IPS modes


VAOCB K3


Info

rmat

ion

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play

Eng

inee

ring


Y Z RrsquoXR

M N

A B


Info

rmat

ion

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play

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inee

ring





Combination n=1~2

O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

Info

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ion

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play

Eng

inee

ring







Info

rmat

ion

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play

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inee

ring

Lateral sustituents

- H F Cl CN CH3








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ion

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play

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inee

ring

Linking groups

CequivC COO CH2CH2


Rigid Rigid





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ion

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play

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inee

ring




Combination n=1~2

H F Cl CN CH3

H F Cl CN CH3

CequivC COO CH2CH2


O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

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ion

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play

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inee

ring


K


Info

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ion

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play

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inee

ring



Info

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ion

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play

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inee

ring






Info

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ion

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ring


Info

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ion

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inee

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EE



Simple is Fast

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inee

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Vpacute= Vp +Δ Vp


Vpacute= 33V


ggdLCst

stp ΔV

C(V)CCCΔV

++=

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ion

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inee

ring


Info

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ion

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inee

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ToFrom

ToFrom

With DCCWithout DCC

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ion

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inee

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RT gt 1 frame



RT gt 1 frame

Tailing 야구공


Hold-type display


Hold-type display


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ion

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inee

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1 frame


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ion

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inee


1 frame (167 ms)

LC response

Lamp illumination


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ion

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inee

ring



Info

rmat

ion

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play

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inee

ring

Conventional LCD

180 Hz 구동


FS LCD

Advantage of FS LCD


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play

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inee

ring

Dynamic Dimming

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Summary


For TV application


+


+


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Gauss theorem


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K11=K1=07 times 10-12 N

K22=K2=04 times 10-12 N

K33=K3=17 times 10-12 N

for PAA

K33 gt K11 gt K22


K33 = K11 = K22 = K

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inee

ring n εσ

χη

n εσ χη





Optical effects


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ion

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inee



Uncontrollable


v LC Alignment

R d

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inee

ring

Planar


Homeotropic




Pre-tilt angle

Hybrid

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v Surfactant

r

a

r gt a

r ~ a

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v Organic Layer

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v SiO2 Evaporation

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LiF perp CaF2

XX

BN X C X

NaF X NaCl

X

MgF XMg(OH)2 perp

Al XAl2O3 X

perp

Aluminosilicat

es X

Si3N4

XSiO2

X

KBrX

Kl X

TiO2

XCr2O3 X

Cr X 17

Fe2O3 perp NiO X

Ni X

ZnS Xperp

ZnO X

Ge2O3 perp

AsS3

X

Y2O3 X ZrO2

Xperp

In2O3 Xperp

SnO2

Xperp

Cs2O X

BaTiO4X CeO

XThF4 perp

TaN5

X perp




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90

65

60

15

10

5

3

0








25

Double evaporation



Rubbed Polymers

Summary

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UV Treatment





Imprinting

v Alignment Methods

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1 Rubbing Method


N Rubbing 횟수


n 회전수



rd

v

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2 Photo Alignment


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Photo-dimerization

Photo-dissociation

N

O

O

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3 Ion-beam exposure

DLC Al2O3 Polyimide

Multi-domain




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A B

Polyamic Acid

O O O





A AB

B


Heat

Imidization


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Chain ordering





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a

λ




Rubbing direction

Alignment Mechanism



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inee

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PI PS

R R


Alignment Mechanism

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Oslash AFM image


Rubbed Polystyrene

200 400 600 8000 nm-50

+50 nm

R

Oslash X-ray

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inee

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ALC

Direction

Value(How strong)


ϕ amp θ

Anchoringenergy




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inee

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0 2 4 6 800

02

04

06

08

10

12

of Rubbing

Anc

horin

g En

ergy


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ion

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inee

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Total Free Energy

v Total Free Energy

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ϕ

θ

E static (constant)


Energy

x

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ϕ(0)=0 ϕ(d)= ϕ0 θ(0)=θ(d)=0

x

y

z

d

ϕ0


x

y

ϕ 0 0

Boundary condition

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z

ϕ(z)

d

ϕ0

x

y

z

d

Euler-Lagrange Eq

If ϕ0=π2 TN

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ϕ

θ

where

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ab constant

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Tilted Solution

z=0

z=d

θ0

z=0

z=d

θ0

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--- eq(1)

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i) K3 le 2K2

ii) K3 gt 2K2

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From eq(1)

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Case (i) K2 gt K1


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Case (ii) K1 gt K2

egrave Planar twist

Case (iii) K1 = K2 (K1= K2 = K3)

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inee

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z=0

z=d

HW

ϕ

θ

α

α

(i) θ(0)=π2 - α θ(d)=π2 + α

(ii) θ(0)=π2 - α θ(d)=π2 + α - π


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Stimulus


Response



Elastic energy+


Surface energy




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inee

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Experimental

technique

Indirect

Direct

Geometry

type

External

field type

Surface

disclination

Twist angle

measurement

Wedge

cell

Freedericksz

transition

High field

Torque

measurement

Flexoelectricity


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inee

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LC +

Chiral dopant


Minimization



Top surface

Δφ

φ0

φr

Θ

R

R

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VV E



20

20 )(

21

21

21 EnEEDFelec


20 )(

21 EnFelec

sdotΔminus= εε

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inee

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sdot+= perp


20

20 )(

21

21

21 HnHHBFmag


20 )(

21 HnFmag



[21 22

0 HnHFmag


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inee

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φ

x

y

zR

H

0FF=

$$

amp

part

partminus

part

part

φφ dzd

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inee

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dzd


χξφφφξ

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22

21

)( where0sincos)( K

HHH



intint =rarr+z

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1

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Hz

ξπ

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φπ

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ion

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inee

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inee

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VV

Δε gt 0Δn gt 0

0 V 3 V 5 V


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play

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inee

ring


x

y

z

nEθ

232

1222

1212

1 )()()( nnKnnKnKFd


dzdsinn θ

θ=sdotnabla

$

amp=

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zyx

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θθθθ

θθ

0 0 0

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( )

( )θθθ

θθθθ

θθ

23

21

2

21

2224

321

22

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play

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y

z

θ

yrsquo

zrsquo

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amp

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amp=

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||0

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play

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Eno

Ey

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Ex

$$

amp

minus=

θθθθ

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)(R

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play

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$$

amp

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amp(

(

z

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θεε

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εεε

εε2sin

cossin0

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inee

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intint Δ+==

perp

dd dzDdzzEV0 2

00 )sin(

)(θεεε

1

0 20

0 )sin(

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perp $

amp(

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220

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θεεεθθ

εθθθθθθΔ+

minus=minus++perp

aDKKKK

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)sin(21

21

21


θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

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amp=minus

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m m

ε

θθ

θπ

θ

At z=d

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ion

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inee

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2coscoslim

2

222

π

θθ

θπ

θπθ

=minus

intrarrm

mm

d

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ring (z)θ


0 V 3 V 5 V

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θθ cossinΔεEdzd

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132

22

32

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z=0

z=d


E


Info

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Dis

play

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Info

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ion

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inee

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Eq of Motion

At equilibrium



part

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ion

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play

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inee

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||2

02

32

1

2

sin21

cossin21

Δminus++amp

()

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dzd θ

θθθ

θθθ

θθθ

z

z

ED

ED

zzz

yzy

ε

ε

=

=

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inee

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θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 minus=$

amp(

)minus+$$

amp(

)+


$

amppart

partminus

part

part=

θθ FF

dzd

At equilibrium


Info

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ion

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inee

ring


( )

2

2

12

02

32

2

2

312

22

32

1

tI

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γτminus

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2

dπ

1off Kγτ =

Solution

$

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part

part=

θθθ

γ FF

1 dzd

dtd

Info

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bull Response Time




Tran

mitt

ance

Voltage

Tran

smitt

ance

Time

bull T-Time curve

T(04)

T(100)

T(90)

T(10) T(10)

T(90)


V(T100)

Vop

Input Signal


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ion

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inee

ring

Disadvantage


Advantage


v LCD TV Vs CRT TV

Info

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ion

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play

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inee


bull Frame Rate





0

1000

2000

3000

4000

Response Time (m

s)

63 55 47 39 31 23 15 7 0

Final Gray Level


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ion

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play

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inee

ring







Info

rmat

ion

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play

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inee

ring


$

amp

minus=

$

amp

minus()

+

-= 2c

20

12

theff

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on EE1

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1)(VV1

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off ΔεEε1

dγKγ

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$

amp=

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effth =

ΔεεK

dπV

0

effth

=

for TN VA OCB modes

for IPS modes


VAOCB K3


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


Y Z RrsquoXR

M N

A B


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring





Combination n=1~2

O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring







Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Lateral sustituents

- H F Cl CN CH3








Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Linking groups

CequivC COO CH2CH2


Rigid Rigid





Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring




Combination n=1~2

H F Cl CN CH3

H F Cl CN CH3

CequivC COO CH2CH2


O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


K


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring



Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring






Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

EE



Simple is Fast

Info

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ion

Dis

play

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inee

ring



Vpacute= Vp +Δ Vp


Vpacute= 33V


ggdLCst

stp ΔV

C(V)CCCΔV

++=

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

ToFrom

ToFrom

With DCCWithout DCC

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring




RT gt 1 frame



RT gt 1 frame

Tailing 야구공


Hold-type display


Hold-type display


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


1 frame


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee


1 frame (167 ms)

LC response

Lamp illumination


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring



Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Conventional LCD

180 Hz 구동


FS LCD

Advantage of FS LCD


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Dynamic Dimming

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Summary


For TV application


+


+


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring



K11=K1=07 times 10-12 N

K22=K2=04 times 10-12 N

K33=K3=17 times 10-12 N

for PAA

K33 gt K11 gt K22


K33 = K11 = K22 = K

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring n εσ

χη

n εσ χη





Optical effects


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee



Uncontrollable


v LC Alignment

R d

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Planar


Homeotropic




Pre-tilt angle

Hybrid

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

v Surfactant

r

a

r gt a

r ~ a

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

v Organic Layer

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

v SiO2 Evaporation

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


LiF perp CaF2

XX

BN X C X

NaF X NaCl

X

MgF XMg(OH)2 perp

Al XAl2O3 X

perp

Aluminosilicat

es X

Si3N4

XSiO2

X

KBrX

Kl X

TiO2

XCr2O3 X

Cr X 17

Fe2O3 perp NiO X

Ni X

ZnS Xperp

ZnO X

Ge2O3 perp

AsS3

X

Y2O3 X ZrO2

Xperp

In2O3 Xperp

SnO2

Xperp

Cs2O X

BaTiO4X CeO

XThF4 perp

TaN5

X perp




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inee

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90

65

60

15

10

5

3

0








25

Double evaporation



Rubbed Polymers

Summary

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ion

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play

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inee

ring



UV Treatment





Imprinting

v Alignment Methods

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inee

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1 Rubbing Method


N Rubbing 횟수


n 회전수



rd

v

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inee

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2 Photo Alignment


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inee

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Photo-dimerization

Photo-dissociation

N

O

O

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inee

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3 Ion-beam exposure

DLC Al2O3 Polyimide

Multi-domain




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A B

Polyamic Acid

O O O





A AB

B


Heat

Imidization


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inee

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Chain ordering





Info

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a

λ




Rubbing direction

Alignment Mechanism



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inee

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PI PS

R R


Alignment Mechanism

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Oslash AFM image


Rubbed Polystyrene

200 400 600 8000 nm-50

+50 nm

R

Oslash X-ray

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ALC

Direction

Value(How strong)


ϕ amp θ

Anchoringenergy




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0 2 4 6 800

02

04

06

08

10

12

of Rubbing

Anc

horin

g En

ergy


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Total Free Energy

v Total Free Energy

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ϕ

θ

E static (constant)


Energy

x

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ϕ(0)=0 ϕ(d)= ϕ0 θ(0)=θ(d)=0

x

y

z

d

ϕ0


x

y

ϕ 0 0

Boundary condition

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z

ϕ(z)

d

ϕ0

x

y

z

d

Euler-Lagrange Eq

If ϕ0=π2 TN

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ϕ

θ

where

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ab constant

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Tilted Solution

z=0

z=d

θ0

z=0

z=d

θ0

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--- eq(1)

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i) K3 le 2K2

ii) K3 gt 2K2

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From eq(1)

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Case (i) K2 gt K1


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Case (ii) K1 gt K2

egrave Planar twist

Case (iii) K1 = K2 (K1= K2 = K3)

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z=0

z=d

HW

ϕ

θ

α

α

(i) θ(0)=π2 - α θ(d)=π2 + α

(ii) θ(0)=π2 - α θ(d)=π2 + α - π


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Stimulus


Response



Elastic energy+


Surface energy




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Experimental

technique

Indirect

Direct

Geometry

type

External

field type

Surface

disclination

Twist angle

measurement

Wedge

cell

Freedericksz

transition

High field

Torque

measurement

Flexoelectricity


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LC +

Chiral dopant


Minimization



Top surface

Δφ

φ0

φr

Θ

R

R

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VV E



20

20 )(

21

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21 EnEEDFelec


20 )(

21 EnFelec

sdotΔminus= εε

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sdot+= perp


20

20 )(

21

21

21 HnHHBFmag


20 )(

21 HnFmag



[21 22

0 HnHFmag


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φ

x

y

zR

H

0FF=

$$

amp

part

partminus

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φφ dzd

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dzd


χξφφφξ

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22

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intint =rarr+z

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Hz

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VV

Δε gt 0Δn gt 0

0 V 3 V 5 V


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x

y

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( )

( )θθθ

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21

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y

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Ey

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)(R

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intint Δ+==

perp

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aDKKKK

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)sin(21

21

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At z=d

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2coscoslim

2

222

π

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mm

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ring (z)θ


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inee

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z=0

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Info

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play

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inee

ring


Info

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ion

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inee

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Eq of Motion

At equilibrium



part

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ion

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play

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inee

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||2

02

32

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sin21

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=

=

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θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

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)minus+$$

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)+


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part=

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Info

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ion

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inee

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( )

2

2

12

02

32

2

2

312

22

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tI

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1off Kγτ =

Solution

$

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part

part=

θθθ

γ FF

1 dzd

dtd

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bull Response Time




Tran

mitt

ance

Voltage

Tran

smitt

ance

Time

bull T-Time curve

T(04)

T(100)

T(90)

T(10) T(10)

T(90)


V(T100)

Vop

Input Signal


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inee

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Disadvantage


Advantage


v LCD TV Vs CRT TV

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inee


bull Frame Rate





0

1000

2000

3000

4000

Response Time (m

s)

63 55 47 39 31 23 15 7 0

Final Gray Level


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ion

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play

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inee

ring







Info

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ion

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play

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inee

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$

amp

minus=

$

amp

minus()

+

-= 2c

20

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theff

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on EE1

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1)(VV1

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2c0

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off ΔεEε1

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$

amp=

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effth =

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effth

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for TN VA OCB modes

for IPS modes


VAOCB K3


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ion

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play

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inee

ring


Y Z RrsquoXR

M N

A B


Info

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ion

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play

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inee

ring





Combination n=1~2

O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

Info

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ion

Dis

play

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inee

ring







Info

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ion

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inee

ring

Lateral sustituents

- H F Cl CN CH3








Info

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play

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inee

ring

Linking groups

CequivC COO CH2CH2


Rigid Rigid





Info

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ion

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play

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inee

ring




Combination n=1~2

H F Cl CN CH3

H F Cl CN CH3

CequivC COO CH2CH2


O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

Info

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ion

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play

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inee

ring


K


Info

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ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring



Info

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ion

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play

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inee

ring






Info

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ion

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play

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inee

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Info

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ion

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inee

ring

EE



Simple is Fast

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play

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inee

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Vpacute= Vp +Δ Vp


Vpacute= 33V


ggdLCst

stp ΔV

C(V)CCCΔV

++=

Info

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ion

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play

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inee

ring


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

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inee

ring

ToFrom

ToFrom

With DCCWithout DCC

Info

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ion

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play

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inee

ring




RT gt 1 frame



RT gt 1 frame

Tailing 야구공


Hold-type display


Hold-type display


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ion

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play

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inee

ring


1 frame


Info

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ion

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play

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inee


1 frame (167 ms)

LC response

Lamp illumination


Info

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ion

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play

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inee

ring



Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Conventional LCD

180 Hz 구동


FS LCD

Advantage of FS LCD


Info

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ion

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play

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inee

ring

Dynamic Dimming

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rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Summary


For TV application


+


+


Info

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ion

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play

Eng

inee

ring n εσ

χη

n εσ χη





Optical effects


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

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inee



Uncontrollable


v LC Alignment

R d

Info

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ion

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play

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inee

ring

Planar


Homeotropic




Pre-tilt angle

Hybrid

Info

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ion

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play

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inee

ring

v Surfactant

r

a

r gt a

r ~ a

Info

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ion

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play

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inee

ring

v Organic Layer

Info

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ion

Dis

play

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inee

ring

v SiO2 Evaporation

Info

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ion

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play

Eng

inee

ring


LiF perp CaF2

XX

BN X C X

NaF X NaCl

X

MgF XMg(OH)2 perp

Al XAl2O3 X

perp

Aluminosilicat

es X

Si3N4

XSiO2

X

KBrX

Kl X

TiO2

XCr2O3 X

Cr X 17

Fe2O3 perp NiO X

Ni X

ZnS Xperp

ZnO X

Ge2O3 perp

AsS3

X

Y2O3 X ZrO2

Xperp

In2O3 Xperp

SnO2

Xperp

Cs2O X

BaTiO4X CeO

XThF4 perp

TaN5

X perp




Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

90

65

60

15

10

5

3

0








25

Double evaporation



Rubbed Polymers

Summary

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring



UV Treatment





Imprinting

v Alignment Methods

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

1 Rubbing Method


N Rubbing 횟수


n 회전수



rd

v

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

2 Photo Alignment


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Photo-dimerization

Photo-dissociation

N

O

O

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

3 Ion-beam exposure

DLC Al2O3 Polyimide

Multi-domain




Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

A B

Polyamic Acid

O O O





A AB

B


Heat

Imidization


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


Chain ordering





Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


a

λ




Rubbing direction

Alignment Mechanism



Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


PI PS

R R


Alignment Mechanism

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Oslash AFM image


Rubbed Polystyrene

200 400 600 8000 nm-50

+50 nm

R

Oslash X-ray

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring



ALC

Direction

Value(How strong)


ϕ amp θ

Anchoringenergy




Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring




0 2 4 6 800

02

04

06

08

10

12

of Rubbing

Anc

horin

g En

ergy


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring




Total Free Energy

v Total Free Energy

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

ϕ

θ

E static (constant)


Energy

x

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring






Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


ϕ(0)=0 ϕ(d)= ϕ0 θ(0)=θ(d)=0

x

y

z

d

ϕ0


x

y

ϕ 0 0

Boundary condition

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


z

ϕ(z)

d

ϕ0

x

y

z

d

Euler-Lagrange Eq

If ϕ0=π2 TN

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


ϕ

θ

where

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

ab constant

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Tilted Solution

z=0

z=d

θ0

z=0

z=d

θ0

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring



--- eq(1)

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

i) K3 le 2K2

ii) K3 gt 2K2

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

From eq(1)

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

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Indirect

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type

External

field type

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disclination

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measurement

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cell

Freedericksz

transition

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Torque

measurement

Flexoelectricity


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LC +

Chiral dopant


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)sin(21

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Eq of Motion

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θθεθ

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( )

2

2

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bull Response Time




Tran

mitt

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Voltage

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smitt

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Time

bull T-Time curve

T(04)

T(100)

T(90)

T(10) T(10)

T(90)


V(T100)

Vop

Input Signal


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Disadvantage


Advantage


v LCD TV Vs CRT TV

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bull Frame Rate





0

1000

2000

3000

4000

Response Time (m

s)

63 55 47 39 31 23 15 7 0

Final Gray Level


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$

amp

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for TN VA OCB modes

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VAOCB K3


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Y Z RrsquoXR

M N

A B


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Combination n=1~2

O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

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Lateral sustituents

- H F Cl CN CH3








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Linking groups

CequivC COO CH2CH2


Rigid Rigid





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Combination n=1~2

H F Cl CN CH3

H F Cl CN CH3

CequivC COO CH2CH2


O

n n N

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K


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EE



Simple is Fast

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Vpacute= Vp +Δ Vp


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ggdLCst

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C(V)CCCΔV

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ToFrom

ToFrom

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RT gt 1 frame



RT gt 1 frame

Tailing 야구공


Hold-type display


Hold-type display


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1 frame


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1 frame (167 ms)

LC response

Lamp illumination


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Conventional LCD

180 Hz 구동


FS LCD

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Dynamic Dimming

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Summary


For TV application


+


+


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Uncontrollable


v LC Alignment

R d

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Planar


Homeotropic




Pre-tilt angle

Hybrid

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v Surfactant

r

a

r gt a

r ~ a

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v Organic Layer

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v SiO2 Evaporation

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LiF perp CaF2

XX

BN X C X

NaF X NaCl

X

MgF XMg(OH)2 perp

Al XAl2O3 X

perp

Aluminosilicat

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Si3N4

XSiO2

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KBrX

Kl X

TiO2

XCr2O3 X

Cr X 17

Fe2O3 perp NiO X

Ni X

ZnS Xperp

ZnO X

Ge2O3 perp

AsS3

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Y2O3 X ZrO2

Xperp

In2O3 Xperp

SnO2

Xperp

Cs2O X

BaTiO4X CeO

XThF4 perp

TaN5

X perp




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90

65

60

15

10

5

3

0








25

Double evaporation



Rubbed Polymers

Summary

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UV Treatment





Imprinting

v Alignment Methods

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1 Rubbing Method


N Rubbing 횟수


n 회전수



rd

v

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2 Photo Alignment


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Photo-dimerization

Photo-dissociation

N

O

O

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3 Ion-beam exposure

DLC Al2O3 Polyimide

Multi-domain




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A B

Polyamic Acid

O O O





A AB

B


Heat

Imidization


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Chain ordering





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a

λ




Rubbing direction

Alignment Mechanism



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PI PS

R R


Alignment Mechanism

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Oslash AFM image


Rubbed Polystyrene

200 400 600 8000 nm-50

+50 nm

R

Oslash X-ray

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ALC

Direction

Value(How strong)


ϕ amp θ

Anchoringenergy




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0 2 4 6 800

02

04

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08

10

12

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Total Free Energy

v Total Free Energy

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ϕ

θ

E static (constant)


Energy

x

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ϕ(0)=0 ϕ(d)= ϕ0 θ(0)=θ(d)=0

x

y

z

d

ϕ0


x

y

ϕ 0 0

Boundary condition

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z

ϕ(z)

d

ϕ0

x

y

z

d

Euler-Lagrange Eq

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ϕ

θ

where

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ab constant

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Tilted Solution

z=0

z=d

θ0

z=0

z=d

θ0

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--- eq(1)

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i) K3 le 2K2

ii) K3 gt 2K2

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From eq(1)

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Info

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Info

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Case (i) K2 gt K1


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Case (ii) K1 gt K2

egrave Planar twist

Case (iii) K1 = K2 (K1= K2 = K3)

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z=0

z=d

HW

ϕ

θ

α

α

(i) θ(0)=π2 - α θ(d)=π2 + α

(ii) θ(0)=π2 - α θ(d)=π2 + α - π


Info

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inee

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Stimulus


Response



Elastic energy+


Surface energy




Info

rmat

ion

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play

Eng

inee

ring


Experimental

technique

Indirect

Direct

Geometry

type

External

field type

Surface

disclination

Twist angle

measurement

Wedge

cell

Freedericksz

transition

High field

Torque

measurement

Flexoelectricity


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

LC +

Chiral dopant


Minimization



Top surface

Δφ

φ0

φr

Θ

R

R

Info

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ion

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play

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inee

ring


Info

rmat

ion

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Info

rmat

ion

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VV E



20

20 )(

21

21

21 EnEEDFelec


20 )(

21 EnFelec

sdotΔminus= εε

Info

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ion

Dis

play

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inee

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sdot+= perp


20

20 )(

21

21

21 HnHHBFmag


20 )(

21 HnFmag



[21 22

0 HnHFmag


Info

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ion

Dis

play

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inee

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φ

x

y

zR

H

0FF=

$$

amp

part

partminus

part

part

φφ dzd

Info

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Eng

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dzd


χξφφφξ

Δ==+rarr 2

22

21

)( where0sincos)( K

HHH



intint =rarr+z

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φ

φφ

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)+

minusminus=rarr=

(

)+

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2)(

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2

1

2 Hzz

Hz

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φπ

Info

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ion

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play

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inee

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Info

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inee

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VV

Δε gt 0Δn gt 0

0 V 3 V 5 V


Info

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play

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inee

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x

y

z

nEθ

232

1222

1212

1 )()()( nnKnnKnKFd


dzdsinn θ

θ=sdotnabla

$

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$

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part+

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θθθθ

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0 0 0

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( )

( )θθθ

θθθθ

θθ

23

21

2

21

2224

321

22

121

232

1222

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Info

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y

z

θ

yrsquo

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amp

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amp=

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ε

εε



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amp

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amp=

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amp

z

y

zzzy

yzyy

z

y

EE

DD

εε

εε


zze DEDEF21

21

=sdot=

jiji ED ε=

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Eno

Ey

Ene

Ex

$$

amp

minus=

θθθθ

θcossinsincos

)(R

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$$

amp

$$

amp

minus=

$$

amp(

(

z

y

z

y

EE

EE

θθ

θθ

cossinsincos

$$

amp

$$

amp

minus

$$

amp=

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amp(

( perp

z

y

z

y

EE

DD

θθ

θθε

ε

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||

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amp

$$

amp

minus

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amp

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amp minus=

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amp perp

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ε

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amp

$$

amp minus=

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amp perp

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θθε

ε

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θθεε

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||zzzy

yzyy

yzzy

yyzz

yz

yy

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θθεε

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=

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Δ+=+= perpperp

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( )zE00=E ( )

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amp=

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amp=

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zyz

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ε

εεε

εε2sin

cossin0

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intint Δ+==

perp

dd dzDdzzEV0 2

00 )sin(

)(θεεε

1

0 20

0 )sin(

minus

perp $

amp(

Δ+= int

d dzVDθεεε

ε

1

0 22

021

021

021

)sin(

21)(

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ε

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0 20

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1223

212

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totaldz

VdzKKFθεε

εθθθ

220

2213

23

21 )sin(


θεεεθθ

εθθθθθθΔ+

minus=minus++perp

aDKKKK

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)sin(21

21

21


θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 minus=$

amp(

)minus+$$

amp(

)+

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cossinΔεEdzd

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2

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)

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2

==$

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dd

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z

d

0

θm d2 θ(d2)=θm

$

amp minus=minus

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m m

ε

θθ

θθ

θ

$

amp=minus

int 2KΔε

Ecoscos

02

22

dd

m m

ε

θθ

θπ

θ

At z=d

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2coscoslim

2

222

π

θθ

θπ

θπθ

=minus

intrarrm

mm

d

E

θm

π2

Eth

22KΔεE 0

thπε

=$

amp

( d

dπ

ε ΔεK

dVE

0

thth ==

ΔεKV0



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inee

ring (z)θ


0 V 3 V 5 V

θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 =$

amp

(minus+$

ampamp

(+

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z=0

z=d


E


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Eq of Motion

At equilibrium



part

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||2

02

32

1

2

sin21

cossin21

Δminus++amp

()

=+= EKKdzdFFF ed


times=τ

xE

xED

zEDEDyEDEDxEDEDED

EDP

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xyyxzxxzyzzyE

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ˆ

ˆ)(ˆ)(ˆ)(

20

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=


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2

132

22

32

1 =+

$

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θθθ

0FF=

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sincos)K(KddF 2

0

2

31 minus$

amp(

)minus=

( ) ( ) ( )2

312

22

32

12

32


$

ampminus++=()

+- +=

$

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dzdKK

dzdKK

dzd

dzd θ

θθθ

θθθ

θθθ

z

z

ED

ED

zzz

yzy

ε

ε

=

=

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θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 minus=$

amp(

)minus+$$

amp(

)+


$

amppart

partminus

part

part=

θθ FF

dzd

At equilibrium


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( )

2

2

12

02

32

2

2

312

22

32

1

tI

tγ cos sinΔεEε

zν

)cosαsin(α

zcos)sinK(K

zsinKcosK

part

part+

part

part=+

part

partminus+

$

amp

(part

partminus+

part

part+

θθθθθθ

θθθ




zφ

K 12

02

2

=+part

part



mon=

2

22

dπ

4πΔεE

1on K

γτminus

=2

2

dπ

1off Kγτ =

Solution

$

amppart

partminus

part

part=

θθθ

γ FF

1 dzd

dtd

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bull Response Time




Tran

mitt

ance

Voltage

Tran

smitt

ance

Time

bull T-Time curve

T(04)

T(100)

T(90)

T(10) T(10)

T(90)


V(T100)

Vop

Input Signal


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Disadvantage


Advantage


v LCD TV Vs CRT TV

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bull Frame Rate





0

1000

2000

3000

4000

Response Time (m

s)

63 55 47 39 31 23 15 7 0

Final Gray Level


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Info

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$

amp

minus=

$

amp

minus()

+

-= 2c

20

12

theff

12

on EE1

Δεεγ

1)(VV1

Kγ

πdτ

2c0

21

eff

12

off ΔεEε1

dγKγ

πdτ =

$

amp=

ΔεεKπV0

effth =

ΔεεK

dπV

0

effth

=

for TN VA OCB modes

for IPS modes


VAOCB K3


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Y Z RrsquoXR

M N

A B


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Combination n=1~2

O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

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Info

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Lateral sustituents

- H F Cl CN CH3








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Linking groups

CequivC COO CH2CH2


Rigid Rigid





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Combination n=1~2

H F Cl CN CH3

H F Cl CN CH3

CequivC COO CH2CH2


O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

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K


Info

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ion

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Info

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EE



Simple is Fast

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Vpacute= Vp +Δ Vp


Vpacute= 33V


ggdLCst

stp ΔV

C(V)CCCΔV

++=

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Info

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ToFrom

ToFrom

With DCCWithout DCC

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RT gt 1 frame



RT gt 1 frame

Tailing 야구공


Hold-type display


Hold-type display


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1 frame


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1 frame (167 ms)

LC response

Lamp illumination


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Info

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Conventional LCD

180 Hz 구동


FS LCD

Advantage of FS LCD


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Dynamic Dimming

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Summary


For TV application


+


+


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Planar


Homeotropic




Pre-tilt angle

Hybrid

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v Surfactant

r

a

r gt a

r ~ a

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v Organic Layer

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v SiO2 Evaporation

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LiF perp CaF2

XX

BN X C X

NaF X NaCl

X

MgF XMg(OH)2 perp

Al XAl2O3 X

perp

Aluminosilicat

es X

Si3N4

XSiO2

X

KBrX

Kl X

TiO2

XCr2O3 X

Cr X 17

Fe2O3 perp NiO X

Ni X

ZnS Xperp

ZnO X

Ge2O3 perp

AsS3

X

Y2O3 X ZrO2

Xperp

In2O3 Xperp

SnO2

Xperp

Cs2O X

BaTiO4X CeO

XThF4 perp

TaN5

X perp




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90

65

60

15

10

5

3

0








25

Double evaporation



Rubbed Polymers

Summary

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UV Treatment





Imprinting

v Alignment Methods

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1 Rubbing Method


N Rubbing 횟수


n 회전수



rd

v

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2 Photo Alignment


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Photo-dimerization

Photo-dissociation

N

O

O

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3 Ion-beam exposure

DLC Al2O3 Polyimide

Multi-domain




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A B

Polyamic Acid

O O O





A AB

B


Heat

Imidization


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Chain ordering





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a

λ




Rubbing direction

Alignment Mechanism



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PI PS

R R


Alignment Mechanism

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Oslash AFM image


Rubbed Polystyrene

200 400 600 8000 nm-50

+50 nm

R

Oslash X-ray

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ALC

Direction

Value(How strong)


ϕ amp θ

Anchoringenergy




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0 2 4 6 800

02

04

06

08

10

12

of Rubbing

Anc

horin

g En

ergy


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Total Free Energy

v Total Free Energy

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ϕ

θ

E static (constant)


Energy

x

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ϕ(0)=0 ϕ(d)= ϕ0 θ(0)=θ(d)=0

x

y

z

d

ϕ0


x

y

ϕ 0 0

Boundary condition

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z

ϕ(z)

d

ϕ0

x

y

z

d

Euler-Lagrange Eq

If ϕ0=π2 TN

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ϕ

θ

where

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ab constant

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Tilted Solution

z=0

z=d

θ0

z=0

z=d

θ0

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--- eq(1)

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i) K3 le 2K2

ii) K3 gt 2K2

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From eq(1)

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Info

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Case (i) K2 gt K1


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Case (ii) K1 gt K2

egrave Planar twist

Case (iii) K1 = K2 (K1= K2 = K3)

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z=0

z=d

HW

ϕ

θ

α

α

(i) θ(0)=π2 - α θ(d)=π2 + α

(ii) θ(0)=π2 - α θ(d)=π2 + α - π


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Stimulus


Response



Elastic energy+


Surface energy




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Experimental

technique

Indirect

Direct

Geometry

type

External

field type

Surface

disclination

Twist angle

measurement

Wedge

cell

Freedericksz

transition

High field

Torque

measurement

Flexoelectricity


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LC +

Chiral dopant


Minimization



Top surface

Δφ

φ0

φr

Θ

R

R

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VV E



20

20 )(

21

21

21 EnEEDFelec


20 )(

21 EnFelec

sdotΔminus= εε

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sdot+= perp


20

20 )(

21

21

21 HnHHBFmag


20 )(

21 HnFmag



[21 22

0 HnHFmag


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φ

x

y

zR

H

0FF=

$$

amp

part

partminus

part

part

φφ dzd

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dzd


χξφφφξ

Δ==+rarr 2

22

21

)( where0sincos)( K

HHH



intint =rarr+z

Hξdzd

02

0 )(cos sign Choose

φ

φφ

$amp

(

)+

minusminus=rarr=

(

)+

minus minus

)(exptan2

2)(

)(24cotln

2

1

2 Hzz

Hz

ξπ

φξ

φπ

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VV

Δε gt 0Δn gt 0

0 V 3 V 5 V


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inee

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x

y

z

nEθ

232

1222

1212

1 )()()( nnKnnKnKFd


dzdsinn θ

θ=sdotnabla

$

amp=

$

amppart

part+

$

amppart

part+

$$

amp

part

partminus

part


partpartpart

partpart

00cos


ˆˆˆn

dzd

zx

yx

xzy

zyx

zyx

θθ

θθθθ

θθ

0 0 0

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( )

( )θθθ

θθθθ

θθ

23

21

2

21

2224

321

22

121

232

1222

1212

1

cossin

cossincossin

)()()(

KKdzd

dzdK

dzdK

nnKnnKnKFd

+

$amp

=

$amp

++

$amp

=


000cos)cossin0(nn =

$


θθθ

$


dzd

zyx

dzd

θθ

θθθ

θ

θθθ


nn

( )θθθ 2

32

1

2

21 cossin KKdzdFd +

$amp

=

Info

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y

z

θ

yrsquo

zrsquo

$$

amp

$$

amp=

$$

amp perp

||0

00

z

y

z

y

EE

DD

ε

εε



$$

amp

$$

amp=

$$

amp

z

y

zzzy

yzyy

z

y

EE

DD

εε

εε


zze DEDEF21

21

=sdot=

jiji ED ε=

Info

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inee

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Eno

Ey

Ene

Ex

$$

amp

minus=

θθθθ

θcossinsincos

)(R

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play

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inee

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$$

amp

$$

amp

minus=

$$

amp(

(

z

y

z

y

EE

EE

θθ

θθ

cossinsincos

$$

amp

$$

amp

minus

$$

amp=

$$

amp(

( perp

z

y

z

y

EE

DD

θθ

θθε

ε

cossinsincos

00

||

$$

amp

$$

amp

minus

$$

amp

$$

amp minus=

$$

amp perp

z

y

z

y

EE

DD

θθ

θθε

ε

θθ

θθ

cossinsincos

00

cossinsincos

||

$$

amp

minus

$$

amp

$$

amp minus=

$$

amp perp

θθ

θθε

ε

θθ

θθεε

εε

cossinsincos

00

cossinsincos

||zzzy

yzyy

yzzy

yyzz

yz

yy

εε

εε

θθεε

θεεθεθεε

minus=

=

Δ=

Δ+=+= perpperp

cossinsinsincos 22

||2


( )zE00=E ( )

$$

amp

Δ+

Δ=

$$

amp=

$$

amp

$$

amp=

$$

amp

perp z

z

zzz

zyz

zzzzy

yzyy

z

y

EE

EE

EDD

θεε

θθε

ε

εεε

εε2sin

cossin0

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inee

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intint Δ+==

perp

dd dzDdzzEV0 2

00 )sin(

)(θεεε

1

0 20

0 )sin(

minus

perp $

amp(

Δ+= int

d dzVDθεεε

ε

1

0 22

021

021

021

)sin(

21)(

minus

perp $

amp(



ε

1

0 20

202

1223

212

1

)sin(]sincos[

minus

perp $

amp(

Δ+minus+= intint

dd

totaldz

VdzKKFθεε

εθθθ

220

2213

23

21 )sin(


θεεεθθ

εθθθθθθΔ+

minus=minus++perp

aDKKKK

Info

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inee

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)sin(21

21

21


θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 minus=$

amp(

)minus+$$

amp(

)+

θθεθ

cossinΔεEdzd

K 202

2

minus=$$

amp(

)

θθεθθ

θθ

cossinΔεEKdzd

K 202

2

==$

ampamp

(

dd

θθε

θ 220 coscosKΔε

E minus= m

z

d

0

θm d2 θ(d2)=θm

$

amp minus=minus

int 2KΔε

Ecoscos

022

dzd

m m

ε

θθ

θθ

θ

$

amp=minus

int 2KΔε

Ecoscos

02

22

dd

m m

ε

θθ

θπ

θ

At z=d

Info

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inee

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2coscoslim

2

222

π

θθ

θπ

θπθ

=minus

intrarrm

mm

d

E

θm

π2

Eth

22KΔεE 0

thπε

=$

amp

( d

dπ

ε ΔεK

dVE

0

thth ==

ΔεKV0



Info

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ion

Dis

play

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inee

ring (z)θ


0 V 3 V 5 V

θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 =$

amp

(minus+$

ampamp

(+

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ion

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play

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inee

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z=0

z=d


E


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ion

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Eq of Motion

At equilibrium



part

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||2

02

32

1

2

sin21

cossin21

Δminus++amp

()

=+= EKKdzdFFF ed


times=τ

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EDP

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ˆ)(ˆ)(ˆ)(

20

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132

22

32

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31 minus$

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( ) ( ) ( )2

312

22

32

12

32


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dzd θ

θθθ

θθθ

θθθ

z

z

ED

ED

zzz

yzy

ε

ε

=

=

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θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 minus=$

amp(

)minus+$$

amp(

)+


$

amppart

partminus

part

part=

θθ FF

dzd

At equilibrium


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( )

2

2

12

02

32

2

2

312

22

32

1

tI

tγ cos sinΔεEε

zν

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zsinKcosK

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$

amp

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zφ

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02

2

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mon=

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dπ

4πΔεE

1on K

γτminus

=2

2

dπ

1off Kγτ =

Solution

$

amppart

partminus

part

part=

θθθ

γ FF

1 dzd

dtd

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bull Response Time




Tran

mitt

ance

Voltage

Tran

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Time

bull T-Time curve

T(04)

T(100)

T(90)

T(10) T(10)

T(90)


V(T100)

Vop

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Disadvantage


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v LCD TV Vs CRT TV

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bull Frame Rate





0

1000

2000

3000

4000

Response Time (m

s)

63 55 47 39 31 23 15 7 0

Final Gray Level


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$

amp

minus=

$

amp

minus()

+

-= 2c

20

12

theff

12

on EE1

Δεεγ

1)(VV1

Kγ

πdτ

2c0

21

eff

12

off ΔεEε1

dγKγ

πdτ =

$

amp=

ΔεεKπV0

effth =

ΔεεK

dπV

0

effth

=

for TN VA OCB modes

for IPS modes


VAOCB K3


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Y Z RrsquoXR

M N

A B


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Combination n=1~2

O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

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Lateral sustituents

- H F Cl CN CH3








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Linking groups

CequivC COO CH2CH2


Rigid Rigid





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Combination n=1~2

H F Cl CN CH3

H F Cl CN CH3

CequivC COO CH2CH2


O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

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K


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EE



Simple is Fast

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Vpacute= Vp +Δ Vp


Vpacute= 33V


ggdLCst

stp ΔV

C(V)CCCΔV

++=

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ToFrom

ToFrom

With DCCWithout DCC

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RT gt 1 frame



RT gt 1 frame

Tailing 야구공


Hold-type display


Hold-type display


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1 frame


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1 frame (167 ms)

LC response

Lamp illumination


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Conventional LCD

180 Hz 구동


FS LCD

Advantage of FS LCD


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Dynamic Dimming

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Summary


For TV application


+


+


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ion

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v Surfactant

r

a

r gt a

r ~ a

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v Organic Layer

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v SiO2 Evaporation

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LiF perp CaF2

XX

BN X C X

NaF X NaCl

X

MgF XMg(OH)2 perp

Al XAl2O3 X

perp

Aluminosilicat

es X

Si3N4

XSiO2

X

KBrX

Kl X

TiO2

XCr2O3 X

Cr X 17

Fe2O3 perp NiO X

Ni X

ZnS Xperp

ZnO X

Ge2O3 perp

AsS3

X

Y2O3 X ZrO2

Xperp

In2O3 Xperp

SnO2

Xperp

Cs2O X

BaTiO4X CeO

XThF4 perp

TaN5

X perp




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90

65

60

15

10

5

3

0








25

Double evaporation



Rubbed Polymers

Summary

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UV Treatment





Imprinting

v Alignment Methods

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1 Rubbing Method


N Rubbing 횟수


n 회전수



rd

v

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2 Photo Alignment


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Photo-dimerization

Photo-dissociation

N

O

O

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3 Ion-beam exposure

DLC Al2O3 Polyimide

Multi-domain




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A B

Polyamic Acid

O O O





A AB

B


Heat

Imidization


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Chain ordering





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a

λ




Rubbing direction

Alignment Mechanism



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PI PS

R R


Alignment Mechanism

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Oslash AFM image


Rubbed Polystyrene

200 400 600 8000 nm-50

+50 nm

R

Oslash X-ray

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ALC

Direction

Value(How strong)


ϕ amp θ

Anchoringenergy




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0 2 4 6 800

02

04

06

08

10

12

of Rubbing

Anc

horin

g En

ergy


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Total Free Energy

v Total Free Energy

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ϕ

θ

E static (constant)


Energy

x

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ϕ(0)=0 ϕ(d)= ϕ0 θ(0)=θ(d)=0

x

y

z

d

ϕ0


x

y

ϕ 0 0

Boundary condition

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z

ϕ(z)

d

ϕ0

x

y

z

d

Euler-Lagrange Eq

If ϕ0=π2 TN

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ϕ

θ

where

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ab constant

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Tilted Solution

z=0

z=d

θ0

z=0

z=d

θ0

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--- eq(1)

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i) K3 le 2K2

ii) K3 gt 2K2

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From eq(1)

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Case (i) K2 gt K1


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Case (ii) K1 gt K2

egrave Planar twist

Case (iii) K1 = K2 (K1= K2 = K3)

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z=0

z=d

HW

ϕ

θ

α

α

(i) θ(0)=π2 - α θ(d)=π2 + α

(ii) θ(0)=π2 - α θ(d)=π2 + α - π


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Stimulus


Response



Elastic energy+


Surface energy




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Experimental

technique

Indirect

Direct

Geometry

type

External

field type

Surface

disclination

Twist angle

measurement

Wedge

cell

Freedericksz

transition

High field

Torque

measurement

Flexoelectricity


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LC +

Chiral dopant


Minimization



Top surface

Δφ

φ0

φr

Θ

R

R

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VV E



20

20 )(

21

21

21 EnEEDFelec


20 )(

21 EnFelec

sdotΔminus= εε

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sdot+= perp


20

20 )(

21

21

21 HnHHBFmag


20 )(

21 HnFmag



[21 22

0 HnHFmag


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φ

x

y

zR

H

0FF=

$$

amp

part

partminus

part

part

φφ dzd

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dzd


χξφφφξ

Δ==+rarr 2

22

21

)( where0sincos)( K

HHH



intint =rarr+z

Hξdzd

02

0 )(cos sign Choose

φ

φφ

$amp

(

)+

minusminus=rarr=

(

)+

minus minus

)(exptan2

2)(

)(24cotln

2

1

2 Hzz

Hz

ξπ

φξ

φπ

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VV

Δε gt 0Δn gt 0

0 V 3 V 5 V


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inee

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x

y

z

nEθ

232

1222

1212

1 )()()( nnKnnKnKFd


dzdsinn θ

θ=sdotnabla

$

amp=

$

amppart

part+

$

amppart

part+

$$

amp

part

partminus

part


partpartpart

partpart

00cos


ˆˆˆn

dzd

zx

yx

xzy

zyx

zyx

θθ

θθθθ

θθ

0 0 0

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( )

( )θθθ

θθθθ

θθ

23

21

2

21

2224

321

22

121

232

1222

1212

1

cossin

cossincossin

)()()(

KKdzd

dzdK

dzdK

nnKnnKnKFd

+

$amp

=

$amp

++

$amp

=


000cos)cossin0(nn =

$


θθθ

$


dzd

zyx

dzd

θθ

θθθ

θ

θθθ


nn

( )θθθ 2

32

1

2

21 cossin KKdzdFd +

$amp

=

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y

z

θ

yrsquo

zrsquo

$$

amp

$$

amp=

$$

amp perp

||0

00

z

y

z

y

EE

DD

ε

εε



$$

amp

$$

amp=

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amp

z

y

zzzy

yzyy

z

y

EE

DD

εε

εε


zze DEDEF21

21

=sdot=

jiji ED ε=

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Eno

Ey

Ene

Ex

$$

amp

minus=

θθθθ

θcossinsincos

)(R

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$$

amp

$$

amp

minus=

$$

amp(

(

z

y

z

y

EE

EE

θθ

θθ

cossinsincos

$$

amp

$$

amp

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$$

amp=

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( perp

z

y

z

y

EE

DD

θθ

θθε

ε

cossinsincos

00

||

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amp

$$

amp

minus

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$$

amp minus=

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y

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θθε

ε

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θθ

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||

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amp

minus

$$

amp

$$

amp minus=

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amp perp

θθ

θθε

ε

θθ

θθεε

εε

cossinsincos

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cossinsincos

||zzzy

yzyy

yzzy

yyzz

yz

yy

εε

εε

θθεε

θεεθεθεε

minus=

=

Δ=

Δ+=+= perpperp

cossinsinsincos 22

||2


( )zE00=E ( )

$$

amp

Δ+

Δ=

$$

amp=

$$

amp

$$

amp=

$$

amp

perp z

z

zzz

zyz

zzzzy

yzyy

z

y

EE

EE

EDD

θεε

θθε

ε

εεε

εε2sin

cossin0

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intint Δ+==

perp

dd dzDdzzEV0 2

00 )sin(

)(θεεε

1

0 20

0 )sin(

minus

perp $

amp(

Δ+= int

d dzVDθεεε

ε

1

0 22

021

021

021

)sin(

21)(

minus

perp $

amp(



ε

1

0 20

202

1223

212

1

)sin(]sincos[

minus

perp $

amp(

Δ+minus+= intint

dd

totaldz

VdzKKFθεε

εθθθ

220

2213

23

21 )sin(


θεεεθθ

εθθθθθθΔ+

minus=minus++perp

aDKKKK

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)sin(21

21

21


θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 minus=$

amp(

)minus+$$

amp(

)+

θθεθ

cossinΔεEdzd

K 202

2

minus=$$

amp(

)

θθεθθ

θθ

cossinΔεEKdzd

K 202

2

==$

ampamp

(

dd

θθε

θ 220 coscosKΔε

E minus= m

z

d

0

θm d2 θ(d2)=θm

$

amp minus=minus

int 2KΔε

Ecoscos

022

dzd

m m

ε

θθ

θθ

θ

$

amp=minus

int 2KΔε

Ecoscos

02

22

dd

m m

ε

θθ

θπ

θ

At z=d

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inee

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2coscoslim

2

222

π

θθ

θπ

θπθ

=minus

intrarrm

mm

d

E

θm

π2

Eth

22KΔεE 0

thπε

=$

amp

( d

dπ

ε ΔεK

dVE

0

thth ==

ΔεKV0



Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring (z)θ


0 V 3 V 5 V

θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 =$

amp

(minus+$

ampamp

(+

Info

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ion

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play

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inee

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z=0

z=d


E


Info

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ion

Dis

play

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inee

ring


Info

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ion

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inee

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Eq of Motion

At equilibrium



part

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

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inee

ring


||2

02

32

1

2

sin21

cossin21

Δminus++amp

()

=+= EKKdzdFFF ed


times=τ

xE

xED

zEDEDyEDEDxEDEDED

EDP

zy

xyyxzxxzyzzyE

ˆ cossin

ˆ

ˆ)(ˆ)(ˆ)(

20

0

θθεε

τ

ε

Δ=

=


minus=

0cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 =+

$

ampminus+

$$

amp+ θθε

θθθ

θθθ

0FF=

$

amppart

partminus

part

part

θθ dzd

θθεθ

θθθ

cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(KddF 2

0

2

31 minus$

amp(

)minus=

( ) ( ) ( )2

312

22

32

12

32


$

ampminus++=()

+- +=

$

ampdzdKK

dzdKK

dzdKK

dzd

dzd θ

θθθ

θθθ

θθθ

z

z

ED

ED

zzz

yzy

ε

ε

=

=

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θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 minus=$

amp(

)minus+$$

amp(

)+


$

amppart

partminus

part

part=

θθ FF

dzd

At equilibrium


Info

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ion

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inee

ring


( )

2

2

12

02

32

2

2

312

22

32

1

tI

tγ cos sinΔεEε

zν

)cosαsin(α

zcos)sinK(K

zsinKcosK

part

part+

part

part=+

part

partminus+

$

amp

(part

partminus+

part

part+

θθθθθθ

θθθ




zφ

K 12

02

2

=+part

part



mon=

2

22

dπ

4πΔεE

1on K

γτminus

=2

2

dπ

1off Kγτ =

Solution

$

amppart

partminus

part

part=

θθθ

γ FF

1 dzd

dtd

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inee

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bull Response Time




Tran

mitt

ance

Voltage

Tran

smitt

ance

Time

bull T-Time curve

T(04)

T(100)

T(90)

T(10) T(10)

T(90)


V(T100)

Vop

Input Signal


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ion

Dis

play

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inee

ring

Disadvantage


Advantage


v LCD TV Vs CRT TV

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

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inee


bull Frame Rate





0

1000

2000

3000

4000

Response Time (m

s)

63 55 47 39 31 23 15 7 0

Final Gray Level


Info

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ion

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play

Eng

inee

ring







Info

rmat

ion

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play

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inee

ring


$

amp

minus=

$

amp

minus()

+

-= 2c

20

12

theff

12

on EE1

Δεεγ

1)(VV1

Kγ

πdτ

2c0

21

eff

12

off ΔεEε1

dγKγ

πdτ =

$

amp=

ΔεεKπV0

effth =

ΔεεK

dπV

0

effth

=

for TN VA OCB modes

for IPS modes


VAOCB K3


Info

rmat

ion

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play

Eng

inee

ring


Y Z RrsquoXR

M N

A B


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ion

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play

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inee

ring





Combination n=1~2

O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring







Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

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inee

ring

Lateral sustituents

- H F Cl CN CH3








Info

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ion

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play

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inee

ring

Linking groups

CequivC COO CH2CH2


Rigid Rigid





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ion

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play

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inee

ring




Combination n=1~2

H F Cl CN CH3

H F Cl CN CH3

CequivC COO CH2CH2


O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

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ion

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play

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inee

ring


K


Info

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ion

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play

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inee

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Info

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play

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EE



Simple is Fast

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inee

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Vpacute= Vp +Δ Vp


Vpacute= 33V


ggdLCst

stp ΔV

C(V)CCCΔV

++=

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ion

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play

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inee

ring


Info

rmat

ion

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inee

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ToFrom

ToFrom

With DCCWithout DCC

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inee

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RT gt 1 frame



RT gt 1 frame

Tailing 야구공


Hold-type display


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1 frame


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inee


1 frame (167 ms)

LC response

Lamp illumination


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inee

ring



Info

rmat

ion

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inee

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Conventional LCD

180 Hz 구동


FS LCD

Advantage of FS LCD


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play

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inee

ring

Dynamic Dimming

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Summary


For TV application


+


+


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ion

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v Organic Layer

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ion

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v SiO2 Evaporation

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ion

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LiF perp CaF2

XX

BN X C X

NaF X NaCl

X

MgF XMg(OH)2 perp

Al XAl2O3 X

perp

Aluminosilicat

es X

Si3N4

XSiO2

X

KBrX

Kl X

TiO2

XCr2O3 X

Cr X 17

Fe2O3 perp NiO X

Ni X

ZnS Xperp

ZnO X

Ge2O3 perp

AsS3

X

Y2O3 X ZrO2

Xperp

In2O3 Xperp

SnO2

Xperp

Cs2O X

BaTiO4X CeO

XThF4 perp

TaN5

X perp




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90

65

60

15

10

5

3

0








25

Double evaporation



Rubbed Polymers

Summary

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play

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inee

ring



UV Treatment





Imprinting

v Alignment Methods

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play

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1 Rubbing Method


N Rubbing 횟수


n 회전수



rd

v

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play

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inee

ring

2 Photo Alignment


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inee

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Photo-dimerization

Photo-dissociation

N

O

O

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play

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inee

ring

3 Ion-beam exposure

DLC Al2O3 Polyimide

Multi-domain




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inee

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A B

Polyamic Acid

O O O





A AB

B


Heat

Imidization


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play

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inee

ring


Chain ordering





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play

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inee

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a

λ




Rubbing direction

Alignment Mechanism



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ion

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play

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inee

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PI PS

R R


Alignment Mechanism

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ion

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inee

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Oslash AFM image


Rubbed Polystyrene

200 400 600 8000 nm-50

+50 nm

R

Oslash X-ray

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inee

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ALC

Direction

Value(How strong)


ϕ amp θ

Anchoringenergy




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play

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inee

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0 2 4 6 800

02

04

06

08

10

12

of Rubbing

Anc

horin

g En

ergy


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Total Free Energy

v Total Free Energy

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ϕ

θ

E static (constant)


Energy

x

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ϕ(0)=0 ϕ(d)= ϕ0 θ(0)=θ(d)=0

x

y

z

d

ϕ0


x

y

ϕ 0 0

Boundary condition

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z

ϕ(z)

d

ϕ0

x

y

z

d

Euler-Lagrange Eq

If ϕ0=π2 TN

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ϕ

θ

where

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ab constant

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Tilted Solution

z=0

z=d

θ0

z=0

z=d

θ0

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--- eq(1)

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i) K3 le 2K2

ii) K3 gt 2K2

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From eq(1)

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Case (i) K2 gt K1


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Case (ii) K1 gt K2

egrave Planar twist

Case (iii) K1 = K2 (K1= K2 = K3)

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inee

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z=0

z=d

HW

ϕ

θ

α

α

(i) θ(0)=π2 - α θ(d)=π2 + α

(ii) θ(0)=π2 - α θ(d)=π2 + α - π


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Stimulus


Response



Elastic energy+


Surface energy




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inee

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Experimental

technique

Indirect

Direct

Geometry

type

External

field type

Surface

disclination

Twist angle

measurement

Wedge

cell

Freedericksz

transition

High field

Torque

measurement

Flexoelectricity


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inee

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LC +

Chiral dopant


Minimization



Top surface

Δφ

φ0

φr

Θ

R

R

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VV E



20

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21

21

21 EnEEDFelec


20 )(

21 EnFelec

sdotΔminus= εε

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inee

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sdot+= perp


20

20 )(

21

21

21 HnHHBFmag


20 )(

21 HnFmag



[21 22

0 HnHFmag


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inee

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φ

x

y

zR

H

0FF=

$$

amp

part

partminus

part

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φφ dzd

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inee

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dzd


χξφφφξ

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22

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)( where0sincos)( K

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intint =rarr+z

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Hz

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φπ

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VV

Δε gt 0Δn gt 0

0 V 3 V 5 V


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inee

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x

y

z

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232

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0 0 0

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( )

( )θθθ

θθθθ

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23

21

2

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play

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y

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Ey

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)(R

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$$

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inee

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intint Δ+==

perp

dd dzDdzzEV0 2

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)(θεεε

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minus=minus++perp

aDKKKK

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)sin(21

21

21


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sincos)K(Kdzd

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At z=d

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inee

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2coscoslim

2

222

π

θθ

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mm

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ring (z)θ


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z=0

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Dis

play

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Info

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ion

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Eq of Motion

At equilibrium



part

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ion

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play

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||2

02

32

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sin21

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=

=

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inee

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θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

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22

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part=

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Info

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ion

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play

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inee

ring


( )

2

2

12

02

32

2

2

312

22

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tI

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1off Kγτ =

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γ FF

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bull Response Time




Tran

mitt

ance

Voltage

Tran

smitt

ance

Time

bull T-Time curve

T(04)

T(100)

T(90)

T(10) T(10)

T(90)


V(T100)

Vop

Input Signal


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ion

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play

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inee

ring

Disadvantage


Advantage


v LCD TV Vs CRT TV

Info

rmat

ion

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play

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inee


bull Frame Rate





0

1000

2000

3000

4000

Response Time (m

s)

63 55 47 39 31 23 15 7 0

Final Gray Level


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ion

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play

Eng

inee

ring







Info

rmat

ion

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play

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inee

ring


$

amp

minus=

$

amp

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20

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for TN VA OCB modes

for IPS modes


VAOCB K3


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rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


Y Z RrsquoXR

M N

A B


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring





Combination n=1~2

O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring







Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Lateral sustituents

- H F Cl CN CH3








Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Linking groups

CequivC COO CH2CH2


Rigid Rigid





Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring




Combination n=1~2

H F Cl CN CH3

H F Cl CN CH3

CequivC COO CH2CH2


O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


K


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring



Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring






Info

rmat

ion

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play

Eng

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Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

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EE



Simple is Fast

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring



Vpacute= Vp +Δ Vp


Vpacute= 33V


ggdLCst

stp ΔV

C(V)CCCΔV

++=

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

ToFrom

ToFrom

With DCCWithout DCC

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring




RT gt 1 frame



RT gt 1 frame

Tailing 야구공


Hold-type display


Hold-type display


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


1 frame


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee


1 frame (167 ms)

LC response

Lamp illumination


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring



Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Conventional LCD

180 Hz 구동


FS LCD

Advantage of FS LCD


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Dynamic Dimming

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Summary


For TV application


+


+


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

v SiO2 Evaporation

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


LiF perp CaF2

XX

BN X C X

NaF X NaCl

X

MgF XMg(OH)2 perp

Al XAl2O3 X

perp

Aluminosilicat

es X

Si3N4

XSiO2

X

KBrX

Kl X

TiO2

XCr2O3 X

Cr X 17

Fe2O3 perp NiO X

Ni X

ZnS Xperp

ZnO X

Ge2O3 perp

AsS3

X

Y2O3 X ZrO2

Xperp

In2O3 Xperp

SnO2

Xperp

Cs2O X

BaTiO4X CeO

XThF4 perp

TaN5

X perp




Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

90

65

60

15

10

5

3

0








25

Double evaporation



Rubbed Polymers

Summary

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring



UV Treatment





Imprinting

v Alignment Methods

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

1 Rubbing Method


N Rubbing 횟수


n 회전수



rd

v

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

2 Photo Alignment


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Photo-dimerization

Photo-dissociation

N

O

O

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

3 Ion-beam exposure

DLC Al2O3 Polyimide

Multi-domain




Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

A B

Polyamic Acid

O O O





A AB

B


Heat

Imidization


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


Chain ordering





Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


a

λ




Rubbing direction

Alignment Mechanism



Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


PI PS

R R


Alignment Mechanism

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Oslash AFM image


Rubbed Polystyrene

200 400 600 8000 nm-50

+50 nm

R

Oslash X-ray

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--- eq(1)

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)sin(21

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2coscoslim

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Eq of Motion

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02

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θθεθ

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( )

2

2

12

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bull Response Time




Tran

mitt

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Voltage

Tran

smitt

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Time

bull T-Time curve

T(04)

T(100)

T(90)

T(10) T(10)

T(90)


V(T100)

Vop

Input Signal


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Disadvantage


Advantage


v LCD TV Vs CRT TV

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bull Frame Rate





0

1000

2000

3000

4000

Response Time (m

s)

63 55 47 39 31 23 15 7 0

Final Gray Level


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$

amp

minus=

$

amp

minus()

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20

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off ΔεEε1

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for TN VA OCB modes

for IPS modes


VAOCB K3


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Y Z RrsquoXR

M N

A B


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Combination n=1~2

O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

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Lateral sustituents

- H F Cl CN CH3








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Linking groups

CequivC COO CH2CH2


Rigid Rigid





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Combination n=1~2

H F Cl CN CH3

H F Cl CN CH3

CequivC COO CH2CH2


O

n n N

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K


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EE



Simple is Fast

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Vpacute= Vp +Δ Vp


Vpacute= 33V


ggdLCst

stp ΔV

C(V)CCCΔV

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ToFrom

ToFrom

With DCCWithout DCC

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RT gt 1 frame



RT gt 1 frame

Tailing 야구공


Hold-type display


Hold-type display


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1 frame


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1 frame (167 ms)

LC response

Lamp illumination


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Conventional LCD

180 Hz 구동


FS LCD

Advantage of FS LCD


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Dynamic Dimming

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Summary


For TV application


+


+


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LiF perp CaF2

XX

BN X C X

NaF X NaCl

X

MgF XMg(OH)2 perp

Al XAl2O3 X

perp

Aluminosilicat

es X

Si3N4

XSiO2

X

KBrX

Kl X

TiO2

XCr2O3 X

Cr X 17

Fe2O3 perp NiO X

Ni X

ZnS Xperp

ZnO X

Ge2O3 perp

AsS3

X

Y2O3 X ZrO2

Xperp

In2O3 Xperp

SnO2

Xperp

Cs2O X

BaTiO4X CeO

XThF4 perp

TaN5

X perp




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90

65

60

15

10

5

3

0








25

Double evaporation



Rubbed Polymers

Summary

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UV Treatment





Imprinting

v Alignment Methods

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1 Rubbing Method


N Rubbing 횟수


n 회전수



rd

v

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2 Photo Alignment


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Photo-dimerization

Photo-dissociation

N

O

O

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3 Ion-beam exposure

DLC Al2O3 Polyimide

Multi-domain




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A B

Polyamic Acid

O O O





A AB

B


Heat

Imidization


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Chain ordering





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a

λ




Rubbing direction

Alignment Mechanism



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PI PS

R R


Alignment Mechanism

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Oslash AFM image


Rubbed Polystyrene

200 400 600 8000 nm-50

+50 nm

R

Oslash X-ray

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inee

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ALC

Direction

Value(How strong)


ϕ amp θ

Anchoringenergy




Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring




0 2 4 6 800

02

04

06

08

10

12

of Rubbing

Anc

horin

g En

ergy


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring




Total Free Energy

v Total Free Energy

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

ϕ

θ

E static (constant)


Energy

x

Info

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ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring






Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


ϕ(0)=0 ϕ(d)= ϕ0 θ(0)=θ(d)=0

x

y

z

d

ϕ0


x

y

ϕ 0 0

Boundary condition

Info

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ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


z

ϕ(z)

d

ϕ0

x

y

z

d

Euler-Lagrange Eq

If ϕ0=π2 TN

Info

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ion

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inee

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ϕ

θ

where

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

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inee

ring

ab constant

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

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ring

Tilted Solution

z=0

z=d

θ0

z=0

z=d

θ0

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

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ring



--- eq(1)

Info

rmat

ion

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play

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inee

ring

i) K3 le 2K2

ii) K3 gt 2K2

Info

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ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

From eq(1)

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


Info

rmat

ion

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inee

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Case (i) K2 gt K1


Info

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inee

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Case (ii) K1 gt K2

egrave Planar twist

Case (iii) K1 = K2 (K1= K2 = K3)

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inee

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z=0

z=d

HW

ϕ

θ

α

α

(i) θ(0)=π2 - α θ(d)=π2 + α

(ii) θ(0)=π2 - α θ(d)=π2 + α - π


Info

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ion

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play

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inee

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Stimulus


Response



Elastic energy+


Surface energy




Info

rmat

ion

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play

Eng

inee

ring


Experimental

technique

Indirect

Direct

Geometry

type

External

field type

Surface

disclination

Twist angle

measurement

Wedge

cell

Freedericksz

transition

High field

Torque

measurement

Flexoelectricity


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

LC +

Chiral dopant


Minimization



Top surface

Δφ

φ0

φr

Θ

R

R

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

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ring


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

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Info

rmat

ion

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VV E



20

20 )(

21

21

21 EnEEDFelec


20 )(

21 EnFelec

sdotΔminus= εε

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

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inee

ring




sdot+= perp


20

20 )(

21

21

21 HnHHBFmag


20 )(

21 HnFmag



[21 22

0 HnHFmag


Info

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ion

Dis

play

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inee

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φ

x

y

zR

H

0FF=

$$

amp

part

partminus

part

part

φφ dzd

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring



dzd


χξφφφξ

Δ==+rarr 2

22

21

)( where0sincos)( K

HHH



intint =rarr+z

Hξdzd

02

0 )(cos sign Choose

φ

φφ

$amp

(

)+

minusminus=rarr=

(

)+

minus minus

)(exptan2

2)(

)(24cotln

2

1

2 Hzz

Hz

ξπ

φξ

φπ

Info

rmat

ion

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play

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inee

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Info

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inee

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VV

Δε gt 0Δn gt 0

0 V 3 V 5 V


Info

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ion

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inee

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x

y

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dzd

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θθ

0 0 0

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( )

( )θθθ

θθθθ

θθ

23

21

2

21

2224

321

22

121

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1

2

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y

z

θ

yrsquo

zrsquo

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amp

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amp=

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amp perp

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$$

amp

minus=

θθθθ

θcossinsincos

)(R

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$$

amp

$$

amp

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amp(

(

z

y

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εε2sin

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intint Δ+==

perp

dd dzDdzzEV0 2

00 )sin(

)(θεεε

1

0 20

0 )sin(

minus

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εθθθθθθΔ+

minus=minus++perp

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)sin(21

21

21


θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

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)+

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amp=minus

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At z=d

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2coscoslim

2

222

π

θθ

θπ

θπθ

=minus

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mm

d

E

θm

π2

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22KΔεE 0

thπε

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( d

dπ

ε ΔεK

dVE

0

thth ==

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ring (z)θ


0 V 3 V 5 V

θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

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amp

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(+

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z=0

z=d


E


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Eq of Motion

At equilibrium



part

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||2

02

32

1

2

sin21

cossin21

Δminus++amp

()

=+= EKKdzdFFF ed


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22

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( ) ( ) ( )2

312

22

32

12

32


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+- +=

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dzdKK

dzdKK

dzd

dzd θ

θθθ

θθθ

θθθ

z

z

ED

ED

zzz

yzy

ε

ε

=

=

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θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 minus=$

amp(

)minus+$$

amp(

)+


$

amppart

partminus

part

part=

θθ FF

dzd

At equilibrium


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( )

2

2

12

02

32

2

2

312

22

32

1

tI

tγ cos sinΔεEε

zν

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zsinKcosK

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part

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$

amp

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zφ

K 12

02

2

=+part

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mon=

2

22

dπ

4πΔεE

1on K

γτminus

=2

2

dπ

1off Kγτ =

Solution

$

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partminus

part

part=

θθθ

γ FF

1 dzd

dtd

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bull Response Time




Tran

mitt

ance

Voltage

Tran

smitt

ance

Time

bull T-Time curve

T(04)

T(100)

T(90)

T(10) T(10)

T(90)


V(T100)

Vop

Input Signal


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Disadvantage


Advantage


v LCD TV Vs CRT TV

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bull Frame Rate





0

1000

2000

3000

4000

Response Time (m

s)

63 55 47 39 31 23 15 7 0

Final Gray Level


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$

amp

minus=

$

amp

minus()

+

-= 2c

20

12

theff

12

on EE1

Δεεγ

1)(VV1

Kγ

πdτ

2c0

21

eff

12

off ΔεEε1

dγKγ

πdτ =

$

amp=

ΔεεKπV0

effth =

ΔεεK

dπV

0

effth

=

for TN VA OCB modes

for IPS modes


VAOCB K3


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Y Z RrsquoXR

M N

A B


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Combination n=1~2

O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

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Info

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Lateral sustituents

- H F Cl CN CH3








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Linking groups

CequivC COO CH2CH2


Rigid Rigid





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Combination n=1~2

H F Cl CN CH3

H F Cl CN CH3

CequivC COO CH2CH2


O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

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K


Info

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Info

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EE



Simple is Fast

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Vpacute= Vp +Δ Vp


Vpacute= 33V


ggdLCst

stp ΔV

C(V)CCCΔV

++=

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ToFrom

ToFrom

With DCCWithout DCC

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RT gt 1 frame



RT gt 1 frame

Tailing 야구공


Hold-type display


Hold-type display


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1 frame


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1 frame (167 ms)

LC response

Lamp illumination


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Conventional LCD

180 Hz 구동


FS LCD

Advantage of FS LCD


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Dynamic Dimming

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Summary


For TV application


+


+


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90

65

60

15

10

5

3

0








25

Double evaporation



Rubbed Polymers

Summary

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UV Treatment





Imprinting

v Alignment Methods

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1 Rubbing Method


N Rubbing 횟수


n 회전수



rd

v

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2 Photo Alignment


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Photo-dimerization

Photo-dissociation

N

O

O

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3 Ion-beam exposure

DLC Al2O3 Polyimide

Multi-domain




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A B

Polyamic Acid

O O O





A AB

B


Heat

Imidization


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Chain ordering





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a

λ




Rubbing direction

Alignment Mechanism



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PI PS

R R


Alignment Mechanism

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Oslash AFM image


Rubbed Polystyrene

200 400 600 8000 nm-50

+50 nm

R

Oslash X-ray

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ALC

Direction

Value(How strong)


ϕ amp θ

Anchoringenergy




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0 2 4 6 800

02

04

06

08

10

12

of Rubbing

Anc

horin

g En

ergy


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Total Free Energy

v Total Free Energy

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ϕ

θ

E static (constant)


Energy

x

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ϕ(0)=0 ϕ(d)= ϕ0 θ(0)=θ(d)=0

x

y

z

d

ϕ0


x

y

ϕ 0 0

Boundary condition

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z

ϕ(z)

d

ϕ0

x

y

z

d

Euler-Lagrange Eq

If ϕ0=π2 TN

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ϕ

θ

where

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ab constant

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Tilted Solution

z=0

z=d

θ0

z=0

z=d

θ0

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--- eq(1)

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i) K3 le 2K2

ii) K3 gt 2K2

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From eq(1)

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Case (i) K2 gt K1


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Case (ii) K1 gt K2

egrave Planar twist

Case (iii) K1 = K2 (K1= K2 = K3)

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z=0

z=d

HW

ϕ

θ

α

α

(i) θ(0)=π2 - α θ(d)=π2 + α

(ii) θ(0)=π2 - α θ(d)=π2 + α - π


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Stimulus


Response



Elastic energy+


Surface energy




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Experimental

technique

Indirect

Direct

Geometry

type

External

field type

Surface

disclination

Twist angle

measurement

Wedge

cell

Freedericksz

transition

High field

Torque

measurement

Flexoelectricity


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LC +

Chiral dopant


Minimization



Top surface

Δφ

φ0

φr

Θ

R

R

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VV E



20

20 )(

21

21

21 EnEEDFelec


20 )(

21 EnFelec

sdotΔminus= εε

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sdot+= perp


20

20 )(

21

21

21 HnHHBFmag


20 )(

21 HnFmag



[21 22

0 HnHFmag


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φ

x

y

zR

H

0FF=

$$

amp

part

partminus

part

part

φφ dzd

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dzd


χξφφφξ

Δ==+rarr 2

22

21

)( where0sincos)( K

HHH



intint =rarr+z

Hξdzd

02

0 )(cos sign Choose

φ

φφ

$amp

(

)+

minusminus=rarr=

(

)+

minus minus

)(exptan2

2)(

)(24cotln

2

1

2 Hzz

Hz

ξπ

φξ

φπ

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VV

Δε gt 0Δn gt 0

0 V 3 V 5 V


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x

y

z

nEθ

232

1222

1212

1 )()()( nnKnnKnKFd


dzdsinn θ

θ=sdotnabla

$

amp=

$

amppart

part+

$

amppart

part+

$$

amp

part

partminus

part


partpartpart

partpart

00cos


ˆˆˆn

dzd

zx

yx

xzy

zyx

zyx

θθ

θθθθ

θθ

0 0 0

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( )

( )θθθ

θθθθ

θθ

23

21

2

21

2224

321

22

121

232

1222

1212

1

cossin

cossincossin

)()()(

KKdzd

dzdK

dzdK

nnKnnKnKFd

+

$amp

=

$amp

++

$amp

=


000cos)cossin0(nn =

$


θθθ

$


dzd

zyx

dzd

θθ

θθθ

θ

θθθ


nn

( )θθθ 2

32

1

2

21 cossin KKdzdFd +

$amp

=

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y

z

θ

yrsquo

zrsquo

$$

amp

$$

amp=

$$

amp perp

||0

00

z

y

z

y

EE

DD

ε

εε



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amp

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amp=

$$

amp

z

y

zzzy

yzyy

z

y

EE

DD

εε

εε


zze DEDEF21

21

=sdot=

jiji ED ε=

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Eno

Ey

Ene

Ex

$$

amp

minus=

θθθθ

θcossinsincos

)(R

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inee

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$$

amp

$$

amp

minus=

$$

amp(

(

z

y

z

y

EE

EE

θθ

θθ

cossinsincos

$$

amp

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amp

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$$

amp=

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amp(

( perp

z

y

z

y

EE

DD

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θθε

ε

cossinsincos

00

||

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amp

$$

amp

minus

$$

amp

$$

amp minus=

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amp perp

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y

z

y

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θθε

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θθ

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00

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||

$$

amp

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$$

amp

$$

amp minus=

$$

amp perp

θθ

θθε

ε

θθ

θθεε

εε

cossinsincos

00

cossinsincos

||zzzy

yzyy

yzzy

yyzz

yz

yy

εε

εε

θθεε

θεεθεθεε

minus=

=

Δ=

Δ+=+= perpperp

cossinsinsincos 22

||2


( )zE00=E ( )

$$

amp

Δ+

Δ=

$$

amp=

$$

amp

$$

amp=

$$

amp

perp z

z

zzz

zyz

zzzzy

yzyy

z

y

EE

EE

EDD

θεε

θθε

ε

εεε

εε2sin

cossin0

Info

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inee

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intint Δ+==

perp

dd dzDdzzEV0 2

00 )sin(

)(θεεε

1

0 20

0 )sin(

minus

perp $

amp(

Δ+= int

d dzVDθεεε

ε

1

0 22

021

021

021

)sin(

21)(

minus

perp $

amp(



ε

1

0 20

202

1223

212

1

)sin(]sincos[

minus

perp $

amp(

Δ+minus+= intint

dd

totaldz

VdzKKFθεε

εθθθ

220

2213

23

21 )sin(


θεεεθθ

εθθθθθθΔ+

minus=minus++perp

aDKKKK

Info

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inee

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)sin(21

21

21


θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 minus=$

amp(

)minus+$$

amp(

)+

θθεθ

cossinΔεEdzd

K 202

2

minus=$$

amp(

)

θθεθθ

θθ

cossinΔεEKdzd

K 202

2

==$

ampamp

(

dd

θθε

θ 220 coscosKΔε

E minus= m

z

d

0

θm d2 θ(d2)=θm

$

amp minus=minus

int 2KΔε

Ecoscos

022

dzd

m m

ε

θθ

θθ

θ

$

amp=minus

int 2KΔε

Ecoscos

02

22

dd

m m

ε

θθ

θπ

θ

At z=d

Info

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inee

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2coscoslim

2

222

π

θθ

θπ

θπθ

=minus

intrarrm

mm

d

E

θm

π2

Eth

22KΔεE 0

thπε

=$

amp

( d

dπ

ε ΔεK

dVE

0

thth ==

ΔεKV0



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ring (z)θ


0 V 3 V 5 V

θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 =$

amp

(minus+$

ampamp

(+

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z=0

z=d


E


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Eq of Motion

At equilibrium



part

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||2

02

32

1

2

sin21

cossin21

Δminus++amp

()

=+= EKKdzdFFF ed


times=τ

xE

xED

zEDEDyEDEDxEDEDED

EDP

zy

xyyxzxxzyzzyE

ˆ cossin

ˆ

ˆ)(ˆ)(ˆ)(

20

0

θθεε

τ

ε

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=


minus=

0cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 =+

$

ampminus+

$$

amp+ θθε

θθθ

θθθ

0FF=

$

amppart

partminus

part

part

θθ dzd

θθεθ

θθθ

cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(KddF 2

0

2

31 minus$

amp(

)minus=

( ) ( ) ( )2

312

22

32

12

32


$

ampminus++=()

+- +=

$

ampdzdKK

dzdKK

dzdKK

dzd

dzd θ

θθθ

θθθ

θθθ

z

z

ED

ED

zzz

yzy

ε

ε

=

=

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θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 minus=$

amp(

)minus+$$

amp(

)+


$

amppart

partminus

part

part=

θθ FF

dzd

At equilibrium


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( )

2

2

12

02

32

2

2

312

22

32

1

tI

tγ cos sinΔεEε

zν

)cosαsin(α

zcos)sinK(K

zsinKcosK

part

part+

part

part=+

part

partminus+

$

amp

(part

partminus+

part

part+

θθθθθθ

θθθ




zφ

K 12

02

2

=+part

part



mon=

2

22

dπ

4πΔεE

1on K

γτminus

=2

2

dπ

1off Kγτ =

Solution

$

amppart

partminus

part

part=

θθθ

γ FF

1 dzd

dtd

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bull Response Time




Tran

mitt

ance

Voltage

Tran

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ance

Time

bull T-Time curve

T(04)

T(100)

T(90)

T(10) T(10)

T(90)


V(T100)

Vop

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Disadvantage


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v LCD TV Vs CRT TV

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bull Frame Rate





0

1000

2000

3000

4000

Response Time (m

s)

63 55 47 39 31 23 15 7 0

Final Gray Level


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$

amp

minus=

$

amp

minus()

+

-= 2c

20

12

theff

12

on EE1

Δεεγ

1)(VV1

Kγ

πdτ

2c0

21

eff

12

off ΔεEε1

dγKγ

πdτ =

$

amp=

ΔεεKπV0

effth =

ΔεεK

dπV

0

effth

=

for TN VA OCB modes

for IPS modes


VAOCB K3


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Y Z RrsquoXR

M N

A B


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Combination n=1~2

O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

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ring







Info

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Lateral sustituents

- H F Cl CN CH3








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Linking groups

CequivC COO CH2CH2


Rigid Rigid





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Combination n=1~2

H F Cl CN CH3

H F Cl CN CH3

CequivC COO CH2CH2


O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

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K


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EE



Simple is Fast

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Vpacute= Vp +Δ Vp


Vpacute= 33V


ggdLCst

stp ΔV

C(V)CCCΔV

++=

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ToFrom

ToFrom

With DCCWithout DCC

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RT gt 1 frame



RT gt 1 frame

Tailing 야구공


Hold-type display


Hold-type display


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1 frame


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1 frame (167 ms)

LC response

Lamp illumination


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Conventional LCD

180 Hz 구동


FS LCD

Advantage of FS LCD


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Dynamic Dimming

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Summary


For TV application


+


+


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UV Treatment





Imprinting

v Alignment Methods

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1 Rubbing Method


N Rubbing 횟수


n 회전수



rd

v

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2 Photo Alignment


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Photo-dimerization

Photo-dissociation

N

O

O

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3 Ion-beam exposure

DLC Al2O3 Polyimide

Multi-domain




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A B

Polyamic Acid

O O O





A AB

B


Heat

Imidization


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Chain ordering





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a

λ




Rubbing direction

Alignment Mechanism



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PI PS

R R


Alignment Mechanism

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Oslash AFM image


Rubbed Polystyrene

200 400 600 8000 nm-50

+50 nm

R

Oslash X-ray

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ALC

Direction

Value(How strong)


ϕ amp θ

Anchoringenergy




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0 2 4 6 800

02

04

06

08

10

12

of Rubbing

Anc

horin

g En

ergy


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Total Free Energy

v Total Free Energy

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ϕ

θ

E static (constant)


Energy

x

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ϕ(0)=0 ϕ(d)= ϕ0 θ(0)=θ(d)=0

x

y

z

d

ϕ0


x

y

ϕ 0 0

Boundary condition

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z

ϕ(z)

d

ϕ0

x

y

z

d

Euler-Lagrange Eq

If ϕ0=π2 TN

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ϕ

θ

where

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ab constant

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Tilted Solution

z=0

z=d

θ0

z=0

z=d

θ0

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--- eq(1)

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i) K3 le 2K2

ii) K3 gt 2K2

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From eq(1)

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Case (i) K2 gt K1


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Case (ii) K1 gt K2

egrave Planar twist

Case (iii) K1 = K2 (K1= K2 = K3)

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z=0

z=d

HW

ϕ

θ

α

α

(i) θ(0)=π2 - α θ(d)=π2 + α

(ii) θ(0)=π2 - α θ(d)=π2 + α - π


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Stimulus


Response



Elastic energy+


Surface energy




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Experimental

technique

Indirect

Direct

Geometry

type

External

field type

Surface

disclination

Twist angle

measurement

Wedge

cell

Freedericksz

transition

High field

Torque

measurement

Flexoelectricity


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LC +

Chiral dopant


Minimization



Top surface

Δφ

φ0

φr

Θ

R

R

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VV E



20

20 )(

21

21

21 EnEEDFelec


20 )(

21 EnFelec

sdotΔminus= εε

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sdot+= perp


20

20 )(

21

21

21 HnHHBFmag


20 )(

21 HnFmag



[21 22

0 HnHFmag


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φ

x

y

zR

H

0FF=

$$

amp

part

partminus

part

part

φφ dzd

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dzd


χξφφφξ

Δ==+rarr 2

22

21

)( where0sincos)( K

HHH



intint =rarr+z

Hξdzd

02

0 )(cos sign Choose

φ

φφ

$amp

(

)+

minusminus=rarr=

(

)+

minus minus

)(exptan2

2)(

)(24cotln

2

1

2 Hzz

Hz

ξπ

φξ

φπ

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VV

Δε gt 0Δn gt 0

0 V 3 V 5 V


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x

y

z

nEθ

232

1222

1212

1 )()()( nnKnnKnKFd


dzdsinn θ

θ=sdotnabla

$

amp=

$

amppart

part+

$

amppart

part+

$$

amp

part

partminus

part


partpartpart

partpart

00cos


ˆˆˆn

dzd

zx

yx

xzy

zyx

zyx

θθ

θθθθ

θθ

0 0 0

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( )

( )θθθ

θθθθ

θθ

23

21

2

21

2224

321

22

121

232

1222

1212

1

cossin

cossincossin

)()()(

KKdzd

dzdK

dzdK

nnKnnKnKFd

+

$amp

=

$amp

++

$amp

=


000cos)cossin0(nn =

$


θθθ

$


dzd

zyx

dzd

θθ

θθθ

θ

θθθ


nn

( )θθθ 2

32

1

2

21 cossin KKdzdFd +

$amp

=

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y

z

θ

yrsquo

zrsquo

$$

amp

$$

amp=

$$

amp perp

||0

00

z

y

z

y

EE

DD

ε

εε



$$

amp

$$

amp=

$$

amp

z

y

zzzy

yzyy

z

y

EE

DD

εε

εε


zze DEDEF21

21

=sdot=

jiji ED ε=

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Eno

Ey

Ene

Ex

$$

amp

minus=

θθθθ

θcossinsincos

)(R

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$$

amp

$$

amp

minus=

$$

amp(

(

z

y

z

y

EE

EE

θθ

θθ

cossinsincos

$$

amp

$$

amp

minus

$$

amp=

$$

amp(

( perp

z

y

z

y

EE

DD

θθ

θθε

ε

cossinsincos

00

||

$$

amp

$$

amp

minus

$$

amp

$$

amp minus=

$$

amp perp

z

y

z

y

EE

DD

θθ

θθε

ε

θθ

θθ

cossinsincos

00

cossinsincos

||

$$

amp

minus

$$

amp

$$

amp minus=

$$

amp perp

θθ

θθε

ε

θθ

θθεε

εε

cossinsincos

00

cossinsincos

||zzzy

yzyy

yzzy

yyzz

yz

yy

εε

εε

θθεε

θεεθεθεε

minus=

=

Δ=

Δ+=+= perpperp

cossinsinsincos 22

||2


( )zE00=E ( )

$$

amp

Δ+

Δ=

$$

amp=

$$

amp

$$

amp=

$$

amp

perp z

z

zzz

zyz

zzzzy

yzyy

z

y

EE

EE

EDD

θεε

θθε

ε

εεε

εε2sin

cossin0

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intint Δ+==

perp

dd dzDdzzEV0 2

00 )sin(

)(θεεε

1

0 20

0 )sin(

minus

perp $

amp(

Δ+= int

d dzVDθεεε

ε

1

0 22

021

021

021

)sin(

21)(

minus

perp $

amp(



ε

1

0 20

202

1223

212

1

)sin(]sincos[

minus

perp $

amp(

Δ+minus+= intint

dd

totaldz

VdzKKFθεε

εθθθ

220

2213

23

21 )sin(


θεεεθθ

εθθθθθθΔ+

minus=minus++perp

aDKKKK

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)sin(21

21

21


θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 minus=$

amp(

)minus+$$

amp(

)+

θθεθ

cossinΔεEdzd

K 202

2

minus=$$

amp(

)

θθεθθ

θθ

cossinΔεEKdzd

K 202

2

==$

ampamp

(

dd

θθε

θ 220 coscosKΔε

E minus= m

z

d

0

θm d2 θ(d2)=θm

$

amp minus=minus

int 2KΔε

Ecoscos

022

dzd

m m

ε

θθ

θθ

θ

$

amp=minus

int 2KΔε

Ecoscos

02

22

dd

m m

ε

θθ

θπ

θ

At z=d

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2coscoslim

2

222

π

θθ

θπ

θπθ

=minus

intrarrm

mm

d

E

θm

π2

Eth

22KΔεE 0

thπε

=$

amp

( d

dπ

ε ΔεK

dVE

0

thth ==

ΔεKV0



Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring (z)θ


0 V 3 V 5 V

θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 =$

amp

(minus+$

ampamp

(+

Info

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ion

Dis

play

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inee

ring

z=0

z=d


E


Info

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ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

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inee

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Eq of Motion

At equilibrium



part

Info

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ion

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play

Eng

inee

ring


||2

02

32

1

2

sin21

cossin21

Δminus++amp

()

=+= EKKdzdFFF ed


times=τ

xE

xED

zEDEDyEDEDxEDEDED

EDP

zy

xyyxzxxzyzzyE

ˆ cossin

ˆ

ˆ)(ˆ)(ˆ)(

20

0

θθεε

τ

ε

Δ=

=


minus=

0cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 =+

$

ampminus+

$$

amp+ θθε

θθθ

θθθ

0FF=

$

amppart

partminus

part

part

θθ dzd

θθεθ

θθθ

cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(KddF 2

0

2

31 minus$

amp(

)minus=

( ) ( ) ( )2

312

22

32

12

32


$

ampminus++=()

+- +=

$

ampdzdKK

dzdKK

dzdKK

dzd

dzd θ

θθθ

θθθ

θθθ

z

z

ED

ED

zzz

yzy

ε

ε

=

=

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inee

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θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 minus=$

amp(

)minus+$$

amp(

)+


$

amppart

partminus

part

part=

θθ FF

dzd

At equilibrium


Info

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ion

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inee

ring


( )

2

2

12

02

32

2

2

312

22

32

1

tI

tγ cos sinΔεEε

zν

)cosαsin(α

zcos)sinK(K

zsinKcosK

part

part+

part

part=+

part

partminus+

$

amp

(part

partminus+

part

part+

θθθθθθ

θθθ




zφ

K 12

02

2

=+part

part



mon=

2

22

dπ

4πΔεE

1on K

γτminus

=2

2

dπ

1off Kγτ =

Solution

$

amppart

partminus

part

part=

θθθ

γ FF

1 dzd

dtd

Info

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inee

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bull Response Time




Tran

mitt

ance

Voltage

Tran

smitt

ance

Time

bull T-Time curve

T(04)

T(100)

T(90)

T(10) T(10)

T(90)


V(T100)

Vop

Input Signal


Info

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ion

Dis

play

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inee

ring

Disadvantage


Advantage


v LCD TV Vs CRT TV

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

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inee


bull Frame Rate





0

1000

2000

3000

4000

Response Time (m

s)

63 55 47 39 31 23 15 7 0

Final Gray Level


Info

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ion

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play

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inee

ring







Info

rmat

ion

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play

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inee

ring


$

amp

minus=

$

amp

minus()

+

-= 2c

20

12

theff

12

on EE1

Δεεγ

1)(VV1

Kγ

πdτ

2c0

21

eff

12

off ΔεEε1

dγKγ

πdτ =

$

amp=

ΔεεKπV0

effth =

ΔεεK

dπV

0

effth

=

for TN VA OCB modes

for IPS modes


VAOCB K3


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


Y Z RrsquoXR

M N

A B


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring





Combination n=1~2

O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring







Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Lateral sustituents

- H F Cl CN CH3








Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Linking groups

CequivC COO CH2CH2


Rigid Rigid





Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring




Combination n=1~2

H F Cl CN CH3

H F Cl CN CH3

CequivC COO CH2CH2


O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


K


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring



Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

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inee

ring






Info

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ion

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inee

ring


Info

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inee

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bull Response Time




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0

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Tailing 야구공


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1 frame


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play

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Info

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Dis

play

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180 Hz 구동


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Info

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ion

Dis

play

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Dynamic Dimming

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

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Summary


For TV application


+


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Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

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ring

2 Photo Alignment


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

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ring

Photo-dimerization

Photo-dissociation

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Info

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play

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3 Ion-beam exposure

DLC Al2O3 Polyimide

Multi-domain




Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

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Polyamic Acid

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A AB

B


Heat

Imidization


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

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Chain ordering





Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

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a

λ




Rubbing direction

Alignment Mechanism



Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

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PI PS

R R


Alignment Mechanism

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

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Oslash AFM image


Rubbed Polystyrene

200 400 600 8000 nm-50

+50 nm

R

Oslash X-ray

Info

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play

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ALC

Direction

Value(How strong)


ϕ amp θ

Anchoringenergy




Info

rmat

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Dis

play

Eng

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ring




0 2 4 6 800

02

04

06

08

10

12

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play

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v Total Free Energy

Info

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ion

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θ

E static (constant)


Energy

x

Info

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Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


ϕ(0)=0 ϕ(d)= ϕ0 θ(0)=θ(d)=0

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y

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Info

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ion

Dis

play

Eng

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z

ϕ(z)

d

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x

y

z

d

Euler-Lagrange Eq

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Info

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Info

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play

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ab constant

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Tilted Solution

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Info

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Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

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i) K3 le 2K2

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Info

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ion

Dis

play

Eng

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From eq(1)

Info

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Dis

play

Eng

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Info

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Dis

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Eng

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Info

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Dis

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Case (i) K2 gt K1


Info

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ion

Dis

play

Eng

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Case (ii) K1 gt K2

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Case (iii) K1 = K2 (K1= K2 = K3)

Info

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ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

z=0

z=d

HW

ϕ

θ

α

α

(i) θ(0)=π2 - α θ(d)=π2 + α

(ii) θ(0)=π2 - α θ(d)=π2 + α - π


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Stimulus


Response



Elastic energy+


Surface energy




Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


Experimental

technique

Indirect

Direct

Geometry

type

External

field type

Surface

disclination

Twist angle

measurement

Wedge

cell

Freedericksz

transition

High field

Torque

measurement

Flexoelectricity


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

LC +

Chiral dopant


Minimization



Top surface

Δφ

φ0

φr

Θ

R

R

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

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Info

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21

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sdot+= perp


20

20 )(

21

21

21 HnHHBFmag


20 )(

21 HnFmag



[21 22

0 HnHFmag


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φ

x

y

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H

0FF=

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φφ dzd

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dzd


χξφφφξ

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22

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intint =rarr+z

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VV

Δε gt 0Δn gt 0

0 V 3 V 5 V


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x

y

z

nEθ

232

1222

1212

1 )()()( nnKnnKnKFd


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( )

( )θθθ

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21

2

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22

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y

z

θ

yrsquo

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)(R

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$$

amp

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(

z

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intint Δ+==

perp

dd dzDdzzEV0 2

00 )sin(

)(θεεε

1

0 20

0 )sin(

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)sin(21

21

21


θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

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2

132

22

32

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2coscoslim

2

222

π

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d

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ring (z)θ


0 V 3 V 5 V

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θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

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132

22

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z=0

z=d


E


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Eq of Motion

At equilibrium



part

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||2

02

32

1

2

sin21

cossin21

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dzd θ

θθθ

θθθ

θθθ

z

z

ED

ED

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yzy

ε

ε

=

=

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θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 minus=$

amp(

)minus+$$

amp(

)+


$

amppart

partminus

part

part=

θθ FF

dzd

At equilibrium


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( )

2

2

12

02

32

2

2

312

22

32

1

tI

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1on K

γτminus

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2

dπ

1off Kγτ =

Solution

$

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part

part=

θθθ

γ FF

1 dzd

dtd

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bull Response Time




Tran

mitt

ance

Voltage

Tran

smitt

ance

Time

bull T-Time curve

T(04)

T(100)

T(90)

T(10) T(10)

T(90)


V(T100)

Vop

Input Signal


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Disadvantage


Advantage


v LCD TV Vs CRT TV

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bull Frame Rate





0

1000

2000

3000

4000

Response Time (m

s)

63 55 47 39 31 23 15 7 0

Final Gray Level


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Info

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$

amp

minus=

$

amp

minus()

+

-= 2c

20

12

theff

12

on EE1

Δεεγ

1)(VV1

Kγ

πdτ

2c0

21

eff

12

off ΔεEε1

dγKγ

πdτ =

$

amp=

ΔεεKπV0

effth =

ΔεεK

dπV

0

effth

=

for TN VA OCB modes

for IPS modes


VAOCB K3


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Y Z RrsquoXR

M N

A B


Info

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Combination n=1~2

O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

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Info

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Lateral sustituents

- H F Cl CN CH3








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Linking groups

CequivC COO CH2CH2


Rigid Rigid





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Combination n=1~2

H F Cl CN CH3

H F Cl CN CH3

CequivC COO CH2CH2


O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

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K


Info

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ion

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Info

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EE



Simple is Fast

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Vpacute= Vp +Δ Vp


Vpacute= 33V


ggdLCst

stp ΔV

C(V)CCCΔV

++=

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ToFrom

ToFrom

With DCCWithout DCC

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RT gt 1 frame



RT gt 1 frame

Tailing 야구공


Hold-type display


Hold-type display


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1 frame


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1 frame (167 ms)

LC response

Lamp illumination


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Conventional LCD

180 Hz 구동


FS LCD

Advantage of FS LCD


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Dynamic Dimming

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Summary


For TV application


+


+


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Photo-dimerization

Photo-dissociation

N

O

O

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3 Ion-beam exposure

DLC Al2O3 Polyimide

Multi-domain




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A B

Polyamic Acid

O O O





A AB

B


Heat

Imidization


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Chain ordering





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a

λ




Rubbing direction

Alignment Mechanism



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PI PS

R R


Alignment Mechanism

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Oslash AFM image


Rubbed Polystyrene

200 400 600 8000 nm-50

+50 nm

R

Oslash X-ray

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ALC

Direction

Value(How strong)


ϕ amp θ

Anchoringenergy




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0 2 4 6 800

02

04

06

08

10

12

of Rubbing

Anc

horin

g En

ergy


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Total Free Energy

v Total Free Energy

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ϕ

θ

E static (constant)


Energy

x

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ϕ(0)=0 ϕ(d)= ϕ0 θ(0)=θ(d)=0

x

y

z

d

ϕ0


x

y

ϕ 0 0

Boundary condition

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z

ϕ(z)

d

ϕ0

x

y

z

d

Euler-Lagrange Eq

If ϕ0=π2 TN

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ϕ

θ

where

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ab constant

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Tilted Solution

z=0

z=d

θ0

z=0

z=d

θ0

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--- eq(1)

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i) K3 le 2K2

ii) K3 gt 2K2

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From eq(1)

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Case (i) K2 gt K1


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Case (ii) K1 gt K2

egrave Planar twist

Case (iii) K1 = K2 (K1= K2 = K3)

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z=0

z=d

HW

ϕ

θ

α

α

(i) θ(0)=π2 - α θ(d)=π2 + α

(ii) θ(0)=π2 - α θ(d)=π2 + α - π


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Stimulus


Response



Elastic energy+


Surface energy




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Experimental

technique

Indirect

Direct

Geometry

type

External

field type

Surface

disclination

Twist angle

measurement

Wedge

cell

Freedericksz

transition

High field

Torque

measurement

Flexoelectricity


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LC +

Chiral dopant


Minimization



Top surface

Δφ

φ0

φr

Θ

R

R

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Info

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VV E



20

20 )(

21

21

21 EnEEDFelec


20 )(

21 EnFelec

sdotΔminus= εε

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play

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inee

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sdot+= perp


20

20 )(

21

21

21 HnHHBFmag


20 )(

21 HnFmag



[21 22

0 HnHFmag


Info

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ion

Dis

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inee

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φ

x

y

zR

H

0FF=

$$

amp

part

partminus

part

part

φφ dzd

Info

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ion

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play

Eng

inee

ring



dzd


χξφφφξ

Δ==+rarr 2

22

21

)( where0sincos)( K

HHH



intint =rarr+z

Hξdzd

02

0 )(cos sign Choose

φ

φφ

$amp

(

)+

minusminus=rarr=

(

)+

minus minus

)(exptan2

2)(

)(24cotln

2

1

2 Hzz

Hz

ξπ

φξ

φπ

Info

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ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

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Info

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ion

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inee

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VV

Δε gt 0Δn gt 0

0 V 3 V 5 V


Info

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play

Eng

inee

ring


x

y

z

nEθ

232

1222

1212

1 )()()( nnKnnKnKFd


dzdsinn θ

θ=sdotnabla

$

amp=

$

amppart

part+

$

amppart

part+

$$

amp

part

partminus

part


partpartpart

partpart

00cos


ˆˆˆn

dzd

zx

yx

xzy

zyx

zyx

θθ

θθθθ

θθ

0 0 0

Info

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( )

( )θθθ

θθθθ

θθ

23

21

2

21

2224

321

22

121

232

1222

1212

1

cossin

cossincossin

)()()(

KKdzd

dzdK

dzdK

nnKnnKnKFd

+

$amp

=

$amp

++

$amp

=


000cos)cossin0(nn =

$


θθθ

$


dzd

zyx

dzd

θθ

θθθ

θ

θθθ


nn

( )θθθ 2

32

1

2

21 cossin KKdzdFd +

$amp

=

Info

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inee

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y

z

θ

yrsquo

zrsquo

$$

amp

$$

amp=

$$

amp perp

||0

00

z

y

z

y

EE

DD

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εε



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amp

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amp=

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amp

z

y

zzzy

yzyy

z

y

EE

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εε

εε


zze DEDEF21

21

=sdot=

jiji ED ε=

Info

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ion

Dis

play

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inee

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Eno

Ey

Ene

Ex

$$

amp

minus=

θθθθ

θcossinsincos

)(R

Info

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ion

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play

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inee

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$$

amp

$$

amp

minus=

$$

amp(

(

z

y

z

y

EE

EE

θθ

θθ

cossinsincos

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amp

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amp

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$$

amp=

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amp(

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z

y

z

y

EE

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θθε

ε

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amp

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amp

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amp

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amp minus=

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y

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θθε

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θθ

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$$

amp

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$$

amp

$$

amp minus=

$$

amp perp

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θθε

ε

θθ

θθεε

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cossinsincos

00

cossinsincos

||zzzy

yzyy

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yyzz

yz

yy

εε

εε

θθεε

θεεθεθεε

minus=

=

Δ=

Δ+=+= perpperp

cossinsinsincos 22

||2


( )zE00=E ( )

$$

amp

Δ+

Δ=

$$

amp=

$$

amp

$$

amp=

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amp

perp z

z

zzz

zyz

zzzzy

yzyy

z

y

EE

EE

EDD

θεε

θθε

ε

εεε

εε2sin

cossin0

Info

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ion

Dis

play

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inee

ring


intint Δ+==

perp

dd dzDdzzEV0 2

00 )sin(

)(θεεε

1

0 20

0 )sin(

minus

perp $

amp(

Δ+= int

d dzVDθεεε

ε

1

0 22

021

021

021

)sin(

21)(

minus

perp $

amp(



ε

1

0 20

202

1223

212

1

)sin(]sincos[

minus

perp $

amp(

Δ+minus+= intint

dd

totaldz

VdzKKFθεε

εθθθ

220

2213

23

21 )sin(


θεεεθθ

εθθθθθθΔ+

minus=minus++perp

aDKKKK

Info

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inee

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)sin(21

21

21


θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 minus=$

amp(

)minus+$$

amp(

)+

θθεθ

cossinΔεEdzd

K 202

2

minus=$$

amp(

)

θθεθθ

θθ

cossinΔεEKdzd

K 202

2

==$

ampamp

(

dd

θθε

θ 220 coscosKΔε

E minus= m

z

d

0

θm d2 θ(d2)=θm

$

amp minus=minus

int 2KΔε

Ecoscos

022

dzd

m m

ε

θθ

θθ

θ

$

amp=minus

int 2KΔε

Ecoscos

02

22

dd

m m

ε

θθ

θπ

θ

At z=d

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2coscoslim

2

222

π

θθ

θπ

θπθ

=minus

intrarrm

mm

d

E

θm

π2

Eth

22KΔεE 0

thπε

=$

amp

( d

dπ

ε ΔεK

dVE

0

thth ==

ΔεKV0



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inee

ring (z)θ


0 V 3 V 5 V

θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 =$

amp

(minus+$

ampamp

(+

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z=0

z=d


E


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Eq of Motion

At equilibrium



part

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||2

02

32

1

2

sin21

cossin21

Δminus++amp

()

=+= EKKdzdFFF ed


times=τ

xE

xED

zEDEDyEDEDxEDEDED

EDP

zy

xyyxzxxzyzzyE

ˆ cossin

ˆ

ˆ)(ˆ)(ˆ)(

20

0

θθεε

τ

ε

Δ=

=


minus=

0cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 =+

$

ampminus+

$$

amp+ θθε

θθθ

θθθ

0FF=

$

amppart

partminus

part

part

θθ dzd

θθεθ

θθθ

cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(KddF 2

0

2

31 minus$

amp(

)minus=

( ) ( ) ( )2

312

22

32

12

32


$

ampminus++=()

+- +=

$

ampdzdKK

dzdKK

dzdKK

dzd

dzd θ

θθθ

θθθ

θθθ

z

z

ED

ED

zzz

yzy

ε

ε

=

=

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θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 minus=$

amp(

)minus+$$

amp(

)+


$

amppart

partminus

part

part=

θθ FF

dzd

At equilibrium


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( )

2

2

12

02

32

2

2

312

22

32

1

tI

tγ cos sinΔεEε

zν

)cosαsin(α

zcos)sinK(K

zsinKcosK

part

part+

part

part=+

part

partminus+

$

amp

(part

partminus+

part

part+

θθθθθθ

θθθ




zφ

K 12

02

2

=+part

part



mon=

2

22

dπ

4πΔεE

1on K

γτminus

=2

2

dπ

1off Kγτ =

Solution

$

amppart

partminus

part

part=

θθθ

γ FF

1 dzd

dtd

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bull Response Time




Tran

mitt

ance

Voltage

Tran

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bull T-Time curve

T(04)

T(100)

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T(90)


V(T100)

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0

1000

2000

3000

4000

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63 55 47 39 31 23 15 7 0

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$

amp

minus=

$

amp

minus()

+

-= 2c

20

12

theff

12

on EE1

Δεεγ

1)(VV1

Kγ

πdτ

2c0

21

eff

12

off ΔεEε1

dγKγ

πdτ =

$

amp=

ΔεεKπV0

effth =

ΔεεK

dπV

0

effth

=

for TN VA OCB modes

for IPS modes


VAOCB K3


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Y Z RrsquoXR

M N

A B


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Combination n=1~2

O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

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ion

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Info

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ion

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Lateral sustituents

- H F Cl CN CH3








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Linking groups

CequivC COO CH2CH2


Rigid Rigid





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Combination n=1~2

H F Cl CN CH3

H F Cl CN CH3

CequivC COO CH2CH2


O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

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K


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EE



Simple is Fast

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Vpacute= Vp +Δ Vp


Vpacute= 33V


ggdLCst

stp ΔV

C(V)CCCΔV

++=

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ToFrom

ToFrom

With DCCWithout DCC

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RT gt 1 frame



RT gt 1 frame

Tailing 야구공


Hold-type display


Hold-type display


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1 frame


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1 frame (167 ms)

LC response

Lamp illumination


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Conventional LCD

180 Hz 구동


FS LCD

Advantage of FS LCD


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Dynamic Dimming

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Summary


For TV application


+


+


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3 Ion-beam exposure

DLC Al2O3 Polyimide

Multi-domain




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A B

Polyamic Acid

O O O





A AB

B


Heat

Imidization


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Chain ordering





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a

λ




Rubbing direction

Alignment Mechanism



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PI PS

R R


Alignment Mechanism

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Oslash AFM image


Rubbed Polystyrene

200 400 600 8000 nm-50

+50 nm

R

Oslash X-ray

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ALC

Direction

Value(How strong)


ϕ amp θ

Anchoringenergy




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0 2 4 6 800

02

04

06

08

10

12

of Rubbing

Anc

horin

g En

ergy


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Total Free Energy

v Total Free Energy

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ϕ

θ

E static (constant)


Energy

x

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ϕ(0)=0 ϕ(d)= ϕ0 θ(0)=θ(d)=0

x

y

z

d

ϕ0


x

y

ϕ 0 0

Boundary condition

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z

ϕ(z)

d

ϕ0

x

y

z

d

Euler-Lagrange Eq

If ϕ0=π2 TN

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ϕ

θ

where

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ab constant

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Tilted Solution

z=0

z=d

θ0

z=0

z=d

θ0

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--- eq(1)

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i) K3 le 2K2

ii) K3 gt 2K2

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From eq(1)

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Case (i) K2 gt K1


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Case (ii) K1 gt K2

egrave Planar twist

Case (iii) K1 = K2 (K1= K2 = K3)

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z=0

z=d

HW

ϕ

θ

α

α

(i) θ(0)=π2 - α θ(d)=π2 + α

(ii) θ(0)=π2 - α θ(d)=π2 + α - π


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Stimulus


Response



Elastic energy+


Surface energy




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Experimental

technique

Indirect

Direct

Geometry

type

External

field type

Surface

disclination

Twist angle

measurement

Wedge

cell

Freedericksz

transition

High field

Torque

measurement

Flexoelectricity


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LC +

Chiral dopant


Minimization



Top surface

Δφ

φ0

φr

Θ

R

R

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VV E



20

20 )(

21

21

21 EnEEDFelec


20 )(

21 EnFelec

sdotΔminus= εε

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sdot+= perp


20

20 )(

21

21

21 HnHHBFmag


20 )(

21 HnFmag



[21 22

0 HnHFmag


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φ

x

y

zR

H

0FF=

$$

amp

part

partminus

part

part

φφ dzd

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dzd


χξφφφξ

Δ==+rarr 2

22

21

)( where0sincos)( K

HHH



intint =rarr+z

Hξdzd

02

0 )(cos sign Choose

φ

φφ

$amp

(

)+

minusminus=rarr=

(

)+

minus minus

)(exptan2

2)(

)(24cotln

2

1

2 Hzz

Hz

ξπ

φξ

φπ

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VV

Δε gt 0Δn gt 0

0 V 3 V 5 V


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inee

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x

y

z

nEθ

232

1222

1212

1 )()()( nnKnnKnKFd


dzdsinn θ

θ=sdotnabla

$

amp=

$

amppart

part+

$

amppart

part+

$$

amp

part

partminus

part


partpartpart

partpart

00cos


ˆˆˆn

dzd

zx

yx

xzy

zyx

zyx

θθ

θθθθ

θθ

0 0 0

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( )

( )θθθ

θθθθ

θθ

23

21

2

21

2224

321

22

121

232

1222

1212

1

cossin

cossincossin

)()()(

KKdzd

dzdK

dzdK

nnKnnKnKFd

+

$amp

=

$amp

++

$amp

=


000cos)cossin0(nn =

$


θθθ

$


dzd

zyx

dzd

θθ

θθθ

θ

θθθ


nn

( )θθθ 2

32

1

2

21 cossin KKdzdFd +

$amp

=

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y

z

θ

yrsquo

zrsquo

$$

amp

$$

amp=

$$

amp perp

||0

00

z

y

z

y

EE

DD

ε

εε



$$

amp

$$

amp=

$$

amp

z

y

zzzy

yzyy

z

y

EE

DD

εε

εε


zze DEDEF21

21

=sdot=

jiji ED ε=

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Eno

Ey

Ene

Ex

$$

amp

minus=

θθθθ

θcossinsincos

)(R

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$$

amp

$$

amp

minus=

$$

amp(

(

z

y

z

y

EE

EE

θθ

θθ

cossinsincos

$$

amp

$$

amp

minus

$$

amp=

$$

amp(

( perp

z

y

z

y

EE

DD

θθ

θθε

ε

cossinsincos

00

||

$$

amp

$$

amp

minus

$$

amp

$$

amp minus=

$$

amp perp

z

y

z

y

EE

DD

θθ

θθε

ε

θθ

θθ

cossinsincos

00

cossinsincos

||

$$

amp

minus

$$

amp

$$

amp minus=

$$

amp perp

θθ

θθε

ε

θθ

θθεε

εε

cossinsincos

00

cossinsincos

||zzzy

yzyy

yzzy

yyzz

yz

yy

εε

εε

θθεε

θεεθεθεε

minus=

=

Δ=

Δ+=+= perpperp

cossinsinsincos 22

||2


( )zE00=E ( )

$$

amp

Δ+

Δ=

$$

amp=

$$

amp

$$

amp=

$$

amp

perp z

z

zzz

zyz

zzzzy

yzyy

z

y

EE

EE

EDD

θεε

θθε

ε

εεε

εε2sin

cossin0

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intint Δ+==

perp

dd dzDdzzEV0 2

00 )sin(

)(θεεε

1

0 20

0 )sin(

minus

perp $

amp(

Δ+= int

d dzVDθεεε

ε

1

0 22

021

021

021

)sin(

21)(

minus

perp $

amp(



ε

1

0 20

202

1223

212

1

)sin(]sincos[

minus

perp $

amp(

Δ+minus+= intint

dd

totaldz

VdzKKFθεε

εθθθ

220

2213

23

21 )sin(


θεεεθθ

εθθθθθθΔ+

minus=minus++perp

aDKKKK

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)sin(21

21

21


θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 minus=$

amp(

)minus+$$

amp(

)+

θθεθ

cossinΔεEdzd

K 202

2

minus=$$

amp(

)

θθεθθ

θθ

cossinΔεEKdzd

K 202

2

==$

ampamp

(

dd

θθε

θ 220 coscosKΔε

E minus= m

z

d

0

θm d2 θ(d2)=θm

$

amp minus=minus

int 2KΔε

Ecoscos

022

dzd

m m

ε

θθ

θθ

θ

$

amp=minus

int 2KΔε

Ecoscos

02

22

dd

m m

ε

θθ

θπ

θ

At z=d

Info

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inee

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2coscoslim

2

222

π

θθ

θπ

θπθ

=minus

intrarrm

mm

d

E

θm

π2

Eth

22KΔεE 0

thπε

=$

amp

( d

dπ

ε ΔεK

dVE

0

thth ==

ΔεKV0



Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring (z)θ


0 V 3 V 5 V

θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 =$

amp

(minus+$

ampamp

(+

Info

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ion

Dis

play

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inee

ring

z=0

z=d


E


Info

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ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

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inee

ring



Eq of Motion

At equilibrium



part

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


||2

02

32

1

2

sin21

cossin21

Δminus++amp

()

=+= EKKdzdFFF ed


times=τ

xE

xED

zEDEDyEDEDxEDEDED

EDP

zy

xyyxzxxzyzzyE

ˆ cossin

ˆ

ˆ)(ˆ)(ˆ)(

20

0

θθεε

τ

ε

Δ=

=


minus=

0cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 =+

$

ampminus+

$$

amp+ θθε

θθθ

θθθ

0FF=

$

amppart

partminus

part

part

θθ dzd

θθεθ

θθθ

cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(KddF 2

0

2

31 minus$

amp(

)minus=

( ) ( ) ( )2

312

22

32

12

32


$

ampminus++=()

+- +=

$

ampdzdKK

dzdKK

dzdKK

dzd

dzd θ

θθθ

θθθ

θθθ

z

z

ED

ED

zzz

yzy

ε

ε

=

=

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inee

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θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 minus=$

amp(

)minus+$$

amp(

)+


$

amppart

partminus

part

part=

θθ FF

dzd

At equilibrium


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


( )

2

2

12

02

32

2

2

312

22

32

1

tI

tγ cos sinΔεEε

zν

)cosαsin(α

zcos)sinK(K

zsinKcosK

part

part+

part

part=+

part

partminus+

$

amp

(part

partminus+

part

part+

θθθθθθ

θθθ




zφ

K 12

02

2

=+part

part



mon=

2

22

dπ

4πΔεE

1on K

γτminus

=2

2

dπ

1off Kγτ =

Solution

$

amppart

partminus

part

part=

θθθ

γ FF

1 dzd

dtd

Info

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ion

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play

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inee

ring

bull Response Time




Tran

mitt

ance

Voltage

Tran

smitt

ance

Time

bull T-Time curve

T(04)

T(100)

T(90)

T(10) T(10)

T(90)


V(T100)

Vop

Input Signal


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Disadvantage


Advantage


v LCD TV Vs CRT TV

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee


bull Frame Rate





0

1000

2000

3000

4000

Response Time (m

s)

63 55 47 39 31 23 15 7 0

Final Gray Level


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring







Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

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inee

ring


$

amp

minus=

$

amp

minus()

+

-= 2c

20

12

theff

12

on EE1

Δεεγ

1)(VV1

Kγ

πdτ

2c0

21

eff

12

off ΔεEε1

dγKγ

πdτ =

$

amp=

ΔεεKπV0

effth =

ΔεεK

dπV

0

effth

=

for TN VA OCB modes

for IPS modes


VAOCB K3


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


Y Z RrsquoXR

M N

A B


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring





Combination n=1~2

O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring







Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Lateral sustituents

- H F Cl CN CH3








Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Linking groups

CequivC COO CH2CH2


Rigid Rigid





Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring




Combination n=1~2

H F Cl CN CH3

H F Cl CN CH3

CequivC COO CH2CH2


O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


K


Info

rmat

ion

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play

Eng

inee

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technique

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Direct

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bull Response Time




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bull Frame Rate





0

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Info

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Tailing 야구공


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1 frame


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1 frame (167 ms)

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Lamp illumination


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play

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Dynamic Dimming

Info

rmat

ion

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play

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Summary


For TV application


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Info

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ion

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Chain ordering





Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

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a

λ




Rubbing direction

Alignment Mechanism



Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

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PI PS

R R


Alignment Mechanism

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

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Oslash AFM image


Rubbed Polystyrene

200 400 600 8000 nm-50

+50 nm

R

Oslash X-ray

Info

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ion

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play

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ALC

Direction

Value(How strong)


ϕ amp θ

Anchoringenergy




Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

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ring




0 2 4 6 800

02

04

06

08

10

12

of Rubbing

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play

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E static (constant)


Energy

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Info

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play

Eng

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ϕ(0)=0 ϕ(d)= ϕ0 θ(0)=θ(d)=0

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y

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Boundary condition

Info

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ion

Dis

play

Eng

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z

ϕ(z)

d

ϕ0

x

y

z

d

Euler-Lagrange Eq

If ϕ0=π2 TN

Info

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play

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ϕ

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where

Info

rmat

ion

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play

Eng

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ab constant

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rmat

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play

Eng

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Tilted Solution

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Info

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play

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--- eq(1)

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

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i) K3 le 2K2

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Info

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ion

Dis

play

Eng

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From eq(1)

Info

rmat

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Dis

play

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Info

rmat

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Dis

play

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Info

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Case (i) K2 gt K1


Info

rmat

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Dis

play

Eng

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Case (ii) K1 gt K2

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Case (iii) K1 = K2 (K1= K2 = K3)

Info

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ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

z=0

z=d

HW

ϕ

θ

α

α

(i) θ(0)=π2 - α θ(d)=π2 + α

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Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

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Stimulus


Response



Elastic energy+


Surface energy




Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

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ring


Experimental

technique

Indirect

Direct

Geometry

type

External

field type

Surface

disclination

Twist angle

measurement

Wedge

cell

Freedericksz

transition

High field

Torque

measurement

Flexoelectricity


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

LC +

Chiral dopant


Minimization



Top surface

Δφ

φ0

φr

Θ

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R

Info

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Info

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21

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y

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22

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)(24cotln

2

1

2 Hzz

Hz

ξπ

φξ

φπ

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VV

Δε gt 0Δn gt 0

0 V 3 V 5 V


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x

y

z

nEθ

232

1222

1212

1 )()()( nnKnnKnKFd


dzdsinn θ

θ=sdotnabla

$

amp=

$

amppart

part+

$

amppart

part+

$$

amp

part

partminus

part


partpartpart

partpart

00cos


ˆˆˆn

dzd

zx

yx

xzy

zyx

zyx

θθ

θθθθ

θθ

0 0 0

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( )

( )θθθ

θθθθ

θθ

23

21

2

21

2224

321

22

121

232

1222

1212

1

cossin

cossincossin

)()()(

KKdzd

dzdK

dzdK

nnKnnKnKFd

+

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=

$amp

++

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=


000cos)cossin0(nn =

$


θθθ

$


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zyx

dzd

θθ

θθθ

θ

θθθ


nn

( )θθθ 2

32

1

2

21 cossin KKdzdFd +

$amp

=

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y

z

θ

yrsquo

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amp

$$

amp=

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amp perp

||0

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z

y

z

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amp

z

y

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yzyy

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zze DEDEF21

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jiji ED ε=

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$$

amp

minus=

θθθθ

θcossinsincos

)(R

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$$

amp

$$

amp

minus=

$$

amp(

(

z

y

z

y

EE

EE

θθ

θθ

cossinsincos

$$

amp

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amp

minus

$$

amp=

$$

amp(

( perp

z

y

z

y

EE

DD

θθ

θθε

ε

cossinsincos

00

||

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amp

$$

amp

minus

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amp

$$

amp minus=

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amp perp

z

y

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y

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DD

θθ

θθε

ε

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θθ

cossinsincos

00

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||

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minus

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amp

$$

amp minus=

$$

amp perp

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θθε

ε

θθ

θθεε

εε

cossinsincos

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||zzzy

yzyy

yzzy

yyzz

yz

yy

εε

εε

θθεε

θεεθεθεε

minus=

=

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Δ+=+= perpperp

cossinsinsincos 22

||2


( )zE00=E ( )

$$

amp

Δ+

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amp=

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amp

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amp=

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z

zzz

zyz

zzzzy

yzyy

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y

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EE

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θεε

θθε

ε

εεε

εε2sin

cossin0

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intint Δ+==

perp

dd dzDdzzEV0 2

00 )sin(

)(θεεε

1

0 20

0 )sin(

minus

perp $

amp(

Δ+= int

d dzVDθεεε

ε

1

0 22

021

021

021

)sin(

21)(

minus

perp $

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ε

1

0 20

202

1223

212

1

)sin(]sincos[

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amp(

Δ+minus+= intint

dd

totaldz

VdzKKFθεε

εθθθ

220

2213

23

21 )sin(


θεεεθθ

εθθθθθθΔ+

minus=minus++perp

aDKKKK

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)sin(21

21

21


θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 minus=$

amp(

)minus+$$

amp(

)+

θθεθ

cossinΔεEdzd

K 202

2

minus=$$

amp(

)

θθεθθ

θθ

cossinΔεEKdzd

K 202

2

==$

ampamp

(

dd

θθε

θ 220 coscosKΔε

E minus= m

z

d

0

θm d2 θ(d2)=θm

$

amp minus=minus

int 2KΔε

Ecoscos

022

dzd

m m

ε

θθ

θθ

θ

$

amp=minus

int 2KΔε

Ecoscos

02

22

dd

m m

ε

θθ

θπ

θ

At z=d

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2coscoslim

2

222

π

θθ

θπ

θπθ

=minus

intrarrm

mm

d

E

θm

π2

Eth

22KΔεE 0

thπε

=$

amp

( d

dπ

ε ΔεK

dVE

0

thth ==

ΔεKV0



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0 V 3 V 5 V

θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 =$

amp

(minus+$

ampamp

(+

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z=0

z=d


E


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Eq of Motion

At equilibrium



part

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||2

02

32

1

2

sin21

cossin21

Δminus++amp

()

=+= EKKdzdFFF ed


times=τ

xE

xED

zEDEDyEDEDxEDEDED

EDP

zy

xyyxzxxzyzzyE

ˆ cossin

ˆ

ˆ)(ˆ)(ˆ)(

20

0

θθεε

τ

ε

Δ=

=


minus=

0cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 =+

$

ampminus+

$$

amp+ θθε

θθθ

θθθ

0FF=

$

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partminus

part

part

θθ dzd

θθεθ

θθθ

cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(KddF 2

0

2

31 minus$

amp(

)minus=

( ) ( ) ( )2

312

22

32

12

32


$

ampminus++=()

+- +=

$

ampdzdKK

dzdKK

dzdKK

dzd

dzd θ

θθθ

θθθ

θθθ

z

z

ED

ED

zzz

yzy

ε

ε

=

=

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θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 minus=$

amp(

)minus+$$

amp(

)+


$

amppart

partminus

part

part=

θθ FF

dzd

At equilibrium


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( )

2

2

12

02

32

2

2

312

22

32

1

tI

tγ cos sinΔεEε

zν

)cosαsin(α

zcos)sinK(K

zsinKcosK

part

part+

part

part=+

part

partminus+

$

amp

(part

partminus+

part

part+

θθθθθθ

θθθ




zφ

K 12

02

2

=+part

part



mon=

2

22

dπ

4πΔεE

1on K

γτminus

=2

2

dπ

1off Kγτ =

Solution

$

amppart

partminus

part

part=

θθθ

γ FF

1 dzd

dtd

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bull Response Time




Tran

mitt

ance

Voltage

Tran

smitt

ance

Time

bull T-Time curve

T(04)

T(100)

T(90)

T(10) T(10)

T(90)


V(T100)

Vop

Input Signal


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Disadvantage


Advantage


v LCD TV Vs CRT TV

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bull Frame Rate





0

1000

2000

3000

4000

Response Time (m

s)

63 55 47 39 31 23 15 7 0

Final Gray Level


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$

amp

minus=

$

amp

minus()

+

-= 2c

20

12

theff

12

on EE1

Δεεγ

1)(VV1

Kγ

πdτ

2c0

21

eff

12

off ΔεEε1

dγKγ

πdτ =

$

amp=

ΔεεKπV0

effth =

ΔεεK

dπV

0

effth

=

for TN VA OCB modes

for IPS modes


VAOCB K3


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Y Z RrsquoXR

M N

A B


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Combination n=1~2

O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

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Lateral sustituents

- H F Cl CN CH3








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Linking groups

CequivC COO CH2CH2


Rigid Rigid





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Combination n=1~2

H F Cl CN CH3

H F Cl CN CH3

CequivC COO CH2CH2


O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

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K


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EE



Simple is Fast

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Vpacute= Vp +Δ Vp


Vpacute= 33V


ggdLCst

stp ΔV

C(V)CCCΔV

++=

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ToFrom

ToFrom

With DCCWithout DCC

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RT gt 1 frame



RT gt 1 frame

Tailing 야구공


Hold-type display


Hold-type display


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1 frame


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1 frame (167 ms)

LC response

Lamp illumination


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Conventional LCD

180 Hz 구동


FS LCD

Advantage of FS LCD


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Dynamic Dimming

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Summary


For TV application


+


+


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a

λ




Rubbing direction

Alignment Mechanism



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PI PS

R R


Alignment Mechanism

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Oslash AFM image


Rubbed Polystyrene

200 400 600 8000 nm-50

+50 nm

R

Oslash X-ray

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ALC

Direction

Value(How strong)


ϕ amp θ

Anchoringenergy




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0 2 4 6 800

02

04

06

08

10

12

of Rubbing

Anc

horin

g En

ergy


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Total Free Energy

v Total Free Energy

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ϕ

θ

E static (constant)


Energy

x

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ϕ(0)=0 ϕ(d)= ϕ0 θ(0)=θ(d)=0

x

y

z

d

ϕ0


x

y

ϕ 0 0

Boundary condition

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z

ϕ(z)

d

ϕ0

x

y

z

d

Euler-Lagrange Eq

If ϕ0=π2 TN

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ϕ

θ

where

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ab constant

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Tilted Solution

z=0

z=d

θ0

z=0

z=d

θ0

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--- eq(1)

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i) K3 le 2K2

ii) K3 gt 2K2

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From eq(1)

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Case (i) K2 gt K1


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Case (ii) K1 gt K2

egrave Planar twist

Case (iii) K1 = K2 (K1= K2 = K3)

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z=0

z=d

HW

ϕ

θ

α

α

(i) θ(0)=π2 - α θ(d)=π2 + α

(ii) θ(0)=π2 - α θ(d)=π2 + α - π


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Stimulus


Response



Elastic energy+


Surface energy




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Experimental

technique

Indirect

Direct

Geometry

type

External

field type

Surface

disclination

Twist angle

measurement

Wedge

cell

Freedericksz

transition

High field

Torque

measurement

Flexoelectricity


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LC +

Chiral dopant


Minimization



Top surface

Δφ

φ0

φr

Θ

R

R

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VV E



20

20 )(

21

21

21 EnEEDFelec


20 )(

21 EnFelec

sdotΔminus= εε

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sdot+= perp


20

20 )(

21

21

21 HnHHBFmag


20 )(

21 HnFmag



[21 22

0 HnHFmag


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φ

x

y

zR

H

0FF=

$$

amp

part

partminus

part

part

φφ dzd

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dzd


χξφφφξ

Δ==+rarr 2

22

21

)( where0sincos)( K

HHH



intint =rarr+z

Hξdzd

02

0 )(cos sign Choose

φ

φφ

$amp

(

)+

minusminus=rarr=

(

)+

minus minus

)(exptan2

2)(

)(24cotln

2

1

2 Hzz

Hz

ξπ

φξ

φπ

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Info

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VV

Δε gt 0Δn gt 0

0 V 3 V 5 V


Info

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inee

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x

y

z

nEθ

232

1222

1212

1 )()()( nnKnnKnKFd


dzdsinn θ

θ=sdotnabla

$

amp=

$

amppart

part+

$

amppart

part+

$$

amp

part

partminus

part


partpartpart

partpart

00cos


ˆˆˆn

dzd

zx

yx

xzy

zyx

zyx

θθ

θθθθ

θθ

0 0 0

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( )

( )θθθ

θθθθ

θθ

23

21

2

21

2224

321

22

121

232

1222

1212

1

cossin

cossincossin

)()()(

KKdzd

dzdK

dzdK

nnKnnKnKFd

+

$amp

=

$amp

++

$amp

=


000cos)cossin0(nn =

$


θθθ

$


dzd

zyx

dzd

θθ

θθθ

θ

θθθ


nn

( )θθθ 2

32

1

2

21 cossin KKdzdFd +

$amp

=

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y

z

θ

yrsquo

zrsquo

$$

amp

$$

amp=

$$

amp perp

||0

00

z

y

z

y

EE

DD

ε

εε



$$

amp

$$

amp=

$$

amp

z

y

zzzy

yzyy

z

y

EE

DD

εε

εε


zze DEDEF21

21

=sdot=

jiji ED ε=

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Eno

Ey

Ene

Ex

$$

amp

minus=

θθθθ

θcossinsincos

)(R

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$$

amp

$$

amp

minus=

$$

amp(

(

z

y

z

y

EE

EE

θθ

θθ

cossinsincos

$$

amp

$$

amp

minus

$$

amp=

$$

amp(

( perp

z

y

z

y

EE

DD

θθ

θθε

ε

cossinsincos

00

||

$$

amp

$$

amp

minus

$$

amp

$$

amp minus=

$$

amp perp

z

y

z

y

EE

DD

θθ

θθε

ε

θθ

θθ

cossinsincos

00

cossinsincos

||

$$

amp

minus

$$

amp

$$

amp minus=

$$

amp perp

θθ

θθε

ε

θθ

θθεε

εε

cossinsincos

00

cossinsincos

||zzzy

yzyy

yzzy

yyzz

yz

yy

εε

εε

θθεε

θεεθεθεε

minus=

=

Δ=

Δ+=+= perpperp

cossinsinsincos 22

||2


( )zE00=E ( )

$$

amp

Δ+

Δ=

$$

amp=

$$

amp

$$

amp=

$$

amp

perp z

z

zzz

zyz

zzzzy

yzyy

z

y

EE

EE

EDD

θεε

θθε

ε

εεε

εε2sin

cossin0

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inee

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intint Δ+==

perp

dd dzDdzzEV0 2

00 )sin(

)(θεεε

1

0 20

0 )sin(

minus

perp $

amp(

Δ+= int

d dzVDθεεε

ε

1

0 22

021

021

021

)sin(

21)(

minus

perp $

amp(



ε

1

0 20

202

1223

212

1

)sin(]sincos[

minus

perp $

amp(

Δ+minus+= intint

dd

totaldz

VdzKKFθεε

εθθθ

220

2213

23

21 )sin(


θεεεθθ

εθθθθθθΔ+

minus=minus++perp

aDKKKK

Info

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)sin(21

21

21


θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 minus=$

amp(

)minus+$$

amp(

)+

θθεθ

cossinΔεEdzd

K 202

2

minus=$$

amp(

)

θθεθθ

θθ

cossinΔεEKdzd

K 202

2

==$

ampamp

(

dd

θθε

θ 220 coscosKΔε

E minus= m

z

d

0

θm d2 θ(d2)=θm

$

amp minus=minus

int 2KΔε

Ecoscos

022

dzd

m m

ε

θθ

θθ

θ

$

amp=minus

int 2KΔε

Ecoscos

02

22

dd

m m

ε

θθ

θπ

θ

At z=d

Info

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inee

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2coscoslim

2

222

π

θθ

θπ

θπθ

=minus

intrarrm

mm

d

E

θm

π2

Eth

22KΔεE 0

thπε

=$

amp

( d

dπ

ε ΔεK

dVE

0

thth ==

ΔεKV0



Info

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ion

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play

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inee

ring (z)θ


0 V 3 V 5 V

θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 =$

amp

(minus+$

ampamp

(+

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inee

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z=0

z=d


E


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Eq of Motion

At equilibrium



part

Info

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||2

02

32

1

2

sin21

cossin21

Δminus++amp

()

=+= EKKdzdFFF ed


times=τ

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xED

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132

22

32

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31 minus$

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312

22

32

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32


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z

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ED

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yzy

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ε

=

=

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θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 minus=$

amp(

)minus+$$

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)+


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( )

2

2

12

02

32

2

2

312

22

32

1

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2

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1off Kγτ =

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γ FF

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bull Response Time




Tran

mitt

ance

Voltage

Tran

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bull T-Time curve

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Disadvantage


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0

1000

2000

3000

4000

Response Time (m

s)

63 55 47 39 31 23 15 7 0

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inee

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$

amp

minus=

$

amp

minus()

+

-= 2c

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off ΔεEε1

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amp=

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effth =

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for TN VA OCB modes

for IPS modes


VAOCB K3


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Y Z RrsquoXR

M N

A B


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Combination n=1~2

O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

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ion

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Info

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ion

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Lateral sustituents

- H F Cl CN CH3








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Linking groups

CequivC COO CH2CH2


Rigid Rigid





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Combination n=1~2

H F Cl CN CH3

H F Cl CN CH3

CequivC COO CH2CH2


O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

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K


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ion

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EE



Simple is Fast

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Vpacute= Vp +Δ Vp


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ggdLCst

stp ΔV

C(V)CCCΔV

++=

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ToFrom

ToFrom

With DCCWithout DCC

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RT gt 1 frame



RT gt 1 frame

Tailing 야구공


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1 frame


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Conventional LCD

180 Hz 구동


FS LCD

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Dynamic Dimming

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Summary


For TV application


+


+


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PI PS

R R


Alignment Mechanism

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Oslash AFM image


Rubbed Polystyrene

200 400 600 8000 nm-50

+50 nm

R

Oslash X-ray

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ALC

Direction

Value(How strong)


ϕ amp θ

Anchoringenergy




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inee

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0 2 4 6 800

02

04

06

08

10

12

of Rubbing

Anc

horin

g En

ergy


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Total Free Energy

v Total Free Energy

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ϕ

θ

E static (constant)


Energy

x

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ϕ(0)=0 ϕ(d)= ϕ0 θ(0)=θ(d)=0

x

y

z

d

ϕ0


x

y

ϕ 0 0

Boundary condition

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z

ϕ(z)

d

ϕ0

x

y

z

d

Euler-Lagrange Eq

If ϕ0=π2 TN

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ϕ

θ

where

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ab constant

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Tilted Solution

z=0

z=d

θ0

z=0

z=d

θ0

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--- eq(1)

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i) K3 le 2K2

ii) K3 gt 2K2

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From eq(1)

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Case (i) K2 gt K1


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Case (ii) K1 gt K2

egrave Planar twist

Case (iii) K1 = K2 (K1= K2 = K3)

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z=0

z=d

HW

ϕ

θ

α

α

(i) θ(0)=π2 - α θ(d)=π2 + α

(ii) θ(0)=π2 - α θ(d)=π2 + α - π


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Stimulus


Response



Elastic energy+


Surface energy




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Experimental

technique

Indirect

Direct

Geometry

type

External

field type

Surface

disclination

Twist angle

measurement

Wedge

cell

Freedericksz

transition

High field

Torque

measurement

Flexoelectricity


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LC +

Chiral dopant


Minimization



Top surface

Δφ

φ0

φr

Θ

R

R

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VV E



20

20 )(

21

21

21 EnEEDFelec


20 )(

21 EnFelec

sdotΔminus= εε

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sdot+= perp


20

20 )(

21

21

21 HnHHBFmag


20 )(

21 HnFmag



[21 22

0 HnHFmag


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φ

x

y

zR

H

0FF=

$$

amp

part

partminus

part

part

φφ dzd

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dzd


χξφφφξ

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22

21

)( where0sincos)( K

HHH



intint =rarr+z

Hξdzd

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$amp

(

)+

minusminus=rarr=

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)+

minus minus

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2)(

)(24cotln

2

1

2 Hzz

Hz

ξπ

φξ

φπ

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VV

Δε gt 0Δn gt 0

0 V 3 V 5 V


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x

y

z

nEθ

232

1222

1212

1 )()()( nnKnnKnKFd


dzdsinn θ

θ=sdotnabla

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partpart

00cos


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dzd

zx

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xzy

zyx

zyx

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θθθθ

θθ

0 0 0

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( )

( )θθθ

θθθθ

θθ

23

21

2

21

2224

321

22

121

232

1222

1212

1

cossin

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1

2

21 cossin KKdzdFd +

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=

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y

z

θ

yrsquo

zrsquo

$$

amp

$$

amp=

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z

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zze DEDEF21

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=sdot=

jiji ED ε=

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Eno

Ey

Ene

Ex

$$

amp

minus=

θθθθ

θcossinsincos

)(R

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inee

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$$

amp

$$

amp

minus=

$$

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(

z

y

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zzzzy

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θεε

θθε

ε

εεε

εε2sin

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intint Δ+==

perp

dd dzDdzzEV0 2

00 )sin(

)(θεεε

1

0 20

0 )sin(

minus

perp $

amp(

Δ+= int

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VdzKKFθεε

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220

2213

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21 )sin(


θεεεθθ

εθθθθθθΔ+

minus=minus++perp

aDKKKK

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)sin(21

21

21


θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 minus=$

amp(

)minus+$$

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)+

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cossinΔεEdzd

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)

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d

0

θm d2 θ(d2)=θm

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θθ

θ

$

amp=minus

int 2KΔε

Ecoscos

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22

dd

m m

ε

θθ

θπ

θ

At z=d

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2coscoslim

2

222

π

θθ

θπ

θπθ

=minus

intrarrm

mm

d

E

θm

π2

Eth

22KΔεE 0

thπε

=$

amp

( d

dπ

ε ΔεK

dVE

0

thth ==

ΔεKV0



Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

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inee

ring (z)θ


0 V 3 V 5 V

θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

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amp

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ampamp

(+

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play

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inee

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z=0

z=d


E


Info

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ion

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play

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inee

ring


Info

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inee

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Eq of Motion

At equilibrium



part

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inee

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||2

02

32

1

2

sin21

cossin21

Δminus++amp

()

=+= EKKdzdFFF ed


times=τ

xE

xED

zEDEDyEDEDxEDEDED

EDP

zy

xyyxzxxzyzzyE

ˆ cossin

ˆ

ˆ)(ˆ)(ˆ)(

20

0

θθεε

τ

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Δ=

=


minus=

0cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 =+

$

ampminus+

$$

amp+ θθε

θθθ

θθθ

0FF=

$

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cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(KddF 2

0

2

31 minus$

amp(

)minus=

( ) ( ) ( )2

312

22

32

12

32


$

ampminus++=()

+- +=

$

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dzdKK

dzdKK

dzd

dzd θ

θθθ

θθθ

θθθ

z

z

ED

ED

zzz

yzy

ε

ε

=

=

Info

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inee

ring

θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 minus=$

amp(

)minus+$$

amp(

)+


$

amppart

partminus

part

part=

θθ FF

dzd

At equilibrium


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


( )

2

2

12

02

32

2

2

312

22

32

1

tI

tγ cos sinΔεEε

zν

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amp

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02

2

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dπ

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1on K

γτminus

=2

2

dπ

1off Kγτ =

Solution

$

amppart

partminus

part

part=

θθθ

γ FF

1 dzd

dtd

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

bull Response Time




Tran

mitt

ance

Voltage

Tran

smitt

ance

Time

bull T-Time curve

T(04)

T(100)

T(90)

T(10) T(10)

T(90)


V(T100)

Vop

Input Signal


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Disadvantage


Advantage


v LCD TV Vs CRT TV

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee


bull Frame Rate





0

1000

2000

3000

4000

Response Time (m

s)

63 55 47 39 31 23 15 7 0

Final Gray Level


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring







Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


$

amp

minus=

$

amp

minus()

+

-= 2c

20

12

theff

12

on EE1

Δεεγ

1)(VV1

Kγ

πdτ

2c0

21

eff

12

off ΔεEε1

dγKγ

πdτ =

$

amp=

ΔεεKπV0

effth =

ΔεεK

dπV

0

effth

=

for TN VA OCB modes

for IPS modes


VAOCB K3


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


Y Z RrsquoXR

M N

A B


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring





Combination n=1~2

O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring







Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Lateral sustituents

- H F Cl CN CH3








Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Linking groups

CequivC COO CH2CH2


Rigid Rigid





Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring




Combination n=1~2

H F Cl CN CH3

H F Cl CN CH3

CequivC COO CH2CH2


O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


K


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring



Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring






Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

EE



Simple is Fast

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring



Vpacute= Vp +Δ Vp


Vpacute= 33V


ggdLCst

stp ΔV

C(V)CCCΔV

++=

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

ToFrom

ToFrom

With DCCWithout DCC

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring




RT gt 1 frame



RT gt 1 frame

Tailing 야구공


Hold-type display


Hold-type display


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


1 frame


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee


1 frame (167 ms)

LC response

Lamp illumination


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring



Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Conventional LCD

180 Hz 구동


FS LCD

Advantage of FS LCD


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Dynamic Dimming

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Summary


For TV application


+


+


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Oslash AFM image


Rubbed Polystyrene

200 400 600 8000 nm-50

+50 nm

R

Oslash X-ray

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring



ALC

Direction

Value(How strong)


ϕ amp θ

Anchoringenergy




Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring




0 2 4 6 800

02

04

06

08

10

12

of Rubbing

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g En

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Total Free Energy

v Total Free Energy

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E static (constant)


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ϕ(0)=0 ϕ(d)= ϕ0 θ(0)=θ(d)=0

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ϕ(z)

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θ

where

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ab constant

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--- eq(1)

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i) K3 le 2K2

ii) K3 gt 2K2

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ϕ

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α

α

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(ii) θ(0)=π2 - α θ(d)=π2 + α - π


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Experimental

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Indirect

Direct

Geometry

type

External

field type

Surface

disclination

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measurement

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Freedericksz

transition

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Torque

measurement

Flexoelectricity


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θθεθ

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( )

2

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bull Response Time




Tran

mitt

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Voltage

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smitt

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Time

bull T-Time curve

T(04)

T(100)

T(90)

T(10) T(10)

T(90)


V(T100)

Vop

Input Signal


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Disadvantage


Advantage


v LCD TV Vs CRT TV

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bull Frame Rate





0

1000

2000

3000

4000

Response Time (m

s)

63 55 47 39 31 23 15 7 0

Final Gray Level


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$

amp

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$

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for TN VA OCB modes

for IPS modes


VAOCB K3


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Y Z RrsquoXR

M N

A B


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Combination n=1~2

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n n N

N

N NNO

O S

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Lateral sustituents

- H F Cl CN CH3








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Linking groups

CequivC COO CH2CH2


Rigid Rigid





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Combination n=1~2

H F Cl CN CH3

H F Cl CN CH3

CequivC COO CH2CH2


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n n N

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K


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EE



Simple is Fast

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Vpacute= Vp +Δ Vp


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C(V)CCCΔV

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Info

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ToFrom

ToFrom

With DCCWithout DCC

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RT gt 1 frame



RT gt 1 frame

Tailing 야구공


Hold-type display


Hold-type display


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1 frame


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1 frame (167 ms)

LC response

Lamp illumination


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Info

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Conventional LCD

180 Hz 구동


FS LCD

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Dynamic Dimming

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Summary


For TV application


+


+


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ALC

Direction

Value(How strong)


ϕ amp θ

Anchoringenergy




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0 2 4 6 800

02

04

06

08

10

12

of Rubbing

Anc

horin

g En

ergy


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

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inee

ring




Total Free Energy

v Total Free Energy

Info

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ion

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play

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inee

ring

ϕ

θ

E static (constant)


Energy

x

Info

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ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring






Info

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ion

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play

Eng

inee

ring


ϕ(0)=0 ϕ(d)= ϕ0 θ(0)=θ(d)=0

x

y

z

d

ϕ0


x

y

ϕ 0 0

Boundary condition

Info

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ion

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play

Eng

inee

ring


z

ϕ(z)

d

ϕ0

x

y

z

d

Euler-Lagrange Eq

If ϕ0=π2 TN

Info

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ion

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play

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inee

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ϕ

θ

where

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

ab constant

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Tilted Solution

z=0

z=d

θ0

z=0

z=d

θ0

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring



--- eq(1)

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

i) K3 le 2K2

ii) K3 gt 2K2

Info

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ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

From eq(1)

Info

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ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

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Info

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ion

Dis

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inee

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Case (i) K2 gt K1


Info

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ion

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inee

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Case (ii) K1 gt K2

egrave Planar twist

Case (iii) K1 = K2 (K1= K2 = K3)

Info

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ion

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play

Eng

inee

ring

z=0

z=d

HW

ϕ

θ

α

α

(i) θ(0)=π2 - α θ(d)=π2 + α

(ii) θ(0)=π2 - α θ(d)=π2 + α - π


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Stimulus


Response



Elastic energy+


Surface energy




Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


Experimental

technique

Indirect

Direct

Geometry

type

External

field type

Surface

disclination

Twist angle

measurement

Wedge

cell

Freedericksz

transition

High field

Torque

measurement

Flexoelectricity


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

LC +

Chiral dopant


Minimization



Top surface

Δφ

φ0

φr

Θ

R

R

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

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Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

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VV E



20

20 )(

21

21

21 EnEEDFelec


20 )(

21 EnFelec

sdotΔminus= εε

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring




sdot+= perp


20

20 )(

21

21

21 HnHHBFmag


20 )(

21 HnFmag



[21 22

0 HnHFmag


Info

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ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

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φ

x

y

zR

H

0FF=

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part

partminus

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Info

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Eng

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dzd


χξφφφξ

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22

21

)( where0sincos)( K

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intint =rarr+z

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1

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Hz

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Info

rmat

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Dis

play

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Info

rmat

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play

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VV

Δε gt 0Δn gt 0

0 V 3 V 5 V


Info

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Dis

play

Eng

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x

y

z

nEθ

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1222

1212

1 )()()( nnKnnKnKFd


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0 0 0

Info

rmat

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Dis

play

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( )

( )θθθ

θθθθ

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21

2

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22

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θθε

ε

θθ

θθ

cossinsincos

00

cossinsincos

||

$$

amp

minus

$$

amp

$$

amp minus=

$$

amp perp

θθ

θθε

ε

θθ

θθεε

εε

cossinsincos

00

cossinsincos

||zzzy

yzyy

yzzy

yyzz

yz

yy

εε

εε

θθεε

θεεθεθεε

minus=

=

Δ=

Δ+=+= perpperp

cossinsinsincos 22

||2


( )zE00=E ( )

$$

amp

Δ+

Δ=

$$

amp=

$$

amp

$$

amp=

$$

amp

perp z

z

zzz

zyz

zzzzy

yzyy

z

y

EE

EE

EDD

θεε

θθε

ε

εεε

εε2sin

cossin0

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intint Δ+==

perp

dd dzDdzzEV0 2

00 )sin(

)(θεεε

1

0 20

0 )sin(

minus

perp $

amp(

Δ+= int

d dzVDθεεε

ε

1

0 22

021

021

021

)sin(

21)(

minus

perp $

amp(



ε

1

0 20

202

1223

212

1

)sin(]sincos[

minus

perp $

amp(

Δ+minus+= intint

dd

totaldz

VdzKKFθεε

εθθθ

220

2213

23

21 )sin(


θεεεθθ

εθθθθθθΔ+

minus=minus++perp

aDKKKK

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)sin(21

21

21


θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 minus=$

amp(

)minus+$$

amp(

)+

θθεθ

cossinΔεEdzd

K 202

2

minus=$$

amp(

)

θθεθθ

θθ

cossinΔεEKdzd

K 202

2

==$

ampamp

(

dd

θθε

θ 220 coscosKΔε

E minus= m

z

d

0

θm d2 θ(d2)=θm

$

amp minus=minus

int 2KΔε

Ecoscos

022

dzd

m m

ε

θθ

θθ

θ

$

amp=minus

int 2KΔε

Ecoscos

02

22

dd

m m

ε

θθ

θπ

θ

At z=d

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2coscoslim

2

222

π

θθ

θπ

θπθ

=minus

intrarrm

mm

d

E

θm

π2

Eth

22KΔεE 0

thπε

=$

amp

( d

dπ

ε ΔεK

dVE

0

thth ==

ΔεKV0



Info

rmat

ion

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play

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inee

ring (z)θ


0 V 3 V 5 V

θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 =$

amp

(minus+$

ampamp

(+

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z=0

z=d


E


Info

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Eq of Motion

At equilibrium



part

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||2

02

32

1

2

sin21

cossin21

Δminus++amp

()

=+= EKKdzdFFF ed


times=τ

xE

xED

zEDEDyEDEDxEDEDED

EDP

zy

xyyxzxxzyzzyE

ˆ cossin

ˆ

ˆ)(ˆ)(ˆ)(

20

0

θθεε

τ

ε

Δ=

=


minus=

0cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 =+

$

ampminus+

$$

amp+ θθε

θθθ

θθθ

0FF=

$

amppart

partminus

part

part

θθ dzd

θθεθ

θθθ

cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(KddF 2

0

2

31 minus$

amp(

)minus=

( ) ( ) ( )2

312

22

32

12

32


$

ampminus++=()

+- +=

$

ampdzdKK

dzdKK

dzdKK

dzd

dzd θ

θθθ

θθθ

θθθ

z

z

ED

ED

zzz

yzy

ε

ε

=

=

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θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 minus=$

amp(

)minus+$$

amp(

)+


$

amppart

partminus

part

part=

θθ FF

dzd

At equilibrium


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( )

2

2

12

02

32

2

2

312

22

32

1

tI

tγ cos sinΔεEε

zν

)cosαsin(α

zcos)sinK(K

zsinKcosK

part

part+

part

part=+

part

partminus+

$

amp

(part

partminus+

part

part+

θθθθθθ

θθθ




zφ

K 12

02

2

=+part

part



mon=

2

22

dπ

4πΔεE

1on K

γτminus

=2

2

dπ

1off Kγτ =

Solution

$

amppart

partminus

part

part=

θθθ

γ FF

1 dzd

dtd

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bull Response Time




Tran

mitt

ance

Voltage

Tran

smitt

ance

Time

bull T-Time curve

T(04)

T(100)

T(90)

T(10) T(10)

T(90)


V(T100)

Vop

Input Signal


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Disadvantage


Advantage


v LCD TV Vs CRT TV

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bull Frame Rate





0

1000

2000

3000

4000

Response Time (m

s)

63 55 47 39 31 23 15 7 0

Final Gray Level


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$

amp

minus=

$

amp

minus()

+

-= 2c

20

12

theff

12

on EE1

Δεεγ

1)(VV1

Kγ

πdτ

2c0

21

eff

12

off ΔεEε1

dγKγ

πdτ =

$

amp=

ΔεεKπV0

effth =

ΔεεK

dπV

0

effth

=

for TN VA OCB modes

for IPS modes


VAOCB K3


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Y Z RrsquoXR

M N

A B


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Combination n=1~2

O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

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Lateral sustituents

- H F Cl CN CH3








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Linking groups

CequivC COO CH2CH2


Rigid Rigid





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Combination n=1~2

H F Cl CN CH3

H F Cl CN CH3

CequivC COO CH2CH2


O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

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K


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EE



Simple is Fast

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Vpacute= Vp +Δ Vp


Vpacute= 33V


ggdLCst

stp ΔV

C(V)CCCΔV

++=

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ToFrom

ToFrom

With DCCWithout DCC

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RT gt 1 frame



RT gt 1 frame

Tailing 야구공


Hold-type display


Hold-type display


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1 frame


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1 frame (167 ms)

LC response

Lamp illumination


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Conventional LCD

180 Hz 구동


FS LCD

Advantage of FS LCD


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Dynamic Dimming

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Summary


For TV application


+


+


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0 2 4 6 800

02

04

06

08

10

12

of Rubbing

Anc

horin

g En

ergy


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Total Free Energy

v Total Free Energy

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ϕ

θ

E static (constant)


Energy

x

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ϕ(0)=0 ϕ(d)= ϕ0 θ(0)=θ(d)=0

x

y

z

d

ϕ0


x

y

ϕ 0 0

Boundary condition

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z

ϕ(z)

d

ϕ0

x

y

z

d

Euler-Lagrange Eq

If ϕ0=π2 TN

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ϕ

θ

where

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ab constant

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Tilted Solution

z=0

z=d

θ0

z=0

z=d

θ0

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--- eq(1)

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i) K3 le 2K2

ii) K3 gt 2K2

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From eq(1)

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Case (i) K2 gt K1


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Case (ii) K1 gt K2

egrave Planar twist

Case (iii) K1 = K2 (K1= K2 = K3)

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z=0

z=d

HW

ϕ

θ

α

α

(i) θ(0)=π2 - α θ(d)=π2 + α

(ii) θ(0)=π2 - α θ(d)=π2 + α - π


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Stimulus


Response



Elastic energy+


Surface energy




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Experimental

technique

Indirect

Direct

Geometry

type

External

field type

Surface

disclination

Twist angle

measurement

Wedge

cell

Freedericksz

transition

High field

Torque

measurement

Flexoelectricity


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LC +

Chiral dopant


Minimization



Top surface

Δφ

φ0

φr

Θ

R

R

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VV E



20

20 )(

21

21

21 EnEEDFelec


20 )(

21 EnFelec

sdotΔminus= εε

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sdot+= perp


20

20 )(

21

21

21 HnHHBFmag


20 )(

21 HnFmag



[21 22

0 HnHFmag


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inee

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φ

x

y

zR

H

0FF=

$$

amp

part

partminus

part

part

φφ dzd

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dzd


χξφφφξ

Δ==+rarr 2

22

21

)( where0sincos)( K

HHH



intint =rarr+z

Hξdzd

02

0 )(cos sign Choose

φ

φφ

$amp

(

)+

minusminus=rarr=

(

)+

minus minus

)(exptan2

2)(

)(24cotln

2

1

2 Hzz

Hz

ξπ

φξ

φπ

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VV

Δε gt 0Δn gt 0

0 V 3 V 5 V


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inee

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x

y

z

nEθ

232

1222

1212

1 )()()( nnKnnKnKFd


dzdsinn θ

θ=sdotnabla

$

amp=

$

amppart

part+

$

amppart

part+

$$

amp

part

partminus

part


partpartpart

partpart

00cos


ˆˆˆn

dzd

zx

yx

xzy

zyx

zyx

θθ

θθθθ

θθ

0 0 0

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( )

( )θθθ

θθθθ

θθ

23

21

2

21

2224

321

22

121

232

1222

1212

1

cossin

cossincossin

)()()(

KKdzd

dzdK

dzdK

nnKnnKnKFd

+

$amp

=

$amp

++

$amp

=


000cos)cossin0(nn =

$


θθθ

$


dzd

zyx

dzd

θθ

θθθ

θ

θθθ


nn

( )θθθ 2

32

1

2

21 cossin KKdzdFd +

$amp

=

Info

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y

z

θ

yrsquo

zrsquo

$$

amp

$$

amp=

$$

amp perp

||0

00

z

y

z

y

EE

DD

ε

εε



$$

amp

$$

amp=

$$

amp

z

y

zzzy

yzyy

z

y

EE

DD

εε

εε


zze DEDEF21

21

=sdot=

jiji ED ε=

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Eno

Ey

Ene

Ex

$$

amp

minus=

θθθθ

θcossinsincos

)(R

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$$

amp

$$

amp

minus=

$$

amp(

(

z

y

z

y

EE

EE

θθ

θθ

cossinsincos

$$

amp

$$

amp

minus

$$

amp=

$$

amp(

( perp

z

y

z

y

EE

DD

θθ

θθε

ε

cossinsincos

00

||

$$

amp

$$

amp

minus

$$

amp

$$

amp minus=

$$

amp perp

z

y

z

y

EE

DD

θθ

θθε

ε

θθ

θθ

cossinsincos

00

cossinsincos

||

$$

amp

minus

$$

amp

$$

amp minus=

$$

amp perp

θθ

θθε

ε

θθ

θθεε

εε

cossinsincos

00

cossinsincos

||zzzy

yzyy

yzzy

yyzz

yz

yy

εε

εε

θθεε

θεεθεθεε

minus=

=

Δ=

Δ+=+= perpperp

cossinsinsincos 22

||2


( )zE00=E ( )

$$

amp

Δ+

Δ=

$$

amp=

$$

amp

$$

amp=

$$

amp

perp z

z

zzz

zyz

zzzzy

yzyy

z

y

EE

EE

EDD

θεε

θθε

ε

εεε

εε2sin

cossin0

Info

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inee

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intint Δ+==

perp

dd dzDdzzEV0 2

00 )sin(

)(θεεε

1

0 20

0 )sin(

minus

perp $

amp(

Δ+= int

d dzVDθεεε

ε

1

0 22

021

021

021

)sin(

21)(

minus

perp $

amp(



ε

1

0 20

202

1223

212

1

)sin(]sincos[

minus

perp $

amp(

Δ+minus+= intint

dd

totaldz

VdzKKFθεε

εθθθ

220

2213

23

21 )sin(


θεεεθθ

εθθθθθθΔ+

minus=minus++perp

aDKKKK

Info

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inee

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)sin(21

21

21


θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 minus=$

amp(

)minus+$$

amp(

)+

θθεθ

cossinΔεEdzd

K 202

2

minus=$$

amp(

)

θθεθθ

θθ

cossinΔεEKdzd

K 202

2

==$

ampamp

(

dd

θθε

θ 220 coscosKΔε

E minus= m

z

d

0

θm d2 θ(d2)=θm

$

amp minus=minus

int 2KΔε

Ecoscos

022

dzd

m m

ε

θθ

θθ

θ

$

amp=minus

int 2KΔε

Ecoscos

02

22

dd

m m

ε

θθ

θπ

θ

At z=d

Info

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ion

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inee

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2coscoslim

2

222

π

θθ

θπ

θπθ

=minus

intrarrm

mm

d

E

θm

π2

Eth

22KΔεE 0

thπε

=$

amp

( d

dπ

ε ΔεK

dVE

0

thth ==

ΔεKV0



Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring (z)θ


0 V 3 V 5 V

θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 =$

amp

(minus+$

ampamp

(+

Info

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Dis

play

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inee

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z=0

z=d


E


Info

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ion

Dis

play

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inee

ring


Info

rmat

ion

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inee

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Eq of Motion

At equilibrium



part

Info

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ion

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play

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inee

ring


||2

02

32

1

2

sin21

cossin21

Δminus++amp

()

=+= EKKdzdFFF ed


times=τ

xE

xED

zEDEDyEDEDxEDEDED

EDP

zy

xyyxzxxzyzzyE

ˆ cossin

ˆ

ˆ)(ˆ)(ˆ)(

20

0

θθεε

τ

ε

Δ=

=


minus=

0cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 =+

$

ampminus+

$$

amp+ θθε

θθθ

θθθ

0FF=

$

amppart

partminus

part

part

θθ dzd

θθεθ

θθθ

cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(KddF 2

0

2

31 minus$

amp(

)minus=

( ) ( ) ( )2

312

22

32

12

32


$

ampminus++=()

+- +=

$

ampdzdKK

dzdKK

dzdKK

dzd

dzd θ

θθθ

θθθ

θθθ

z

z

ED

ED

zzz

yzy

ε

ε

=

=

Info

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inee

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θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 minus=$

amp(

)minus+$$

amp(

)+


$

amppart

partminus

part

part=

θθ FF

dzd

At equilibrium


Info

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ion

Dis

play

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inee

ring


( )

2

2

12

02

32

2

2

312

22

32

1

tI

tγ cos sinΔεEε

zν

)cosαsin(α

zcos)sinK(K

zsinKcosK

part

part+

part

part=+

part

partminus+

$

amp

(part

partminus+

part

part+

θθθθθθ

θθθ




zφ

K 12

02

2

=+part

part



mon=

2

22

dπ

4πΔεE

1on K

γτminus

=2

2

dπ

1off Kγτ =

Solution

$

amppart

partminus

part

part=

θθθ

γ FF

1 dzd

dtd

Info

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ion

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play

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inee

ring

bull Response Time




Tran

mitt

ance

Voltage

Tran

smitt

ance

Time

bull T-Time curve

T(04)

T(100)

T(90)

T(10) T(10)

T(90)


V(T100)

Vop

Input Signal


Info

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ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Disadvantage


Advantage


v LCD TV Vs CRT TV

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee


bull Frame Rate





0

1000

2000

3000

4000

Response Time (m

s)

63 55 47 39 31 23 15 7 0

Final Gray Level


Info

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ion

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play

Eng

inee

ring







Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

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inee

ring


$

amp

minus=

$

amp

minus()

+

-= 2c

20

12

theff

12

on EE1

Δεεγ

1)(VV1

Kγ

πdτ

2c0

21

eff

12

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for IPS modes


VAOCB K3


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Y Z RrsquoXR

M N

A B


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play

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Combination n=1~2

O

n n N

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play

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Info

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play

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Lateral sustituents

- H F Cl CN CH3








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play

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Linking groups

CequivC COO CH2CH2


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Combination n=1~2

H F Cl CN CH3

H F Cl CN CH3

CequivC COO CH2CH2


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EE



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Vpacute= Vp +Δ Vp


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1 frame


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+


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v Total Free Energy

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E static (constant)


Energy

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ϕ(0)=0 ϕ(d)= ϕ0 θ(0)=θ(d)=0

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z

ϕ(z)

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Euler-Lagrange Eq

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ϕ

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ab constant

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--- eq(1)

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i) K3 le 2K2

ii) K3 gt 2K2

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From eq(1)

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z=0

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HW

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Surface energy




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Experimental

technique

Indirect

Direct

Geometry

type

External

field type

Surface

disclination

Twist angle

measurement

Wedge

cell

Freedericksz

transition

High field

Torque

measurement

Flexoelectricity


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LC +

Chiral dopant


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Top surface

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2coscoslim

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θθεθ

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Info

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( )

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bull Response Time




Tran

mitt

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Voltage

Tran

smitt

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Time

bull T-Time curve

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T(100)

T(90)

T(10) T(10)

T(90)


V(T100)

Vop

Input Signal


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Disadvantage


Advantage


v LCD TV Vs CRT TV

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play

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bull Frame Rate





0

1000

2000

3000

4000

Response Time (m

s)

63 55 47 39 31 23 15 7 0

Final Gray Level


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play

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Info

rmat

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play

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$

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for TN VA OCB modes

for IPS modes


VAOCB K3


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


Y Z RrsquoXR

M N

A B


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring





Combination n=1~2

O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring







Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Lateral sustituents

- H F Cl CN CH3








Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Linking groups

CequivC COO CH2CH2


Rigid Rigid





Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring




Combination n=1~2

H F Cl CN CH3

H F Cl CN CH3

CequivC COO CH2CH2


O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

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K


Info

rmat

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play

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Info

rmat

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play

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Info

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Info

rmat

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play

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EE



Simple is Fast

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

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ring



Vpacute= Vp +Δ Vp


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ggdLCst

stp ΔV

C(V)CCCΔV

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rmat

ion

Dis

play

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ring


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

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ToFrom

ToFrom

With DCCWithout DCC

Info

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ion

Dis

play

Eng

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ring




RT gt 1 frame



RT gt 1 frame

Tailing 야구공


Hold-type display


Hold-type display


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

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ring


1 frame


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

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1 frame (167 ms)

LC response

Lamp illumination


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

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ring



Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

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ring

Conventional LCD

180 Hz 구동


FS LCD

Advantage of FS LCD


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Dynamic Dimming

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Summary


For TV application


+


+


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

ϕ

θ

E static (constant)


Energy

x

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

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Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


ϕ(0)=0 ϕ(d)= ϕ0 θ(0)=θ(d)=0

x

y

z

d

ϕ0


x

y

ϕ 0 0

Boundary condition

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


z

ϕ(z)

d

ϕ0

x

y

z

d

Euler-Lagrange Eq

If ϕ0=π2 TN

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


ϕ

θ

where

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

ab constant

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Tilted Solution

z=0

z=d

θ0

z=0

z=d

θ0

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring



--- eq(1)

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

i) K3 le 2K2

ii) K3 gt 2K2

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

From eq(1)

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

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Case (i) K2 gt K1


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

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ring

Case (ii) K1 gt K2

egrave Planar twist

Case (iii) K1 = K2 (K1= K2 = K3)

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

z=0

z=d

HW

ϕ

θ

α

α

(i) θ(0)=π2 - α θ(d)=π2 + α

(ii) θ(0)=π2 - α θ(d)=π2 + α - π


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Stimulus


Response



Elastic energy+


Surface energy




Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


Experimental

technique

Indirect

Direct

Geometry

type

External

field type

Surface

disclination

Twist angle

measurement

Wedge

cell

Freedericksz

transition

High field

Torque

measurement

Flexoelectricity


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

LC +

Chiral dopant


Minimization



Top surface

Δφ

φ0

φr

Θ

R

R

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

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ring


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

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Info

rmat

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Dis

play

Eng

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VV E



20

20 )(

21

21

21 EnEEDFelec


20 )(

21 EnFelec

sdotΔminus= εε

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring




sdot+= perp


20

20 )(

21

21

21 HnHHBFmag


20 )(

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[21 22

0 HnHFmag


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


φ

x

y

zR

H

0FF=

$$

amp

part

partminus

part

part

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Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring



dzd


χξφφφξ

Δ==+rarr 2

22

21

)( where0sincos)( K

HHH



intint =rarr+z

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02

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φ

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)+

minusminus=rarr=

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2)(

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2

1

2 Hzz

Hz

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Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

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Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

VV

Δε gt 0Δn gt 0

0 V 3 V 5 V


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

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y

z

nEθ

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1222

1212

1 )()()( nnKnnKnKFd


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dzd

zx

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zyx

zyx

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θθθθ

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0 0 0

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( )

( )θθθ

θθθθ

θθ

23

21

2

21

2224

321

22

121

232

1222

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+

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θ

θθθ


nn

( )θθθ 2

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1

2

21 cossin KKdzdFd +

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y

z

θ

yrsquo

zrsquo

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amp

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amp=

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amp perp

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Eno

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amp

minus=

θθθθ

θcossinsincos

)(R

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$$

amp

$$

amp

minus=

$$

amp(

(

z

y

z

y

EE

EE

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( perp

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amp minus=

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amp perp

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εεε

εε2sin

cossin0

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intint Δ+==

perp

dd dzDdzzEV0 2

00 )sin(

)(θεεε

1

0 20

0 )sin(

minus

perp $

amp(

Δ+= int

d dzVDθεεε

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0 22

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021

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21)(

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ε

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220

2213

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θεεεθθ

εθθθθθθΔ+

minus=minus++perp

aDKKKK

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)sin(21

21

21


θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 minus=$

amp(

)minus+$$

amp(

)+

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cossinΔεEdzd

K 202

2

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==$

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dd

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d

0

θm d2 θ(d2)=θm

$

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θθ

θ

$

amp=minus

int 2KΔε

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22

dd

m m

ε

θθ

θπ

θ

At z=d

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2coscoslim

2

222

π

θθ

θπ

θπθ

=minus

intrarrm

mm

d

E

θm

π2

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22KΔεE 0

thπε

=$

amp

( d

dπ

ε ΔεK

dVE

0

thth ==

ΔεKV0



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0 V 3 V 5 V

θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 =$

amp

(minus+$

ampamp

(+

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z=0

z=d


E


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Eq of Motion

At equilibrium



part

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||2

02

32

1

2

sin21

cossin21

Δminus++amp

()

=+= EKKdzdFFF ed


times=τ

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xED

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EDP

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ˆ

ˆ)(ˆ)(ˆ)(

20

0

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2

132

22

32

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0

2

31 minus$

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( ) ( ) ( )2

312

22

32

12

32


$

ampminus++=()

+- +=

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dzdKK

dzdKK

dzd

dzd θ

θθθ

θθθ

θθθ

z

z

ED

ED

zzz

yzy

ε

ε

=

=

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θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 minus=$

amp(

)minus+$$

amp(

)+


$

amppart

partminus

part

part=

θθ FF

dzd

At equilibrium


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( )

2

2

12

02

32

2

2

312

22

32

1

tI

tγ cos sinΔεEε

zν

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zsinKcosK

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part+

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part=+

part

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amp

(part

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part

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zφ

K 12

02

2

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mon=

2

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dπ

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1on K

γτminus

=2

2

dπ

1off Kγτ =

Solution

$

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partminus

part

part=

θθθ

γ FF

1 dzd

dtd

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bull Response Time




Tran

mitt

ance

Voltage

Tran

smitt

ance

Time

bull T-Time curve

T(04)

T(100)

T(90)

T(10) T(10)

T(90)


V(T100)

Vop

Input Signal


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Disadvantage


Advantage


v LCD TV Vs CRT TV

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bull Frame Rate





0

1000

2000

3000

4000

Response Time (m

s)

63 55 47 39 31 23 15 7 0

Final Gray Level


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$

amp

minus=

$

amp

minus()

+

-= 2c

20

12

theff

12

on EE1

Δεεγ

1)(VV1

Kγ

πdτ

2c0

21

eff

12

off ΔεEε1

dγKγ

πdτ =

$

amp=

ΔεεKπV0

effth =

ΔεεK

dπV

0

effth

=

for TN VA OCB modes

for IPS modes


VAOCB K3


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Y Z RrsquoXR

M N

A B


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Combination n=1~2

O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

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Lateral sustituents

- H F Cl CN CH3








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Linking groups

CequivC COO CH2CH2


Rigid Rigid





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Combination n=1~2

H F Cl CN CH3

H F Cl CN CH3

CequivC COO CH2CH2


O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

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K


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EE



Simple is Fast

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Vpacute= Vp +Δ Vp


Vpacute= 33V


ggdLCst

stp ΔV

C(V)CCCΔV

++=

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ToFrom

ToFrom

With DCCWithout DCC

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RT gt 1 frame



RT gt 1 frame

Tailing 야구공


Hold-type display


Hold-type display


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1 frame


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1 frame (167 ms)

LC response

Lamp illumination


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Conventional LCD

180 Hz 구동


FS LCD

Advantage of FS LCD


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Dynamic Dimming

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Summary


For TV application


+


+


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ϕ(0)=0 ϕ(d)= ϕ0 θ(0)=θ(d)=0

x

y

z

d

ϕ0


x

y

ϕ 0 0

Boundary condition

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z

ϕ(z)

d

ϕ0

x

y

z

d

Euler-Lagrange Eq

If ϕ0=π2 TN

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ϕ

θ

where

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ab constant

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Tilted Solution

z=0

z=d

θ0

z=0

z=d

θ0

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--- eq(1)

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i) K3 le 2K2

ii) K3 gt 2K2

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From eq(1)

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Case (i) K2 gt K1


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Case (ii) K1 gt K2

egrave Planar twist

Case (iii) K1 = K2 (K1= K2 = K3)

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z=0

z=d

HW

ϕ

θ

α

α

(i) θ(0)=π2 - α θ(d)=π2 + α

(ii) θ(0)=π2 - α θ(d)=π2 + α - π


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Stimulus


Response



Elastic energy+


Surface energy




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Experimental

technique

Indirect

Direct

Geometry

type

External

field type

Surface

disclination

Twist angle

measurement

Wedge

cell

Freedericksz

transition

High field

Torque

measurement

Flexoelectricity


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LC +

Chiral dopant


Minimization



Top surface

Δφ

φ0

φr

Θ

R

R

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VV E



20

20 )(

21

21

21 EnEEDFelec


20 )(

21 EnFelec

sdotΔminus= εε

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sdot+= perp


20

20 )(

21

21

21 HnHHBFmag


20 )(

21 HnFmag



[21 22

0 HnHFmag


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φ

x

y

zR

H

0FF=

$$

amp

part

partminus

part

part

φφ dzd

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dzd


χξφφφξ

Δ==+rarr 2

22

21

)( where0sincos)( K

HHH



intint =rarr+z

Hξdzd

02

0 )(cos sign Choose

φ

φφ

$amp

(

)+

minusminus=rarr=

(

)+

minus minus

)(exptan2

2)(

)(24cotln

2

1

2 Hzz

Hz

ξπ

φξ

φπ

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VV

Δε gt 0Δn gt 0

0 V 3 V 5 V


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x

y

z

nEθ

232

1222

1212

1 )()()( nnKnnKnKFd


dzdsinn θ

θ=sdotnabla

$

amp=

$

amppart

part+

$

amppart

part+

$$

amp

part

partminus

part


partpartpart

partpart

00cos


ˆˆˆn

dzd

zx

yx

xzy

zyx

zyx

θθ

θθθθ

θθ

0 0 0

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( )

( )θθθ

θθθθ

θθ

23

21

2

21

2224

321

22

121

232

1222

1212

1

cossin

cossincossin

)()()(

KKdzd

dzdK

dzdK

nnKnnKnKFd

+

$amp

=

$amp

++

$amp

=


000cos)cossin0(nn =

$


θθθ

$


dzd

zyx

dzd

θθ

θθθ

θ

θθθ


nn

( )θθθ 2

32

1

2

21 cossin KKdzdFd +

$amp

=

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y

z

θ

yrsquo

zrsquo

$$

amp

$$

amp=

$$

amp perp

||0

00

z

y

z

y

EE

DD

ε

εε



$$

amp

$$

amp=

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amp

z

y

zzzy

yzyy

z

y

EE

DD

εε

εε


zze DEDEF21

21

=sdot=

jiji ED ε=

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Eno

Ey

Ene

Ex

$$

amp

minus=

θθθθ

θcossinsincos

)(R

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$$

amp

$$

amp

minus=

$$

amp(

(

z

y

z

y

EE

EE

θθ

θθ

cossinsincos

$$

amp

$$

amp

minus

$$

amp=

$$

amp(

( perp

z

y

z

y

EE

DD

θθ

θθε

ε

cossinsincos

00

||

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amp

$$

amp

minus

$$

amp

$$

amp minus=

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amp perp

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y

z

y

EE

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θθε

ε

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θθ

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cossinsincos

||

$$

amp

minus

$$

amp

$$

amp minus=

$$

amp perp

θθ

θθε

ε

θθ

θθεε

εε

cossinsincos

00

cossinsincos

||zzzy

yzyy

yzzy

yyzz

yz

yy

εε

εε

θθεε

θεεθεθεε

minus=

=

Δ=

Δ+=+= perpperp

cossinsinsincos 22

||2


( )zE00=E ( )

$$

amp

Δ+

Δ=

$$

amp=

$$

amp

$$

amp=

$$

amp

perp z

z

zzz

zyz

zzzzy

yzyy

z

y

EE

EE

EDD

θεε

θθε

ε

εεε

εε2sin

cossin0

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intint Δ+==

perp

dd dzDdzzEV0 2

00 )sin(

)(θεεε

1

0 20

0 )sin(

minus

perp $

amp(

Δ+= int

d dzVDθεεε

ε

1

0 22

021

021

021

)sin(

21)(

minus

perp $

amp(



ε

1

0 20

202

1223

212

1

)sin(]sincos[

minus

perp $

amp(

Δ+minus+= intint

dd

totaldz

VdzKKFθεε

εθθθ

220

2213

23

21 )sin(


θεεεθθ

εθθθθθθΔ+

minus=minus++perp

aDKKKK

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)sin(21

21

21


θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 minus=$

amp(

)minus+$$

amp(

)+

θθεθ

cossinΔεEdzd

K 202

2

minus=$$

amp(

)

θθεθθ

θθ

cossinΔεEKdzd

K 202

2

==$

ampamp

(

dd

θθε

θ 220 coscosKΔε

E minus= m

z

d

0

θm d2 θ(d2)=θm

$

amp minus=minus

int 2KΔε

Ecoscos

022

dzd

m m

ε

θθ

θθ

θ

$

amp=minus

int 2KΔε

Ecoscos

02

22

dd

m m

ε

θθ

θπ

θ

At z=d

Info

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inee

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2coscoslim

2

222

π

θθ

θπ

θπθ

=minus

intrarrm

mm

d

E

θm

π2

Eth

22KΔεE 0

thπε

=$

amp

( d

dπ

ε ΔεK

dVE

0

thth ==

ΔεKV0



Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

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inee

ring (z)θ


0 V 3 V 5 V

θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 =$

amp

(minus+$

ampamp

(+

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inee

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z=0

z=d


E


Info

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inee

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Info

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inee

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Eq of Motion

At equilibrium



part

Info

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play

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inee

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||2

02

32

1

2

sin21

cossin21

Δminus++amp

()

=+= EKKdzdFFF ed


times=τ

xE

xED

zEDEDyEDEDxEDEDED

EDP

zy

xyyxzxxzyzzyE

ˆ cossin

ˆ

ˆ)(ˆ)(ˆ)(

20

0

θθεε

τ

ε

Δ=

=


minus=

0cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 =+

$

ampminus+

$$

amp+ θθε

θθθ

θθθ

0FF=

$

amppart

partminus

part

part

θθ dzd

θθεθ

θθθ

cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(KddF 2

0

2

31 minus$

amp(

)minus=

( ) ( ) ( )2

312

22

32

12

32


$

ampminus++=()

+- +=

$

ampdzdKK

dzdKK

dzdKK

dzd

dzd θ

θθθ

θθθ

θθθ

z

z

ED

ED

zzz

yzy

ε

ε

=

=

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θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 minus=$

amp(

)minus+$$

amp(

)+


$

amppart

partminus

part

part=

θθ FF

dzd

At equilibrium


Info

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inee

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( )

2

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bull Response Time




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bull T-Time curve

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0

1000

2000

3000

4000

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Combination n=1~2

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Combination n=1~2

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H F Cl CN CH3

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+


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z

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ϕ

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ab constant

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--- eq(1)

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i) K3 le 2K2

ii) K3 gt 2K2

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From eq(1)

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Stimulus


Response



Elastic energy+


Surface energy




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Experimental

technique

Indirect

Direct

Geometry

type

External

field type

Surface

disclination

Twist angle

measurement

Wedge

cell

Freedericksz

transition

High field

Torque

measurement

Flexoelectricity


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LC +

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intint Δ+==

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2coscoslim

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play

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||2

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inee

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θθεθ

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Info

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play

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inee

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( )

2

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Dis

play

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inee

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bull Response Time




Tran

mitt

ance

Voltage

Tran

smitt

ance

Time

bull T-Time curve

T(04)

T(100)

T(90)

T(10) T(10)

T(90)


V(T100)

Vop

Input Signal


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Disadvantage


Advantage


v LCD TV Vs CRT TV

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee


bull Frame Rate





0

1000

2000

3000

4000

Response Time (m

s)

63 55 47 39 31 23 15 7 0

Final Gray Level


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring







Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


$

amp

minus=

$

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for TN VA OCB modes

for IPS modes


VAOCB K3


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


Y Z RrsquoXR

M N

A B


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring





Combination n=1~2

O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring







Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Lateral sustituents

- H F Cl CN CH3








Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Linking groups

CequivC COO CH2CH2


Rigid Rigid





Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring




Combination n=1~2

H F Cl CN CH3

H F Cl CN CH3

CequivC COO CH2CH2


O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

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K


Info

rmat

ion

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play

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Info

rmat

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play

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Info

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Info

rmat

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EE



Simple is Fast

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rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring



Vpacute= Vp +Δ Vp


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ggdLCst

stp ΔV

C(V)CCCΔV

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rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

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ToFrom

ToFrom

With DCCWithout DCC

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

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RT gt 1 frame



RT gt 1 frame

Tailing 야구공


Hold-type display


Hold-type display


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

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ring


1 frame


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee


1 frame (167 ms)

LC response

Lamp illumination


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring



Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Conventional LCD

180 Hz 구동


FS LCD

Advantage of FS LCD


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Dynamic Dimming

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Summary


For TV application


+


+


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


z

ϕ(z)

d

ϕ0

x

y

z

d

Euler-Lagrange Eq

If ϕ0=π2 TN

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


ϕ

θ

where

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

ab constant

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Tilted Solution

z=0

z=d

θ0

z=0

z=d

θ0

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring



--- eq(1)

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

i) K3 le 2K2

ii) K3 gt 2K2

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

From eq(1)

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

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Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Case (i) K2 gt K1


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Case (ii) K1 gt K2

egrave Planar twist

Case (iii) K1 = K2 (K1= K2 = K3)

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

z=0

z=d

HW

ϕ

θ

α

α

(i) θ(0)=π2 - α θ(d)=π2 + α

(ii) θ(0)=π2 - α θ(d)=π2 + α - π


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Stimulus


Response



Elastic energy+


Surface energy




Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


Experimental

technique

Indirect

Direct

Geometry

type

External

field type

Surface

disclination

Twist angle

measurement

Wedge

cell

Freedericksz

transition

High field

Torque

measurement

Flexoelectricity


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

LC +

Chiral dopant


Minimization



Top surface

Δφ

φ0

φr

Θ

R

R

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

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Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

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VV E



20

20 )(

21

21

21 EnEEDFelec


20 )(

21 EnFelec

sdotΔminus= εε

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring




sdot+= perp


20

20 )(

21

21

21 HnHHBFmag


20 )(

21 HnFmag



[21 22

0 HnHFmag


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


φ

x

y

zR

H

0FF=

$$

amp

part

partminus

part

part

φφ dzd

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

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dzd


χξφφφξ

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intint =rarr+z

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2

1

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VV

Δε gt 0Δn gt 0

0 V 3 V 5 V


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x

y

z

nEθ

232

1222

1212

1 )()()( nnKnnKnKFd


dzdsinn θ

θ=sdotnabla

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partpart

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0 0 0

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( )

( )θθθ

θθθθ

θθ

23

21

2

21

2224

321

22

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+

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θ

θθθ


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32

1

2

21 cossin KKdzdFd +

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y

z

θ

yrsquo

zrsquo

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amp

$$

amp=

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amp perp

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z

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Eno

Ey

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$$

amp

minus=

θθθθ

θcossinsincos

)(R

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$$

amp

$$

amp

minus=

$$

amp(

(

z

y

z

y

EE

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amp=

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( perp

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amp minus=

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yzyy

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yz

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εεε

εε2sin

cossin0

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intint Δ+==

perp

dd dzDdzzEV0 2

00 )sin(

)(θεεε

1

0 20

0 )sin(

minus

perp $

amp(

Δ+= int

d dzVDθεεε

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0 22

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21)(

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ε

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totaldz

VdzKKFθεε

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220

2213

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εθθθθθθΔ+

minus=minus++perp

aDKKKK

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)sin(21

21

21


θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 minus=$

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)minus+$$

amp(

)+

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cossinΔεEdzd

K 202

2

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==$

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dd

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z

d

0

θm d2 θ(d2)=θm

$

amp minus=minus

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θθ

θ

$

amp=minus

int 2KΔε

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22

dd

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ε

θθ

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θ

At z=d

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2coscoslim

2

222

π

θθ

θπ

θπθ

=minus

intrarrm

mm

d

E

θm

π2

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22KΔεE 0

thπε

=$

amp

( d

dπ

ε ΔεK

dVE

0

thth ==

ΔεKV0



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inee

ring (z)θ


0 V 3 V 5 V

θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

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amp

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ampamp

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z=0

z=d


E


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Eq of Motion

At equilibrium



part

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||2

02

32

1

2

sin21

cossin21

Δminus++amp

()

=+= EKKdzdFFF ed


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ˆ

ˆ)(ˆ)(ˆ)(

20

0

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2

132

22

32

1 =+

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sincos)K(KddF 2

0

2

31 minus$

amp(

)minus=

( ) ( ) ( )2

312

22

32

12

32


$

ampminus++=()

+- +=

$

ampdzdKK

dzdKK

dzdKK

dzd

dzd θ

θθθ

θθθ

θθθ

z

z

ED

ED

zzz

yzy

ε

ε

=

=

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θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 minus=$

amp(

)minus+$$

amp(

)+


$

amppart

partminus

part

part=

θθ FF

dzd

At equilibrium


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( )

2

2

12

02

32

2

2

312

22

32

1

tI

tγ cos sinΔεEε

zν

)cosαsin(α

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zsinKcosK

part

part+

part

part=+

part

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$

amp

(part

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part

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zφ

K 12

02

2

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mon=

2

22

dπ

4πΔεE

1on K

γτminus

=2

2

dπ

1off Kγτ =

Solution

$

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part

part=

θθθ

γ FF

1 dzd

dtd

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bull Response Time




Tran

mitt

ance

Voltage

Tran

smitt

ance

Time

bull T-Time curve

T(04)

T(100)

T(90)

T(10) T(10)

T(90)


V(T100)

Vop

Input Signal


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Disadvantage


Advantage


v LCD TV Vs CRT TV

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bull Frame Rate





0

1000

2000

3000

4000

Response Time (m

s)

63 55 47 39 31 23 15 7 0

Final Gray Level


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inee

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Info

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$

amp

minus=

$

amp

minus()

+

-= 2c

20

12

theff

12

on EE1

Δεεγ

1)(VV1

Kγ

πdτ

2c0

21

eff

12

off ΔεEε1

dγKγ

πdτ =

$

amp=

ΔεεKπV0

effth =

ΔεεK

dπV

0

effth

=

for TN VA OCB modes

for IPS modes


VAOCB K3


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Y Z RrsquoXR

M N

A B


Info

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Combination n=1~2

O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

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Info

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Lateral sustituents

- H F Cl CN CH3








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Linking groups

CequivC COO CH2CH2


Rigid Rigid





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Combination n=1~2

H F Cl CN CH3

H F Cl CN CH3

CequivC COO CH2CH2


O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

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K


Info

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ion

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Info

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EE



Simple is Fast

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Vpacute= Vp +Δ Vp


Vpacute= 33V


ggdLCst

stp ΔV

C(V)CCCΔV

++=

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ToFrom

ToFrom

With DCCWithout DCC

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RT gt 1 frame



RT gt 1 frame

Tailing 야구공


Hold-type display


Hold-type display


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1 frame


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1 frame (167 ms)

LC response

Lamp illumination


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Conventional LCD

180 Hz 구동


FS LCD

Advantage of FS LCD


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Dynamic Dimming

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Summary


For TV application


+


+


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ϕ

θ

where

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ab constant

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Tilted Solution

z=0

z=d

θ0

z=0

z=d

θ0

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--- eq(1)

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i) K3 le 2K2

ii) K3 gt 2K2

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From eq(1)

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Case (i) K2 gt K1


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Case (ii) K1 gt K2

egrave Planar twist

Case (iii) K1 = K2 (K1= K2 = K3)

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z=0

z=d

HW

ϕ

θ

α

α

(i) θ(0)=π2 - α θ(d)=π2 + α

(ii) θ(0)=π2 - α θ(d)=π2 + α - π


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Stimulus


Response



Elastic energy+


Surface energy




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Experimental

technique

Indirect

Direct

Geometry

type

External

field type

Surface

disclination

Twist angle

measurement

Wedge

cell

Freedericksz

transition

High field

Torque

measurement

Flexoelectricity


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LC +

Chiral dopant


Minimization



Top surface

Δφ

φ0

φr

Θ

R

R

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VV E



20

20 )(

21

21

21 EnEEDFelec


20 )(

21 EnFelec

sdotΔminus= εε

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sdot+= perp


20

20 )(

21

21

21 HnHHBFmag


20 )(

21 HnFmag



[21 22

0 HnHFmag


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φ

x

y

zR

H

0FF=

$$

amp

part

partminus

part

part

φφ dzd

Info

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inee

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dzd


χξφφφξ

Δ==+rarr 2

22

21

)( where0sincos)( K

HHH



intint =rarr+z

Hξdzd

02

0 )(cos sign Choose

φ

φφ

$amp

(

)+

minusminus=rarr=

(

)+

minus minus

)(exptan2

2)(

)(24cotln

2

1

2 Hzz

Hz

ξπ

φξ

φπ

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

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Info

rmat

ion

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inee

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VV

Δε gt 0Δn gt 0

0 V 3 V 5 V


Info

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ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


x

y

z

nEθ

232

1222

1212

1 )()()( nnKnnKnKFd


dzdsinn θ

θ=sdotnabla

$

amp=

$

amppart

part+

$

amppart

part+

$$

amp

part

partminus

part


partpartpart

partpart

00cos


ˆˆˆn

dzd

zx

yx

xzy

zyx

zyx

θθ

θθθθ

θθ

0 0 0

Info

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( )

( )θθθ

θθθθ

θθ

23

21

2

21

2224

321

22

121

232

1222

1212

1

cossin

cossincossin

)()()(

KKdzd

dzdK

dzdK

nnKnnKnKFd

+

$amp

=

$amp

++

$amp

=


000cos)cossin0(nn =

$


θθθ

$


dzd

zyx

dzd

θθ

θθθ

θ

θθθ


nn

( )θθθ 2

32

1

2

21 cossin KKdzdFd +

$amp

=

Info

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y

z

θ

yrsquo

zrsquo

$$

amp

$$

amp=

$$

amp perp

||0

00

z

y

z

y

EE

DD

ε

εε



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amp

$$

amp=

$$

amp

z

y

zzzy

yzyy

z

y

EE

DD

εε

εε


zze DEDEF21

21

=sdot=

jiji ED ε=

Info

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Dis

play

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inee

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Eno

Ey

Ene

Ex

$$

amp

minus=

θθθθ

θcossinsincos

)(R

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inee

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$$

amp

$$

amp

minus=

$$

amp(

(

z

y

z

y

EE

EE

θθ

θθ

cossinsincos

$$

amp

$$

amp

minus

$$

amp=

$$

amp(

( perp

z

y

z

y

EE

DD

θθ

θθε

ε

cossinsincos

00

||

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amp

$$

amp

minus

$$

amp

$$

amp minus=

$$

amp perp

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y

z

y

EE

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θθ

θθε

ε

θθ

θθ

cossinsincos

00

cossinsincos

||

$$

amp

minus

$$

amp

$$

amp minus=

$$

amp perp

θθ

θθε

ε

θθ

θθεε

εε

cossinsincos

00

cossinsincos

||zzzy

yzyy

yzzy

yyzz

yz

yy

εε

εε

θθεε

θεεθεθεε

minus=

=

Δ=

Δ+=+= perpperp

cossinsinsincos 22

||2


( )zE00=E ( )

$$

amp

Δ+

Δ=

$$

amp=

$$

amp

$$

amp=

$$

amp

perp z

z

zzz

zyz

zzzzy

yzyy

z

y

EE

EE

EDD

θεε

θθε

ε

εεε

εε2sin

cossin0

Info

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Dis

play

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inee

ring


intint Δ+==

perp

dd dzDdzzEV0 2

00 )sin(

)(θεεε

1

0 20

0 )sin(

minus

perp $

amp(

Δ+= int

d dzVDθεεε

ε

1

0 22

021

021

021

)sin(

21)(

minus

perp $

amp(



ε

1

0 20

202

1223

212

1

)sin(]sincos[

minus

perp $

amp(

Δ+minus+= intint

dd

totaldz

VdzKKFθεε

εθθθ

220

2213

23

21 )sin(


θεεεθθ

εθθθθθθΔ+

minus=minus++perp

aDKKKK

Info

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inee

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)sin(21

21

21


θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 minus=$

amp(

)minus+$$

amp(

)+

θθεθ

cossinΔεEdzd

K 202

2

minus=$$

amp(

)

θθεθθ

θθ

cossinΔεEKdzd

K 202

2

==$

ampamp

(

dd

θθε

θ 220 coscosKΔε

E minus= m

z

d

0

θm d2 θ(d2)=θm

$

amp minus=minus

int 2KΔε

Ecoscos

022

dzd

m m

ε

θθ

θθ

θ

$

amp=minus

int 2KΔε

Ecoscos

02

22

dd

m m

ε

θθ

θπ

θ

At z=d

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

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inee

ring



2coscoslim

2

222

π

θθ

θπ

θπθ

=minus

intrarrm

mm

d

E

θm

π2

Eth

22KΔεE 0

thπε

=$

amp

( d

dπ

ε ΔεK

dVE

0

thth ==

ΔεKV0



Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring (z)θ


0 V 3 V 5 V

θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 =$

amp

(minus+$

ampamp

(+

Info

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ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

z=0

z=d


E


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


Info

rmat

ion

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play

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inee

ring



Eq of Motion

At equilibrium



part

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


||2

02

32

1

2

sin21

cossin21

Δminus++amp

()

=+= EKKdzdFFF ed


times=τ

xE

xED

zEDEDyEDEDxEDEDED

EDP

zy

xyyxzxxzyzzyE

ˆ cossin

ˆ

ˆ)(ˆ)(ˆ)(

20

0

θθεε

τ

ε

Δ=

=


minus=

0cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 =+

$

ampminus+

$$

amp+ θθε

θθθ

θθθ

0FF=

$

amppart

partminus

part

part

θθ dzd

θθεθ

θθθ

cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(KddF 2

0

2

31 minus$

amp(

)minus=

( ) ( ) ( )2

312

22

32

12

32


$

ampminus++=()

+- +=

$

ampdzdKK

dzdKK

dzdKK

dzd

dzd θ

θθθ

θθθ

θθθ

z

z

ED

ED

zzz

yzy

ε

ε

=

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inee

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θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

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132

22

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play

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2

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bull Response Time




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mitt

ance

Voltage

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smitt

ance

Time

bull T-Time curve

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T(100)

T(90)

T(10) T(10)

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V(T100)

Vop

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play

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ring

Disadvantage


Advantage


v LCD TV Vs CRT TV

Info

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play

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bull Frame Rate





0

1000

2000

3000

4000

Response Time (m

s)

63 55 47 39 31 23 15 7 0

Final Gray Level


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play

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ring







Info

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play

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ring


$

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VAOCB K3


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Y Z RrsquoXR

M N

A B


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play

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Combination n=1~2

O

n n N

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Info

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Lateral sustituents

- H F Cl CN CH3








Info

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Linking groups

CequivC COO CH2CH2


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play

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Combination n=1~2

H F Cl CN CH3

H F Cl CN CH3

CequivC COO CH2CH2


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n n N

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play

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K


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EE



Simple is Fast

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Vpacute= Vp +Δ Vp


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Info

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With DCCWithout DCC

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RT gt 1 frame



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Hold-type display


Hold-type display


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1 frame


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1 frame (167 ms)

LC response

Lamp illumination


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ring



Info

rmat

ion

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play

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Conventional LCD

180 Hz 구동


FS LCD

Advantage of FS LCD


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Dynamic Dimming

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Summary


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+


+


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ab constant

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play

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Tilted Solution

z=0

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Info

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--- eq(1)

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i) K3 le 2K2

ii) K3 gt 2K2

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From eq(1)

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Info

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Case (i) K2 gt K1


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Case (ii) K1 gt K2

egrave Planar twist

Case (iii) K1 = K2 (K1= K2 = K3)

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z=0

z=d

HW

ϕ

θ

α

α

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(ii) θ(0)=π2 - α θ(d)=π2 + α - π


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Stimulus


Response



Elastic energy+


Surface energy




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ion

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play

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inee

ring


Experimental

technique

Indirect

Direct

Geometry

type

External

field type

Surface

disclination

Twist angle

measurement

Wedge

cell

Freedericksz

transition

High field

Torque

measurement

Flexoelectricity


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inee

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LC +

Chiral dopant


Minimization



Top surface

Δφ

φ0

φr

Θ

R

R

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play

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VV E



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sdot+= perp


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21

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[21 22

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play

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φ

x

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0FF=

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VV

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0 V 3 V 5 V


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x

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( )

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intint Δ+==

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)sin(21

21

21


θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

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2

132

22

32

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Info

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ion

Dis

play

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inee

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2coscoslim

2

222

π

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=minus

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mm

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play

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play

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play

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Info

rmat

ion

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play

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Eq of Motion

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Info

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ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

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||2

02

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z

ED

ED

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yzy

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=

=

Info

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ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 minus=$

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)minus+$$

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)+


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part=

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Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


( )

2

2

12

02

32

2

2

312

22

32

1

tI

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=2

2

dπ

1off Kγτ =

Solution

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part

part=

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γ FF

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dtd

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

bull Response Time




Tran

mitt

ance

Voltage

Tran

smitt

ance

Time

bull T-Time curve

T(04)

T(100)

T(90)

T(10) T(10)

T(90)


V(T100)

Vop

Input Signal


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Disadvantage


Advantage


v LCD TV Vs CRT TV

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee


bull Frame Rate





0

1000

2000

3000

4000

Response Time (m

s)

63 55 47 39 31 23 15 7 0

Final Gray Level


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring







Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


$

amp

minus=

$

amp

minus()

+

-= 2c

20

12

theff

12

on EE1

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off ΔεEε1

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$

amp=

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=

for TN VA OCB modes

for IPS modes


VAOCB K3


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


Y Z RrsquoXR

M N

A B


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring





Combination n=1~2

O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring







Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Lateral sustituents

- H F Cl CN CH3








Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Linking groups

CequivC COO CH2CH2


Rigid Rigid





Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring




Combination n=1~2

H F Cl CN CH3

H F Cl CN CH3

CequivC COO CH2CH2


O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


K


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring



Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring






Info

rmat

ion

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play

Eng

inee

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Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

EE



Simple is Fast

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring



Vpacute= Vp +Δ Vp


Vpacute= 33V


ggdLCst

stp ΔV

C(V)CCCΔV

++=

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

ToFrom

ToFrom

With DCCWithout DCC

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring




RT gt 1 frame



RT gt 1 frame

Tailing 야구공


Hold-type display


Hold-type display


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


1 frame


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee


1 frame (167 ms)

LC response

Lamp illumination


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring



Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Conventional LCD

180 Hz 구동


FS LCD

Advantage of FS LCD


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Dynamic Dimming

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Summary


For TV application


+


+


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Tilted Solution

z=0

z=d

θ0

z=0

z=d

θ0

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring



--- eq(1)

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

i) K3 le 2K2

ii) K3 gt 2K2

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

From eq(1)

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Case (i) K2 gt K1


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Case (ii) K1 gt K2

egrave Planar twist

Case (iii) K1 = K2 (K1= K2 = K3)

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

z=0

z=d

HW

ϕ

θ

α

α

(i) θ(0)=π2 - α θ(d)=π2 + α

(ii) θ(0)=π2 - α θ(d)=π2 + α - π


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Stimulus


Response



Elastic energy+


Surface energy




Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


Experimental

technique

Indirect

Direct

Geometry

type

External

field type

Surface

disclination

Twist angle

measurement

Wedge

cell

Freedericksz

transition

High field

Torque

measurement

Flexoelectricity


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

LC +

Chiral dopant


Minimization



Top surface

Δφ

φ0

φr

Θ

R

R

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


VV E



20

20 )(

21

21

21 EnEEDFelec


20 )(

21 EnFelec

sdotΔminus= εε

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring




sdot+= perp


20

20 )(

21

21

21 HnHHBFmag


20 )(

21 HnFmag



[21 22

0 HnHFmag


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


φ

x

y

zR

H

0FF=

$$

amp

part

partminus

part

part

φφ dzd

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring



dzd


χξφφφξ

Δ==+rarr 2

22

21

)( where0sincos)( K

HHH



intint =rarr+z

Hξdzd

02

0 )(cos sign Choose

φ

φφ

$amp

(

)+

minusminus=rarr=

(

)+

minus minus

)(exptan2

2)(

)(24cotln

2

1

2 Hzz

Hz

ξπ

φξ

φπ

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

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VV

Δε gt 0Δn gt 0

0 V 3 V 5 V


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x

y

z

nEθ

232

1222

1212

1 )()()( nnKnnKnKFd


dzdsinn θ

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partpart

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dzd

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θθθθ

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0 0 0

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( )

( )θθθ

θθθθ

θθ

23

21

2

21

2224

321

22

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y

z

θ

yrsquo

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amp=

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Eno

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$$

amp

minus=

θθθθ

θcossinsincos

)(R

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$$

amp

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(

z

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intint Δ+==

perp

dd dzDdzzEV0 2

00 )sin(

)(θεεε

1

0 20

0 )sin(

minus

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εθθθθθθΔ+

minus=minus++perp

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)sin(21

21

21


θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

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)+

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amp=minus

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At z=d

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2coscoslim

2

222

π

θθ

θπ

θπθ

=minus

intrarrm

mm

d

E

θm

π2

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22KΔεE 0

thπε

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( d

dπ

ε ΔεK

dVE

0

thth ==

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inee

ring (z)θ


0 V 3 V 5 V

θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

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2

132

22

32

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z=0

z=d


E


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Eq of Motion

At equilibrium



part

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||2

02

32

1

2

sin21

cossin21

Δminus++amp

()

=+= EKKdzdFFF ed


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2

132

22

32

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0

2

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( ) ( ) ( )2

312

22

32

12

32


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ampminus++=()

+- +=

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dzdKK

dzdKK

dzd

dzd θ

θθθ

θθθ

θθθ

z

z

ED

ED

zzz

yzy

ε

ε

=

=

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θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 minus=$

amp(

)minus+$$

amp(

)+


$

amppart

partminus

part

part=

θθ FF

dzd

At equilibrium


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( )

2

2

12

02

32

2

2

312

22

32

1

tI

tγ cos sinΔεEε

zν

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part=+

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amp

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zφ

K 12

02

2

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dπ

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1on K

γτminus

=2

2

dπ

1off Kγτ =

Solution

$

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part

part=

θθθ

γ FF

1 dzd

dtd

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bull Response Time




Tran

mitt

ance

Voltage

Tran

smitt

ance

Time

bull T-Time curve

T(04)

T(100)

T(90)

T(10) T(10)

T(90)


V(T100)

Vop

Input Signal


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Disadvantage


Advantage


v LCD TV Vs CRT TV

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bull Frame Rate





0

1000

2000

3000

4000

Response Time (m

s)

63 55 47 39 31 23 15 7 0

Final Gray Level


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$

amp

minus=

$

amp

minus()

+

-= 2c

20

12

theff

12

on EE1

Δεεγ

1)(VV1

Kγ

πdτ

2c0

21

eff

12

off ΔεEε1

dγKγ

πdτ =

$

amp=

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effth =

ΔεεK

dπV

0

effth

=

for TN VA OCB modes

for IPS modes


VAOCB K3


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Y Z RrsquoXR

M N

A B


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Combination n=1~2

O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

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Lateral sustituents

- H F Cl CN CH3








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Linking groups

CequivC COO CH2CH2


Rigid Rigid





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Combination n=1~2

H F Cl CN CH3

H F Cl CN CH3

CequivC COO CH2CH2


O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

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K


Info

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EE



Simple is Fast

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Vpacute= Vp +Δ Vp


Vpacute= 33V


ggdLCst

stp ΔV

C(V)CCCΔV

++=

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ToFrom

ToFrom

With DCCWithout DCC

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RT gt 1 frame



RT gt 1 frame

Tailing 야구공


Hold-type display


Hold-type display


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1 frame


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1 frame (167 ms)

LC response

Lamp illumination


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Conventional LCD

180 Hz 구동


FS LCD

Advantage of FS LCD


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Dynamic Dimming

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Summary


For TV application


+


+


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--- eq(1)

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i) K3 le 2K2

ii) K3 gt 2K2

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From eq(1)

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Case (i) K2 gt K1


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Case (ii) K1 gt K2

egrave Planar twist

Case (iii) K1 = K2 (K1= K2 = K3)

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z=0

z=d

HW

ϕ

θ

α

α

(i) θ(0)=π2 - α θ(d)=π2 + α

(ii) θ(0)=π2 - α θ(d)=π2 + α - π


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Stimulus


Response



Elastic energy+


Surface energy




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Experimental

technique

Indirect

Direct

Geometry

type

External

field type

Surface

disclination

Twist angle

measurement

Wedge

cell

Freedericksz

transition

High field

Torque

measurement

Flexoelectricity


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LC +

Chiral dopant


Minimization



Top surface

Δφ

φ0

φr

Θ

R

R

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VV E



20

20 )(

21

21

21 EnEEDFelec


20 )(

21 EnFelec

sdotΔminus= εε

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sdot+= perp


20

20 )(

21

21

21 HnHHBFmag


20 )(

21 HnFmag



[21 22

0 HnHFmag


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φ

x

y

zR

H

0FF=

$$

amp

part

partminus

part

part

φφ dzd

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dzd


χξφφφξ

Δ==+rarr 2

22

21

)( where0sincos)( K

HHH



intint =rarr+z

Hξdzd

02

0 )(cos sign Choose

φ

φφ

$amp

(

)+

minusminus=rarr=

(

)+

minus minus

)(exptan2

2)(

)(24cotln

2

1

2 Hzz

Hz

ξπ

φξ

φπ

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Info

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VV

Δε gt 0Δn gt 0

0 V 3 V 5 V


Info

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inee

ring


x

y

z

nEθ

232

1222

1212

1 )()()( nnKnnKnKFd


dzdsinn θ

θ=sdotnabla

$

amp=

$

amppart

part+

$

amppart

part+

$$

amp

part

partminus

part


partpartpart

partpart

00cos


ˆˆˆn

dzd

zx

yx

xzy

zyx

zyx

θθ

θθθθ

θθ

0 0 0

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( )

( )θθθ

θθθθ

θθ

23

21

2

21

2224

321

22

121

232

1222

1212

1

cossin

cossincossin

)()()(

KKdzd

dzdK

dzdK

nnKnnKnKFd

+

$amp

=

$amp

++

$amp

=


000cos)cossin0(nn =

$


θθθ

$


dzd

zyx

dzd

θθ

θθθ

θ

θθθ


nn

( )θθθ 2

32

1

2

21 cossin KKdzdFd +

$amp

=

Info

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y

z

θ

yrsquo

zrsquo

$$

amp

$$

amp=

$$

amp perp

||0

00

z

y

z

y

EE

DD

ε

εε



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amp

$$

amp=

$$

amp

z

y

zzzy

yzyy

z

y

EE

DD

εε

εε


zze DEDEF21

21

=sdot=

jiji ED ε=

Info

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Eno

Ey

Ene

Ex

$$

amp

minus=

θθθθ

θcossinsincos

)(R

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inee

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$$

amp

$$

amp

minus=

$$

amp(

(

z

y

z

y

EE

EE

θθ

θθ

cossinsincos

$$

amp

$$

amp

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$$

amp=

$$

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( perp

z

y

z

y

EE

DD

θθ

θθε

ε

cossinsincos

00

||

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amp

$$

amp

minus

$$

amp

$$

amp minus=

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amp perp

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y

z

y

EE

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θθε

ε

θθ

θθ

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cossinsincos

||

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amp

minus

$$

amp

$$

amp minus=

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amp perp

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θθε

ε

θθ

θθεε

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cossinsincos

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cossinsincos

||zzzy

yzyy

yzzy

yyzz

yz

yy

εε

εε

θθεε

θεεθεθεε

minus=

=

Δ=

Δ+=+= perpperp

cossinsinsincos 22

||2


( )zE00=E ( )

$$

amp

Δ+

Δ=

$$

amp=

$$

amp

$$

amp=

$$

amp

perp z

z

zzz

zyz

zzzzy

yzyy

z

y

EE

EE

EDD

θεε

θθε

ε

εεε

εε2sin

cossin0

Info

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inee

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intint Δ+==

perp

dd dzDdzzEV0 2

00 )sin(

)(θεεε

1

0 20

0 )sin(

minus

perp $

amp(

Δ+= int

d dzVDθεεε

ε

1

0 22

021

021

021

)sin(

21)(

minus

perp $

amp(



ε

1

0 20

202

1223

212

1

)sin(]sincos[

minus

perp $

amp(

Δ+minus+= intint

dd

totaldz

VdzKKFθεε

εθθθ

220

2213

23

21 )sin(


θεεεθθ

εθθθθθθΔ+

minus=minus++perp

aDKKKK

Info

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)sin(21

21

21


θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 minus=$

amp(

)minus+$$

amp(

)+

θθεθ

cossinΔεEdzd

K 202

2

minus=$$

amp(

)

θθεθθ

θθ

cossinΔεEKdzd

K 202

2

==$

ampamp

(

dd

θθε

θ 220 coscosKΔε

E minus= m

z

d

0

θm d2 θ(d2)=θm

$

amp minus=minus

int 2KΔε

Ecoscos

022

dzd

m m

ε

θθ

θθ

θ

$

amp=minus

int 2KΔε

Ecoscos

02

22

dd

m m

ε

θθ

θπ

θ

At z=d

Info

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Dis

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inee

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2coscoslim

2

222

π

θθ

θπ

θπθ

=minus

intrarrm

mm

d

E

θm

π2

Eth

22KΔεE 0

thπε

=$

amp

( d

dπ

ε ΔεK

dVE

0

thth ==

ΔεKV0



Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring (z)θ


0 V 3 V 5 V

θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 =$

amp

(minus+$

ampamp

(+

Info

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Dis

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inee

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z=0

z=d


E


Info

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ion

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inee

ring


Info

rmat

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inee

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Eq of Motion

At equilibrium



part

Info

rmat

ion

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play

Eng

inee

ring


||2

02

32

1

2

sin21

cossin21

Δminus++amp

()

=+= EKKdzdFFF ed


times=τ

xE

xED

zEDEDyEDEDxEDEDED

EDP

zy

xyyxzxxzyzzyE

ˆ cossin

ˆ

ˆ)(ˆ)(ˆ)(

20

0

θθεε

τ

ε

Δ=

=


minus=

0cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 =+

$

ampminus+

$$

amp+ θθε

θθθ

θθθ

0FF=

$

amppart

partminus

part

part

θθ dzd

θθεθ

θθθ

cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(KddF 2

0

2

31 minus$

amp(

)minus=

( ) ( ) ( )2

312

22

32

12

32


$

ampminus++=()

+- +=

$

ampdzdKK

dzdKK

dzdKK

dzd

dzd θ

θθθ

θθθ

θθθ

z

z

ED

ED

zzz

yzy

ε

ε

=

=

Info

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inee

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θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 minus=$

amp(

)minus+$$

amp(

)+


$

amppart

partminus

part

part=

θθ FF

dzd

At equilibrium


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


( )

2

2

12

02

32

2

2

312

22

32

1

tI

tγ cos sinΔεEε

zν

)cosαsin(α

zcos)sinK(K

zsinKcosK

part

part+

part

part=+

part

partminus+

$

amp

(part

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bull Response Time




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mitt

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Voltage

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Time

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V(T100)

Vop

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play

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Disadvantage


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Info

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play

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bull Frame Rate





0

1000

2000

3000

4000

Response Time (m

s)

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Y Z RrsquoXR

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Combination n=1~2

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Lateral sustituents

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Combination n=1~2

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Summary


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Case (ii) K1 gt K2

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Case (iii) K1 = K2 (K1= K2 = K3)

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play

Eng

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ring

z=0

z=d

HW

ϕ

θ

α

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Info

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play

Eng

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Stimulus


Response



Elastic energy+


Surface energy




Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

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ring


Experimental

technique

Indirect

Direct

Geometry

type

External

field type

Surface

disclination

Twist angle

measurement

Wedge

cell

Freedericksz

transition

High field

Torque

measurement

Flexoelectricity


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

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ring

LC +

Chiral dopant


Minimization



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φ0

φr

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R

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z

y

z

y

EE

DD

ε

εε



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amp

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amp=

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amp

z

y

zzzy

yzyy

z

y

EE

DD

εε

εε


zze DEDEF21

21

=sdot=

jiji ED ε=

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Eno

Ey

Ene

Ex

$$

amp

minus=

θθθθ

θcossinsincos

)(R

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$$

amp

$$

amp

minus=

$$

amp(

(

z

y

z

y

EE

EE

θθ

θθ

cossinsincos

$$

amp

$$

amp

minus

$$

amp=

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amp(

( perp

z

y

z

y

EE

DD

θθ

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ε

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||

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amp

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amp

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amp minus=

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DD

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ε

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||

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amp

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amp

$$

amp minus=

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amp perp

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θθε

ε

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θθεε

εε

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||zzzy

yzyy

yzzy

yyzz

yz

yy

εε

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θθεε

θεεθεθεε

minus=

=

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Δ+=+= perpperp

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||2


( )zE00=E ( )

$$

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Δ+

Δ=

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amp=

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amp

$$

amp=

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amp

perp z

z

zzz

zyz

zzzzy

yzyy

z

y

EE

EE

EDD

θεε

θθε

ε

εεε

εε2sin

cossin0

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intint Δ+==

perp

dd dzDdzzEV0 2

00 )sin(

)(θεεε

1

0 20

0 )sin(

minus

perp $

amp(

Δ+= int

d dzVDθεεε

ε

1

0 22

021

021

021

)sin(

21)(

minus

perp $

amp(



ε

1

0 20

202

1223

212

1

)sin(]sincos[

minus

perp $

amp(

Δ+minus+= intint

dd

totaldz

VdzKKFθεε

εθθθ

220

2213

23

21 )sin(


θεεεθθ

εθθθθθθΔ+

minus=minus++perp

aDKKKK

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)sin(21

21

21


θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 minus=$

amp(

)minus+$$

amp(

)+

θθεθ

cossinΔεEdzd

K 202

2

minus=$$

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)

θθεθθ

θθ

cossinΔεEKdzd

K 202

2

==$

ampamp

(

dd

θθε

θ 220 coscosKΔε

E minus= m

z

d

0

θm d2 θ(d2)=θm

$

amp minus=minus

int 2KΔε

Ecoscos

022

dzd

m m

ε

θθ

θθ

θ

$

amp=minus

int 2KΔε

Ecoscos

02

22

dd

m m

ε

θθ

θπ

θ

At z=d

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2coscoslim

2

222

π

θθ

θπ

θπθ

=minus

intrarrm

mm

d

E

θm

π2

Eth

22KΔεE 0

thπε

=$

amp

( d

dπ

ε ΔεK

dVE

0

thth ==

ΔεKV0



Info

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ion

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play

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inee

ring (z)θ


0 V 3 V 5 V

θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 =$

amp

(minus+$

ampamp

(+

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z=0

z=d


E


Info

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Eq of Motion

At equilibrium



part

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inee

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||2

02

32

1

2

sin21

cossin21

Δminus++amp

()

=+= EKKdzdFFF ed


times=τ

xE

xED

zEDEDyEDEDxEDEDED

EDP

zy

xyyxzxxzyzzyE

ˆ cossin

ˆ

ˆ)(ˆ)(ˆ)(

20

0

θθεε

τ

ε

Δ=

=


minus=

0cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 =+

$

ampminus+

$$

amp+ θθε

θθθ

θθθ

0FF=

$

amppart

partminus

part

part

θθ dzd

θθεθ

θθθ

cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(KddF 2

0

2

31 minus$

amp(

)minus=

( ) ( ) ( )2

312

22

32

12

32


$

ampminus++=()

+- +=

$

ampdzdKK

dzdKK

dzdKK

dzd

dzd θ

θθθ

θθθ

θθθ

z

z

ED

ED

zzz

yzy

ε

ε

=

=

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θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 minus=$

amp(

)minus+$$

amp(

)+


$

amppart

partminus

part

part=

θθ FF

dzd

At equilibrium


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( )

2

2

12

02

32

2

2

312

22

32

1

tI

tγ cos sinΔεEε

zν

)cosαsin(α

zcos)sinK(K

zsinKcosK

part

part+

part

part=+

part

partminus+

$

amp

(part

partminus+

part

part+

θθθθθθ

θθθ




zφ

K 12

02

2

=+part

part



mon=

2

22

dπ

4πΔεE

1on K

γτminus

=2

2

dπ

1off Kγτ =

Solution

$

amppart

partminus

part

part=

θθθ

γ FF

1 dzd

dtd

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bull Response Time




Tran

mitt

ance

Voltage

Tran

smitt

ance

Time

bull T-Time curve

T(04)

T(100)

T(90)

T(10) T(10)

T(90)


V(T100)

Vop

Input Signal


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Disadvantage


Advantage


v LCD TV Vs CRT TV

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bull Frame Rate





0

1000

2000

3000

4000

Response Time (m

s)

63 55 47 39 31 23 15 7 0

Final Gray Level


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$

amp

minus=

$

amp

minus()

+

-= 2c

20

12

theff

12

on EE1

Δεεγ

1)(VV1

Kγ

πdτ

2c0

21

eff

12

off ΔεEε1

dγKγ

πdτ =

$

amp=

ΔεεKπV0

effth =

ΔεεK

dπV

0

effth

=

for TN VA OCB modes

for IPS modes


VAOCB K3


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Y Z RrsquoXR

M N

A B


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Combination n=1~2

O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

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Info

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Lateral sustituents

- H F Cl CN CH3








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Linking groups

CequivC COO CH2CH2


Rigid Rigid





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Combination n=1~2

H F Cl CN CH3

H F Cl CN CH3

CequivC COO CH2CH2


O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

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K


Info

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ion

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EE



Simple is Fast

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Vpacute= Vp +Δ Vp


Vpacute= 33V


ggdLCst

stp ΔV

C(V)CCCΔV

++=

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inee

ring


Info

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ion

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inee

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ToFrom

ToFrom

With DCCWithout DCC

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RT gt 1 frame



RT gt 1 frame

Tailing 야구공


Hold-type display


Hold-type display


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inee

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1 frame


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inee


1 frame (167 ms)

LC response

Lamp illumination


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inee

ring



Info

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ion

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play

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inee

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Conventional LCD

180 Hz 구동


FS LCD

Advantage of FS LCD


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Dynamic Dimming

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Summary


For TV application


+


+


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Info

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Case (i) K2 gt K1


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Case (ii) K1 gt K2

egrave Planar twist

Case (iii) K1 = K2 (K1= K2 = K3)

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z=0

z=d

HW

ϕ

θ

α

α

(i) θ(0)=π2 - α θ(d)=π2 + α

(ii) θ(0)=π2 - α θ(d)=π2 + α - π


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Stimulus


Response



Elastic energy+


Surface energy




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inee

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Experimental

technique

Indirect

Direct

Geometry

type

External

field type

Surface

disclination

Twist angle

measurement

Wedge

cell

Freedericksz

transition

High field

Torque

measurement

Flexoelectricity


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inee

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LC +

Chiral dopant


Minimization



Top surface

Δφ

φ0

φr

Θ

R

R

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VV E



20

20 )(

21

21

21 EnEEDFelec


20 )(

21 EnFelec

sdotΔminus= εε

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sdot+= perp


20

20 )(

21

21

21 HnHHBFmag


20 )(

21 HnFmag



[21 22

0 HnHFmag


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inee

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φ

x

y

zR

H

0FF=

$$

amp

part

partminus

part

part

φφ dzd

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inee

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dzd


χξφφφξ

Δ==+rarr 2

22

21

)( where0sincos)( K

HHH



intint =rarr+z

Hξdzd

02

0 )(cos sign Choose

φ

φφ

$amp

(

)+

minusminus=rarr=

(

)+

minus minus

)(exptan2

2)(

)(24cotln

2

1

2 Hzz

Hz

ξπ

φξ

φπ

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VV

Δε gt 0Δn gt 0

0 V 3 V 5 V


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inee

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x

y

z

nEθ

232

1222

1212

1 )()()( nnKnnKnKFd


dzdsinn θ

θ=sdotnabla

$

amp=

$

amppart

part+

$

amppart

part+

$$

amp

part

partminus

part


partpartpart

partpart

00cos


ˆˆˆn

dzd

zx

yx

xzy

zyx

zyx

θθ

θθθθ

θθ

0 0 0

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( )

( )θθθ

θθθθ

θθ

23

21

2

21

2224

321

22

121

232

1222

1212

1

cossin

cossincossin

)()()(

KKdzd

dzdK

dzdK

nnKnnKnKFd

+

$amp

=

$amp

++

$amp

=


000cos)cossin0(nn =

$


θθθ

$


dzd

zyx

dzd

θθ

θθθ

θ

θθθ


nn

( )θθθ 2

32

1

2

21 cossin KKdzdFd +

$amp

=

Info

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y

z

θ

yrsquo

zrsquo

$$

amp

$$

amp=

$$

amp perp

||0

00

z

y

z

y

EE

DD

ε

εε



$$

amp

$$

amp=

$$

amp

z

y

zzzy

yzyy

z

y

EE

DD

εε

εε


zze DEDEF21

21

=sdot=

jiji ED ε=

Info

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inee

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Eno

Ey

Ene

Ex

$$

amp

minus=

θθθθ

θcossinsincos

)(R

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inee

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$$

amp

$$

amp

minus=

$$

amp(

(

z

y

z

y

EE

EE

θθ

θθ

cossinsincos

$$

amp

$$

amp

minus

$$

amp=

$$

amp(

( perp

z

y

z

y

EE

DD

θθ

θθε

ε

cossinsincos

00

||

$$

amp

$$

amp

minus

$$

amp

$$

amp minus=

$$

amp perp

z

y

z

y

EE

DD

θθ

θθε

ε

θθ

θθ

cossinsincos

00

cossinsincos

||

$$

amp

minus

$$

amp

$$

amp minus=

$$

amp perp

θθ

θθε

ε

θθ

θθεε

εε

cossinsincos

00

cossinsincos

||zzzy

yzyy

yzzy

yyzz

yz

yy

εε

εε

θθεε

θεεθεθεε

minus=

=

Δ=

Δ+=+= perpperp

cossinsinsincos 22

||2


( )zE00=E ( )

$$

amp

Δ+

Δ=

$$

amp=

$$

amp

$$

amp=

$$

amp

perp z

z

zzz

zyz

zzzzy

yzyy

z

y

EE

EE

EDD

θεε

θθε

ε

εεε

εε2sin

cossin0

Info

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inee

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intint Δ+==

perp

dd dzDdzzEV0 2

00 )sin(

)(θεεε

1

0 20

0 )sin(

minus

perp $

amp(

Δ+= int

d dzVDθεεε

ε

1

0 22

021

021

021

)sin(

21)(

minus

perp $

amp(



ε

1

0 20

202

1223

212

1

)sin(]sincos[

minus

perp $

amp(

Δ+minus+= intint

dd

totaldz

VdzKKFθεε

εθθθ

220

2213

23

21 )sin(


θεεεθθ

εθθθθθθΔ+

minus=minus++perp

aDKKKK

Info

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inee

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)sin(21

21

21


θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 minus=$

amp(

)minus+$$

amp(

)+

θθεθ

cossinΔεEdzd

K 202

2

minus=$$

amp(

)

θθεθθ

θθ

cossinΔεEKdzd

K 202

2

==$

ampamp

(

dd

θθε

θ 220 coscosKΔε

E minus= m

z

d

0

θm d2 θ(d2)=θm

$

amp minus=minus

int 2KΔε

Ecoscos

022

dzd

m m

ε

θθ

θθ

θ

$

amp=minus

int 2KΔε

Ecoscos

02

22

dd

m m

ε

θθ

θπ

θ

At z=d

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

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inee

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2coscoslim

2

222

π

θθ

θπ

θπθ

=minus

intrarrm

mm

d

E

θm

π2

Eth

22KΔεE 0

thπε

=$

amp

( d

dπ

ε ΔεK

dVE

0

thth ==

ΔεKV0



Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring (z)θ


0 V 3 V 5 V

θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 =$

amp

(minus+$

ampamp

(+

Info

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ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

z=0

z=d


E


Info

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ion

Dis

play

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inee

ring


Info

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ion

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inee

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Eq of Motion

At equilibrium



part

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


||2

02

32

1

2

sin21

cossin21

Δminus++amp

()

=+= EKKdzdFFF ed


times=τ

xE

xED

zEDEDyEDEDxEDEDED

EDP

zy

xyyxzxxzyzzyE

ˆ cossin

ˆ

ˆ)(ˆ)(ˆ)(

20

0

θθεε

τ

ε

Δ=

=


minus=

0cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 =+

$

ampminus+

$$

amp+ θθε

θθθ

θθθ

0FF=

$

amppart

partminus

part

part

θθ dzd

θθεθ

θθθ

cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(KddF 2

0

2

31 minus$

amp(

)minus=

( ) ( ) ( )2

312

22

32

12

32


$

ampminus++=()

+- +=

$

ampdzdKK

dzdKK

dzdKK

dzd

dzd θ

θθθ

θθθ

θθθ

z

z

ED

ED

zzz

yzy

ε

ε

=

=

Info

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inee

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θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 minus=$

amp(

)minus+$$

amp(

)+


$

amppart

partminus

part

part=

θθ FF

dzd

At equilibrium


Info

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ion

Dis

play

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inee

ring


( )

2

2

12

02

32

2

2

312

22

32

1

tI

tγ cos sinΔεEε

zν

)cosαsin(α

zcos)sinK(K

zsinKcosK

part

part+

part

part=+

part

partminus+

$

amp

(part

partminus+

part

part+

θθθθθθ

θθθ




zφ

K 12

02

2

=+part

part



mon=

2

22

dπ

4πΔεE

1on K

γτminus

=2

2

dπ

1off Kγτ =

Solution

$

amppart

partminus

part

part=

θθθ

γ FF

1 dzd

dtd

Info

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ion

Dis

play

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inee

ring

bull Response Time




Tran

mitt

ance

Voltage

Tran

smitt

ance

Time

bull T-Time curve

T(04)

T(100)

T(90)

T(10) T(10)

T(90)


V(T100)

Vop

Input Signal


Info

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ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Disadvantage


Advantage


v LCD TV Vs CRT TV

Info

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ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee


bull Frame Rate





0

1000

2000

3000

4000

Response Time (m

s)

63 55 47 39 31 23 15 7 0

Final Gray Level


Info

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ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring







Info

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ion

Dis

play

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inee

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$

amp

minus=

$

amp

minus()

+

-= 2c

20

12

theff

12

on EE1

Δεεγ

1)(VV1

Kγ

πdτ

2c0

21

eff

12

off ΔεEε1

dγKγ

πdτ =

$

amp=

ΔεεKπV0

effth =

ΔεεK

dπV

0

effth

=

for TN VA OCB modes

for IPS modes


VAOCB K3


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inee

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Y Z RrsquoXR

M N

A B


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inee

ring





Combination n=1~2

O

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Lateral sustituents

- H F Cl CN CH3








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Linking groups

CequivC COO CH2CH2


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Combination n=1~2

H F Cl CN CH3

H F Cl CN CH3

CequivC COO CH2CH2


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n n N

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K


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EE



Simple is Fast

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Vpacute= Vp +Δ Vp


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ToFrom

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RT gt 1 frame



RT gt 1 frame

Tailing 야구공


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1 frame


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1 frame (167 ms)

LC response

Lamp illumination


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Conventional LCD

180 Hz 구동


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Summary


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+


+


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Case (i) K2 gt K1


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Case (ii) K1 gt K2

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Case (iii) K1 = K2 (K1= K2 = K3)

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z=0

z=d

HW

ϕ

θ

α

α

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(ii) θ(0)=π2 - α θ(d)=π2 + α - π


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Stimulus


Response



Elastic energy+


Surface energy




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Experimental

technique

Indirect

Direct

Geometry

type

External

field type

Surface

disclination

Twist angle

measurement

Wedge

cell

Freedericksz

transition

High field

Torque

measurement

Flexoelectricity


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LC +

Chiral dopant


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2coscoslim

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θθεθ

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Info

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play

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bull Response Time




Tran

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Voltage

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smitt

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bull T-Time curve

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T(100)

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V(T100)

Vop

Input Signal


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play

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Disadvantage


Advantage


v LCD TV Vs CRT TV

Info

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Dis

play

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bull Frame Rate





0

1000

2000

3000

4000

Response Time (m

s)

63 55 47 39 31 23 15 7 0

Final Gray Level


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play

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Info

rmat

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play

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$

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for TN VA OCB modes

for IPS modes


VAOCB K3


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play

Eng

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Y Z RrsquoXR

M N

A B


Info

rmat

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play

Eng

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Combination n=1~2

O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring







Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Lateral sustituents

- H F Cl CN CH3








Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Linking groups

CequivC COO CH2CH2


Rigid Rigid





Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring




Combination n=1~2

H F Cl CN CH3

H F Cl CN CH3

CequivC COO CH2CH2


O

n n N

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N NNO

O S

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

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K


Info

rmat

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play

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Info

rmat

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play

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Info

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play

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Info

rmat

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play

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EE



Simple is Fast

Info

rmat

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Dis

play

Eng

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Vpacute= Vp +Δ Vp


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stp ΔV

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rmat

ion

Dis

play

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Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

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ToFrom

ToFrom

With DCCWithout DCC

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

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RT gt 1 frame



RT gt 1 frame

Tailing 야구공


Hold-type display


Hold-type display


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

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ring


1 frame


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

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1 frame (167 ms)

LC response

Lamp illumination


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring



Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Conventional LCD

180 Hz 구동


FS LCD

Advantage of FS LCD


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Dynamic Dimming

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

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ring

Summary


For TV application


+


+


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

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ring

Case (i) K2 gt K1


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Case (ii) K1 gt K2

egrave Planar twist

Case (iii) K1 = K2 (K1= K2 = K3)

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

z=0

z=d

HW

ϕ

θ

α

α

(i) θ(0)=π2 - α θ(d)=π2 + α

(ii) θ(0)=π2 - α θ(d)=π2 + α - π


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Stimulus


Response



Elastic energy+


Surface energy




Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


Experimental

technique

Indirect

Direct

Geometry

type

External

field type

Surface

disclination

Twist angle

measurement

Wedge

cell

Freedericksz

transition

High field

Torque

measurement

Flexoelectricity


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

LC +

Chiral dopant


Minimization



Top surface

Δφ

φ0

φr

Θ

R

R

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

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Info

rmat

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Dis

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Info

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Dis

play

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VV E



20

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21

21

21 EnEEDFelec


20 )(

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sdotΔminus= εε

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring




sdot+= perp


20

20 )(

21

21

21 HnHHBFmag


20 )(

21 HnFmag



[21 22

0 HnHFmag


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

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φ

x

y

zR

H

0FF=

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partminus

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Info

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play

Eng

inee

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dzd


χξφφφξ

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22

21

)( where0sincos)( K

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intint =rarr+z

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Hz

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rmat

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Info

rmat

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VV

Δε gt 0Δn gt 0

0 V 3 V 5 V


Info

rmat

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x

y

z

nEθ

232

1222

1212

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Info

rmat

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Dis

play

Eng

inee

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( )

( )θθθ

θθθθ

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21

2

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y

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intint Δ+==

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minus

perp $

amp(



ε

1

0 20

202

1223

212

1

)sin(]sincos[

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perp $

amp(

Δ+minus+= intint

dd

totaldz

VdzKKFθεε

εθθθ

220

2213

23

21 )sin(


θεεεθθ

εθθθθθθΔ+

minus=minus++perp

aDKKKK

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)sin(21

21

21


θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 minus=$

amp(

)minus+$$

amp(

)+

θθεθ

cossinΔεEdzd

K 202

2

minus=$$

amp(

)

θθεθθ

θθ

cossinΔεEKdzd

K 202

2

==$

ampamp

(

dd

θθε

θ 220 coscosKΔε

E minus= m

z

d

0

θm d2 θ(d2)=θm

$

amp minus=minus

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Ecoscos

022

dzd

m m

ε

θθ

θθ

θ

$

amp=minus

int 2KΔε

Ecoscos

02

22

dd

m m

ε

θθ

θπ

θ

At z=d

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2coscoslim

2

222

π

θθ

θπ

θπθ

=minus

intrarrm

mm

d

E

θm

π2

Eth

22KΔεE 0

thπε

=$

amp

( d

dπ

ε ΔεK

dVE

0

thth ==

ΔεKV0



Info

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ion

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play

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inee

ring (z)θ


0 V 3 V 5 V

θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 =$

amp

(minus+$

ampamp

(+

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z=0

z=d


E


Info

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Eq of Motion

At equilibrium



part

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inee

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||2

02

32

1

2

sin21

cossin21

Δminus++amp

()

=+= EKKdzdFFF ed


times=τ

xE

xED

zEDEDyEDEDxEDEDED

EDP

zy

xyyxzxxzyzzyE

ˆ cossin

ˆ

ˆ)(ˆ)(ˆ)(

20

0

θθεε

τ

ε

Δ=

=


minus=

0cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 =+

$

ampminus+

$$

amp+ θθε

θθθ

θθθ

0FF=

$

amppart

partminus

part

part

θθ dzd

θθεθ

θθθ

cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(KddF 2

0

2

31 minus$

amp(

)minus=

( ) ( ) ( )2

312

22

32

12

32


$

ampminus++=()

+- +=

$

ampdzdKK

dzdKK

dzdKK

dzd

dzd θ

θθθ

θθθ

θθθ

z

z

ED

ED

zzz

yzy

ε

ε

=

=

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θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 minus=$

amp(

)minus+$$

amp(

)+


$

amppart

partminus

part

part=

θθ FF

dzd

At equilibrium


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( )

2

2

12

02

32

2

2

312

22

32

1

tI

tγ cos sinΔεEε

zν

)cosαsin(α

zcos)sinK(K

zsinKcosK

part

part+

part

part=+

part

partminus+

$

amp

(part

partminus+

part

part+

θθθθθθ

θθθ




zφ

K 12

02

2

=+part

part



mon=

2

22

dπ

4πΔεE

1on K

γτminus

=2

2

dπ

1off Kγτ =

Solution

$

amppart

partminus

part

part=

θθθ

γ FF

1 dzd

dtd

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bull Response Time




Tran

mitt

ance

Voltage

Tran

smitt

ance

Time

bull T-Time curve

T(04)

T(100)

T(90)

T(10) T(10)

T(90)


V(T100)

Vop

Input Signal


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Disadvantage


Advantage


v LCD TV Vs CRT TV

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bull Frame Rate





0

1000

2000

3000

4000

Response Time (m

s)

63 55 47 39 31 23 15 7 0

Final Gray Level


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inee

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$

amp

minus=

$

amp

minus()

+

-= 2c

20

12

theff

12

on EE1

Δεεγ

1)(VV1

Kγ

πdτ

2c0

21

eff

12

off ΔεEε1

dγKγ

πdτ =

$

amp=

ΔεεKπV0

effth =

ΔεεK

dπV

0

effth

=

for TN VA OCB modes

for IPS modes


VAOCB K3


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Y Z RrsquoXR

M N

A B


Info

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Combination n=1~2

O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

Info

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ion

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inee

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Info

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ion

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inee

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Lateral sustituents

- H F Cl CN CH3








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ion

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inee

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Linking groups

CequivC COO CH2CH2


Rigid Rigid





Info

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ion

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inee

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Combination n=1~2

H F Cl CN CH3

H F Cl CN CH3

CequivC COO CH2CH2


O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

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ion

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K


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ion

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EE



Simple is Fast

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Vpacute= Vp +Δ Vp


Vpacute= 33V


ggdLCst

stp ΔV

C(V)CCCΔV

++=

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inee

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Info

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ion

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inee

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ToFrom

ToFrom

With DCCWithout DCC

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RT gt 1 frame



RT gt 1 frame

Tailing 야구공


Hold-type display


Hold-type display


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1 frame


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1 frame (167 ms)

LC response

Lamp illumination


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inee

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Info

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ion

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inee

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Conventional LCD

180 Hz 구동


FS LCD

Advantage of FS LCD


Info

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inee

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Dynamic Dimming

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Summary


For TV application


+


+


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Case (ii) K1 gt K2

egrave Planar twist

Case (iii) K1 = K2 (K1= K2 = K3)

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z=0

z=d

HW

ϕ

θ

α

α

(i) θ(0)=π2 - α θ(d)=π2 + α

(ii) θ(0)=π2 - α θ(d)=π2 + α - π


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Stimulus


Response



Elastic energy+


Surface energy




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Experimental

technique

Indirect

Direct

Geometry

type

External

field type

Surface

disclination

Twist angle

measurement

Wedge

cell

Freedericksz

transition

High field

Torque

measurement

Flexoelectricity


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LC +

Chiral dopant


Minimization



Top surface

Δφ

φ0

φr

Θ

R

R

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VV E



20

20 )(

21

21

21 EnEEDFelec


20 )(

21 EnFelec

sdotΔminus= εε

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sdot+= perp


20

20 )(

21

21

21 HnHHBFmag


20 )(

21 HnFmag



[21 22

0 HnHFmag


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φ

x

y

zR

H

0FF=

$$

amp

part

partminus

part

part

φφ dzd

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dzd


χξφφφξ

Δ==+rarr 2

22

21

)( where0sincos)( K

HHH



intint =rarr+z

Hξdzd

02

0 )(cos sign Choose

φ

φφ

$amp

(

)+

minusminus=rarr=

(

)+

minus minus

)(exptan2

2)(

)(24cotln

2

1

2 Hzz

Hz

ξπ

φξ

φπ

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VV

Δε gt 0Δn gt 0

0 V 3 V 5 V


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x

y

z

nEθ

232

1222

1212

1 )()()( nnKnnKnKFd


dzdsinn θ

θ=sdotnabla

$

amp=

$

amppart

part+

$

amppart

part+

$$

amp

part

partminus

part


partpartpart

partpart

00cos


ˆˆˆn

dzd

zx

yx

xzy

zyx

zyx

θθ

θθθθ

θθ

0 0 0

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( )

( )θθθ

θθθθ

θθ

23

21

2

21

2224

321

22

121

232

1222

1212

1

cossin

cossincossin

)()()(

KKdzd

dzdK

dzdK

nnKnnKnKFd

+

$amp

=

$amp

++

$amp

=


000cos)cossin0(nn =

$


θθθ

$


dzd

zyx

dzd

θθ

θθθ

θ

θθθ


nn

( )θθθ 2

32

1

2

21 cossin KKdzdFd +

$amp

=

Info

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y

z

θ

yrsquo

zrsquo

$$

amp

$$

amp=

$$

amp perp

||0

00

z

y

z

y

EE

DD

ε

εε



$$

amp

$$

amp=

$$

amp

z

y

zzzy

yzyy

z

y

EE

DD

εε

εε


zze DEDEF21

21

=sdot=

jiji ED ε=

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Eno

Ey

Ene

Ex

$$

amp

minus=

θθθθ

θcossinsincos

)(R

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$$

amp

$$

amp

minus=

$$

amp(

(

z

y

z

y

EE

EE

θθ

θθ

cossinsincos

$$

amp

$$

amp

minus

$$

amp=

$$

amp(

( perp

z

y

z

y

EE

DD

θθ

θθε

ε

cossinsincos

00

||

$$

amp

$$

amp

minus

$$

amp

$$

amp minus=

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amp perp

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y

z

y

EE

DD

θθ

θθε

ε

θθ

θθ

cossinsincos

00

cossinsincos

||

$$

amp

minus

$$

amp

$$

amp minus=

$$

amp perp

θθ

θθε

ε

θθ

θθεε

εε

cossinsincos

00

cossinsincos

||zzzy

yzyy

yzzy

yyzz

yz

yy

εε

εε

θθεε

θεεθεθεε

minus=

=

Δ=

Δ+=+= perpperp

cossinsinsincos 22

||2


( )zE00=E ( )

$$

amp

Δ+

Δ=

$$

amp=

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amp

$$

amp=

$$

amp

perp z

z

zzz

zyz

zzzzy

yzyy

z

y

EE

EE

EDD

θεε

θθε

ε

εεε

εε2sin

cossin0

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intint Δ+==

perp

dd dzDdzzEV0 2

00 )sin(

)(θεεε

1

0 20

0 )sin(

minus

perp $

amp(

Δ+= int

d dzVDθεεε

ε

1

0 22

021

021

021

)sin(

21)(

minus

perp $

amp(



ε

1

0 20

202

1223

212

1

)sin(]sincos[

minus

perp $

amp(

Δ+minus+= intint

dd

totaldz

VdzKKFθεε

εθθθ

220

2213

23

21 )sin(


θεεεθθ

εθθθθθθΔ+

minus=minus++perp

aDKKKK

Info

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)sin(21

21

21


θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 minus=$

amp(

)minus+$$

amp(

)+

θθεθ

cossinΔεEdzd

K 202

2

minus=$$

amp(

)

θθεθθ

θθ

cossinΔεEKdzd

K 202

2

==$

ampamp

(

dd

θθε

θ 220 coscosKΔε

E minus= m

z

d

0

θm d2 θ(d2)=θm

$

amp minus=minus

int 2KΔε

Ecoscos

022

dzd

m m

ε

θθ

θθ

θ

$

amp=minus

int 2KΔε

Ecoscos

02

22

dd

m m

ε

θθ

θπ

θ

At z=d

Info

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ion

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inee

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2coscoslim

2

222

π

θθ

θπ

θπθ

=minus

intrarrm

mm

d

E

θm

π2

Eth

22KΔεE 0

thπε

=$

amp

( d

dπ

ε ΔεK

dVE

0

thth ==

ΔεKV0



Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring (z)θ


0 V 3 V 5 V

θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 =$

amp

(minus+$

ampamp

(+

Info

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ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

z=0

z=d


E


Info

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ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

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inee

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Eq of Motion

At equilibrium



part

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

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inee

ring


||2

02

32

1

2

sin21

cossin21

Δminus++amp

()

=+= EKKdzdFFF ed


times=τ

xE

xED

zEDEDyEDEDxEDEDED

EDP

zy

xyyxzxxzyzzyE

ˆ cossin

ˆ

ˆ)(ˆ)(ˆ)(

20

0

θθεε

τ

ε

Δ=

=


minus=

0cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 =+

$

ampminus+

$$

amp+ θθε

θθθ

θθθ

0FF=

$

amppart

partminus

part

part

θθ dzd

θθεθ

θθθ

cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(KddF 2

0

2

31 minus$

amp(

)minus=

( ) ( ) ( )2

312

22

32

12

32


$

ampminus++=()

+- +=

$

ampdzdKK

dzdKK

dzdKK

dzd

dzd θ

θθθ

θθθ

θθθ

z

z

ED

ED

zzz

yzy

ε

ε

=

=

Info

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inee

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θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 minus=$

amp(

)minus+$$

amp(

)+


$

amppart

partminus

part

part=

θθ FF

dzd

At equilibrium


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

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inee

ring


( )

2

2

12

02

32

2

2

312

22

32

1

tI

tγ cos sinΔεEε

zν

)cosαsin(α

zcos)sinK(K

zsinKcosK

part

part+

part

part=+

part

partminus+

$

amp

(part

partminus+

part

part+

θθθθθθ

θθθ




zφ

K 12

02

2

=+part

part



mon=

2

22

dπ

4πΔεE

1on K

γτminus

=2

2

dπ

1off Kγτ =

Solution

$

amppart

partminus

part

part=

θθθ

γ FF

1 dzd

dtd

Info

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ion

Dis

play

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inee

ring

bull Response Time




Tran

mitt

ance

Voltage

Tran

smitt

ance

Time

bull T-Time curve

T(04)

T(100)

T(90)

T(10) T(10)

T(90)


V(T100)

Vop

Input Signal


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Disadvantage


Advantage


v LCD TV Vs CRT TV

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee


bull Frame Rate





0

1000

2000

3000

4000

Response Time (m

s)

63 55 47 39 31 23 15 7 0

Final Gray Level


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring







Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


$

amp

minus=

$

amp

minus()

+

-= 2c

20

12

theff

12

on EE1

Δεεγ

1)(VV1

Kγ

πdτ

2c0

21

eff

12

off ΔεEε1

dγKγ

πdτ =

$

amp=

ΔεεKπV0

effth =

ΔεεK

dπV

0

effth

=

for TN VA OCB modes

for IPS modes


VAOCB K3


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


Y Z RrsquoXR

M N

A B


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring





Combination n=1~2

O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring







Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Lateral sustituents

- H F Cl CN CH3








Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Linking groups

CequivC COO CH2CH2


Rigid Rigid





Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring




Combination n=1~2

H F Cl CN CH3

H F Cl CN CH3

CequivC COO CH2CH2


O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


K


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring



Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

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inee

ring






Info

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ion

Dis

play

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inee

ring


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

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inee

ring

EE



Simple is Fast

Info

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ion

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play

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inee

ring



Vpacute= Vp +Δ Vp


Vpacute= 33V


ggdLCst

stp ΔV

C(V)CCCΔV

++=

Info

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ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

ToFrom

ToFrom

With DCCWithout DCC

Info

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ion

Dis

play

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inee

ring




RT gt 1 frame



RT gt 1 frame

Tailing 야구공


Hold-type display


Hold-type display


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


1 frame


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee


1 frame (167 ms)

LC response

Lamp illumination


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring



Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Conventional LCD

180 Hz 구동


FS LCD

Advantage of FS LCD


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Dynamic Dimming

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Summary


For TV application


+


+


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

z=0

z=d

HW

ϕ

θ

α

α

(i) θ(0)=π2 - α θ(d)=π2 + α

(ii) θ(0)=π2 - α θ(d)=π2 + α - π


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Stimulus


Response



Elastic energy+


Surface energy




Info

rmat

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Dis

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Experimental

technique

Indirect

Direct

Geometry

type

External

field type

Surface

disclination

Twist angle

measurement

Wedge

cell

Freedericksz

transition

High field

Torque

measurement

Flexoelectricity


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LC +

Chiral dopant


Minimization



Top surface

Δφ

φ0

φr

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R

R

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VV E



20

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21

21

21 EnEEDFelec


20 )(

21 EnFelec

sdotΔminus= εε

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sdot+= perp


20

20 )(

21

21

21 HnHHBFmag


20 )(

21 HnFmag



[21 22

0 HnHFmag


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φ

x

y

zR

H

0FF=

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amp

part

partminus

part

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φφ dzd

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dzd


χξφφφξ

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22

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)( where0sincos)( K

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intint =rarr+z

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VV

Δε gt 0Δn gt 0

0 V 3 V 5 V


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x

y

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nEθ

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1 )()()( nnKnnKnKFd


dzdsinn θ

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0 0 0

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( )

( )θθθ

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y

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$$

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z

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intint Δ+==

perp

dd dzDdzzEV0 2

00 )sin(

)(θεεε

1

0 20

0 )sin(

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)sin(21

21

21


θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

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2

132

22

32

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2coscoslim

2

222

π

θθ

θπ

θπθ

=minus

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mm

d

E

θm

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thπε

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play

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inee

ring (z)θ


0 V 3 V 5 V

θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

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2

132

22

32

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z=0

z=d


E


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Eq of Motion

At equilibrium



part

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||2

02

32

1

2

sin21

cossin21

Δminus++amp

()

=+= EKKdzdFFF ed


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22

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dzd θ

θθθ

θθθ

θθθ

z

z

ED

ED

zzz

yzy

ε

ε

=

=

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θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 minus=$

amp(

)minus+$$

amp(

)+


$

amppart

partminus

part

part=

θθ FF

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At equilibrium


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( )

2

2

12

02

32

2

2

312

22

32

1

tI

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γτminus

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2

dπ

1off Kγτ =

Solution

$

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part

part=

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γ FF

1 dzd

dtd

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bull Response Time




Tran

mitt

ance

Voltage

Tran

smitt

ance

Time

bull T-Time curve

T(04)

T(100)

T(90)

T(10) T(10)

T(90)


V(T100)

Vop

Input Signal


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Disadvantage


Advantage


v LCD TV Vs CRT TV

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bull Frame Rate





0

1000

2000

3000

4000

Response Time (m

s)

63 55 47 39 31 23 15 7 0

Final Gray Level


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Info

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$

amp

minus=

$

amp

minus()

+

-= 2c

20

12

theff

12

on EE1

Δεεγ

1)(VV1

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2c0

21

eff

12

off ΔεEε1

dγKγ

πdτ =

$

amp=

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effth =

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effth

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for TN VA OCB modes

for IPS modes


VAOCB K3


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Y Z RrsquoXR

M N

A B


Info

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Combination n=1~2

O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

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Info

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Lateral sustituents

- H F Cl CN CH3








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Linking groups

CequivC COO CH2CH2


Rigid Rigid





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Combination n=1~2

H F Cl CN CH3

H F Cl CN CH3

CequivC COO CH2CH2


O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

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K


Info

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ion

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Info

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EE



Simple is Fast

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Vpacute= Vp +Δ Vp


Vpacute= 33V


ggdLCst

stp ΔV

C(V)CCCΔV

++=

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ToFrom

ToFrom

With DCCWithout DCC

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RT gt 1 frame



RT gt 1 frame

Tailing 야구공


Hold-type display


Hold-type display


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1 frame


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1 frame (167 ms)

LC response

Lamp illumination


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Conventional LCD

180 Hz 구동


FS LCD

Advantage of FS LCD


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Dynamic Dimming

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Summary


For TV application


+


+


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Stimulus


Response



Elastic energy+


Surface energy




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Experimental

technique

Indirect

Direct

Geometry

type

External

field type

Surface

disclination

Twist angle

measurement

Wedge

cell

Freedericksz

transition

High field

Torque

measurement

Flexoelectricity


Info

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ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

LC +

Chiral dopant


Minimization



Top surface

Δφ

φ0

φr

Θ

R

R

Info

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ion

Dis

play

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inee

ring


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

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Info

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ion

Dis

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VV E



20

20 )(

21

21

21 EnEEDFelec


20 )(

21 EnFelec

sdotΔminus= εε

Info

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ion

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play

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inee

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sdot+= perp


20

20 )(

21

21

21 HnHHBFmag


20 )(

21 HnFmag



[21 22

0 HnHFmag


Info

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ion

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play

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inee

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φ

x

y

zR

H

0FF=

$$

amp

part

partminus

part

part

φφ dzd

Info

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ion

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play

Eng

inee

ring



dzd


χξφφφξ

Δ==+rarr 2

22

21

)( where0sincos)( K

HHH



intint =rarr+z

Hξdzd

02

0 )(cos sign Choose

φ

φφ

$amp

(

)+

minusminus=rarr=

(

)+

minus minus

)(exptan2

2)(

)(24cotln

2

1

2 Hzz

Hz

ξπ

φξ

φπ

Info

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ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

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Info

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inee

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VV

Δε gt 0Δn gt 0

0 V 3 V 5 V


Info

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Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


x

y

z

nEθ

232

1222

1212

1 )()()( nnKnnKnKFd


dzdsinn θ

θ=sdotnabla

$

amp=

$

amppart

part+

$

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part+

$$

amp

part

partminus

part


partpartpart

partpart

00cos


ˆˆˆn

dzd

zx

yx

xzy

zyx

zyx

θθ

θθθθ

θθ

0 0 0

Info

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( )

( )θθθ

θθθθ

θθ

23

21

2

21

2224

321

22

121

232

1222

1212

1

cossin

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)()()(

KKdzd

dzdK

dzdK

nnKnnKnKFd

+

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=

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++

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=


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dzd

θθ

θθθ

θ

θθθ


nn

( )θθθ 2

32

1

2

21 cossin KKdzdFd +

$amp

=

Info

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ion

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inee

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y

z

θ

yrsquo

zrsquo

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amp

$$

amp=

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amp perp

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z

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yzyy

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EE

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ion

Dis

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inee

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Eno

Ey

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Ex

$$

amp

minus=

θθθθ

θcossinsincos

)(R

Info

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inee

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$$

amp

$$

amp

minus=

$$

amp(

(

z

y

z

y

EE

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y

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y

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amp

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yz

yy

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Δ=

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zzz

zyz

zzzzy

yzyy

z

y

EE

EE

EDD

θεε

θθε

ε

εεε

εε2sin

cossin0

Info

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ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


intint Δ+==

perp

dd dzDdzzEV0 2

00 )sin(

)(θεεε

1

0 20

0 )sin(

minus

perp $

amp(

Δ+= int

d dzVDθεεε

ε

1

0 22

021

021

021

)sin(

21)(

minus

perp $

amp(



ε

1

0 20

202

1223

212

1

)sin(]sincos[

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amp(

Δ+minus+= intint

dd

totaldz

VdzKKFθεε

εθθθ

220

2213

23

21 )sin(


θεεεθθ

εθθθθθθΔ+

minus=minus++perp

aDKKKK

Info

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inee

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)sin(21

21

21


θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 minus=$

amp(

)minus+$$

amp(

)+

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cossinΔεEdzd

K 202

2

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)

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==$

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d

0

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$

amp minus=minus

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022

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m m

ε

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θθ

θ

$

amp=minus

int 2KΔε

Ecoscos

02

22

dd

m m

ε

θθ

θπ

θ

At z=d

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring



2coscoslim

2

222

π

θθ

θπ

θπθ

=minus

intrarrm

mm

d

E

θm

π2

Eth

22KΔεE 0

thπε

=$

amp

( d

dπ

ε ΔεK

dVE

0

thth ==

ΔεKV0



Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring (z)θ


0 V 3 V 5 V

θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 =$

amp

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ampamp

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Info

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ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

z=0

z=d


E


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring



Eq of Motion

At equilibrium



part

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


||2

02

32

1

2

sin21

cossin21

Δminus++amp

()

=+= EKKdzdFFF ed


times=τ

xE

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EDP

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ˆ

ˆ)(ˆ)(ˆ)(

20

0

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minus=

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sincos)K(Kdzd

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2

132

22

32

1 =+

$

ampminus+

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amp+ θθε

θθθ

θθθ

0FF=

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part

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0

2

31 minus$

amp(

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312

22

32

12

32


$

ampminus++=()

+- +=

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dzdKK

dzdKK

dzd

dzd θ

θθθ

θθθ

θθθ

z

z

ED

ED

zzz

yzy

ε

ε

=

=

Info

rmat

ion

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bull Response Time




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0

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2000

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play

Eng

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θθεθ

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Info

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play

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( )

2

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Dis

play

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inee

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bull Response Time




Tran

mitt

ance

Voltage

Tran

smitt

ance

Time

bull T-Time curve

T(04)

T(100)

T(90)

T(10) T(10)

T(90)


V(T100)

Vop

Input Signal


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

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Disadvantage


Advantage


v LCD TV Vs CRT TV

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee


bull Frame Rate





0

1000

2000

3000

4000

Response Time (m

s)

63 55 47 39 31 23 15 7 0

Final Gray Level


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

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Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


$

amp

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rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


Y Z RrsquoXR

M N

A B


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

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Combination n=1~2

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n n N

N

N NNO

O S

Info

rmat

ion

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play

Eng

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Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Lateral sustituents

- H F Cl CN CH3








Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

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Linking groups

CequivC COO CH2CH2


Rigid Rigid





Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring




Combination n=1~2

H F Cl CN CH3

H F Cl CN CH3

CequivC COO CH2CH2


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n n N

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play

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Tailing 야구공


Hold-type display


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1 frame


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Lamp illumination


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play

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Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

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Conventional LCD

180 Hz 구동


FS LCD

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Info

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ion

Dis

play

Eng

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Dynamic Dimming

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

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Summary


For TV application


+


+


Info

rmat

ion

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play

Eng

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LC +

Chiral dopant


Minimization



Top surface

Δφ

φ0

φr

Θ

R

R

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play

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play

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φ

x

y

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VV

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play

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inee

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intint Δ+==

perp

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)(θεεε

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0 20

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Info

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inee

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)sin(21

21

21


θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

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2

132

22

32

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ion

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inee

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2coscoslim

2

222

π

θθ

θπ

θπθ

=minus

intrarrm

mm

d

E

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play

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inee

ring (z)θ


0 V 3 V 5 V

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θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

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play

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inee

ring

z=0

z=d


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Dis

play

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inee

ring


Info

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ion

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inee

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Eq of Motion

At equilibrium



part

Info

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ion

Dis

play

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inee

ring


||2

02

32

1

2

sin21

cossin21

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z

ED

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=

=

Info

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ion

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play

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inee

ring

θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 minus=$

amp(

)minus+$$

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)+


$

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part=

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Info

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ion

Dis

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inee

ring


( )

2

2

12

02

32

2

2

312

22

32

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tI

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1off Kγτ =

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γ FF

1 dzd

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Info

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ion

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inee

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bull Response Time




Tran

mitt

ance

Voltage

Tran

smitt

ance

Time

bull T-Time curve

T(04)

T(100)

T(90)

T(10) T(10)

T(90)


V(T100)

Vop

Input Signal


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ion

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inee

ring

Disadvantage


Advantage


v LCD TV Vs CRT TV

Info

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ion

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inee


bull Frame Rate





0

1000

2000

3000

4000

Response Time (m

s)

63 55 47 39 31 23 15 7 0

Final Gray Level


Info

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ion

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play

Eng

inee

ring







Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

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inee

ring


$

amp

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$

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amp=

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for TN VA OCB modes

for IPS modes


VAOCB K3


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ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


Y Z RrsquoXR

M N

A B


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

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inee

ring





Combination n=1~2

O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

Info

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play

Eng

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ring







Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Lateral sustituents

- H F Cl CN CH3








Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Linking groups

CequivC COO CH2CH2


Rigid Rigid





Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring




Combination n=1~2

H F Cl CN CH3

H F Cl CN CH3

CequivC COO CH2CH2


O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

Info

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ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


K


Info

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ion

Dis

play

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inee

ring



Info

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inee

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inee

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EE



Simple is Fast

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inee

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Vpacute= Vp +Δ Vp


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rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

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ToFrom

With DCCWithout DCC

Info

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ion

Dis

play

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inee

ring




RT gt 1 frame



RT gt 1 frame

Tailing 야구공


Hold-type display


Hold-type display


Info

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play

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inee

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1 frame


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee


1 frame (167 ms)

LC response

Lamp illumination


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring



Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Conventional LCD

180 Hz 구동


FS LCD

Advantage of FS LCD


Info

rmat

ion

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play

Eng

inee

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Dynamic Dimming

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

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Summary


For TV application


+


+


Info

rmat

ion

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play

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Info

rmat

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play

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inee

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Info

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VV E



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21

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20 )(

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inee

ring




sdot+= perp


20

20 )(

21

21

21 HnHHBFmag


20 )(

21 HnFmag



[21 22

0 HnHFmag


Info

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ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


φ

x

y

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H

0FF=

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part

partminus

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Info

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ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

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dzd


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22

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)( where0sincos)( K

HHH



intint =rarr+z

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2

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Hz

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φπ

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ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring



Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

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VV

Δε gt 0Δn gt 0

0 V 3 V 5 V


Info

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ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


x

y

z

nEθ

232

1222

1212

1 )()()( nnKnnKnKFd


dzdsinn θ

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zyx

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θθθθ

θθ

0 0 0

Info

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inee

ring

( )

( )θθθ

θθθθ

θθ

23

21

2

21

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321

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cossin

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1

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Info

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ion

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play

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inee

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y

z

θ

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zrsquo

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amp=

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ion

Dis

play

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Ey

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Info

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ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

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$$

amp

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(

z

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amp=

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zzz

zyz

zzzzy

yzyy

z

y

EE

EE

EDD

θεε

θθε

ε

εεε

εε2sin

cossin0

Info

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ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


intint Δ+==

perp

dd dzDdzzEV0 2

00 )sin(

)(θεεε

1

0 20

0 )sin(

minus

perp $

amp(

Δ+= int

d dzVDθεεε

ε

1

0 22

021

021

021

)sin(

21)(

minus

perp $

amp(



ε

1

0 20

202

1223

212

1

)sin(]sincos[

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amp(

Δ+minus+= intint

dd

totaldz

VdzKKFθεε

εθθθ

220

2213

23

21 )sin(


θεεεθθ

εθθθθθθΔ+

minus=minus++perp

aDKKKK

Info

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ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


)sin(21

21

21


θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 minus=$

amp(

)minus+$$

amp(

)+

θθεθ

cossinΔεEdzd

K 202

2

minus=$$

amp(

)

θθεθθ

θθ

cossinΔεEKdzd

K 202

2

==$

ampamp

(

dd

θθε

θ 220 coscosKΔε

E minus= m

z

d

0

θm d2 θ(d2)=θm

$

amp minus=minus

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022

dzd

m m

ε

θθ

θθ

θ

$

amp=minus

int 2KΔε

Ecoscos

02

22

dd

m m

ε

θθ

θπ

θ

At z=d

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring



2coscoslim

2

222

π

θθ

θπ

θπθ

=minus

intrarrm

mm

d

E

θm

π2

Eth

22KΔεE 0

thπε

=$

amp

( d

dπ

ε ΔεK

dVE

0

thth ==

ΔεKV0



Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring (z)θ


0 V 3 V 5 V

θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 =$

amp

(minus+$

ampamp

(+

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

z=0

z=d


E


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring



Eq of Motion

At equilibrium



part

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


||2

02

32

1

2

sin21

cossin21

Δminus++amp

()

=+= EKKdzdFFF ed


times=τ

xE

xED

zEDEDyEDEDxEDEDED

EDP

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xyyxzxxzyzzyE

ˆ cossin

ˆ

ˆ)(ˆ)(ˆ)(

20

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=


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sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 =+

$

ampminus+

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θθθ

0FF=

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part

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0

2

31 minus$

amp(

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312

22

32

12

32


$

ampminus++=()

+- +=

$

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dzdKK

dzdKK

dzd

dzd θ

θθθ

θθθ

θθθ

z

z

ED

ED

zzz

yzy

ε

ε

=

=

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 minus=$

amp(

)minus+$$

amp(

)+


$

amppart

partminus

part

part=

θθ FF

dzd

At equilibrium


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


( )

2

2

12

02

32

2

2

312

22

32

1

tI

tγ cos sinΔεEε

zν

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amp

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02

2

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mon=

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1on K

γτminus

=2

2

dπ

1off Kγτ =

Solution

$

amppart

partminus

part

part=

θθθ

γ FF

1 dzd

dtd

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

bull Response Time




Tran

mitt

ance

Voltage

Tran

smitt

ance

Time

bull T-Time curve

T(04)

T(100)

T(90)

T(10) T(10)

T(90)


V(T100)

Vop

Input Signal


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Disadvantage


Advantage


v LCD TV Vs CRT TV

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee


bull Frame Rate





0

1000

2000

3000

4000

Response Time (m

s)

63 55 47 39 31 23 15 7 0

Final Gray Level


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring







Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


$

amp

minus=

$

amp

minus()

+

-= 2c

20

12

theff

12

on EE1

Δεεγ

1)(VV1

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2c0

21

eff

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off ΔεEε1

dγKγ

πdτ =

$

amp=

ΔεεKπV0

effth =

ΔεεK

dπV

0

effth

=

for TN VA OCB modes

for IPS modes


VAOCB K3


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


Y Z RrsquoXR

M N

A B


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring





Combination n=1~2

O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring







Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Lateral sustituents

- H F Cl CN CH3








Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Linking groups

CequivC COO CH2CH2


Rigid Rigid





Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring




Combination n=1~2

H F Cl CN CH3

H F Cl CN CH3

CequivC COO CH2CH2


O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


K


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring



Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring






Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

EE



Simple is Fast

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring



Vpacute= Vp +Δ Vp


Vpacute= 33V


ggdLCst

stp ΔV

C(V)CCCΔV

++=

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

ToFrom

ToFrom

With DCCWithout DCC

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring




RT gt 1 frame



RT gt 1 frame

Tailing 야구공


Hold-type display


Hold-type display


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


1 frame


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee


1 frame (167 ms)

LC response

Lamp illumination


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring



Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Conventional LCD

180 Hz 구동


FS LCD

Advantage of FS LCD


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Dynamic Dimming

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Summary


For TV application


+


+


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


VV E



20

20 )(

21

21

21 EnEEDFelec


20 )(

21 EnFelec

sdotΔminus= εε

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring




sdot+= perp


20

20 )(

21

21

21 HnHHBFmag


20 )(

21 HnFmag



[21 22

0 HnHFmag


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


φ

x

y

zR

H

0FF=

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amp

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dzd


χξφφφξ

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22

21

)( where0sincos)( K

HHH



intint =rarr+z

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VV

Δε gt 0Δn gt 0

0 V 3 V 5 V


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x

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1 )()()( nnKnnKnKFd


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( )

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y

z

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yrsquo

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amp=

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$$

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intint Δ+==

perp

dd dzDdzzEV0 2

00 )sin(

)(θεεε

1

0 20

0 )sin(

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)sin(21

21

21


θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

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2

132

22

32

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amp=minus

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2coscoslim

2

222

π

θθ

θπ

θπθ

=minus

intrarrm

mm

d

E

θm

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22KΔεE 0

thπε

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ring (z)θ


0 V 3 V 5 V

θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

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2

132

22

32

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z=0

z=d


E


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Eq of Motion

At equilibrium



part

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||2

02

32

1

2

sin21

cossin21

Δminus++amp

()

=+= EKKdzdFFF ed


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z

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=

=

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θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 minus=$

amp(

)minus+$$

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)+


$

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partminus

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part=

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( )

2

2

12

02

32

2

2

312

22

32

1

tI

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1off Kγτ =

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part=

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γ FF

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bull Response Time




Tran

mitt

ance

Voltage

Tran

smitt

ance

Time

bull T-Time curve

T(04)

T(100)

T(90)

T(10) T(10)

T(90)


V(T100)

Vop

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Disadvantage


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0

1000

2000

3000

4000

Response Time (m

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63 55 47 39 31 23 15 7 0

Final Gray Level


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$

amp

minus=

$

amp

minus()

+

-= 2c

20

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theff

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on EE1

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off ΔεEε1

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$

amp=

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effth =

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0

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for TN VA OCB modes

for IPS modes


VAOCB K3


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Y Z RrsquoXR

M N

A B


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Combination n=1~2

O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

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Lateral sustituents

- H F Cl CN CH3








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Linking groups

CequivC COO CH2CH2


Rigid Rigid





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Combination n=1~2

H F Cl CN CH3

H F Cl CN CH3

CequivC COO CH2CH2


O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

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K


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EE



Simple is Fast

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Vpacute= Vp +Δ Vp


Vpacute= 33V


ggdLCst

stp ΔV

C(V)CCCΔV

++=

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ToFrom

ToFrom

With DCCWithout DCC

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RT gt 1 frame



RT gt 1 frame

Tailing 야구공


Hold-type display


Hold-type display


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1 frame


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1 frame (167 ms)

LC response

Lamp illumination


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Conventional LCD

180 Hz 구동


FS LCD

Advantage of FS LCD


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Dynamic Dimming

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Summary


For TV application


+


+


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VV E



20

20 )(

21

21

21 EnEEDFelec


20 )(

21 EnFelec

sdotΔminus= εε

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sdot+= perp


20

20 )(

21

21

21 HnHHBFmag


20 )(

21 HnFmag



[21 22

0 HnHFmag


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φ

x

y

zR

H

0FF=

$$

amp

part

partminus

part

part

φφ dzd

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dzd


χξφφφξ

Δ==+rarr 2

22

21

)( where0sincos)( K

HHH



intint =rarr+z

Hξdzd

02

0 )(cos sign Choose

φ

φφ

$amp

(

)+

minusminus=rarr=

(

)+

minus minus

)(exptan2

2)(

)(24cotln

2

1

2 Hzz

Hz

ξπ

φξ

φπ

Info

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ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

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Info

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inee

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VV

Δε gt 0Δn gt 0

0 V 3 V 5 V


Info

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ion

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play

Eng

inee

ring


x

y

z

nEθ

232

1222

1212

1 )()()( nnKnnKnKFd


dzdsinn θ

θ=sdotnabla

$

amp=

$

amppart

part+

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amppart

part+

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amp

part

partminus

part


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partpart

00cos


ˆˆˆn

dzd

zx

yx

xzy

zyx

zyx

θθ

θθθθ

θθ

0 0 0

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( )

( )θθθ

θθθθ

θθ

23

21

2

21

2224

321

22

121

232

1222

1212

1

cossin

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)()()(

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dzdK

dzdK

nnKnnKnKFd

+

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=

$amp

++

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dzd

θθ

θθθ

θ

θθθ


nn

( )θθθ 2

32

1

2

21 cossin KKdzdFd +

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=

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y

z

θ

yrsquo

zrsquo

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amp

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amp=

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amp perp

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y

z

y

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εε


zze DEDEF21

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Info

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Eno

Ey

Ene

Ex

$$

amp

minus=

θθθθ

θcossinsincos

)(R

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$$

amp

$$

amp

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$$

amp(

(

z

y

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$$

amp

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amp=

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amp=

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zzz

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zzzzy

yzyy

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y

EE

EE

EDD

θεε

θθε

ε

εεε

εε2sin

cossin0

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intint Δ+==

perp

dd dzDdzzEV0 2

00 )sin(

)(θεεε

1

0 20

0 )sin(

minus

perp $

amp(

Δ+= int

d dzVDθεεε

ε

1

0 22

021

021

021

)sin(

21)(

minus

perp $

amp(



ε

1

0 20

202

1223

212

1

)sin(]sincos[

minus

perp $

amp(

Δ+minus+= intint

dd

totaldz

VdzKKFθεε

εθθθ

220

2213

23

21 )sin(


θεεεθθ

εθθθθθθΔ+

minus=minus++perp

aDKKKK

Info

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)sin(21

21

21


θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 minus=$

amp(

)minus+$$

amp(

)+

θθεθ

cossinΔεEdzd

K 202

2

minus=$$

amp(

)

θθεθθ

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2

==$

ampamp

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dd

θθε

θ 220 coscosKΔε

E minus= m

z

d

0

θm d2 θ(d2)=θm

$

amp minus=minus

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Ecoscos

022

dzd

m m

ε

θθ

θθ

θ

$

amp=minus

int 2KΔε

Ecoscos

02

22

dd

m m

ε

θθ

θπ

θ

At z=d

Info

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inee

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2coscoslim

2

222

π

θθ

θπ

θπθ

=minus

intrarrm

mm

d

E

θm

π2

Eth

22KΔεE 0

thπε

=$

amp

( d

dπ

ε ΔεK

dVE

0

thth ==

ΔεKV0



Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring (z)θ


0 V 3 V 5 V

θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 =$

amp

(minus+$

ampamp

(+

Info

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z=0

z=d


E


Info

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inee

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Info

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Eq of Motion

At equilibrium



part

Info

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ion

Dis

play

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inee

ring


||2

02

32

1

2

sin21

cossin21

Δminus++amp

()

=+= EKKdzdFFF ed


times=τ

xE

xED

zEDEDyEDEDxEDEDED

EDP

zy

xyyxzxxzyzzyE

ˆ cossin

ˆ

ˆ)(ˆ)(ˆ)(

20

0

θθεε

τ

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Δ=

=


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sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 =+

$

ampminus+

$$

amp+ θθε

θθθ

θθθ

0FF=

$

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part

θθ dzd

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0

2

31 minus$

amp(

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312

22

32

12

32


$

ampminus++=()

+- +=

$

ampdzdKK

dzdKK

dzdKK

dzd

dzd θ

θθθ

θθθ

θθθ

z

z

ED

ED

zzz

yzy

ε

ε

=

=

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inee

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θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 minus=$

amp(

)minus+$$

amp(

)+


$

amppart

partminus

part

part=

θθ FF

dzd

At equilibrium


Info

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ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


( )

2

2

12

02

32

2

2

312

22

32

1

tI

tγ cos sinΔεEε

zν

)cosαsin(α

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zsinKcosK

part

part+

part

part=+

part

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$

amp

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partminus+

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part+

θθθθθθ

θθθ




zφ

K 12

02

2

=+part

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mon=

2

22

dπ

4πΔεE

1on K

γτminus

=2

2

dπ

1off Kγτ =

Solution

$

amppart

partminus

part

part=

θθθ

γ FF

1 dzd

dtd

Info

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Dis

play

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inee

ring

bull Response Time




Tran

mitt

ance

Voltage

Tran

smitt

ance

Time

bull T-Time curve

T(04)

T(100)

T(90)

T(10) T(10)

T(90)


V(T100)

Vop

Input Signal


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Dis

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inee

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Disadvantage


Advantage


v LCD TV Vs CRT TV

Info

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ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee


bull Frame Rate





0

1000

2000

3000

4000

Response Time (m

s)

63 55 47 39 31 23 15 7 0

Final Gray Level


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inee

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Info

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play

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ring


Y Z RrsquoXR

M N

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Combination n=1~2

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Lateral sustituents

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Info

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Linking groups

CequivC COO CH2CH2


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Combination n=1~2

H F Cl CN CH3

H F Cl CN CH3

CequivC COO CH2CH2


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Vpacute= Vp +Δ Vp


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play

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RT gt 1 frame



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1 frame


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1 frame (167 ms)

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Lamp illumination


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Summary


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inee

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2coscoslim

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ring (z)θ


0 V 3 V 5 V

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z=0

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Info

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Eq of Motion

At equilibrium



part

Info

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ion

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play

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ring


||2

02

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1

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inee

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θθεθ

θθθ

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22

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Info

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Dis

play

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inee

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( )

2

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bull Response Time




Tran

mitt

ance

Voltage

Tran

smitt

ance

Time

bull T-Time curve

T(04)

T(100)

T(90)

T(10) T(10)

T(90)


V(T100)

Vop

Input Signal


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inee

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Disadvantage


Advantage


v LCD TV Vs CRT TV

Info

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ion

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play

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inee


bull Frame Rate





0

1000

2000

3000

4000

Response Time (m

s)

63 55 47 39 31 23 15 7 0

Final Gray Level


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ion

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play

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Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

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inee

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$

amp

minus=

$

amp

minus()

+

-= 2c

20

12

theff

12

on EE1

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1)(VV1

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21

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off ΔεEε1

dγKγ

πdτ =

$

amp=

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=

for TN VA OCB modes

for IPS modes


VAOCB K3


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


Y Z RrsquoXR

M N

A B


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring





Combination n=1~2

O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring







Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Lateral sustituents

- H F Cl CN CH3








Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Linking groups

CequivC COO CH2CH2


Rigid Rigid





Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring




Combination n=1~2

H F Cl CN CH3

H F Cl CN CH3

CequivC COO CH2CH2


O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


K


Info

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ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring



Info

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ion

Dis

play

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inee

ring






Info

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ion

Dis

play

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inee

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Info

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ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

EE



Simple is Fast

Info

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ion

Dis

play

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inee

ring



Vpacute= Vp +Δ Vp


Vpacute= 33V


ggdLCst

stp ΔV

C(V)CCCΔV

++=

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

ToFrom

ToFrom

With DCCWithout DCC

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

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RT gt 1 frame



RT gt 1 frame

Tailing 야구공


Hold-type display


Hold-type display


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


1 frame


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee


1 frame (167 ms)

LC response

Lamp illumination


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring



Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Conventional LCD

180 Hz 구동


FS LCD

Advantage of FS LCD


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Dynamic Dimming

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Summary


For TV application


+


+


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


φ

x

y

zR

H

0FF=

$$

amp

part

partminus

part

part

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Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring



dzd


χξφφφξ

Δ==+rarr 2

22

21

)( where0sincos)( K

HHH



intint =rarr+z

Hξdzd

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)+

minus minus

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2)(

)(24cotln

2

1

2 Hzz

Hz

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φπ

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring



Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

VV

Δε gt 0Δn gt 0

0 V 3 V 5 V


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

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ring


x

y

z

nEθ

232

1222

1212

1 )()()( nnKnnKnKFd


dzdsinn θ

θ=sdotnabla

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0 0 0

Info

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ion

Dis

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Eng

inee

ring

( )

( )θθθ

θθθθ

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23

21

2

21

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321

22

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θ

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1

2

21 cossin KKdzdFd +

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Info

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ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

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y

z

θ

yrsquo

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Dis

play

Eng

inee

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Eno

Ey

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$$

amp

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Info

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play

Eng

inee

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εεε

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Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


intint Δ+==

perp

dd dzDdzzEV0 2

00 )sin(

)(θεεε

1

0 20

0 )sin(

minus

perp $

amp(

Δ+= int

d dzVDθεεε

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220

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εθθθθθθΔ+

minus=minus++perp

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Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


)sin(21

21

21


θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 minus=$

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At z=d

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring



2coscoslim

2

222

π

θθ

θπ

θπθ

=minus

intrarrm

mm

d

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Info

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Eng

inee

ring (z)θ


0 V 3 V 5 V

θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

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2

132

22

32

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Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

z=0

z=d


E


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

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Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring



Eq of Motion

At equilibrium



part

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


||2

02

32

1

2

sin21

cossin21

Δminus++amp

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θθεθ

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22

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( )

2

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bull Response Time




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mitt

ance

Voltage

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ance

Time

bull T-Time curve

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T(100)

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V(T100)

Vop

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Disadvantage


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0

1000

2000

3000

4000

Response Time (m

s)

63 55 47 39 31 23 15 7 0

Final Gray Level


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$

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VAOCB K3


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Y Z RrsquoXR

M N

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Combination n=1~2

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Lateral sustituents

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Linking groups

CequivC COO CH2CH2


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play

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Combination n=1~2

H F Cl CN CH3

H F Cl CN CH3

CequivC COO CH2CH2


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Simple is Fast

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Vpacute= Vp +Δ Vp


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Dynamic Dimming

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Summary


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+


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intint Δ+==

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)(θεεε

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)sin(21

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21


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θθ cossinΔεEdzd

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132

22

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Info

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inee

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2coscoslim

2

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play

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ring (z)θ


0 V 3 V 5 V

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z=0

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play

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Info

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ion

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Eq of Motion

At equilibrium



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Info

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ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


||2

02

32

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22

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θθθ

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z

ED

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ε

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=

=

Info

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ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

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Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


( )

2

2

12

02

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2

2

312

22

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1

tI

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2

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1off Kγτ =

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part=

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γ FF

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dtd

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

bull Response Time




Tran

mitt

ance

Voltage

Tran

smitt

ance

Time

bull T-Time curve

T(04)

T(100)

T(90)

T(10) T(10)

T(90)


V(T100)

Vop

Input Signal


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Disadvantage


Advantage


v LCD TV Vs CRT TV

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee


bull Frame Rate





0

1000

2000

3000

4000

Response Time (m

s)

63 55 47 39 31 23 15 7 0

Final Gray Level


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring







Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


$

amp

minus=

$

amp

minus()

+

-= 2c

20

12

theff

12

on EE1

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1)(VV1

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πdτ

2c0

21

eff

12

off ΔεEε1

dγKγ

πdτ =

$

amp=

ΔεεKπV0

effth =

ΔεεK

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0

effth

=

for TN VA OCB modes

for IPS modes


VAOCB K3


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


Y Z RrsquoXR

M N

A B


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring





Combination n=1~2

O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring







Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Lateral sustituents

- H F Cl CN CH3








Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Linking groups

CequivC COO CH2CH2


Rigid Rigid





Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring




Combination n=1~2

H F Cl CN CH3

H F Cl CN CH3

CequivC COO CH2CH2


O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


K


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring



Info

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ion

Dis

play

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inee

ring






Info

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ion

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inee

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Info

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ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

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EE



Simple is Fast

Info

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ion

Dis

play

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inee

ring



Vpacute= Vp +Δ Vp


Vpacute= 33V


ggdLCst

stp ΔV

C(V)CCCΔV

++=

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

ToFrom

ToFrom

With DCCWithout DCC

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring




RT gt 1 frame



RT gt 1 frame

Tailing 야구공


Hold-type display


Hold-type display


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


1 frame


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee


1 frame (167 ms)

LC response

Lamp illumination


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring



Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Conventional LCD

180 Hz 구동


FS LCD

Advantage of FS LCD


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Dynamic Dimming

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Summary


For TV application


+


+


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring



Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

VV

Δε gt 0Δn gt 0

0 V 3 V 5 V


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


x

y

z

nEθ

232

1222

1212

1 )()()( nnKnnKnKFd


dzdsinn θ

θ=sdotnabla

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partpart

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dzd

zx

yx

xzy

zyx

zyx

θθ

θθθθ

θθ

0 0 0

Info

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ion

Dis

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inee

ring

( )

( )θθθ

θθθθ

θθ

23

21

2

21

2224

321

22

121

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1212

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Info

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ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

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y

z

θ

yrsquo

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Dis

play

Eng

inee

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play

Eng

inee

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Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


intint Δ+==

perp

dd dzDdzzEV0 2

00 )sin(

)(θεεε

1

0 20

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amp(

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23

21 )sin(


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εθθθθθθΔ+

minus=minus++perp

aDKKKK

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


)sin(21

21

21


θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

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2

132

22

32

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θθ

θ

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amp=minus

int 2KΔε

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22

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m m

ε

θθ

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θ

At z=d

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ion

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2coscoslim

2

222

π

θθ

θπ

θπθ

=minus

intrarrm

mm

d

E

θm

π2

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22KΔεE 0

thπε

=$

amp

( d

dπ

ε ΔεK

dVE

0

thth ==

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rmat

ion

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play

Eng

inee

ring (z)θ


0 V 3 V 5 V

θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

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ion

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play

Eng

inee

ring

z=0

z=d


E


Info

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play

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inee

ring


Info

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inee

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Eq of Motion

At equilibrium



part

Info

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ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


||2

02

32

1

2

sin21

cossin21

Δminus++amp

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times=τ

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132

22

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22

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32


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dzd θ

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z

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ε

=

=

Info

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ion

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inee

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θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 minus=$

amp(

)minus+$$

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)+


$

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partminus

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part=

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Info

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ion

Dis

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inee

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( )

2

2

12

02

32

2

2

312

22

32

1

tI

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1off Kγτ =

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inee

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bull Response Time




Tran

mitt

ance

Voltage

Tran

smitt

ance

Time

bull T-Time curve

T(04)

T(100)

T(90)

T(10) T(10)

T(90)


V(T100)

Vop

Input Signal


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inee

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Disadvantage


Advantage


v LCD TV Vs CRT TV

Info

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inee


bull Frame Rate





0

1000

2000

3000

4000

Response Time (m

s)

63 55 47 39 31 23 15 7 0

Final Gray Level


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inee

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Info

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ion

Dis

play

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inee

ring


$

amp

minus=

$

amp

minus()

+

-= 2c

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theff

12

on EE1

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off ΔεEε1

dγKγ

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$

amp=

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effth =

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for TN VA OCB modes

for IPS modes


VAOCB K3


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ion

Dis

play

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inee

ring


Y Z RrsquoXR

M N

A B


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

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inee

ring





Combination n=1~2

O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

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ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring







Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

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inee

ring

Lateral sustituents

- H F Cl CN CH3








Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Linking groups

CequivC COO CH2CH2


Rigid Rigid





Info

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ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring




Combination n=1~2

H F Cl CN CH3

H F Cl CN CH3

CequivC COO CH2CH2


O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

Info

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ion

Dis

play

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inee

ring


K


Info

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ion

Dis

play

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inee

ring



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Dis

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inee

ring






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EE



Simple is Fast

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inee

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Vpacute= Vp +Δ Vp


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ggdLCst

stp ΔV

C(V)CCCΔV

++=

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play

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inee

ring


Info

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ion

Dis

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inee

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ToFrom

ToFrom

With DCCWithout DCC

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inee

ring




RT gt 1 frame



RT gt 1 frame

Tailing 야구공


Hold-type display


Hold-type display


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play

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inee

ring


1 frame


Info

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inee


1 frame (167 ms)

LC response

Lamp illumination


Info

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ion

Dis

play

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inee

ring



Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Conventional LCD

180 Hz 구동


FS LCD

Advantage of FS LCD


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

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Dynamic Dimming

Info

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ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

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Summary


For TV application


+


+


Info

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play

Eng

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VV

Δε gt 0Δn gt 0

0 V 3 V 5 V


Info

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play

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x

y

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nEθ

232

1222

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θθ

0 0 0

Info

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inee

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( )

( )θθθ

θθθθ

θθ

23

21

2

21

2224

321

22

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ion

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play

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inee

ring

y

z

θ

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ion

Dis

play

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inee

ring


Eno

Ey

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$$

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θθθθ

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Eng

inee

ring


$$

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εεε

εε2sin

cossin0

Info

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ion

Dis

play

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inee

ring


intint Δ+==

perp

dd dzDdzzEV0 2

00 )sin(

)(θεεε

1

0 20

0 )sin(

minus

perp $

amp(

Δ+= int

d dzVDθεεε

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220

2213

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21 )sin(


θεεεθθ

εθθθθθθΔ+

minus=minus++perp

aDKKKK

Info

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Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


)sin(21

21

21


θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 minus=$

amp(

)minus+$$

amp(

)+

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cossinΔεEdzd

K 202

2

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)

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K 202

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==$

ampamp

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dd

θθε

θ 220 coscosKΔε

E minus= m

z

d

0

θm d2 θ(d2)=θm

$

amp minus=minus

int 2KΔε

Ecoscos

022

dzd

m m

ε

θθ

θθ

θ

$

amp=minus

int 2KΔε

Ecoscos

02

22

dd

m m

ε

θθ

θπ

θ

At z=d

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring



2coscoslim

2

222

π

θθ

θπ

θπθ

=minus

intrarrm

mm

d

E

θm

π2

Eth

22KΔεE 0

thπε

=$

amp

( d

dπ

ε ΔεK

dVE

0

thth ==

ΔεKV0



Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring (z)θ


0 V 3 V 5 V

θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 =$

amp

(minus+$

ampamp

(+

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

z=0

z=d


E


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring



Eq of Motion

At equilibrium



part

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


||2

02

32

1

2

sin21

cossin21

Δminus++amp

()

=+= EKKdzdFFF ed


times=τ

xE

xED

zEDEDyEDEDxEDEDED

EDP

zy

xyyxzxxzyzzyE

ˆ cossin

ˆ

ˆ)(ˆ)(ˆ)(

20

0

θθεε

τ

ε

Δ=

=


minus=

0cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 =+

$

ampminus+

$$

amp+ θθε

θθθ

θθθ

0FF=

$

amppart

partminus

part

part

θθ dzd

θθεθ

θθθ

cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(KddF 2

0

2

31 minus$

amp(

)minus=

( ) ( ) ( )2

312

22

32

12

32


$

ampminus++=()

+- +=

$

ampdzdKK

dzdKK

dzdKK

dzd

dzd θ

θθθ

θθθ

θθθ

z

z

ED

ED

zzz

yzy

ε

ε

=

=

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 minus=$

amp(

)minus+$$

amp(

)+


$

amppart

partminus

part

part=

θθ FF

dzd

At equilibrium


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


( )

2

2

12

02

32

2

2

312

22

32

1

tI

tγ cos sinΔεEε

zν

)cosαsin(α

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zsinKcosK

part

part+

part

part=+

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$

amp

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part

part+

θθθθθθ

θθθ




zφ

K 12

02

2

=+part

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mon=

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22

dπ

4πΔεE

1on K

γτminus

=2

2

dπ

1off Kγτ =

Solution

$

amppart

partminus

part

part=

θθθ

γ FF

1 dzd

dtd

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

bull Response Time




Tran

mitt

ance

Voltage

Tran

smitt

ance

Time

bull T-Time curve

T(04)

T(100)

T(90)

T(10) T(10)

T(90)


V(T100)

Vop

Input Signal


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Disadvantage


Advantage


v LCD TV Vs CRT TV

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee


bull Frame Rate





0

1000

2000

3000

4000

Response Time (m

s)

63 55 47 39 31 23 15 7 0

Final Gray Level


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring







Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


$

amp

minus=

$

amp

minus()

+

-= 2c

20

12

theff

12

on EE1

Δεεγ

1)(VV1

Kγ

πdτ

2c0

21

eff

12

off ΔεEε1

dγKγ

πdτ =

$

amp=

ΔεεKπV0

effth =

ΔεεK

dπV

0

effth

=

for TN VA OCB modes

for IPS modes


VAOCB K3


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


Y Z RrsquoXR

M N

A B


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring





Combination n=1~2

O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring







Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Lateral sustituents

- H F Cl CN CH3








Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Linking groups

CequivC COO CH2CH2


Rigid Rigid





Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring




Combination n=1~2

H F Cl CN CH3

H F Cl CN CH3

CequivC COO CH2CH2


O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


K


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring



Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring






Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

EE



Simple is Fast

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring



Vpacute= Vp +Δ Vp


Vpacute= 33V


ggdLCst

stp ΔV

C(V)CCCΔV

++=

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

ToFrom

ToFrom

With DCCWithout DCC

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring




RT gt 1 frame



RT gt 1 frame

Tailing 야구공


Hold-type display


Hold-type display


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


1 frame


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee


1 frame (167 ms)

LC response

Lamp illumination


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring



Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Conventional LCD

180 Hz 구동


FS LCD

Advantage of FS LCD


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Dynamic Dimming

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Summary


For TV application


+


+


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


x

y

z

nEθ

232

1222

1212

1 )()()( nnKnnKnKFd


dzdsinn θ

θ=sdotnabla

$

amp=

$

amppart

part+

$

amppart

part+

$$

amp

part

partminus

part


partpartpart

partpart

00cos


ˆˆˆn

dzd

zx

yx

xzy

zyx

zyx

θθ

θθθθ

θθ

0 0 0

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

( )

( )θθθ

θθθθ

θθ

23

21

2

21

2224

321

22

121

232

1222

1212

1

cossin

cossincossin

)()()(

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dzdK

dzdK

nnKnnKnKFd

+

$amp

=

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++

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dzd

θθ

θθθ

θ

θθθ


nn

( )θθθ 2

32

1

2

21 cossin KKdzdFd +

$amp

=

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

y

z

θ

yrsquo

zrsquo

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amp

$$

amp=

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amp perp

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yzyy

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Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


Eno

Ey

Ene

Ex

$$

amp

minus=

θθθθ

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)(R

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


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amp

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y

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εεε

εε2sin

cossin0

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


intint Δ+==

perp

dd dzDdzzEV0 2

00 )sin(

)(θεεε

1

0 20

0 )sin(

minus

perp $

amp(

Δ+= int

d dzVDθεεε

ε

1

0 22

021

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021

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1223

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εθθθ

220

2213

23

21 )sin(


θεεεθθ

εθθθθθθΔ+

minus=minus++perp

aDKKKK

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)sin(21

21

21


θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 minus=$

amp(

)minus+$$

amp(

)+

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cossinΔεEdzd

K 202

2

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K 202

2

==$

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dd

θθε

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0

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θθ

θ

$

amp=minus

int 2KΔε

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22

dd

m m

ε

θθ

θπ

θ

At z=d

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2coscoslim

2

222

π

θθ

θπ

θπθ

=minus

intrarrm

mm

d

E

θm

π2

Eth

22KΔεE 0

thπε

=$

amp

( d

dπ

ε ΔεK

dVE

0

thth ==

ΔεKV0



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rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring (z)θ


0 V 3 V 5 V

θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

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ion

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play

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inee

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z=0

z=d


E


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Dis

play

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inee

ring


Info

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inee

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Eq of Motion

At equilibrium



part

Info

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ion

Dis

play

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inee

ring


||2

02

32

1

2

sin21

cossin21

Δminus++amp

()

=+= EKKdzdFFF ed


times=τ

xE

xED

zEDEDyEDEDxEDEDED

EDP

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xyyxzxxzyzzyE

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ˆ

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2

132

22

32

1 =+

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θθθ

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( ) ( ) ( )2

312

22

32

12

32


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ampminus++=()

+- +=

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dzdKK

dzdKK

dzd

dzd θ

θθθ

θθθ

θθθ

z

z

ED

ED

zzz

yzy

ε

ε

=

=

Info

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ion

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inee

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θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 minus=$

amp(

)minus+$$

amp(

)+


$

amppart

partminus

part

part=

θθ FF

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At equilibrium


Info

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ion

Dis

play

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inee

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( )

2

2

12

02

32

2

2

312

22

32

1

tI

tγ cos sinΔεEε

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2

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mon=

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1on K

γτminus

=2

2

dπ

1off Kγτ =

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$

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partminus

part

part=

θθθ

γ FF

1 dzd

dtd

Info

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ion

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inee

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bull Response Time




Tran

mitt

ance

Voltage

Tran

smitt

ance

Time

bull T-Time curve

T(04)

T(100)

T(90)

T(10) T(10)

T(90)


V(T100)

Vop

Input Signal


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inee

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Disadvantage


Advantage


v LCD TV Vs CRT TV

Info

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inee


bull Frame Rate





0

1000

2000

3000

4000

Response Time (m

s)

63 55 47 39 31 23 15 7 0

Final Gray Level


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inee

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Info

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ion

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inee

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$

amp

minus=

$

amp

minus()

+

-= 2c

20

12

theff

12

on EE1

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1)(VV1

Kγ

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2c0

21

eff

12

off ΔεEε1

dγKγ

πdτ =

$

amp=

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effth =

ΔεεK

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0

effth

=

for TN VA OCB modes

for IPS modes


VAOCB K3


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ion

Dis

play

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inee

ring


Y Z RrsquoXR

M N

A B


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

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inee

ring





Combination n=1~2

O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring







Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Lateral sustituents

- H F Cl CN CH3








Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Linking groups

CequivC COO CH2CH2


Rigid Rigid





Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring




Combination n=1~2

H F Cl CN CH3

H F Cl CN CH3

CequivC COO CH2CH2


O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

Info

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ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


K


Info

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ion

Dis

play

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inee

ring



Info

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ion

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play

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inee

ring






Info

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ion

Dis

play

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inee

ring


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ion

Dis

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inee

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EE



Simple is Fast

Info

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ion

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inee

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Vpacute= Vp +Δ Vp


Vpacute= 33V


ggdLCst

stp ΔV

C(V)CCCΔV

++=

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ion

Dis

play

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inee

ring


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

ToFrom

ToFrom

With DCCWithout DCC

Info

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ion

Dis

play

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inee

ring




RT gt 1 frame



RT gt 1 frame

Tailing 야구공


Hold-type display


Hold-type display


Info

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ion

Dis

play

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inee

ring


1 frame


Info

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ion

Dis

play

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inee


1 frame (167 ms)

LC response

Lamp illumination


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring



Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Conventional LCD

180 Hz 구동


FS LCD

Advantage of FS LCD


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Dynamic Dimming

Info

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ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Summary


For TV application


+


+


Info

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ion

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play

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inee

ring

( )

( )θθθ

θθθθ

θθ

23

21

2

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321

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cossincossin

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+

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θθθ

θ

θθθ


nn

( )θθθ 2

32

1

2

21 cossin KKdzdFd +

$amp

=

Info

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ion

Dis

play

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inee

ring

y

z

θ

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zrsquo

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amp

$$

amp=

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amp perp

||0

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y

z

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εε


zze DEDEF21

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jiji ED ε=

Info

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ion

Dis

play

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inee

ring


Eno

Ey

Ene

Ex

$$

amp

minus=

θθθθ

θcossinsincos

)(R

Info

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ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


$$

amp

$$

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$$

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(

z

y

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y

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yzzy

yyzz

yz

yy

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zzzzy

yzyy

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y

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θεε

θθε

ε

εεε

εε2sin

cossin0

Info

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ion

Dis

play

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inee

ring


intint Δ+==

perp

dd dzDdzzEV0 2

00 )sin(

)(θεεε

1

0 20

0 )sin(

minus

perp $

amp(

Δ+= int

d dzVDθεεε

ε

1

0 22

021

021

021

)sin(

21)(

minus

perp $

amp(



ε

1

0 20

202

1223

212

1

)sin(]sincos[

minus

perp $

amp(

Δ+minus+= intint

dd

totaldz

VdzKKFθεε

εθθθ

220

2213

23

21 )sin(


θεεεθθ

εθθθθθθΔ+

minus=minus++perp

aDKKKK

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


)sin(21

21

21


θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 minus=$

amp(

)minus+$$

amp(

)+

θθεθ

cossinΔεEdzd

K 202

2

minus=$$

amp(

)

θθεθθ

θθ

cossinΔεEKdzd

K 202

2

==$

ampamp

(

dd

θθε

θ 220 coscosKΔε

E minus= m

z

d

0

θm d2 θ(d2)=θm

$

amp minus=minus

int 2KΔε

Ecoscos

022

dzd

m m

ε

θθ

θθ

θ

$

amp=minus

int 2KΔε

Ecoscos

02

22

dd

m m

ε

θθ

θπ

θ

At z=d

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring



2coscoslim

2

222

π

θθ

θπ

θπθ

=minus

intrarrm

mm

d

E

θm

π2

Eth

22KΔεE 0

thπε

=$

amp

( d

dπ

ε ΔεK

dVE

0

thth ==

ΔεKV0



Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring (z)θ


0 V 3 V 5 V

θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 =$

amp

(minus+$

ampamp

(+

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

z=0

z=d


E


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring



Eq of Motion

At equilibrium



part

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


||2

02

32

1

2

sin21

cossin21

Δminus++amp

()

=+= EKKdzdFFF ed


times=τ

xE

xED

zEDEDyEDEDxEDEDED

EDP

zy

xyyxzxxzyzzyE

ˆ cossin

ˆ

ˆ)(ˆ)(ˆ)(

20

0

θθεε

τ

ε

Δ=

=


minus=

0cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 =+

$

ampminus+

$$

amp+ θθε

θθθ

θθθ

0FF=

$

amppart

partminus

part

part

θθ dzd

θθεθ

θθθ

cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(KddF 2

0

2

31 minus$

amp(

)minus=

( ) ( ) ( )2

312

22

32

12

32


$

ampminus++=()

+- +=

$

ampdzdKK

dzdKK

dzdKK

dzd

dzd θ

θθθ

θθθ

θθθ

z

z

ED

ED

zzz

yzy

ε

ε

=

=

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 minus=$

amp(

)minus+$$

amp(

)+


$

amppart

partminus

part

part=

θθ FF

dzd

At equilibrium


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


( )

2

2

12

02

32

2

2

312

22

32

1

tI

tγ cos sinΔεEε

zν

)cosαsin(α

zcos)sinK(K

zsinKcosK

part

part+

part

part=+

part

partminus+

$

amp

(part

partminus+

part

part+

θθθθθθ

θθθ




zφ

K 12

02

2

=+part

part



mon=

2

22

dπ

4πΔεE

1on K

γτminus

=2

2

dπ

1off Kγτ =

Solution

$

amppart

partminus

part

part=

θθθ

γ FF

1 dzd

dtd

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

bull Response Time




Tran

mitt

ance

Voltage

Tran

smitt

ance

Time

bull T-Time curve

T(04)

T(100)

T(90)

T(10) T(10)

T(90)


V(T100)

Vop

Input Signal


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Disadvantage


Advantage


v LCD TV Vs CRT TV

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee


bull Frame Rate





0

1000

2000

3000

4000

Response Time (m

s)

63 55 47 39 31 23 15 7 0

Final Gray Level


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring







Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


$

amp

minus=

$

amp

minus()

+

-= 2c

20

12

theff

12

on EE1

Δεεγ

1)(VV1

Kγ

πdτ

2c0

21

eff

12

off ΔεEε1

dγKγ

πdτ =

$

amp=

ΔεεKπV0

effth =

ΔεεK

dπV

0

effth

=

for TN VA OCB modes

for IPS modes


VAOCB K3


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


Y Z RrsquoXR

M N

A B


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring





Combination n=1~2

O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring







Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Lateral sustituents

- H F Cl CN CH3








Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Linking groups

CequivC COO CH2CH2


Rigid Rigid





Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring




Combination n=1~2

H F Cl CN CH3

H F Cl CN CH3

CequivC COO CH2CH2


O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


K


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring



Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring






Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

EE



Simple is Fast

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring



Vpacute= Vp +Δ Vp


Vpacute= 33V


ggdLCst

stp ΔV

C(V)CCCΔV

++=

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

ToFrom

ToFrom

With DCCWithout DCC

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring




RT gt 1 frame



RT gt 1 frame

Tailing 야구공


Hold-type display


Hold-type display


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


1 frame


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee


1 frame (167 ms)

LC response

Lamp illumination


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring



Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Conventional LCD

180 Hz 구동


FS LCD

Advantage of FS LCD


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Dynamic Dimming

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Summary


For TV application


+


+


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

y

z

θ

yrsquo

zrsquo

$$

amp

$$

amp=

$$

amp perp

||0

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y

z

y

EE

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εε



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amp=

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amp

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y

zzzy

yzyy

z

y

EE

DD

εε

εε


zze DEDEF21

21

=sdot=

jiji ED ε=

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


Eno

Ey

Ene

Ex

$$

amp

minus=

θθθθ

θcossinsincos

)(R

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


$$

amp

$$

amp

minus=

$$

amp(

(

z

y

z

y

EE

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θθ

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y

EE

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θθε

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amp minus=

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amp perp

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y

z

y

EE

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amp

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amp minus=

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yy

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θεεθεθεε

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=

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||2


( )zE00=E ( )

$$

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Δ=

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amp=

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amp

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amp=

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amp

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zzzzy

yzyy

z

y

EE

EE

EDD

θεε

θθε

ε

εεε

εε2sin

cossin0

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


intint Δ+==

perp

dd dzDdzzEV0 2

00 )sin(

)(θεεε

1

0 20

0 )sin(

minus

perp $

amp(

Δ+= int

d dzVDθεεε

ε

1

0 22

021

021

021

)sin(

21)(

minus

perp $

amp(



ε

1

0 20

202

1223

212

1

)sin(]sincos[

minus

perp $

amp(

Δ+minus+= intint

dd

totaldz

VdzKKFθεε

εθθθ

220

2213

23

21 )sin(


θεεεθθ

εθθθθθθΔ+

minus=minus++perp

aDKKKK

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


)sin(21

21

21


θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 minus=$

amp(

)minus+$$

amp(

)+

θθεθ

cossinΔεEdzd

K 202

2

minus=$$

amp(

)

θθεθθ

θθ

cossinΔεEKdzd

K 202

2

==$

ampamp

(

dd

θθε

θ 220 coscosKΔε

E minus= m

z

d

0

θm d2 θ(d2)=θm

$

amp minus=minus

int 2KΔε

Ecoscos

022

dzd

m m

ε

θθ

θθ

θ

$

amp=minus

int 2KΔε

Ecoscos

02

22

dd

m m

ε

θθ

θπ

θ

At z=d

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

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inee

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2coscoslim

2

222

π

θθ

θπ

θπθ

=minus

intrarrm

mm

d

E

θm

π2

Eth

22KΔεE 0

thπε

=$

amp

( d

dπ

ε ΔεK

dVE

0

thth ==

ΔεKV0



Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring (z)θ


0 V 3 V 5 V

θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 =$

amp

(minus+$

ampamp

(+

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

z=0

z=d


E


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring



Eq of Motion

At equilibrium



part

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


||2

02

32

1

2

sin21

cossin21

Δminus++amp

()

=+= EKKdzdFFF ed


times=τ

xE

xED

zEDEDyEDEDxEDEDED

EDP

zy

xyyxzxxzyzzyE

ˆ cossin

ˆ

ˆ)(ˆ)(ˆ)(

20

0

θθεε

τ

ε

Δ=

=


minus=

0cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 =+

$

ampminus+

$$

amp+ θθε

θθθ

θθθ

0FF=

$

amppart

partminus

part

part

θθ dzd

θθεθ

θθθ

cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(KddF 2

0

2

31 minus$

amp(

)minus=

( ) ( ) ( )2

312

22

32

12

32


$

ampminus++=()

+- +=

$

ampdzdKK

dzdKK

dzdKK

dzd

dzd θ

θθθ

θθθ

θθθ

z

z

ED

ED

zzz

yzy

ε

ε

=

=

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 minus=$

amp(

)minus+$$

amp(

)+


$

amppart

partminus

part

part=

θθ FF

dzd

At equilibrium


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


( )

2

2

12

02

32

2

2

312

22

32

1

tI

tγ cos sinΔεEε

zν

)cosαsin(α

zcos)sinK(K

zsinKcosK

part

part+

part

part=+

part

partminus+

$

amp

(part

partminus+

part

part+

θθθθθθ

θθθ




zφ

K 12

02

2

=+part

part



mon=

2

22

dπ

4πΔεE

1on K

γτminus

=2

2

dπ

1off Kγτ =

Solution

$

amppart

partminus

part

part=

θθθ

γ FF

1 dzd

dtd

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

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inee

ring

bull Response Time




Tran

mitt

ance

Voltage

Tran

smitt

ance

Time

bull T-Time curve

T(04)

T(100)

T(90)

T(10) T(10)

T(90)


V(T100)

Vop

Input Signal


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ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Disadvantage


Advantage


v LCD TV Vs CRT TV

Info

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ion

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play

Eng

inee


bull Frame Rate





0

1000

2000

3000

4000

Response Time (m

s)

63 55 47 39 31 23 15 7 0

Final Gray Level


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring







Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


$

amp

minus=

$

amp

minus()

+

-= 2c

20

12

theff

12

on EE1

Δεεγ

1)(VV1

Kγ

πdτ

2c0

21

eff

12

off ΔεEε1

dγKγ

πdτ =

$

amp=

ΔεεKπV0

effth =

ΔεεK

dπV

0

effth

=

for TN VA OCB modes

for IPS modes


VAOCB K3


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


Y Z RrsquoXR

M N

A B


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring





Combination n=1~2

O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring







Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Lateral sustituents

- H F Cl CN CH3








Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Linking groups

CequivC COO CH2CH2


Rigid Rigid





Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring




Combination n=1~2

H F Cl CN CH3

H F Cl CN CH3

CequivC COO CH2CH2


O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


K


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring



Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring






Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

EE



Simple is Fast

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring



Vpacute= Vp +Δ Vp


Vpacute= 33V


ggdLCst

stp ΔV

C(V)CCCΔV

++=

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

ToFrom

ToFrom

With DCCWithout DCC

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring




RT gt 1 frame



RT gt 1 frame

Tailing 야구공


Hold-type display


Hold-type display


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


1 frame


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee


1 frame (167 ms)

LC response

Lamp illumination


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring



Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Conventional LCD

180 Hz 구동


FS LCD

Advantage of FS LCD


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Dynamic Dimming

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Summary


For TV application


+


+


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


Eno

Ey

Ene

Ex

$$

amp

minus=

θθθθ

θcossinsincos

)(R

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


$$

amp

$$

amp

minus=

$$

amp(

(

z

y

z

y

EE

EE

θθ

θθ

cossinsincos

$$

amp

$$

amp

minus

$$

amp=

$$

amp(

( perp

z

y

z

y

EE

DD

θθ

θθε

ε

cossinsincos

00

||

$$

amp

$$

amp

minus

$$

amp

$$

amp minus=

$$

amp perp

z

y

z

y

EE

DD

θθ

θθε

ε

θθ

θθ

cossinsincos

00

cossinsincos

||

$$

amp

minus

$$

amp

$$

amp minus=

$$

amp perp

θθ

θθε

ε

θθ

θθεε

εε

cossinsincos

00

cossinsincos

||zzzy

yzyy

yzzy

yyzz

yz

yy

εε

εε

θθεε

θεεθεθεε

minus=

=

Δ=

Δ+=+= perpperp

cossinsinsincos 22

||2


( )zE00=E ( )

$$

amp

Δ+

Δ=

$$

amp=

$$

amp

$$

amp=

$$

amp

perp z

z

zzz

zyz

zzzzy

yzyy

z

y

EE

EE

EDD

θεε

θθε

ε

εεε

εε2sin

cossin0

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


intint Δ+==

perp

dd dzDdzzEV0 2

00 )sin(

)(θεεε

1

0 20

0 )sin(

minus

perp $

amp(

Δ+= int

d dzVDθεεε

ε

1

0 22

021

021

021

)sin(

21)(

minus

perp $

amp(



ε

1

0 20

202

1223

212

1

)sin(]sincos[

minus

perp $

amp(

Δ+minus+= intint

dd

totaldz

VdzKKFθεε

εθθθ

220

2213

23

21 )sin(


θεεεθθ

εθθθθθθΔ+

minus=minus++perp

aDKKKK

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


)sin(21

21

21


θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 minus=$

amp(

)minus+$$

amp(

)+

θθεθ

cossinΔεEdzd

K 202

2

minus=$$

amp(

)

θθεθθ

θθ

cossinΔεEKdzd

K 202

2

==$

ampamp

(

dd

θθε

θ 220 coscosKΔε

E minus= m

z

d

0

θm d2 θ(d2)=θm

$

amp minus=minus

int 2KΔε

Ecoscos

022

dzd

m m

ε

θθ

θθ

θ

$

amp=minus

int 2KΔε

Ecoscos

02

22

dd

m m

ε

θθ

θπ

θ

At z=d

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring



2coscoslim

2

222

π

θθ

θπ

θπθ

=minus

intrarrm

mm

d

E

θm

π2

Eth

22KΔεE 0

thπε

=$

amp

( d

dπ

ε ΔεK

dVE

0

thth ==

ΔεKV0



Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring (z)θ


0 V 3 V 5 V

θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 =$

amp

(minus+$

ampamp

(+

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

z=0

z=d


E


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring



Eq of Motion

At equilibrium



part

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


||2

02

32

1

2

sin21

cossin21

Δminus++amp

()

=+= EKKdzdFFF ed


times=τ

xE

xED

zEDEDyEDEDxEDEDED

EDP

zy

xyyxzxxzyzzyE

ˆ cossin

ˆ

ˆ)(ˆ)(ˆ)(

20

0

θθεε

τ

ε

Δ=

=


minus=

0cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 =+

$

ampminus+

$$

amp+ θθε

θθθ

θθθ

0FF=

$

amppart

partminus

part

part

θθ dzd

θθεθ

θθθ

cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(KddF 2

0

2

31 minus$

amp(

)minus=

( ) ( ) ( )2

312

22

32

12

32


$

ampminus++=()

+- +=

$

ampdzdKK

dzdKK

dzdKK

dzd

dzd θ

θθθ

θθθ

θθθ

z

z

ED

ED

zzz

yzy

ε

ε

=

=

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 minus=$

amp(

)minus+$$

amp(

)+


$

amppart

partminus

part

part=

θθ FF

dzd

At equilibrium


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


( )

2

2

12

02

32

2

2

312

22

32

1

tI

tγ cos sinΔεEε

zν

)cosαsin(α

zcos)sinK(K

zsinKcosK

part

part+

part

part=+

part

partminus+

$

amp

(part

partminus+

part

part+

θθθθθθ

θθθ




zφ

K 12

02

2

=+part

part



mon=

2

22

dπ

4πΔεE

1on K

γτminus

=2

2

dπ

1off Kγτ =

Solution

$

amppart

partminus

part

part=

θθθ

γ FF

1 dzd

dtd

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

bull Response Time




Tran

mitt

ance

Voltage

Tran

smitt

ance

Time

bull T-Time curve

T(04)

T(100)

T(90)

T(10) T(10)

T(90)


V(T100)

Vop

Input Signal


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Disadvantage


Advantage


v LCD TV Vs CRT TV

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee


bull Frame Rate





0

1000

2000

3000

4000

Response Time (m

s)

63 55 47 39 31 23 15 7 0

Final Gray Level


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring







Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


$

amp

minus=

$

amp

minus()

+

-= 2c

20

12

theff

12

on EE1

Δεεγ

1)(VV1

Kγ

πdτ

2c0

21

eff

12

off ΔεEε1

dγKγ

πdτ =

$

amp=

ΔεεKπV0

effth =

ΔεεK

dπV

0

effth

=

for TN VA OCB modes

for IPS modes


VAOCB K3


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


Y Z RrsquoXR

M N

A B


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring





Combination n=1~2

O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring







Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Lateral sustituents

- H F Cl CN CH3








Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Linking groups

CequivC COO CH2CH2


Rigid Rigid





Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring




Combination n=1~2

H F Cl CN CH3

H F Cl CN CH3

CequivC COO CH2CH2


O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


K


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring



Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring






Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

EE



Simple is Fast

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring



Vpacute= Vp +Δ Vp


Vpacute= 33V


ggdLCst

stp ΔV

C(V)CCCΔV

++=

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

ToFrom

ToFrom

With DCCWithout DCC

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring




RT gt 1 frame



RT gt 1 frame

Tailing 야구공


Hold-type display


Hold-type display


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


1 frame


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee


1 frame (167 ms)

LC response

Lamp illumination


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring



Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Conventional LCD

180 Hz 구동


FS LCD

Advantage of FS LCD


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Dynamic Dimming

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Summary


For TV application


+


+


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


$$

amp

$$

amp

minus=

$$

amp(

(

z

y

z

y

EE

EE

θθ

θθ

cossinsincos

$$

amp

$$

amp

minus

$$

amp=

$$

amp(

( perp

z

y

z

y

EE

DD

θθ

θθε

ε

cossinsincos

00

||

$$

amp

$$

amp

minus

$$

amp

$$

amp minus=

$$

amp perp

z

y

z

y

EE

DD

θθ

θθε

ε

θθ

θθ

cossinsincos

00

cossinsincos

||

$$

amp

minus

$$

amp

$$

amp minus=

$$

amp perp

θθ

θθε

ε

θθ

θθεε

εε

cossinsincos

00

cossinsincos

||zzzy

yzyy

yzzy

yyzz

yz

yy

εε

εε

θθεε

θεεθεθεε

minus=

=

Δ=

Δ+=+= perpperp

cossinsinsincos 22

||2


( )zE00=E ( )

$$

amp

Δ+

Δ=

$$

amp=

$$

amp

$$

amp=

$$

amp

perp z

z

zzz

zyz

zzzzy

yzyy

z

y

EE

EE

EDD

θεε

θθε

ε

εεε

εε2sin

cossin0

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


intint Δ+==

perp

dd dzDdzzEV0 2

00 )sin(

)(θεεε

1

0 20

0 )sin(

minus

perp $

amp(

Δ+= int

d dzVDθεεε

ε

1

0 22

021

021

021

)sin(

21)(

minus

perp $

amp(



ε

1

0 20

202

1223

212

1

)sin(]sincos[

minus

perp $

amp(

Δ+minus+= intint

dd

totaldz

VdzKKFθεε

εθθθ

220

2213

23

21 )sin(


θεεεθθ

εθθθθθθΔ+

minus=minus++perp

aDKKKK

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


)sin(21

21

21


θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 minus=$

amp(

)minus+$$

amp(

)+

θθεθ

cossinΔεEdzd

K 202

2

minus=$$

amp(

)

θθεθθ

θθ

cossinΔεEKdzd

K 202

2

==$

ampamp

(

dd

θθε

θ 220 coscosKΔε

E minus= m

z

d

0

θm d2 θ(d2)=θm

$

amp minus=minus

int 2KΔε

Ecoscos

022

dzd

m m

ε

θθ

θθ

θ

$

amp=minus

int 2KΔε

Ecoscos

02

22

dd

m m

ε

θθ

θπ

θ

At z=d

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring



2coscoslim

2

222

π

θθ

θπ

θπθ

=minus

intrarrm

mm

d

E

θm

π2

Eth

22KΔεE 0

thπε

=$

amp

( d

dπ

ε ΔεK

dVE

0

thth ==

ΔεKV0



Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring (z)θ


0 V 3 V 5 V

θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 =$

amp

(minus+$

ampamp

(+

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

z=0

z=d


E


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring



Eq of Motion

At equilibrium



part

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


||2

02

32

1

2

sin21

cossin21

Δminus++amp

()

=+= EKKdzdFFF ed


times=τ

xE

xED

zEDEDyEDEDxEDEDED

EDP

zy

xyyxzxxzyzzyE

ˆ cossin

ˆ

ˆ)(ˆ)(ˆ)(

20

0

θθεε

τ

ε

Δ=

=


minus=

0cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 =+

$

ampminus+

$$

amp+ θθε

θθθ

θθθ

0FF=

$

amppart

partminus

part

part

θθ dzd

θθεθ

θθθ

cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(KddF 2

0

2

31 minus$

amp(

)minus=

( ) ( ) ( )2

312

22

32

12

32


$

ampminus++=()

+- +=

$

ampdzdKK

dzdKK

dzdKK

dzd

dzd θ

θθθ

θθθ

θθθ

z

z

ED

ED

zzz

yzy

ε

ε

=

=

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 minus=$

amp(

)minus+$$

amp(

)+


$

amppart

partminus

part

part=

θθ FF

dzd

At equilibrium


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


( )

2

2

12

02

32

2

2

312

22

32

1

tI

tγ cos sinΔεEε

zν

)cosαsin(α

zcos)sinK(K

zsinKcosK

part

part+

part

part=+

part

partminus+

$

amp

(part

partminus+

part

part+

θθθθθθ

θθθ




zφ

K 12

02

2

=+part

part



mon=

2

22

dπ

4πΔεE

1on K

γτminus

=2

2

dπ

1off Kγτ =

Solution

$

amppart

partminus

part

part=

θθθ

γ FF

1 dzd

dtd

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

bull Response Time




Tran

mitt

ance

Voltage

Tran

smitt

ance

Time

bull T-Time curve

T(04)

T(100)

T(90)

T(10) T(10)

T(90)


V(T100)

Vop

Input Signal


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Disadvantage


Advantage


v LCD TV Vs CRT TV

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee


bull Frame Rate





0

1000

2000

3000

4000

Response Time (m

s)

63 55 47 39 31 23 15 7 0

Final Gray Level


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring







Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


$

amp

minus=

$

amp

minus()

+

-= 2c

20

12

theff

12

on EE1

Δεεγ

1)(VV1

Kγ

πdτ

2c0

21

eff

12

off ΔεEε1

dγKγ

πdτ =

$

amp=

ΔεεKπV0

effth =

ΔεεK

dπV

0

effth

=

for TN VA OCB modes

for IPS modes


VAOCB K3


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


Y Z RrsquoXR

M N

A B


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring





Combination n=1~2

O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring







Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Lateral sustituents

- H F Cl CN CH3








Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Linking groups

CequivC COO CH2CH2


Rigid Rigid





Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring




Combination n=1~2

H F Cl CN CH3

H F Cl CN CH3

CequivC COO CH2CH2


O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


K


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring



Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring






Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

EE



Simple is Fast

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring



Vpacute= Vp +Δ Vp


Vpacute= 33V


ggdLCst

stp ΔV

C(V)CCCΔV

++=

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

ToFrom

ToFrom

With DCCWithout DCC

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring




RT gt 1 frame



RT gt 1 frame

Tailing 야구공


Hold-type display


Hold-type display


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


1 frame


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee


1 frame (167 ms)

LC response

Lamp illumination


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring



Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Conventional LCD

180 Hz 구동


FS LCD

Advantage of FS LCD


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Dynamic Dimming

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Summary


For TV application


+


+


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


intint Δ+==

perp

dd dzDdzzEV0 2

00 )sin(

)(θεεε

1

0 20

0 )sin(

minus

perp $

amp(

Δ+= int

d dzVDθεεε

ε

1

0 22

021

021

021

)sin(

21)(

minus

perp $

amp(



ε

1

0 20

202

1223

212

1

)sin(]sincos[

minus

perp $

amp(

Δ+minus+= intint

dd

totaldz

VdzKKFθεε

εθθθ

220

2213

23

21 )sin(


θεεεθθ

εθθθθθθΔ+

minus=minus++perp

aDKKKK

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


)sin(21

21

21


θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 minus=$

amp(

)minus+$$

amp(

)+

θθεθ

cossinΔεEdzd

K 202

2

minus=$$

amp(

)

θθεθθ

θθ

cossinΔεEKdzd

K 202

2

==$

ampamp

(

dd

θθε

θ 220 coscosKΔε

E minus= m

z

d

0

θm d2 θ(d2)=θm

$

amp minus=minus

int 2KΔε

Ecoscos

022

dzd

m m

ε

θθ

θθ

θ

$

amp=minus

int 2KΔε

Ecoscos

02

22

dd

m m

ε

θθ

θπ

θ

At z=d

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring



2coscoslim

2

222

π

θθ

θπ

θπθ

=minus

intrarrm

mm

d

E

θm

π2

Eth

22KΔεE 0

thπε

=$

amp

( d

dπ

ε ΔεK

dVE

0

thth ==

ΔεKV0



Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring (z)θ


0 V 3 V 5 V

θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 =$

amp

(minus+$

ampamp

(+

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

z=0

z=d


E


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring



Eq of Motion

At equilibrium



part

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


||2

02

32

1

2

sin21

cossin21

Δminus++amp

()

=+= EKKdzdFFF ed


times=τ

xE

xED

zEDEDyEDEDxEDEDED

EDP

zy

xyyxzxxzyzzyE

ˆ cossin

ˆ

ˆ)(ˆ)(ˆ)(

20

0

θθεε

τ

ε

Δ=

=


minus=

0cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 =+

$

ampminus+

$$

amp+ θθε

θθθ

θθθ

0FF=

$

amppart

partminus

part

part

θθ dzd

θθεθ

θθθ

cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(KddF 2

0

2

31 minus$

amp(

)minus=

( ) ( ) ( )2

312

22

32

12

32


$

ampminus++=()

+- +=

$

ampdzdKK

dzdKK

dzdKK

dzd

dzd θ

θθθ

θθθ

θθθ

z

z

ED

ED

zzz

yzy

ε

ε

=

=

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 minus=$

amp(

)minus+$$

amp(

)+


$

amppart

partminus

part

part=

θθ FF

dzd

At equilibrium


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


( )

2

2

12

02

32

2

2

312

22

32

1

tI

tγ cos sinΔεEε

zν

)cosαsin(α

zcos)sinK(K

zsinKcosK

part

part+

part

part=+

part

partminus+

$

amp

(part

partminus+

part

part+

θθθθθθ

θθθ




zφ

K 12

02

2

=+part

part



mon=

2

22

dπ

4πΔεE

1on K

γτminus

=2

2

dπ

1off Kγτ =

Solution

$

amppart

partminus

part

part=

θθθ

γ FF

1 dzd

dtd

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

bull Response Time




Tran

mitt

ance

Voltage

Tran

smitt

ance

Time

bull T-Time curve

T(04)

T(100)

T(90)

T(10) T(10)

T(90)


V(T100)

Vop

Input Signal


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Disadvantage


Advantage


v LCD TV Vs CRT TV

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee


bull Frame Rate





0

1000

2000

3000

4000

Response Time (m

s)

63 55 47 39 31 23 15 7 0

Final Gray Level


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring







Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


$

amp

minus=

$

amp

minus()

+

-= 2c

20

12

theff

12

on EE1

Δεεγ

1)(VV1

Kγ

πdτ

2c0

21

eff

12

off ΔεEε1

dγKγ

πdτ =

$

amp=

ΔεεKπV0

effth =

ΔεεK

dπV

0

effth

=

for TN VA OCB modes

for IPS modes


VAOCB K3


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


Y Z RrsquoXR

M N

A B


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring





Combination n=1~2

O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring







Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Lateral sustituents

- H F Cl CN CH3








Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Linking groups

CequivC COO CH2CH2


Rigid Rigid





Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring




Combination n=1~2

H F Cl CN CH3

H F Cl CN CH3

CequivC COO CH2CH2


O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


K


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring



Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring






Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

EE



Simple is Fast

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring



Vpacute= Vp +Δ Vp


Vpacute= 33V


ggdLCst

stp ΔV

C(V)CCCΔV

++=

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

ToFrom

ToFrom

With DCCWithout DCC

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring




RT gt 1 frame



RT gt 1 frame

Tailing 야구공


Hold-type display


Hold-type display


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


1 frame


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee


1 frame (167 ms)

LC response

Lamp illumination


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring



Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Conventional LCD

180 Hz 구동


FS LCD

Advantage of FS LCD


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Dynamic Dimming

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Summary


For TV application


+


+


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


)sin(21

21

21


θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 minus=$

amp(

)minus+$$

amp(

)+

θθεθ

cossinΔεEdzd

K 202

2

minus=$$

amp(

)

θθεθθ

θθ

cossinΔεEKdzd

K 202

2

==$

ampamp

(

dd

θθε

θ 220 coscosKΔε

E minus= m

z

d

0

θm d2 θ(d2)=θm

$

amp minus=minus

int 2KΔε

Ecoscos

022

dzd

m m

ε

θθ

θθ

θ

$

amp=minus

int 2KΔε

Ecoscos

02

22

dd

m m

ε

θθ

θπ

θ

At z=d

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring



2coscoslim

2

222

π

θθ

θπ

θπθ

=minus

intrarrm

mm

d

E

θm

π2

Eth

22KΔεE 0

thπε

=$

amp

( d

dπ

ε ΔεK

dVE

0

thth ==

ΔεKV0



Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring (z)θ


0 V 3 V 5 V

θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 =$

amp

(minus+$

ampamp

(+

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

z=0

z=d


E


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring



Eq of Motion

At equilibrium



part

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


||2

02

32

1

2

sin21

cossin21

Δminus++amp

()

=+= EKKdzdFFF ed


times=τ

xE

xED

zEDEDyEDEDxEDEDED

EDP

zy

xyyxzxxzyzzyE

ˆ cossin

ˆ

ˆ)(ˆ)(ˆ)(

20

0

θθεε

τ

ε

Δ=

=


minus=

0cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 =+

$

ampminus+

$$

amp+ θθε

θθθ

θθθ

0FF=

$

amppart

partminus

part

part

θθ dzd

θθεθ

θθθ

cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(KddF 2

0

2

31 minus$

amp(

)minus=

( ) ( ) ( )2

312

22

32

12

32


$

ampminus++=()

+- +=

$

ampdzdKK

dzdKK

dzdKK

dzd

dzd θ

θθθ

θθθ

θθθ

z

z

ED

ED

zzz

yzy

ε

ε

=

=

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 minus=$

amp(

)minus+$$

amp(

)+


$

amppart

partminus

part

part=

θθ FF

dzd

At equilibrium


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


( )

2

2

12

02

32

2

2

312

22

32

1

tI

tγ cos sinΔεEε

zν

)cosαsin(α

zcos)sinK(K

zsinKcosK

part

part+

part

part=+

part

partminus+

$

amp

(part

partminus+

part

part+

θθθθθθ

θθθ




zφ

K 12

02

2

=+part

part



mon=

2

22

dπ

4πΔεE

1on K

γτminus

=2

2

dπ

1off Kγτ =

Solution

$

amppart

partminus

part

part=

θθθ

γ FF

1 dzd

dtd

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

bull Response Time




Tran

mitt

ance

Voltage

Tran

smitt

ance

Time

bull T-Time curve

T(04)

T(100)

T(90)

T(10) T(10)

T(90)


V(T100)

Vop

Input Signal


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Disadvantage


Advantage


v LCD TV Vs CRT TV

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee


bull Frame Rate





0

1000

2000

3000

4000

Response Time (m

s)

63 55 47 39 31 23 15 7 0

Final Gray Level


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring







Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


$

amp

minus=

$

amp

minus()

+

-= 2c

20

12

theff

12

on EE1

Δεεγ

1)(VV1

Kγ

πdτ

2c0

21

eff

12

off ΔεEε1

dγKγ

πdτ =

$

amp=

ΔεεKπV0

effth =

ΔεεK

dπV

0

effth

=

for TN VA OCB modes

for IPS modes


VAOCB K3


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


Y Z RrsquoXR

M N

A B


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring





Combination n=1~2

O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring







Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Lateral sustituents

- H F Cl CN CH3








Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Linking groups

CequivC COO CH2CH2


Rigid Rigid





Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring




Combination n=1~2

H F Cl CN CH3

H F Cl CN CH3

CequivC COO CH2CH2


O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


K


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring



Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring






Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

EE



Simple is Fast

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring



Vpacute= Vp +Δ Vp


Vpacute= 33V


ggdLCst

stp ΔV

C(V)CCCΔV

++=

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

ToFrom

ToFrom

With DCCWithout DCC

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring




RT gt 1 frame



RT gt 1 frame

Tailing 야구공


Hold-type display


Hold-type display


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


1 frame


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee


1 frame (167 ms)

LC response

Lamp illumination


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring



Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Conventional LCD

180 Hz 구동


FS LCD

Advantage of FS LCD


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Dynamic Dimming

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Summary


For TV application


+


+


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring



2coscoslim

2

222

π

θθ

θπ

θπθ

=minus

intrarrm

mm

d

E

θm

π2

Eth

22KΔεE 0

thπε

=$

amp

( d

dπ

ε ΔεK

dVE

0

thth ==

ΔεKV0



Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring (z)θ


0 V 3 V 5 V

θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 =$

amp

(minus+$

ampamp

(+

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

z=0

z=d


E


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring



Eq of Motion

At equilibrium



part

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


||2

02

32

1

2

sin21

cossin21

Δminus++amp

()

=+= EKKdzdFFF ed


times=τ

xE

xED

zEDEDyEDEDxEDEDED

EDP

zy

xyyxzxxzyzzyE

ˆ cossin

ˆ

ˆ)(ˆ)(ˆ)(

20

0

θθεε

τ

ε

Δ=

=


minus=

0cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 =+

$

ampminus+

$$

amp+ θθε

θθθ

θθθ

0FF=

$

amppart

partminus

part

part

θθ dzd

θθεθ

θθθ

cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(KddF 2

0

2

31 minus$

amp(

)minus=

( ) ( ) ( )2

312

22

32

12

32


$

ampminus++=()

+- +=

$

ampdzdKK

dzdKK

dzdKK

dzd

dzd θ

θθθ

θθθ

θθθ

z

z

ED

ED

zzz

yzy

ε

ε

=

=

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 minus=$

amp(

)minus+$$

amp(

)+


$

amppart

partminus

part

part=

θθ FF

dzd

At equilibrium


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


( )

2

2

12

02

32

2

2

312

22

32

1

tI

tγ cos sinΔεEε

zν

)cosαsin(α

zcos)sinK(K

zsinKcosK

part

part+

part

part=+

part

partminus+

$

amp

(part

partminus+

part

part+

θθθθθθ

θθθ




zφ

K 12

02

2

=+part

part



mon=

2

22

dπ

4πΔεE

1on K

γτminus

=2

2

dπ

1off Kγτ =

Solution

$

amppart

partminus

part

part=

θθθ

γ FF

1 dzd

dtd

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

bull Response Time




Tran

mitt

ance

Voltage

Tran

smitt

ance

Time

bull T-Time curve

T(04)

T(100)

T(90)

T(10) T(10)

T(90)


V(T100)

Vop

Input Signal


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Disadvantage


Advantage


v LCD TV Vs CRT TV

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee


bull Frame Rate





0

1000

2000

3000

4000

Response Time (m

s)

63 55 47 39 31 23 15 7 0

Final Gray Level


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring







Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


$

amp

minus=

$

amp

minus()

+

-= 2c

20

12

theff

12

on EE1

Δεεγ

1)(VV1

Kγ

πdτ

2c0

21

eff

12

off ΔεEε1

dγKγ

πdτ =

$

amp=

ΔεεKπV0

effth =

ΔεεK

dπV

0

effth

=

for TN VA OCB modes

for IPS modes


VAOCB K3


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


Y Z RrsquoXR

M N

A B


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring





Combination n=1~2

O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring







Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Lateral sustituents

- H F Cl CN CH3








Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Linking groups

CequivC COO CH2CH2


Rigid Rigid





Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring




Combination n=1~2

H F Cl CN CH3

H F Cl CN CH3

CequivC COO CH2CH2


O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


K


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring



Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring






Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

EE



Simple is Fast

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring



Vpacute= Vp +Δ Vp


Vpacute= 33V


ggdLCst

stp ΔV

C(V)CCCΔV

++=

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

ToFrom

ToFrom

With DCCWithout DCC

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring




RT gt 1 frame



RT gt 1 frame

Tailing 야구공


Hold-type display


Hold-type display


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


1 frame


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee


1 frame (167 ms)

LC response

Lamp illumination


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring



Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Conventional LCD

180 Hz 구동


FS LCD

Advantage of FS LCD


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Dynamic Dimming

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Summary


For TV application


+


+


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring (z)θ


0 V 3 V 5 V

θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 =$

amp

(minus+$

ampamp

(+

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

z=0

z=d


E


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring



Eq of Motion

At equilibrium



part

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


||2

02

32

1

2

sin21

cossin21

Δminus++amp

()

=+= EKKdzdFFF ed


times=τ

xE

xED

zEDEDyEDEDxEDEDED

EDP

zy

xyyxzxxzyzzyE

ˆ cossin

ˆ

ˆ)(ˆ)(ˆ)(

20

0

θθεε

τ

ε

Δ=

=


minus=

0cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 =+

$

ampminus+

$$

amp+ θθε

θθθ

θθθ

0FF=

$

amppart

partminus

part

part

θθ dzd

θθεθ

θθθ

cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(KddF 2

0

2

31 minus$

amp(

)minus=

( ) ( ) ( )2

312

22

32

12

32


$

ampminus++=()

+- +=

$

ampdzdKK

dzdKK

dzdKK

dzd

dzd θ

θθθ

θθθ

θθθ

z

z

ED

ED

zzz

yzy

ε

ε

=

=

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 minus=$

amp(

)minus+$$

amp(

)+


$

amppart

partminus

part

part=

θθ FF

dzd

At equilibrium


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


( )

2

2

12

02

32

2

2

312

22

32

1

tI

tγ cos sinΔεEε

zν

)cosαsin(α

zcos)sinK(K

zsinKcosK

part

part+

part

part=+

part

partminus+

$

amp

(part

partminus+

part

part+

θθθθθθ

θθθ




zφ

K 12

02

2

=+part

part



mon=

2

22

dπ

4πΔεE

1on K

γτminus

=2

2

dπ

1off Kγτ =

Solution

$

amppart

partminus

part

part=

θθθ

γ FF

1 dzd

dtd

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

bull Response Time




Tran

mitt

ance

Voltage

Tran

smitt

ance

Time

bull T-Time curve

T(04)

T(100)

T(90)

T(10) T(10)

T(90)


V(T100)

Vop

Input Signal


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Disadvantage


Advantage


v LCD TV Vs CRT TV

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee


bull Frame Rate





0

1000

2000

3000

4000

Response Time (m

s)

63 55 47 39 31 23 15 7 0

Final Gray Level


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring







Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


$

amp

minus=

$

amp

minus()

+

-= 2c

20

12

theff

12

on EE1

Δεεγ

1)(VV1

Kγ

πdτ

2c0

21

eff

12

off ΔεEε1

dγKγ

πdτ =

$

amp=

ΔεεKπV0

effth =

ΔεεK

dπV

0

effth

=

for TN VA OCB modes

for IPS modes


VAOCB K3


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


Y Z RrsquoXR

M N

A B


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring





Combination n=1~2

O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring







Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Lateral sustituents

- H F Cl CN CH3








Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Linking groups

CequivC COO CH2CH2


Rigid Rigid





Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring




Combination n=1~2

H F Cl CN CH3

H F Cl CN CH3

CequivC COO CH2CH2


O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


K


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring



Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring






Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

EE



Simple is Fast

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring



Vpacute= Vp +Δ Vp


Vpacute= 33V


ggdLCst

stp ΔV

C(V)CCCΔV

++=

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

ToFrom

ToFrom

With DCCWithout DCC

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring




RT gt 1 frame



RT gt 1 frame

Tailing 야구공


Hold-type display


Hold-type display


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


1 frame


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee


1 frame (167 ms)

LC response

Lamp illumination


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring



Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Conventional LCD

180 Hz 구동


FS LCD

Advantage of FS LCD


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Dynamic Dimming

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Summary


For TV application


+


+


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

z=0

z=d


E


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring



Eq of Motion

At equilibrium



part

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


||2

02

32

1

2

sin21

cossin21

Δminus++amp

()

=+= EKKdzdFFF ed


times=τ

xE

xED

zEDEDyEDEDxEDEDED

EDP

zy

xyyxzxxzyzzyE

ˆ cossin

ˆ

ˆ)(ˆ)(ˆ)(

20

0

θθεε

τ

ε

Δ=

=


minus=

0cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 =+

$

ampminus+

$$

amp+ θθε

θθθ

θθθ

0FF=

$

amppart

partminus

part

part

θθ dzd

θθεθ

θθθ

cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(KddF 2

0

2

31 minus$

amp(

)minus=

( ) ( ) ( )2

312

22

32

12

32


$

ampminus++=()

+- +=

$

ampdzdKK

dzdKK

dzdKK

dzd

dzd θ

θθθ

θθθ

θθθ

z

z

ED

ED

zzz

yzy

ε

ε

=

=

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 minus=$

amp(

)minus+$$

amp(

)+


$

amppart

partminus

part

part=

θθ FF

dzd

At equilibrium


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


( )

2

2

12

02

32

2

2

312

22

32

1

tI

tγ cos sinΔεEε

zν

)cosαsin(α

zcos)sinK(K

zsinKcosK

part

part+

part

part=+

part

partminus+

$

amp

(part

partminus+

part

part+

θθθθθθ

θθθ




zφ

K 12

02

2

=+part

part



mon=

2

22

dπ

4πΔεE

1on K

γτminus

=2

2

dπ

1off Kγτ =

Solution

$

amppart

partminus

part

part=

θθθ

γ FF

1 dzd

dtd

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

bull Response Time




Tran

mitt

ance

Voltage

Tran

smitt

ance

Time

bull T-Time curve

T(04)

T(100)

T(90)

T(10) T(10)

T(90)


V(T100)

Vop

Input Signal


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Disadvantage


Advantage


v LCD TV Vs CRT TV

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee


bull Frame Rate





0

1000

2000

3000

4000

Response Time (m

s)

63 55 47 39 31 23 15 7 0

Final Gray Level


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring







Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


$

amp

minus=

$

amp

minus()

+

-= 2c

20

12

theff

12

on EE1

Δεεγ

1)(VV1

Kγ

πdτ

2c0

21

eff

12

off ΔεEε1

dγKγ

πdτ =

$

amp=

ΔεεKπV0

effth =

ΔεεK

dπV

0

effth

=

for TN VA OCB modes

for IPS modes


VAOCB K3


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


Y Z RrsquoXR

M N

A B


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring





Combination n=1~2

O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring







Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Lateral sustituents

- H F Cl CN CH3








Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Linking groups

CequivC COO CH2CH2


Rigid Rigid





Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring




Combination n=1~2

H F Cl CN CH3

H F Cl CN CH3

CequivC COO CH2CH2


O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


K


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring



Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring






Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

EE



Simple is Fast

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring



Vpacute= Vp +Δ Vp


Vpacute= 33V


ggdLCst

stp ΔV

C(V)CCCΔV

++=

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

ToFrom

ToFrom

With DCCWithout DCC

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring




RT gt 1 frame



RT gt 1 frame

Tailing 야구공


Hold-type display


Hold-type display


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


1 frame


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee


1 frame (167 ms)

LC response

Lamp illumination


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring



Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Conventional LCD

180 Hz 구동


FS LCD

Advantage of FS LCD


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Dynamic Dimming

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Summary


For TV application


+


+


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring



Eq of Motion

At equilibrium



part

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


||2

02

32

1

2

sin21

cossin21

Δminus++amp

()

=+= EKKdzdFFF ed


times=τ

xE

xED

zEDEDyEDEDxEDEDED

EDP

zy

xyyxzxxzyzzyE

ˆ cossin

ˆ

ˆ)(ˆ)(ˆ)(

20

0

θθεε

τ

ε

Δ=

=


minus=

0cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 =+

$

ampminus+

$$

amp+ θθε

θθθ

θθθ

0FF=

$

amppart

partminus

part

part

θθ dzd

θθεθ

θθθ

cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(KddF 2

0

2

31 minus$

amp(

)minus=

( ) ( ) ( )2

312

22

32

12

32


$

ampminus++=()

+- +=

$

ampdzdKK

dzdKK

dzdKK

dzd

dzd θ

θθθ

θθθ

θθθ

z

z

ED

ED

zzz

yzy

ε

ε

=

=

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 minus=$

amp(

)minus+$$

amp(

)+


$

amppart

partminus

part

part=

θθ FF

dzd

At equilibrium


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


( )

2

2

12

02

32

2

2

312

22

32

1

tI

tγ cos sinΔεEε

zν

)cosαsin(α

zcos)sinK(K

zsinKcosK

part

part+

part

part=+

part

partminus+

$

amp

(part

partminus+

part

part+

θθθθθθ

θθθ




zφ

K 12

02

2

=+part

part



mon=

2

22

dπ

4πΔεE

1on K

γτminus

=2

2

dπ

1off Kγτ =

Solution

$

amppart

partminus

part

part=

θθθ

γ FF

1 dzd

dtd

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

bull Response Time




Tran

mitt

ance

Voltage

Tran

smitt

ance

Time

bull T-Time curve

T(04)

T(100)

T(90)

T(10) T(10)

T(90)


V(T100)

Vop

Input Signal


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Disadvantage


Advantage


v LCD TV Vs CRT TV

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee


bull Frame Rate





0

1000

2000

3000

4000

Response Time (m

s)

63 55 47 39 31 23 15 7 0

Final Gray Level


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring







Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


$

amp

minus=

$

amp

minus()

+

-= 2c

20

12

theff

12

on EE1

Δεεγ

1)(VV1

Kγ

πdτ

2c0

21

eff

12

off ΔεEε1

dγKγ

πdτ =

$

amp=

ΔεεKπV0

effth =

ΔεεK

dπV

0

effth

=

for TN VA OCB modes

for IPS modes


VAOCB K3


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


Y Z RrsquoXR

M N

A B


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring





Combination n=1~2

O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring







Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Lateral sustituents

- H F Cl CN CH3








Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Linking groups

CequivC COO CH2CH2


Rigid Rigid





Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring




Combination n=1~2

H F Cl CN CH3

H F Cl CN CH3

CequivC COO CH2CH2


O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


K


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring



Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring






Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

EE



Simple is Fast

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring



Vpacute= Vp +Δ Vp


Vpacute= 33V


ggdLCst

stp ΔV

C(V)CCCΔV

++=

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

ToFrom

ToFrom

With DCCWithout DCC

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring




RT gt 1 frame



RT gt 1 frame

Tailing 야구공


Hold-type display


Hold-type display


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


1 frame


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee


1 frame (167 ms)

LC response

Lamp illumination


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring



Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Conventional LCD

180 Hz 구동


FS LCD

Advantage of FS LCD


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Dynamic Dimming

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Summary


For TV application


+


+


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring



Eq of Motion

At equilibrium



part

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


||2

02

32

1

2

sin21

cossin21

Δminus++amp

()

=+= EKKdzdFFF ed


times=τ

xE

xED

zEDEDyEDEDxEDEDED

EDP

zy

xyyxzxxzyzzyE

ˆ cossin

ˆ

ˆ)(ˆ)(ˆ)(

20

0

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τ

ε

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=


minus=

0cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 =+

$

ampminus+

$$

amp+ θθε

θθθ

θθθ

0FF=

$

amppart

partminus

part

part

θθ dzd

θθεθ

θθθ

cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(KddF 2

0

2

31 minus$

amp(

)minus=

( ) ( ) ( )2

312

22

32

12

32


$

ampminus++=()

+- +=

$

ampdzdKK

dzdKK

dzdKK

dzd

dzd θ

θθθ

θθθ

θθθ

z

z

ED

ED

zzz

yzy

ε

ε

=

=

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 minus=$

amp(

)minus+$$

amp(

)+


$

amppart

partminus

part

part=

θθ FF

dzd

At equilibrium


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


( )

2

2

12

02

32

2

2

312

22

32

1

tI

tγ cos sinΔεEε

zν

)cosαsin(α

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zsinKcosK

part

part+

part

part=+

part

partminus+

$

amp

(part

partminus+

part

part+

θθθθθθ

θθθ




zφ

K 12

02

2

=+part

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mon=

2

22

dπ

4πΔεE

1on K

γτminus

=2

2

dπ

1off Kγτ =

Solution

$

amppart

partminus

part

part=

θθθ

γ FF

1 dzd

dtd

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

bull Response Time




Tran

mitt

ance

Voltage

Tran

smitt

ance

Time

bull T-Time curve

T(04)

T(100)

T(90)

T(10) T(10)

T(90)


V(T100)

Vop

Input Signal


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Disadvantage


Advantage


v LCD TV Vs CRT TV

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee


bull Frame Rate





0

1000

2000

3000

4000

Response Time (m

s)

63 55 47 39 31 23 15 7 0

Final Gray Level


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring







Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


$

amp

minus=

$

amp

minus()

+

-= 2c

20

12

theff

12

on EE1

Δεεγ

1)(VV1

Kγ

πdτ

2c0

21

eff

12

off ΔεEε1

dγKγ

πdτ =

$

amp=

ΔεεKπV0

effth =

ΔεεK

dπV

0

effth

=

for TN VA OCB modes

for IPS modes


VAOCB K3


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


Y Z RrsquoXR

M N

A B


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring





Combination n=1~2

O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring







Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Lateral sustituents

- H F Cl CN CH3








Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Linking groups

CequivC COO CH2CH2


Rigid Rigid





Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring




Combination n=1~2

H F Cl CN CH3

H F Cl CN CH3

CequivC COO CH2CH2


O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


K


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring



Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring






Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

EE



Simple is Fast

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring



Vpacute= Vp +Δ Vp


Vpacute= 33V


ggdLCst

stp ΔV

C(V)CCCΔV

++=

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

ToFrom

ToFrom

With DCCWithout DCC

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring




RT gt 1 frame



RT gt 1 frame

Tailing 야구공


Hold-type display


Hold-type display


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


1 frame


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee


1 frame (167 ms)

LC response

Lamp illumination


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring



Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Conventional LCD

180 Hz 구동


FS LCD

Advantage of FS LCD


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Dynamic Dimming

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Summary


For TV application


+


+


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


||2

02

32

1

2

sin21

cossin21

Δminus++amp

()

=+= EKKdzdFFF ed


times=τ

xE

xED

zEDEDyEDEDxEDEDED

EDP

zy

xyyxzxxzyzzyE

ˆ cossin

ˆ

ˆ)(ˆ)(ˆ)(

20

0

θθεε

τ

ε

Δ=

=


minus=

0cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 =+

$

ampminus+

$$

amp+ θθε

θθθ

θθθ

0FF=

$

amppart

partminus

part

part

θθ dzd

θθεθ

θθθ

cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(KddF 2

0

2

31 minus$

amp(

)minus=

( ) ( ) ( )2

312

22

32

12

32


$

ampminus++=()

+- +=

$

ampdzdKK

dzdKK

dzdKK

dzd

dzd θ

θθθ

θθθ

θθθ

z

z

ED

ED

zzz

yzy

ε

ε

=

=

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 minus=$

amp(

)minus+$$

amp(

)+


$

amppart

partminus

part

part=

θθ FF

dzd

At equilibrium


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


( )

2

2

12

02

32

2

2

312

22

32

1

tI

tγ cos sinΔεEε

zν

)cosαsin(α

zcos)sinK(K

zsinKcosK

part

part+

part

part=+

part

partminus+

$

amp

(part

partminus+

part

part+

θθθθθθ

θθθ




zφ

K 12

02

2

=+part

part



mon=

2

22

dπ

4πΔεE

1on K

γτminus

=2

2

dπ

1off Kγτ =

Solution

$

amppart

partminus

part

part=

θθθ

γ FF

1 dzd

dtd

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

bull Response Time




Tran

mitt

ance

Voltage

Tran

smitt

ance

Time

bull T-Time curve

T(04)

T(100)

T(90)

T(10) T(10)

T(90)


V(T100)

Vop

Input Signal


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Disadvantage


Advantage


v LCD TV Vs CRT TV

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee


bull Frame Rate





0

1000

2000

3000

4000

Response Time (m

s)

63 55 47 39 31 23 15 7 0

Final Gray Level


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring







Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


$

amp

minus=

$

amp

minus()

+

-= 2c

20

12

theff

12

on EE1

Δεεγ

1)(VV1

Kγ

πdτ

2c0

21

eff

12

off ΔεEε1

dγKγ

πdτ =

$

amp=

ΔεεKπV0

effth =

ΔεεK

dπV

0

effth

=

for TN VA OCB modes

for IPS modes


VAOCB K3


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


Y Z RrsquoXR

M N

A B


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring





Combination n=1~2

O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring







Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Lateral sustituents

- H F Cl CN CH3








Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Linking groups

CequivC COO CH2CH2


Rigid Rigid





Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring




Combination n=1~2

H F Cl CN CH3

H F Cl CN CH3

CequivC COO CH2CH2


O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


K


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring



Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring






Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

EE



Simple is Fast

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring



Vpacute= Vp +Δ Vp


Vpacute= 33V


ggdLCst

stp ΔV

C(V)CCCΔV

++=

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

ToFrom

ToFrom

With DCCWithout DCC

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring




RT gt 1 frame



RT gt 1 frame

Tailing 야구공


Hold-type display


Hold-type display


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


1 frame


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee


1 frame (167 ms)

LC response

Lamp illumination


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring



Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Conventional LCD

180 Hz 구동


FS LCD

Advantage of FS LCD


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Dynamic Dimming

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Summary


For TV application


+


+


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

θθεθ

θθθ

θθ cossinΔεEdzd

sincos)K(Kdzd

)cosKsin(K 20

2

132

22

32

1 minus=$

amp(

)minus+$$

amp(

)+


$

amppart

partminus

part

part=

θθ FF

dzd

At equilibrium


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


( )

2

2

12

02

32

2

2

312

22

32

1

tI

tγ cos sinΔεEε

zν

)cosαsin(α

zcos)sinK(K

zsinKcosK

part

part+

part

part=+

part

partminus+

$

amp

(part

partminus+

part

part+

θθθθθθ

θθθ




zφ

K 12

02

2

=+part

part



mon=

2

22

dπ

4πΔεE

1on K

γτminus

=2

2

dπ

1off Kγτ =

Solution

$

amppart

partminus

part

part=

θθθ

γ FF

1 dzd

dtd

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

bull Response Time




Tran

mitt

ance

Voltage

Tran

smitt

ance

Time

bull T-Time curve

T(04)

T(100)

T(90)

T(10) T(10)

T(90)


V(T100)

Vop

Input Signal


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Disadvantage


Advantage


v LCD TV Vs CRT TV

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee


bull Frame Rate





0

1000

2000

3000

4000

Response Time (m

s)

63 55 47 39 31 23 15 7 0

Final Gray Level


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring







Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


$

amp

minus=

$

amp

minus()

+

-= 2c

20

12

theff

12

on EE1

Δεεγ

1)(VV1

Kγ

πdτ

2c0

21

eff

12

off ΔεEε1

dγKγ

πdτ =

$

amp=

ΔεεKπV0

effth =

ΔεεK

dπV

0

effth

=

for TN VA OCB modes

for IPS modes


VAOCB K3


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


Y Z RrsquoXR

M N

A B


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring





Combination n=1~2

O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring







Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Lateral sustituents

- H F Cl CN CH3








Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Linking groups

CequivC COO CH2CH2


Rigid Rigid





Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring




Combination n=1~2

H F Cl CN CH3

H F Cl CN CH3

CequivC COO CH2CH2


O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


K


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring



Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring






Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

EE



Simple is Fast

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring



Vpacute= Vp +Δ Vp


Vpacute= 33V


ggdLCst

stp ΔV

C(V)CCCΔV

++=

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

ToFrom

ToFrom

With DCCWithout DCC

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring




RT gt 1 frame



RT gt 1 frame

Tailing 야구공


Hold-type display


Hold-type display


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


1 frame


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee


1 frame (167 ms)

LC response

Lamp illumination


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring



Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Conventional LCD

180 Hz 구동


FS LCD

Advantage of FS LCD


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Dynamic Dimming

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Summary


For TV application


+


+


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


( )

2

2

12

02

32

2

2

312

22

32

1

tI

tγ cos sinΔεEε

zν

)cosαsin(α

zcos)sinK(K

zsinKcosK

part

part+

part

part=+

part

partminus+

$

amp

(part

partminus+

part

part+

θθθθθθ

θθθ




zφ

K 12

02

2

=+part

part



mon=

2

22

dπ

4πΔεE

1on K

γτminus

=2

2

dπ

1off Kγτ =

Solution

$

amppart

partminus

part

part=

θθθ

γ FF

1 dzd

dtd

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

bull Response Time




Tran

mitt

ance

Voltage

Tran

smitt

ance

Time

bull T-Time curve

T(04)

T(100)

T(90)

T(10) T(10)

T(90)


V(T100)

Vop

Input Signal


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Disadvantage


Advantage


v LCD TV Vs CRT TV

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee


bull Frame Rate





0

1000

2000

3000

4000

Response Time (m

s)

63 55 47 39 31 23 15 7 0

Final Gray Level


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring







Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


$

amp

minus=

$

amp

minus()

+

-= 2c

20

12

theff

12

on EE1

Δεεγ

1)(VV1

Kγ

πdτ

2c0

21

eff

12

off ΔεEε1

dγKγ

πdτ =

$

amp=

ΔεεKπV0

effth =

ΔεεK

dπV

0

effth

=

for TN VA OCB modes

for IPS modes


VAOCB K3


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


Y Z RrsquoXR

M N

A B


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring





Combination n=1~2

O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring







Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Lateral sustituents

- H F Cl CN CH3








Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Linking groups

CequivC COO CH2CH2


Rigid Rigid





Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring




Combination n=1~2

H F Cl CN CH3

H F Cl CN CH3

CequivC COO CH2CH2


O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


K


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring



Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring






Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

EE



Simple is Fast

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring



Vpacute= Vp +Δ Vp


Vpacute= 33V


ggdLCst

stp ΔV

C(V)CCCΔV

++=

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

ToFrom

ToFrom

With DCCWithout DCC

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring




RT gt 1 frame



RT gt 1 frame

Tailing 야구공


Hold-type display


Hold-type display


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


1 frame


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee


1 frame (167 ms)

LC response

Lamp illumination


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring



Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Conventional LCD

180 Hz 구동


FS LCD

Advantage of FS LCD


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Dynamic Dimming

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Summary


For TV application


+


+


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

bull Response Time




Tran

mitt

ance

Voltage

Tran

smitt

ance

Time

bull T-Time curve

T(04)

T(100)

T(90)

T(10) T(10)

T(90)


V(T100)

Vop

Input Signal


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Disadvantage


Advantage


v LCD TV Vs CRT TV

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee


bull Frame Rate





0

1000

2000

3000

4000

Response Time (m

s)

63 55 47 39 31 23 15 7 0

Final Gray Level


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring







Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


$

amp

minus=

$

amp

minus()

+

-= 2c

20

12

theff

12

on EE1

Δεεγ

1)(VV1

Kγ

πdτ

2c0

21

eff

12

off ΔεEε1

dγKγ

πdτ =

$

amp=

ΔεεKπV0

effth =

ΔεεK

dπV

0

effth

=

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for IPS modes


VAOCB K3


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

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Info

rmat

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Dis

play

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Combination n=1~2

O

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Info

rmat

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Dis

play

Eng

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Info

rmat

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Dis

play

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Lateral sustituents

- H F Cl CN CH3








Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

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Linking groups

CequivC COO CH2CH2


Rigid Rigid





Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

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Combination n=1~2

H F Cl CN CH3

H F Cl CN CH3

CequivC COO CH2CH2


O

n n N

N

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Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

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K


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

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Info

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Dis

play

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Info

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Dis

play

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Info

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Dis

play

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Simple is Fast

Info

rmat

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Dis

play

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Info

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Dis

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Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

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RT gt 1 frame



RT gt 1 frame

Tailing 야구공


Hold-type display


Hold-type display


Info

rmat

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Dis

play

Eng

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1 frame


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

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1 frame (167 ms)

LC response

Lamp illumination


Info

rmat

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Dis

play

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Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

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Conventional LCD

180 Hz 구동


FS LCD

Advantage of FS LCD


Info

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ion

Dis

play

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Dynamic Dimming

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

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Summary


For TV application


+


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Info

rmat

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Dis

play

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Disadvantage


Advantage


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Info

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Dis

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bull Frame Rate





0

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2000

3000

4000

Response Time (m

s)

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Final Gray Level


Info

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Dis

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Info

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Dis

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Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

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M N

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Info

rmat

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Dis

play

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Combination n=1~2

O

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Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

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Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

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Lateral sustituents

- H F Cl CN CH3








Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

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ring

Linking groups

CequivC COO CH2CH2


Rigid Rigid





Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

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Combination n=1~2

H F Cl CN CH3

H F Cl CN CH3

CequivC COO CH2CH2


O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

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K


Info

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Dis

play

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Info

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Dis

play

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Info

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Dis

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Info

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Simple is Fast

Info

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Dis

play

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Info

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Dis

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Info

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Dis

play

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RT gt 1 frame



RT gt 1 frame

Tailing 야구공


Hold-type display


Hold-type display


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

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1 frame


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

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1 frame (167 ms)

LC response

Lamp illumination


Info

rmat

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Dis

play

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Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

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Advantage of FS LCD


Info

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Dis

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Dynamic Dimming

Info

rmat

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Dis

play

Eng

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Summary


For TV application


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Info

rmat

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Dis

play

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bull Frame Rate





0

1000

2000

3000

4000

Response Time (m

s)

63 55 47 39 31 23 15 7 0

Final Gray Level


Info

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Dis

play

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Info

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Dis

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rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

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Info

rmat

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Dis

play

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Combination n=1~2

O

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Info

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Dis

play

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Info

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Dis

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Lateral sustituents

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Info

rmat

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Dis

play

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Info

rmat

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Dis

play

Eng

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Combination n=1~2

H F Cl CN CH3

H F Cl CN CH3

CequivC COO CH2CH2


O

n n N

N

N NNO

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Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

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K


Info

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Dis

play

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Info

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Dis

play

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Info

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Simple is Fast

Info

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Dis

play

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Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

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Info

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Dis

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Info

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Dis

play

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RT gt 1 frame



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Tailing 야구공


Hold-type display


Hold-type display


Info

rmat

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Dis

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Eng

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1 frame


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

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1 frame (167 ms)

LC response

Lamp illumination


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

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Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

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Advantage of FS LCD


Info

rmat

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Dis

play

Eng

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Dynamic Dimming

Info

rmat

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Dis

play

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Summary


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Info

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Dis

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Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

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ring


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M N

A B


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

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Combination n=1~2

O

n n N

N

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Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

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Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

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Lateral sustituents

- H F Cl CN CH3








Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

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ring

Linking groups

CequivC COO CH2CH2


Rigid Rigid





Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

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ring




Combination n=1~2

H F Cl CN CH3

H F Cl CN CH3

CequivC COO CH2CH2


O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

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K


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

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Info

rmat

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Dis

play

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Info

rmat

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Dis

play

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Info

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Dis

play

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Simple is Fast

Info

rmat

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Dis

play

Eng

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Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

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Info

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Dis

play

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ToFrom

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Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

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RT gt 1 frame



RT gt 1 frame

Tailing 야구공


Hold-type display


Hold-type display


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

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1 frame


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

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1 frame (167 ms)

LC response

Lamp illumination


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

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Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

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180 Hz 구동


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Advantage of FS LCD


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

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Dynamic Dimming

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

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Summary


For TV application


+


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Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

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Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

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ring


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M N

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Info

rmat

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Dis

play

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Combination n=1~2

O

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N

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Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

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Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

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ring

Lateral sustituents

- H F Cl CN CH3








Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

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ring

Linking groups

CequivC COO CH2CH2


Rigid Rigid





Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

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ring




Combination n=1~2

H F Cl CN CH3

H F Cl CN CH3

CequivC COO CH2CH2


O

n n N

N

N NNO

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Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

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K


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

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Info

rmat

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Dis

play

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Info

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Dis

play

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Dis

play

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Simple is Fast

Info

rmat

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Dis

play

Eng

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Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

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Info

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Dis

play

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Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

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RT gt 1 frame



RT gt 1 frame

Tailing 야구공


Hold-type display


Hold-type display


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

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1 frame


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

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1 frame (167 ms)

LC response

Lamp illumination


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

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ring



Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

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ring

Conventional LCD

180 Hz 구동


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Advantage of FS LCD


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

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Dynamic Dimming

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

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Summary


For TV application


+


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Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

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Info

rmat

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Dis

play

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Combination n=1~2

O

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Info

rmat

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Dis

play

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Info

rmat

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Dis

play

Eng

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Lateral sustituents

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Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

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ring

Linking groups

CequivC COO CH2CH2


Rigid Rigid





Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

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ring




Combination n=1~2

H F Cl CN CH3

H F Cl CN CH3

CequivC COO CH2CH2


O

n n N

N

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Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

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K


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

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Info

rmat

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Dis

play

Eng

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Info

rmat

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Dis

play

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Info

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Dis

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Info

rmat

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Dis

play

Eng

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Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

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Info

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Dis

play

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Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

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RT gt 1 frame



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Tailing 야구공


Hold-type display


Hold-type display


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

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Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

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LC response

Lamp illumination


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

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Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

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Advantage of FS LCD


Info

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Dis

play

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Dynamic Dimming

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

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Summary


For TV application


+


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Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

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Combination n=1~2

O

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N

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Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

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ring







Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

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ring

Lateral sustituents

- H F Cl CN CH3








Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

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ring

Linking groups

CequivC COO CH2CH2


Rigid Rigid





Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

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ring




Combination n=1~2

H F Cl CN CH3

H F Cl CN CH3

CequivC COO CH2CH2


O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

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K


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

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Info

rmat

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Dis

play

Eng

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Info

rmat

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Dis

play

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Info

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Dis

play

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Simple is Fast

Info

rmat

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Dis

play

Eng

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Info

rmat

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Dis

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Info

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Dis

play

Eng

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Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

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Tailing 야구공


Hold-type display


Hold-type display


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

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1 frame


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

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1 frame (167 ms)

LC response

Lamp illumination


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

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ring



Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

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ring

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180 Hz 구동


FS LCD

Advantage of FS LCD


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

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Dynamic Dimming

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

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ring

Summary


For TV application


+


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Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

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Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

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Lateral sustituents

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Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

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ring

Linking groups

CequivC COO CH2CH2


Rigid Rigid





Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

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ring




Combination n=1~2

H F Cl CN CH3

H F Cl CN CH3

CequivC COO CH2CH2


O

n n N

N

N NNO

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Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

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K


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

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Info

rmat

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Dis

play

Eng

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Info

rmat

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Dis

play

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Info

rmat

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Dis

play

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Simple is Fast

Info

rmat

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Dis

play

Eng

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Info

rmat

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Dis

play

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Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

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Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

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ring




RT gt 1 frame



RT gt 1 frame

Tailing 야구공


Hold-type display


Hold-type display


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

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ring


1 frame


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

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1 frame (167 ms)

LC response

Lamp illumination


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

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Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

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ring

Conventional LCD

180 Hz 구동


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Advantage of FS LCD


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

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Dynamic Dimming

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

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ring

Summary


For TV application


+


+


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

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ring

Lateral sustituents

- H F Cl CN CH3








Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

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ring

Linking groups

CequivC COO CH2CH2


Rigid Rigid





Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

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ring




Combination n=1~2

H F Cl CN CH3

H F Cl CN CH3

CequivC COO CH2CH2


O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

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ring


K


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

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ring



Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

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Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

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Info

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Dis

play

Eng

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Simple is Fast

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

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ring



Vpacute= Vp +Δ Vp


Vpacute= 33V


ggdLCst

stp ΔV

C(V)CCCΔV

++=

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

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Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

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ring

ToFrom

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Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

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ring




RT gt 1 frame



RT gt 1 frame

Tailing 야구공


Hold-type display


Hold-type display


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

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1 frame


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee


1 frame (167 ms)

LC response

Lamp illumination


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring



Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Conventional LCD

180 Hz 구동


FS LCD

Advantage of FS LCD


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

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Dynamic Dimming

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Summary


For TV application


+


+


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Linking groups

CequivC COO CH2CH2


Rigid Rigid





Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring




Combination n=1~2

H F Cl CN CH3

H F Cl CN CH3

CequivC COO CH2CH2


O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


K


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring



Info

rmat

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Dis

play

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Info

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Dis

play

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Info

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play

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Simple is Fast

Info

rmat

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Dis

play

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Vpacute= Vp +Δ Vp


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Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

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Info

rmat

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Dis

play

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ToFrom

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With DCCWithout DCC

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

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inee

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RT gt 1 frame



RT gt 1 frame

Tailing 야구공


Hold-type display


Hold-type display


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


1 frame


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

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1 frame (167 ms)

LC response

Lamp illumination


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

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Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring

Conventional LCD

180 Hz 구동


FS LCD

Advantage of FS LCD


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

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Dynamic Dimming

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

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Summary


For TV application


+


+


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring




Combination n=1~2

H F Cl CN CH3

H F Cl CN CH3

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O

n n N

N

N NNO

O S

Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

inee

ring


K


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

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inee

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Info

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Dis

play

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Info

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Info

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Dis

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Simple is Fast

Info

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Dis

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Vpacute= Vp +Δ Vp


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Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

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Info

rmat

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Dis

play

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ToFrom

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Info

rmat

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Dis

play

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RT gt 1 frame



RT gt 1 frame

Tailing 야구공


Hold-type display


Hold-type display


Info

rmat

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Dis

play

Eng

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1 frame


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

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1 frame (167 ms)

LC response

Lamp illumination


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

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Info

rmat

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Dis

play

Eng

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Conventional LCD

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FS LCD

Advantage of FS LCD


Info

rmat

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Dis

play

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Dynamic Dimming

Info

rmat

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Dis

play

Eng

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Summary


For TV application


+


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Info

rmat

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Dis

play

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K


Info

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play

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Info

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play

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Info

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Dis

play

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Info

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play

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Info

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Dis

play

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Vpacute= Vp +Δ Vp


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Info

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Dis

play

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Info

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Dis

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ToFrom

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Info

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Dis

play

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RT gt 1 frame

Tailing 야구공


Hold-type display


Hold-type display


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

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1 frame


Info

rmat

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Dis

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LC response

Lamp illumination


Info

rmat

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Dis

play

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Info

rmat

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Dis

play

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Advantage of FS LCD


Info

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Dis

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Dynamic Dimming

Info

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Summary


For TV application


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Info

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Info

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Info

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Dis

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Vpacute= Vp +Δ Vp


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Info

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Dis

play

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Info

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Dis

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Info

rmat

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Dis

play

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RT gt 1 frame



RT gt 1 frame

Tailing 야구공


Hold-type display


Hold-type display


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

Eng

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1 frame


Info

rmat

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Dis

play

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1 frame (167 ms)

LC response

Lamp illumination


Info

rmat

ion

Dis

play

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Info

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ion

Dis

play

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Conventional LCD

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Advantage of FS LCD


Info

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Dynamic Dimming

Info

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play

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Info

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Tailing 야구공


Hold-type display


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Info

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Dis

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1 frame


Info

rmat

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Dis

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1 frame (167 ms)

LC response

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Info

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Dis

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Info

rmat

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Dis

play

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Conventional LCD

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Advantage of FS LCD


Info

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Dis

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Dynamic Dimming

Info

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Summary


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play

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play

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play

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Info

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Info

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play

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play

Eng

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Summary


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+


+


Info

rmat

ion

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play

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ring

Summary


For TV application


+


+


Liquid Crystal Displayddlab.hanyang.ac.kr/inner_image/수업자료_under... · 2017-03-20 ·...

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Transcript of Liquid Crystal Displayddlab.hanyang.ac.kr/inner_image/수업자료_under... · 2017-03-20 ·...