Lipid evaluation
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Transcript of Lipid evaluation
Laboratorium Nutrisi Pangan dan Hasil Pertanian
Program Studi Ilmu dan Teknologi Pangan
Jurusan Teknologi Hasil Pertanian
FTP - UB
2015
Lipid
• structural component of all living cell
• Integral to membranes, gives form to a cellular components
Major classes
• Acylglycerides, energy source and storage
• Complex lipid : Phospholipids, Lipoprotein, Glikolipids, Aminolipids (active cellular lipids, transport)
• Lipid derivat : Fatty acids, sterols, hormone and bile acids, eicosanoids (essential metabolite)
• Sources of energy (9 kcal/g)• Increase palatability
Other functions include:1. provide means whereby fat-soluble nutrients
(e.g., sterols, vitamins) can be absorbed by the body
2. structural element of cell, sub cellular components
3. components of hormones and precursors for eicosanoids synthesis
Visible Lipid
• Clearly seems in food system
• Ex : Oil, lard, butter, margarine
Invisible Lipid
• Not clearly seems in food systems
• Be emulsified, homogenated or be a apart
• Ex : egg yolk, coconut milk, peanut
• Hydrocarbon chains of from 2 to 20 and more carbons with a carboxyl at one end
• 4-6 carbon, short chain• 8-12 carbon, medium chain• 14-18 carbon, long chain• >20 carbon, very long chain, individual names
Symbol Systematic name Common name Sources
Saturated Fatty Acids (SFA)
C6:0 n-hexanoic caproic Milk fat
C8:0 n-octanoic caprylic Milk fat, coconut
C10:0 n-decanoic capric Milk fat, coconut
C12:0 n-dodecanoic lauric Coconut, palm
C14:0 n-tetradecanoic myristic Milk fat, coconut
C16:0 n-hexadecanoic palmitic Most SFA in plant and animal
C18:0 n-octadecanoic stearic Animal fat, cocoa butter
C20:0 n-eicosanoic arachidic Widespread minor
C22:0 n-docosanoic behenic Minor in seeds
C24:0 n-tetracosanoic lignoseric Minor in seeds
Symbol Systematic name Common name Sources
Monounsaturated Fatty Acids (MUFA)
C16:1 cis-9-hexadecanoic palmitoleic Most fat and oil
C18:1 cis-9-octadecanoic oleic Most fat and oil
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFA)
C18:2 n-6 cis-6,9-octadecadienoic linolenic Most plant oils
C18:3 n-6 all-cis-6,9,12-octadecatrienoat
γ-linolenic Primrose, borage oil
C18:3 n-3 all-cis-9,12,15-octadecatrienoic
α-linolenic Soybean, canola oils
C20:4 n-6 all-cis-8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic
arachidonic meat
C20:5 n-3 all-cis-5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic
EPA Fish oil
C22:6 n-3 all-cis-4,7,10,13,16,19-docosahexaenoic
DHA Fish oil
Lipid Digestion
Gastric
• Gastric lipase
• Triacylglycerol -> 3 fatty acid + glycerol
• Lipid digestion limited to SCFA
• Not efficient
Lipid Digestion
Small Intestine (duodenum)
• Lipid emulsified : bile salt
• Small droplet and lipid globule, increase surface area, high digestibility
• Pancreatic lipase
• 40-50% FA + glycerol, and monoglycerides, 10% diglycerides, triglicerides
Lipid Absorption
Small Intestine (Ileum)
• Lipid digestion (fatty acid, glycerol and monoglycerides) + bile salts -> form micelles
• Micelles absorb by mucosa cell
• Resynthesize triglycerides in cell endoplasmic reticulum
• Some SCFA and MUFA – direct absorb to blood circulation
Lipid Transport
Small Intestine (Ileum)
• Lipid digestion (fatty acid, glycerol and monoglycerides) + bile salts -> form micelles
• Micelles absorb by mucosa cell
• Resynthesize triglycerides (TG) in endoplasmic reticulum of enterocyte (epithelial cell of ileum)
• Triglycerides + lipoprotein + phospolipid -> chylomicron -> lymphatic circulation -> blood circulation -> liver and adipose cells
Lipid Metabolism
Liver and Miosit Tissue
• Chylomicron breakdown (lipoprotein lipase), TG + cholesterol is transported into adipose tissue or miosit tissue (muscle)
• Beta oxidation of fatty acid in miosit(mitochondrion) -> energy
Lipid Deposit
• Fatty acid is transported into adipose tissue (by VLDL form)
• TG from adipose tissue could transported into miosit and oxidized into energy
Next..?
Write short review, handwritten, max 1 page (A4 letter), choose 1 topic only :
• Trans FA metabolism
• Health aspect of Omega-3 FA
• Cholesterol metabolism
• Eicosanoids metabolism
Trans Fatty Acid
• Unsaturated fatty acids with at least one double bond in the trans configuration
• Are formed during the partial hydrogenation of vegetable oils
• Food industry: long shelf life, their stability during deep-frying, and their semi solidity, which can be customized to enhance the palatability of baked goods and sweets
Trans Fatty Acid
Trans Fatty Acid
• Naturally occurring trans fats are consumed in smaller amounts (about 0.5 percent of total energy intake) in meats and dairy products from cows, sheep, and other ruminants
• Consumption of trans fatty acids increases the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD).
Trans Fatty Acid
Fatty Acid Metabolism
• MUFA intake from food and enzymatically synthesis from SFA (9-desaturase enzyme)
• C16:0 C16:1, C18:0 C18:1
• PUFA (linoleat and linolenat) are essential FA
• ω3 are synthesized from linolenic acid, but ω6 form linoleic acid
• Oleic acid C20:3 ω9 (essential FA deficiency)
Fatty Acid Metabolism
• Delta 6 desaturase: limiting enzyme
(preferred substrate : linoleic)
• Linoleic abundant in food > linolenic
• EPA and DHA : slowly shynthesized(increased from food intake)
Omega-3 FA vs CVD
• decrease risk for arrhythmias, which can lead to sudden cardiac death.
• decrease risk for thrombosis, which can lead to heart attack and stroke.
• decrease triglyceride and remnant lipoprotein levels.
• decrease rate of growth of the atherosclerotic plaque.
• improve endothelial function.• (slightly) lower blood pressure.• reduce inflammatory responses
Cholesterol Synthesize
Cholesterol Regulation
Eicosanoids
• Hormone likes compound
• Short half-life
• C20 FA : precursors of eicosanoidssynthesize (ALA, Arachidonic acid, EPA)
• Prostaglandin, tromboxan, prostacyclin, leukotriena, lipoxin
Eicosanoids
ω6 eicosanoids
• TXA2 : platelet pro agregation, vasoconstriction
• PGI2 : capillary vasoconstriction
• LTB4 : inflamation mediator
ω3 eicosanoids
• TXA3 : platelet pro agregation (weak)
Evaluation of Lipid• Invitro
rancidity test (peroxides, FFA, TBA test), iod test, cholesterol content, lipid-trans, fatty acid profile
• Invivo
(hypocholesterolemia, hypotrigliseridemia effect)
blood lipid profile, level of cholesterol, TG, HDL and LDL level, foam cell analysis, Intima Media Thickness Level, etc