Linux Memory Management
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Linux Memory Management 1.Memory Structure of Linux OS. 2.How Program is loaded into the memory. 3.Address Translation. 4.Feature for Multithreading and Multiprocessing.
Transcript of Linux Memory Management
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Memory Structure of Linux OS. How Program is loaded into the memory. Address Translation. Feature for Multithreading and
Multiprocessing.
Overview
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Linux is one of popular version of UNIX
operating System. It is open source as its source code is freely
available. It is free to use. Linux was designed
considering UNIX compatibility. It's functionality list is quite similar to that of
UNIX.
Linux OS
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Linux Operating System has primarily three components Kernel - Kernel is the core part of Linux. It is responsible for
all major activities of this operating system. It is consists of various modules and it interacts directly with the underlying hardware. Kernel provides the required abstraction to hide low level hardware details to system or application programs.
System Library - System libraries are special functions or programs using which application programs or system utilities accesses Kernel's features. These libraries implements most of the functionalities of the operating system and do not requires kernel module's code access rights.
System Utility - System Utility programs are responsible to do specialized, individual level tasks.
Components of Linux System
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User Space Kernel Space Data Flow Between User Space and Kernel
Space Architecture
Kernel Architecture Overview
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The User Space is the space in memory, where
user processes run. This memory is above the Kernel.
It includes the rest of available memory. This Space is protected.
The system prevents one process from interfering with another process.
Only Kernel processes can access a user process
Kernel Architecture Overview..User Space
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The Kernel Space is the space in memory
where all kernel services are provided via kernel processes.
The user has access to it only through the system call. A user process becomes a kernel process when
it executes a system call.
Kernel Architecture Overview..Kernel Space
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User Space and Kernel Space are in different
spaces.
When a System Call is executed, the arguments to the call are passed from User Space to Kernel Space.
Kernel Architecture Overview..System Call
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Kernel Architecture Overview..User Space and Kernel Space
Relationship
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Address translations are kept in a special
cache called Translation Look-Aside Buffer or TLB
TLB must be on chip; its access time is comparable to cache.
Address Translation
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Address TranslationTypical TLB Format
Tag: Portion of virtual address Data: Physical Page number Dirty: since use write back, need to know
whether ornot to write page to disk when replaced Ref: Used to help calculate LRU on replacement Valid: Entry is valid Access rights: R (read permission), W (write
perm.)
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TLBs usually small, typically 128-256 entries. Like any other cache, the TLB can be fully
associative, set associative, or direct mapped.
Address TranslationTranslation Look_Aside
Buffers
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Assume 32 entries, fully associative TLB(Alpha AXP 21064)1: Processor sends the virtual address to all tags2: If there is a hit (there is an entry in TLB with that Virtual Page number and valid bit is 1) and there is no access violation, then3: Matching tag sends the corresponding Physical Page number4: Combine Physical Page number and Page Offset to get full physical address
Address TranslationTranslation Look_Aside
Buffers
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What is Thread? A thread is a flow of execution through the process code, with its
own program counter, system registers and stack. A thread is also called a light weight process. Threads provide a way to improve application performance through
parallelism. Threads represent a software approach to improving performance of operating system by reducing the overhead thread is equivalent to a classical process.
Each thread belongs to exactly one process and no thread can exist outside a process.
Each thread represents a separate flow of control. Threads have been successfully used in implementing network
servers and web server. They also provide a suitable foundation for parallel execution of
applications on shared memory multiprocessors.
Multithreading
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Multithreading..
Advantages of Thread Thread minimize context switching time. Use of threads provides concurrency within a
process. Efficient communication. Economy- It is more economical to create and
context switch threads. Utilization of multiprocessor architectures to a
greater scale and efficiency.
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Multithreading..
Types of Thread
Threads are implemented in following two ways User Level Threads -- User managed
threads Kernel Level Threads -- Operating System
managed threads acting on kernel, an operating system core.
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Multithreading..
User Level Threads In this case, application
manages thread management kernel is not aware of the existence of threads.
The thread library contains code for creating and destroying threads, for passing message and data between threads, for scheduling thread execution and for saving and restoring thread contexts.
The application begins with a single thread and begins running in that thread.
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Multithreading..
ADVANTAGES OF USER LEVEL THREADS: Thread switching does not require Kernel mode
privileges. User level thread can run on any operating system. Scheduling can be application specific in the user level
thread. User level threads are fast to create and manage.DISADVANTAGES OF USER LEVEL THREADS: In a typical operating system, most system calls are
blocking. Multithreaded application cannot take advantage of
multiprocessing.
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Multithreading..
Kernel Level Threads In this case, thread management done by the Kernel. There is no thread management code in the application area.
Kernel threads are supported directly by the operating system. Any application can be programmed to be multithreaded. All of
the threads within an application are supported within a single process.
The Kernel maintains context information for the process as a whole and for individuals threads within the process. Scheduling by the Kernel is done on a thread basis.
The Kernel performs thread creation, scheduling and management in Kernel space.
Kernel threads are generally slower to create and manage than the user threads.
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Multithreading..
ADVANTAGES OF KERNEL LEVEL THREADS: Kernel can simultaneously schedule multiple threads
from the same process on multiple processes. If one thread in a process is blocked, the Kernel can
schedule another thread of the same process. Kernel routines themselves can multithreaded.DISADVANTAGES OF KERNEL LEVEL THREADS: Kernel threads are generally slower to create and
manage than the user threads. Transfer of control from one thread to another within
same process requires a mode switch to the Kernel.
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Multithreading..
Multithreading Models:
Multithreading models are three types Many to many relationship. Many to one relationship. One to one relationship.
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Multithreading..
Many to Many Model In this model, many user
level threads multiplexes to the Kernel thread of smaller or equal numbers. The number of Kernel threads may be specific to either a particular application or a particular machine.
Following diagram shows the many to many model. In this model, developers can create as many user threads as necessary and the corresponding Kernel threads can run in parallels on a multiprocessor.
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Multithreading..
Many to One Model Many to one model maps many
user level threads to one Kernel level thread. Thread management is done in user space. When thread makes a blocking system call, the entire process will be blocks. Only one thread can access the Kernel at a time , so multiple threads are unable to run in parallel on multiprocessors.
If the user level thread libraries are implemented in the operating system in such a way that system does not support them then Kernel threads use the many to one relationship modes.
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Multithreading..
One to One Model There is one to one
relationship of user level thread to the kernel level thread. This model provides more concurrency than the many to one model. It also another thread to run when a thread makes a blocking system call. It support multiple thread to execute in parallel on microprocessors.
Disadvantage of this model is that creating user thread requires the corresponding Kernel thread. OS/2, windows NT and windows 2000 use one to one relationship model.
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Multiprocessing
Multiprocessing is the use of two or more central processing units (CPUs) within a single computer system. The term also refers to the ability of a system to support more than one processor and/or the ability to allocate tasks between them.
According to some on-line dictionaries, a multiprocessor is a computer system having two or more processing units (multiple processors) each sharing main memory and peripherals, in order to simultaneously process programs
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http://
www.tutorialspoint.com/operating_system/os_linux.htm
http://www.makelinux.net/ldd3/chp-8-sect-2 http://
www.linux-tutorial.info/modules.php?name=MContent&pageid=327
Reference
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