LINUX INSTALLATION

&

LINUX COMMANDS

-BY H. ANKUSH.JAIN

WHAT IS LINUX ?

l Unix-type operating system

INSTALL LINUX

Insert the cd and restart the system The black screen with a choice for language appears. Select the comfortable

language.

The folowing screen appears

The computer will now boot from the CD/DVD. Click on the Install Ubuntu button.

STEP 1:- Language selection. select the comfortable language.

The click on the forward button to proceed.

STEP 2:- Select the time zone of your location by clicking on the the red dot near your place on the

map. Proceed FORWARD.

STEP 3:- Click on your keyboard layout.Again FORWARD.

STEP 4:- Take Manual (recemended) because of flexibility.

Press forward.Partition table comes.For dual use ext3 for only one partition in which Linux is installed and to use fat32 for all other partitions. Leave the partition where Windows is installed as such if you

wish to facilitate dual bootCreate one partition in ext3 format and set the mount point as ‘/’ backslash. Its better to give

around 5 GB for this partition.A swap area double the size of your RAM is

needed.press FORWARD.

STEP 5:- Give your Details Here.Now click on Forward.

STEP 6:- Step 6 unfortunately has no screenshots. They ask whether you want to migrate your user settings like user accounts

from your existing OS which would be Windows in most cases. I never select this

option. But if its needed you can do it.

STEP 7:- “Ready to Install”. The last step...You see all the selections you have made in the first six

steps and see an install button. You can verify them, change them if needed by going back.

When all changes have been made, press on INSTALL button.

Now they start the installation procedures. They set up the partitions, format it.

Copies the necessary OS files into the / directory or root directory. It will take some time.

click on the Restart now option and wait for restarting.

Login using the username and password given during installation

Login using the username and password given during installation

The linux screen appears.

COMMANDS

ls - List information about file(s)SYNTAX:ls [Options]... [File]...[Options]= -a, -A, -b, -B, -c, -C ....

mkdir Create new folder(s)SYNTAX mkdir [Options] folder...OPTIONS = -m, -p

cd - Change DirectorySyntax cd [Options] [Directory]Options= -P, -L

cat> - Creates a File(s) SYNTAXcat> filename...

cat Display the contents of a fileSyntax cat [Options] [File]...Options = -A, -b, -e

awk - Find and Replace text, database sort/validate/indexSyntax: awk <options> 'Program' File1 ...options = -F FS, -f ...

head - Output the first part of file(s)SYNTAX head [options]... [file]...Options: -c, -q, -v...

tail Output the last part of filesSyntax tail [options]... [file]...Options: -f, -c bytes...

nl Number lines and write filesSYNTAX nl [options]... [File]...OPTIONS: -b STYLE, -d CD ....

cut Divide a file into several partsSyntax cut [OPTION]... [FILE]...OPTIONS: -b BYTE-LIST, -n, -s ...

egrep Search file(s) for lines that match an extended expressionSyntax: egrep [ options ] 'PATTERN' files ...options: -c, -s ...

cmp Compare two filesSyntax cmp options... FromFile [ToFile]Options: -c, -l ...

diff-Display the differences between two filesSyntax diff [options] from-file to-fileOptions: -a, -b, -B ...

du Estimate file space usageSyntax du [options]... [file]...OPTIONS: -a, -b, -c ...

file - Determine file typeSYNTAX:file file-name

look-Display lines beginning with a given stringSyntax: look [-df] [-t termchar] string [file]Options: -d, -f ,-t

sort Sort text filesSyntax sort [options] [file...]options: -c, -m

sum Print a checksum for a fileSyntax sum [options]... [file]...Options: -r, -s ...

wc Print byte, word, and line countsSyntax wc [options]... [file]...options: -c, -w, -l ...

fgrep-Search file(s) for lines that match a fixed stringSyntax: fgrep <options> ...all options are the same as grep

rm Remove filesSyntax rm [options]... file...options: -d, -f ...

rmdir Remove folder(s)Syntax rmdir [options]... folder(s)...Options: -p

clear Clear terminal screenSYNTAX : clear

alias Create an alias Syntax alias [-p] [name[=value] ...]Key: -p, -a

date Display or change the date & timeSyntax date [option]... [+Format]options: -d, -f ...

time Measure Program running timeSyntax time [option...] command [arg...]Options: -o, -a, -f ...

times User and system timesSyntax timesThe return status is zero.

cal Display a calendarSyntax cal [-mjy] [[month] year]Options: -m, -j, -y ...

free Display memory usageSYNTAX: free

df Display free disk spaceSYNTAX df [option]... [file]...option: -a, -h, -H ...

df Display free disk spaceSYNTAX df [option]... [file]...option: -a, -h, -H ...

dig DNS lookupSyntax:dig [@server] [-b address] [-c class] [-f filename] [-k filename][-p port#] [-t type] [-x addr] [-y name:key] [-4] [-6][name] [type] [class] [queryopt...]

id Print user and group id'sSYNTAX id [options]... [username]OPTIONS: -g, -G, -n ...

man Help manualSyntax man [-k] [commandOptions: -s, -k

pwd Print Working DirectorySyntax pwd options]Options: -L, -P

dirs-Display list of remembered directoriesSyntax dirs [options]Options: -c, -l, -p ...

hostname Print or set system nameSYNTAX hostname [name]

logname: Print current login nameSYNTAX: lognamePrints the calling user's name, as found in the file`/var/run/utmp', and exits with a status of 0.

who-Print all usernames currently logged inSyntax- who [options] [file] [am i]options: -m, -q, -s ...

whoami- Print the current user id and name (`id -un')Syntax: whoami

echo Display message on screen Syntax echo [options]... [string]... Options: -n, -e, -E ...

type Describe a commandSyntax type [name ...]

expr Evaluate expressionsSyntax expr expression...

sleep: Delay for a specified timeSyntax: sleep [NUMBER [s/m/h/d]...s- second; m- minute; h- hour; d- day

help: Display help for a built-in command

dircolors Colour setup for `ls'Syntax: eval `dircolors [options]... [file]`options: -b, -c ...

env Environment variablesSyntax: env [OPTION]...OPTION: -u, -i

Fsck: File system consistency check and repairSyntax: fsck [options] [filesystem] ...options: -r, -s, -t ..

top List processes running on the systemSyntax: top optionsoptions: -b, -c, -d ...

history Command HistorySYNTAX history [option]options: -c, -d, -a ...

Linux advanced commands

1)# cal 2007- show the timetable of 2007 2)# cat /proc/cpuinfo- show information

CPU info 3)# cat /proc/interrupts -show interrupts

4)# cat /proc/meminfo - verify memory use 5)# cat /proc/swaps- show file(s) swap

6)# cat /proc/version - show version of the kernel

7)# cat /proc/net/dev - show network adpters and statistics

9)# cat /proc/net/dev - show network adpters and statistics

10)# cat /proc/mounts - show mounted file system(s)

11)# clock -w - save date changes on BIOS

12)# date - show system date

13)# date 041217002007.00- set date and time - MonthDayhoursMinutesYear.Seconds

14)# dmidecode -q - show hardware system components - (SMBIOS / DMI)

15)# hdparm -i /dev/hda displays the characteristics of a hard-disk

16)# lspci -tv display PCI devices

17)# lsusb -tv show USB devices

18)# uname -m show architecture of machine(2)

19)# uname -r show used kernel version

20)# arch - show architecture of machine(1)

Thank You