Postgraduate Course

British Academy of Management

Linking Research Questions

to Appropriate Designs

London, Dec 13, 2012

Postgraduate Course

Randomized controlled study? Grounded theory approach? Cohort / panel study? Qualitative field research? Longitudinal study? Post-test only study? Survey? Action research? Case study?

What is the best design?

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What is the BEST car?

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(more / less appropriate)

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What is the best design?

quants vs quallies, positivists vs post structuralist, etc

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on the research question

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Types of questions

Does it work?

Does it work better than ....?

Does it have an effect on ....?

What is the success factor for ....?

What is required to make it work ...?

Will it do more good than harm?

Effect

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Types of questions: non-effect

Needs: What do people want or need?

Attitude: What do people think or feel?

Experience: What are peoples’ experiences?

Prevalence: How many / often do people / organizations ...?

Procedure: How can we implement ...?

Process: How does it work?

Explanation: Why does it work?

Economics: How much does it cost?

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Effect vs Non-effect

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Internal validity

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internal validity = indicates to what extent the

results of the research may be biased and is thus

a comment on the degree to which alternative

explanations for the outcome found are possible.

Internal validity

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We are pattern seeking primates:

we are predisposed to see order

and causal relations in the world

Causal relations

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Three criteria:

1. the "cause" and the "effect" are related

2. the "cause" precedes the "effect" in time

3. there are no plausible alternative explanations for the

observed effect

So, when do we know there is causal relation?

Causality

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1. Are the "cause" and the "effect” related?

2. Does the "cause" precede the "effect" in time?

3. Are there no plausible alternative explanations for the

observed effect?

Considerations for research:

‘Effect’ questions

effect size

before and after measurement

randomization, blinding, control group

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Bias & Confounding

Research shows:

Shoe size > quality of handwriting

Smoking youngsters > better lung function

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Successful companies

Charismatic leaders

Research shows:

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Levels of internal validity

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Explanation

Which design for which question?

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Different types of research questions

require different types of research designs,

but ...

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Best research design?

But 1: feasibility

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But 1: feasibility

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All research designs are flawed – though each is

flawed differently:

Controlled studies: high internal validity, but sometimes

less suited to generalization

Surveys and field research: low internal validity, but

sometimes more useful for management practice.

But 2: it’s a trade off

McGrath, J. (1981). Dilemmatics, The Study of Research Choices and Dilemmas. American Behavioral Scientist, 25(2).

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SO:Evidence accrual requires convergence of findings

derived from multiple studies that research the same

constructs and variables with different research

designs and in different contexts.

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The appropriateness of a research design is also determined by

the body of evidence’s stage of development.

mature: extensively studied > controlled studies to identify

independent, dependent and moderating variables

nascent: open-ended the research questions > exploratory

qualitative studies to shape the understanding of the topic .

But 3: stage of development

Edmondson, A. C., & McManus, S. E. (2007). Methodological fit in management field research. Academy of Management Review, 32(4), 1155-1179.

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Figure 5: Controlled vs uncontrolled studies

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Different types of research questions require different

types of research designs, but ...

feasibility

past research

stage of development

also have to be taken into account!

In summary