LINKERS AND ADVERBIALSLINKERS AND ADVERBIALS

DESPITEDESPITE

IN SPITE OFIN SPITE OF

SO SO

THEREFORE THEREFORE

CONSEQUENTLYCONSEQUENTLY

BUTBUT

YETYET

WHEREASWHEREAS

WHILEWHILE

MOREOVERMOREOVER

IN ADDITIONIN ADDITION

FURTHERMOREFURTHERMORE

BESIDES BESIDES

IN ADDITION TOIN ADDITION TO

SO AS TO vs. SO THATSO AS TO vs. SO THAT

PRACTICEPRACTICE

CAUSE AND EFFECTCAUSE AND EFFECT‘‘FUNCTION’FUNCTION’

BECAUSEBECAUSE

SINCESINCE

HOWEVERHOWEVER

NONETHELESSNONETHELESS

NEVERTHELESSNEVERTHELESS

ASAS

FORFOR

THOUGHTHOUGH

ALTHOUGHALTHOUGH

EVEN THOUGHEVEN THOUGH

ON ACCOUNT OFON ACCOUNT OF

OWING TOOWING TO

DUE TODUE TO

PRACTICEPRACTICE

SO ADJ. THATSO ADJ. THAT

SO ADV THATSO ADV THAT

SUCH ADJ+NOUN THATSUCH ADJ+NOUN THAT

Alice woke up lateAlice woke up late, so, so she missed the bus. she missed the bus.

C A U S EC A U S E

ALICE WOKE UP LATEALICE WOKE UP LATE SHE MISSED THE BUSSHE MISSED THE BUS

E F F E C TE F F E C T

, SO, SO

What brings a result The result that follows

++ effecteffect

CLICK WHEN READYCLICK WHEN READY

. THEREFORE,. THEREFORE, ++ effecteffect

Alice woke up lateAlice woke up late. Therefore,. Therefore, she missed the bus. she missed the bus.

E F F E C TE F F E C T

E F F E C TE F F E C T

… … ,, SO … SO …… … . . THEREFORETHEREFORE,, … …… … .. CONSEQUENTLY CONSEQUENTLY,, … … ++ E F F E C T E F F E C T

CLICK WHEN READYADVANCE TO THE NEXT SLIDE

BecauseBecause Alice woke up late Alice woke up late,, she missed the bus. she missed the bus.

C A U S EC A U S E

ALICE WOKE UP LATEALICE WOKE UP LATE SHE MISSED THE BUSSHE MISSED THE BUS

E F F E C TE F F E C T

BecauseBecause

What brings a result The result that follows

++ causecause

CLICK WHEN READYCLICK WHEN READY

Alice missed the busAlice missed the bus because because she woke up late. she woke up late.

C A U S EC A U S E

C A U S C A U S EE

CLICK WHEN READY

No punctuation is needed

when ‘because’ and ‘since’ are

in the middle of a sentence.

END OF TOPIC

CAUSE AND EFFECTCAUSE AND EFFECT S E N T E N C E P A T T E R N SS E N T E N C E P A T T E R N S

BECAUSE BECAUSE ++ C A U S EC A U S E ,, E F F E C TE F F E C T

DEPENDENT ADVERB CLAUSEDEPENDENT ADVERB CLAUSE M A I N C L A U S E M A I N C L A U S E

BecauseBecause there wasn’t enough evidence against him,, Alan was acquitted.

CLICK WHEN READY

SINCE SINCE ++ C A U S EC A U S E E F F E C TE F F E C T

DEPENDENT ADVERB CLAUSEDEPENDENT ADVERB CLAUSE M A I N C L A U S EM A I N C L A U S E

SinceSince he’d left behind his fingerprints,, the police was able to identify him.

Alan was acquitted becausebecause there wasn’t enough evidence against him.

CLICK WHEN READY

The police was able to identify him sincesince he’d left behind his fingerprints.

,,

END OF TOPIC

AS AS ++ C A U S EC A U S E ,, E F F E C TE F F E C T

DEPENDENT ADVERB CLAUSEDEPENDENT ADVERB CLAUSE M A I N C L A U S EM A I N C L A U S E

AsAs Josh couldn’t stand up to the bullies,, he wanted to change his school.

CLICK WHEN READY

FOR FOR ++ C A U S EC A U S EE F F E C TE F F E C T

DEPENDENT ADVERB CLAUSEDEPENDENT ADVERB CLAUSEM A I N C L A U S EM A I N C L A U S E

The police took Meg’s driving licence,, asas she drove while she was drunk.

Josh wanted to change his school,, aass he couldn’t stand up to the bullies.

CLICK WHEN READY

Meg’s driving licence has been confiscated,, forfor she drove while intoxicated.

,,ASAS

CAUSE AND EFFECTCAUSE AND EFFECT S E N T E N C E P A T T E R N SS E N T E N C E P A T T E R N S

END OF TOPIC

CAUSE AND EFFECTCAUSE AND EFFECT S E N T E N C E P A T T E R N SS E N T E N C E P A T T E R N S

C A U S EC A U S E ,, SO SO ++ E F F E C T E F F E C T

INDEPENDENT CLAUSEINDEPENDENT CLAUSE INDEPENDENT CLAUSEINDEPENDENT CLAUSE

Tom had betrayed his friends,, soso he was outcast.

CLICK WHEN READY

He duplicates famous paintings.. ThereforeTherefore,, he is wanted for forgery.

CLICK WHEN READY

C A U S EC A U S E .. THEREFORE, THEREFORE, ++ E F F E C T E F F E C T

INDEPENDENT CLAUSEINDEPENDENT CLAUSE INDEPENDENT CLAUSEINDEPENDENT CLAUSE

C A U S EC A U S E .. CONSEQUENTLY, CONSEQUENTLY, ++ E F F E C T E F F E C T

INDEPENDENT CLAUSEINDEPENDENT CLAUSE INDEPENDENT CLAUSEINDEPENDENT CLAUSE

He had been recorded by a surveillance cam.. ConsequentlyConsequently,, he was identified.

CLICK WHEN READYEND OF TOPIC

CAUSE AND EFFECTCAUSE AND EFFECT S E N T E N C E P A T T E R N SS E N T E N C E P A T T E R N S

CLICK WHEN READYCLICK WHEN READYCLICK WHEN READYADVANCE TO THE NEXT SLIDE

BECAUSEBECAUSESINCESINCEFORFORASAS

STATEMENTSTATEMENT+He lied becausebecause he is a crookhe is a crook.

He lied sincesince he is a crookhe is a crook.

He lied,, forfor he is a crookhe is a crook.

He lied,, asas he is a crookhe is a crook.

ON ACCOUNT OFON ACCOUNT OFBECAUSE OFBECAUSE OFOWING TOOWING TODUE TODUE TO

A NOUNA NOUN+He lied on account ofon account of his crooked characterhis crooked character.

He lied because ofbecause of his crooked characterhis crooked character.

He lied owing toowing to his crooked characterhis crooked character.

He lied due todue to his crooked characterhis crooked character.

Notice ‘on account ofon account of’, ‘owing toowing to’ and ‘due to todue to to’ are mostly used in formal

language.

Traffic accidents are on the increase on account ofon account of reckless drivingreckless driving.

Traffic accidents are on the increase owing toowing to reckless drivingreckless driving.

Traffic accidents are on the increase due todue to reckless drivingreckless driving.

PERSONAL

INFO

RMAL

GENERAL

FORMAL

CAUSE AND EFFECTCAUSE AND EFFECT S T A T E M E N T o r N O U N ?S T A T E M E N T o r N O U N ?

STATEMENTSTATEMENT He likes musicHe likes music

CLICK WHEN READY

He is a musicianHe is a musician

S S ++ PredicatePredicate

N O U NN O U N His interest in musicHis interest in musicHis career in musicHis career in music

N O U NN O U N

ON ACCOUNT OFON ACCOUNT OFBECAUSE OFBECAUSE OFOWING TO OWING TO DUE TODUE TO

CLICK WHEN READY

BECAUSEBECAUSESINCESINCEFOR FOR ASAS

CLICK TO SEE WHERE EACH PHRASE GOES

THE CRIMES HE COMMITTEDTHE CRIMES HE COMMITTED ??HE COMMITTED MANY CRIMESHE COMMITTED MANY CRIMESHE SMUGGLED CARSHE SMUGGLED CARSORGANIZED CAR SMUGGLINGORGANIZED CAR SMUGGLINGHIS TREACHERY TO HIS COUNTRYHIS TREACHERY TO HIS COUNTRYBETRAYING HIS CITIZENSBETRAYING HIS CITIZENSHE WAS TREACHEROUS HE WAS TREACHEROUS TO HIS COUNTRYTO HIS COUNTRY

HE HAD HIS HOUSE ROBBEDHE HAD HIS HOUSE ROBBEDTHE ROBBERY IN HIS HOUSETHE ROBBERY IN HIS HOUSE

END OF TOPIC

EXPRESSING CONTRASTEXPRESSING CONTRAST S E N T E N C E P A T T E R N SS E N T E N C E P A T T E R N S

A CONTRASTING CIRCUMSTANCEA CONTRASTING CIRCUMSTANCE ,, BUT BUT ++ AN UNLIKELY OUTCOME AN UNLIKELY OUTCOME

INDEPENDENT CLAUSEINDEPENDENT CLAUSE INDEPENDENT CLAUSEINDEPENDENT CLAUSE

Tom had betrayed his country,, butbut he was greeted like a national hero.

CLICK WHEN READY

He only duplicates famous paintings,, yetyet he is regarded as an artist.

CLICK WHEN READY

A CONTRASTING CIRCUMSTANCEA CONTRASTING CIRCUMSTANCE ,, YET YET ++ AN UNLIKELY OUTCOME AN UNLIKELY OUTCOME

INDEPENDENT CLAUSEINDEPENDENT CLAUSE INDEPENDENT CLAUSEINDEPENDENT CLAUSE

END OF TOPIC

EXPRESSING CONTRASTEXPRESSING CONTRAST S E N T E N C E P A T T E R N SS E N T E N C E P A T T E R N S

A CONTRASTING CIRCUMSTANCEA CONTRASTING CIRCUMSTANCE .. HOWEVER, HOWEVER, ++ AN UNLIKELY OUTCOME AN UNLIKELY OUTCOME

INDEPENDENT CLAUSEINDEPENDENT CLAUSE INDEPENDENT CLAUSEINDEPENDENT CLAUSE

He had told a terrible lie.. HoweverHowever,, none of us suspected anything.

CLICK WHEN READY

Cars are equipped with alarm kits.. NeverthelessNevertheless,, car theft is on the increase.

CLICK WHEN READY

A CONTRASTING CIRCUMSTANCEA CONTRASTING CIRCUMSTANCE .. NEVERTHELESS, NEVERTHELESS, + + AN UNLIKELY OUTCOME AN UNLIKELY OUTCOME

INDEPENDENT CLAUSEINDEPENDENT CLAUSE INDEPENDENT CLAUSEINDEPENDENT CLAUSE

A CONTRASTING CIRCUMSTANCEA CONTRASTING CIRCUMSTANCE .. NONETHELESS, NONETHELESS, ++ AN UNLIKELY OUTCOME AN UNLIKELY OUTCOME

INDEPENDENT CLAUSEINDEPENDENT CLAUSE INDEPENDENT CLAUSEINDEPENDENT CLAUSE

There are many speed traps.. NonethelessNonetheless,, some drivers are not deterred.

CLICK WHEN READYEND OF TOPIC

EXPRESSING CONTRASTEXPRESSING CONTRAST S E N T E N C E P A T T E R N SS E N T E N C E P A T T E R N S

ALTHOUGHALTHOUGH ++ AA CONTRASING CIRCUMSTANCECONTRASING CIRCUMSTANCE ,, A N U N L I K E L Y O U T C O M EA N U N L I K E L Y O U T C O M E

DEPENDENT ADVERB CLAUSEDEPENDENT ADVERB CLAUSE M A I N C L A U S E M A I N C L A U S E

AlthoughAlthough the police did their best,, Gaga and Beyonce got away with murder.

CLICK WHEN READY

EVEN THOUGH EVEN THOUGH + + A CONTRASING CIRCUMSTANCEA CONTRASING CIRCUMSTANCE A N U N L I K E L Y O U T C O M EA N U N L I K E L Y O U T C O M E

DEPENDENT ADVERB CLAUSEDEPENDENT ADVERB CLAUSE M A I N C L A U S EM A I N C L A U S E

Even thoughEven though he had left behind no clue,, the police tracked him down.

Gaga and Beyonce got away with murder althoughalthough the police did their best.

CLICK WHEN READY

The police tracked him down even thougheven though he had left behind no clue.

,,

END OF TOPIC

EXPRESSING CONTRASTEXPRESSING CONTRAST

S E N T E N C E P A T T E R N SS E N T E N C E P A T T E R N S

CLICK WHEN READYCLICK WHEN READYADVANCE TO THE NEXT SLIDE

EVEN THOUGHEVEN THOUGH

ALTHOUGHALTHOUGH

THOUGHTHOUGH

STATEMENTSTATEMENT+He admitted the crime even thougheven though he was innocenthe was innocent.He admitted the crime although although he was innocenthe was innocent.He admitted the crime thoughthough he was innocenthe was innocent.

IN SPITE OFIN SPITE OF

DESPITEDESPITEA NOUNA NOUN+

He admitted the crime in spite ofin spite of being innocentbeing innocent.He admitted the crime despitedespite being innocentbeing innocent.He admitted the crime in spite ofin spite of his innocencehis innocence.He admitted the crime despitedespite his innocencehis innocence.

CAUSE AND EFFECTCAUSE AND EFFECT S T A T E M E N T o r N O U N ?S T A T E M E N T o r N O U N ?

STATEMENTSTATEMENT He is innocentHe is innocent

CLICK WHEN READY

He He did nothingdid nothing

S S ++ PredicatePredicate

N O U NN O U N His His innocenceinnocenceHis His being innocentbeing innocent

N O U NN O U N

IN SPITE OFIN SPITE OF

DESPITEDESPITE

CLICK WHEN READY

EVEN THOUGHEVEN THOUGH

ALTHOUGHALTHOUGH

THOUGHTHOUGH

CLICK TO SEE WHERE EACH PHRASE GOES

THE PREJUDICE HE FACEDTHE PREJUDICE HE FACED ??HE FACED STRONG PREJUDICEHE FACED STRONG PREJUDICEHE HAD A STRONG ALIBIHE HAD A STRONG ALIBIHAVING A STRONG ALIBIHAVING A STRONG ALIBIBEING FINED MANY TIMESBEING FINED MANY TIMESTHE INCREASING CRIME RATETHE INCREASING CRIME RATEHE’S BEEN FINED MANY TIMESHE’S BEEN FINED MANY TIMESCRIME RATE IS INCREASINGCRIME RATE IS INCREASINGITS POSSIBLE DANGERITS POSSIBLE DANGER

END OF TOPIC

C A U S E A N D E F F E C T C A U S E A N D E F F E C T + + C O N T R A S TC O N T R A S T

P R A C T I C EP R A C T I C E

He pleaded guiltyHe pleaded guilty,,

he didn’t want his wife to be imprisoned.he didn’t want his wife to be imprisoned.

FORFOR

ASAS

PLEAD:PLEAD: To admit or deny being guilty at the court

C A U S E A N D E F F E C T C A U S E A N D E F F E C T + + C O N T R A S TC O N T R A S T

P R A C T I C EP R A C T I C E

He pleaded guiltyHe pleaded guilty

he didn’t want his wife to be imprisoned.he didn’t want his wife to be imprisoned.

BECAUSEBECAUSE

SINCESINCE

C A U S E A N D E F F E C T C A U S E A N D E F F E C T + + C O N T R A S TC O N T R A S T

P R A C T I C EP R A C T I C E

Her cheeks didn’t flushHer cheeks didn’t flush

her impertinenceher impertinence..

IN SPITE OFIN SPITE OF

DESPITEDESPITE

FLUSH:FLUSH: To go red because of embarrassment

C A U S E A N D E F F E C T C A U S E A N D E F F E C T + + C O N T R A S TC O N T R A S T

P R A C T I C EP R A C T I C E

She knew cheating her way through life wouldShe knew cheating her way through life would

bring her nothing but troublebring her nothing but trouble..

,, sshe didn’t change her wayshe didn’t change her ways..

HOWEVERHOWEVER

NONETHELESSNONETHELESS

NEVERTHELESSNEVERTHELESS

C A U S E A N D E F F E C T C A U S E A N D E F F E C T + + C O N T R A S TC O N T R A S T

P R A C T I C EP R A C T I C E

She knew cheating her way through life wouldShe knew cheating her way through life would

bring her nothing but troublebring her nothing but trouble,,

sshe didn’t change her wayshe didn’t change her ways..

BUTBUT

YETYET

C A U S E A N D E F F E C T C A U S E A N D E F F E C T + + C O N T R A S TC O N T R A S T

P R A C T I C EP R A C T I C E

Trisha had to stay after school for suspensionTrisha had to stay after school for suspension

she had neglected her schoolworkshe had neglected her schoolwork..

BECAUSEBECAUSE

SINCESINCE

C A U S E A N D E F F E C T C A U S E A N D E F F E C T + + C O N T R A S TC O N T R A S T

P R A C T I C EP R A C T I C E

Trisha had to stay after school for suspensionTrisha had to stay after school for suspension,,

she had neglected her schoolworkshe had neglected her schoolwork..

FORFOR

ASAS

C A U S E A N D E F F E C T C A U S E A N D E F F E C T + + C O N T R A S TC O N T R A S T

P R A C T I C EP R A C T I C E

Trisha had to stay after school for suspensionTrisha had to stay after school for suspension

her negligence of schoolworkher negligence of schoolwork..

BECAUSE OFBECAUSE OF

NEGLIGENCE:NEGLIGENCE: The act of not doing your duties

C A U S E A N D E F F E C T C A U S E A N D E F F E C T + + C O N T R A S TC O N T R A S T

P R A C T I C EP R A C T I C E

There is a decrease in suspension casesThere is a decrease in suspension cases

the general improvement in student behaviourthe general improvement in student behaviour..

ON ACCOUNT OFON ACCOUNT OFBECAUSE OFBECAUSE OFOWING TOOWING TODUE TO DUE TO

C A U S E A N D E F F E C T C A U S E A N D E F F E C T + + C O N T R A S TC O N T R A S T

P R A C T I C EP R A C T I C E

He knew he was guiltyHe knew he was guilty,,

he averted his eyes while speakinghe averted his eyes while speaking..

SOSO

AVERT:AVERT: To look away

C A U S E A N D E F F E C T C A U S E A N D E F F E C T + + C O N T R A S TC O N T R A S T

P R A C T I C EP R A C T I C E

He knew he was guiltyHe knew he was guilty..

,, he averted his eyes while speakinghe averted his eyes while speaking..

THEREFORETHEREFORE

CONSEQUENTLYCONSEQUENTLY

AVERT:AVERT: To look away

C A U S E A N D E F F E C T C A U S E A N D E F F E C T + + C O N T R A S TC O N T R A S T

P R A C T I C EP R A C T I C E

The case droppedThe case dropped

lack of evidencelack of evidence..

ON ACCOUNT OFON ACCOUNT OFBECAUSE OFBECAUSE OFOWING TOOWING TODUE TODUE TO

C A U S E A N D E F F E C T C A U S E A N D E F F E C T + + C O N T R A S TC O N T R A S T

P R A C T I C EP R A C T I C E

The case droppedThe case dropped

there wasn’t enough evidencethere wasn’t enough evidence..

BECAUSEBECAUSE

SINCESINCE

C A U S E A N D E F F E C T C A U S E A N D E F F E C T + + C O N T R A S TC O N T R A S T

P R A C T I C EP R A C T I C E

The case droppedThe case dropped,,

there was lack of evidencethere was lack of evidence..

FORFOR

ASAS

C A U S E A N D E F F E C T C A U S E A N D E F F E C T + + C O N T R A S TC O N T R A S T

P R A C T I C EP R A C T I C E

She was heading for disasterShe was heading for disaster,,

she wasn’t aware of anything the slightestshe wasn’t aware of anything the slightest..

BUTBUT

YETYET

C A U S E A N D E F F E C T C A U S E A N D E F F E C T + + C O N T R A S TC O N T R A S T

P R A C T I C EP R A C T I C E

She was heading for disasterShe was heading for disaster..

,, she wasn’t aware of anything the slightest she wasn’t aware of anything the slightest..

HOWEVERHOWEVER

NONETHELESSNONETHELESS

NEVERTHELESSNEVERTHELESS

C A U S E A N D E F F E C T C A U S E A N D E F F E C T + + C O N T R A S TC O N T R A S T

P R A C T I C EP R A C T I C E

sshe was heading for disasterhe was heading for disaster,,

she wasn’t aware of anything the slightestshe wasn’t aware of anything the slightest..

EVEN THOUGH EVEN THOUGH

ALTHOUGHALTHOUGH

THOUGHTHOUGH

C A U S E A N D E F F E C T C A U S E A N D E F F E C T + + C O N T R A S TC O N T R A S T

P R A C T I C EP R A C T I C E

All the evidence pointed CybilAll the evidence pointed Cybil..

,, she was wanted for murder she was wanted for murder..

THEREFORETHEREFORE

CONSEQUENTLYCONSEQUENTLY

C A U S E A N D E F F E C T C A U S E A N D E F F E C T + + C O N T R A S TC O N T R A S T

P R A C T I C EP R A C T I C E

all the evidence pointed Cybilall the evidence pointed Cybil,,

she was wanted for murdershe was wanted for murder..

BECAUSEBECAUSE

SINCESINCE

ASAS

C A U S E A N D E F F E C T C A U S E A N D E F F E C T + + C O N T R A S TC O N T R A S T

P R A C T I C EP R A C T I C E

All the evidence pointed CybilAll the evidence pointed Cybil,,

she was wanted for murdershe was wanted for murder..

SOSO

C A U S E A N D E F F E C T C A U S E A N D E F F E C T + + C O N T R A S TC O N T R A S T

P R A C T I C EP R A C T I C E

She didn’t blush even a littleShe didn’t blush even a little

the embarrassment she had causedthe embarrassment she had caused..

IN SPITE OFIN SPITE OF

DESPITEDESPITE

BLUSH:BLUSH: To go red because of embarrassment

C A U S E A N D E F F E C T C A U S E A N D E F F E C T + + C O N T R A S TC O N T R A S T

P R A C T I C EP R A C T I C E

she had caused some she had caused some

embarrassmentembarrassment,,

she didn’t blush even a tingeshe didn’t blush even a tinge..

EVEN THOUGHEVEN THOUGH

ALTHOUGHALTHOUGH

THOUGHTHOUGH

TINGE:TINGE: A very small amount of colour

C A U S E A N D E F F E C T C A U S E A N D E F F E C T + + C O N T R A S TC O N T R A S T

P R A C T I C EP R A C T I C E

She had caused a big embarrassmentShe had caused a big embarrassment..

,, she didn’t blush a bit she didn’t blush a bit..

HOWEVERHOWEVER

NONETHELESSNONETHELESS

NEVERTHELESSNEVERTHELESS

EXPRESSING CAUSE AND EFECTEXPRESSING CAUSE AND EFECTWITH ADJECTIVESWITH ADJECTIVES

SO THATSO THATHIGHHIGH

BITTERBITTERSTRONGSTRONG

DANGEROUSDANGEROUSDELINQUENTDELINQUENT

CLICK WHEN READY

S V OS V O S V OS V OADJECTIVE

CLICK WHEN READY

CAUSECAUSE CAUSECAUSE CAUSECAUSE CAUSECAUSE CAUSECAUSE CAUSECAUSE CAUSECAUSE E F F E C TE F F E C T

CLICK TO COMPLETE THE SENTENCES

dangerousdangerous

CAUSE CAUSE CAUSE E F F E C T

The robbers looked soso thatthat everyone was scared.

strongstrongThe evidence was soso thatthat he was imprisoned.

Crime rate has become soso thatthat everyone is at risk.highhigh

bitterbitter

delinquentdelinquent

The punishment was soso thatthat he won’t do it again.

The teenager was soso thatthat he was expelled.

EXPRESSING CAUSE AND EFECTEXPRESSING CAUSE AND EFECTWITH ADVERBSWITH ADVERBS

SO THATSO THATEARLYEARLY

ABRUPTLYABRUPTLYSTRONGSTRONGLYLY

BEAUTIFULLYBEAUTIFULLYTHREATENINGLYTHREATENINGLY

CLICK WHEN READY

S V OS V O S V OS V OADVERB

CLICK WHEN READY

CAUSECAUSE CAUSECAUSE CAUSECAUSE CAUSECAUSE CAUSECAUSE CAUSECAUSE CAUSECAUSE E F F E C TE F F E C T

CLICK TO COMPLETE THE SENTENCES

stronglystrongly

CAUSE CAUSE CAUSE E F F E C T

He pulled soso thatthat the rope snapped.

beautifullybeautifullyShe smiled soso thatthat he forgot his anger.

He spoke soso thatthat I thought my end had come.I thought my end had come.threateninglythreateningly

abruptlyabruptly

earlyearly

The bus stopped soso thatthat we were thrown forward.

I woke up soso thatthat it was still dark.

EXPRESSING CAUSE AND EFECTEXPRESSING CAUSE AND EFECTWITH WITH MODIFIED NOUNSMODIFIED NOUNS

SUCH THATSUCH THATA LONG DAYA LONG DAY RICH PEOPLERICH PEOPLE

BORING PEOPLEBORING PEOPLEA DIFFICULT JOBA DIFFICULT JOB

A GRIPPING BOOKA GRIPPING BOOK

CLICK WHEN READY

S V OS V O S V OS V OADJECTIVE

+NOUN

CLICK WHEN READY

CAUSECAUSE CAUSECAUSE CAUSECAUSE CAUSECAUSE CAUSECAUSE CAUSECAUSE CAUSECAUSE E F F E C TE F F E C T

CLICK TO COMPLETE THE SENTENCES

a difficult joba difficult job

C A U S E C A U S E E F F E C T

It was suchsuch thatthat he resigned.

boring peopleboring peopleThey are suchsuch thatthat they make you yawn.

It was suchsuch thatthat I felt night would not come.a long daya long day

a gripping booka gripping book

rich peoplerich people

It was suchsuch thatthat I read it at one sitting.

They are suchsuch thatthat they can buy everything.

1ST OF THE TWO 1ST OF THE TWO CONTRASTING VARIABLESCONTRASTING VARIABLES ,, WHEREAS WHEREAS ++ 2ND OF THE TWO 2ND OF THE TWO

CONTRASTING VARIABLESCONTRASTING VARIABLESINDEPENDENT CLAUSEINDEPENDENT CLAUSE DEPENDENT CLAUSEDEPENDENT CLAUSE

Crime rate is high in big cities,, whereaswhereas small towns are peaceful.

CLICK WHEN READY

He is a law abiding citizen,, whilewhile his brother leads a crooked life.

CLICK WHEN READY

1ST OF THE TWO 1ST OF THE TWO CONTRASTING VARIABLESCONTRASTING VARIABLES ,, WHILE WHILE + + 2ND OF THE TWO 2ND OF THE TWO

CONTRASTING VARIABLESCONTRASTING VARIABLESINDEPENDENT CLAUSEINDEPENDENT CLAUSE DEPENDENT CLAUSEDEPENDENT CLAUSE

1ST OF THE TWO 1ST OF THE TWO CONTRASTING VARIABLESCONTRASTING VARIABLES .. ON THE OTHER HANDON THE OTHER HAND,, ++ 2ND OF THE TWO 2ND OF THE TWO

CONTRASTING VARIABLESCONTRASTING VARIABLESINDEPENDENT CLAUSEINDEPENDENT CLAUSE INDEPENDENT CLAUSEINDEPENDENT CLAUSE

He is a compulsive shoplifter.. On the other handOn the other hand,, his wife is a store detective.

CLICK WHEN READY

P A R A L L E L C O N T R A S TP A R A L L E L C O N T R A S T

WhereasWhereas crime rate is high in big cities,, small towns are peaceful.

WhileWhile he is a law abiding citizen,, his brother leads a crooked life.

He is a compulsive shoplifter.. His wife,, on the other handon the other hand,, is a store detective.

END OF TOPIC

THE FIRST FEATURETHE FIRST FEATURE .. IN ADDITIONIN ADDITION,, THE SECOND FEATURE THE SECOND FEATURE

INDEPENDENT CLAUSE INDEPENDENT CLAUSE

The city is facing some transportation problems. Traffic is getting even heavier.. In addition In addition ,, roads need urgent repair.

CLICK WHEN READY

Exhaust fume induced global warming has some grave consequences. It is melting the ice caps.. FurthermoreFurthermore,, it is causing disasters in many countries.

CLICK WHEN READY

THE FIRST FEATURETHE FIRST FEATURE .. FURTHERMOREFURTHERMORE,, THE SECOND FEATURE THE SECOND FEATURE

INDEPENDENT CLAUSE INDEPENDENT CLAUSE

THE FIRST FEATURETHE FIRST FEATURE .. MOREOVERMOREOVER,, THE SECOND FEATURE THE SECOND FEATURE

INDEPENDENT CLAUSE INDEPENDENT CLAUSE

Jason has skeletons in the cupboard. Did you know that he used to be a drug abuser?? MoreoverMoreover,, he was sentenced for illegal trafficking of drugs.

CLICK WHEN READY

M A K I N G A D D I T I O N SM A K I N G A D D I T I O N S

END OF TOPIC

CLICK WHEN READYCLICK WHEN READYADVANCE TO THE NEXT SLIDE

FURTHERNOREFURTHERNORE,,IN ADDITIONIN ADDITION,,MOREOVERMOREOVER,,

STATEMENTSTATEMENT+He eats a lot. Furthermore,Furthermore, he never exerciseshe never exercises.She doesn’t study. In addition, In addition, she plays truantshe plays truant.He quit his job. Moreover,Moreover, he moved to another househe moved to another house.

IN ADDITION TOIN ADDITION TO

BESIDESBESIDESA NOUNA NOUN+

In addition toIn addition to eating a loteating a lot,, he never exercises.BesidesBesides not studyingnot studying,, she plays truant.In addition toIn addition to quitting his jobquitting his job,, he moved to another house.BesidesBesides resigning from his jobresigning from his job,, he changed his address.

M A K I N G A D D I T I O N SM A K I N G A D D I T I O N S

M A K I N G A D D I T I O N SM A K I N G A D D I T I O N S

STATEMENTSTATEMENT He changed his addressHe changed his address

CLICK WHEN READY

He doesn’t take exerciseHe doesn’t take exercise

S S ++ PredicatePredicate

N O U NN O U N Changing his adressChanging his adressNot taking exerciseNot taking exercise

N O U NN O U N

IN ADDITION TOIN ADDITION TO

BESIDESBESIDES

CLICK WHEN READY

FURTHERMOREFURTHERMORE,,IN ADDITIONIN ADDITION,,MOREOVERMOREOVER,,

CLICK TO SEE WHERE EACH PHRASE GOES

THE INTRODUCTION OF NEW LAWSTHE INTRODUCTION OF NEW LAWS ??NEW LAWS WILL BE INTRODUCEDNEW LAWS WILL BE INTRODUCEDTHE PROHIBITION OF THE PROHIBITION OF MARIJUANAMARIJUANAPROHIBITING THE MARIJUANAPROHIBITING THE MARIJUANAMARIJUANA WAS PROHIBITEDMARIJUANA WAS PROHIBITEDALL THE ACCUSATIONSALL THE ACCUSATIONS

HE WAS SUBJECT TO SEVEREHE WAS SUBJECT TO SEVEREACCUSATIONSACCUSATIONS

HE ARSONED HIS FACTORYHE ARSONED HIS FACTORYARSONING HIS OWN FACTORYARSONING HIS OWN FACTORY

END OF TOPIC

SO AS TO

IN ORDER TO

E X P R E S S I N G P U R P O S EE X P R E S S I N G P U R P O S E

SO AS TOSO AS TO

IN ORDER TOIN ORDER TO

CLICK WHEN READY

S V O …S V O … VV (BASE)

CLICK WHEN READY

M A I N C L A U S E P U R P O S E

They are still searching find some evidence.

She wore a false disguise avoid the paparazzi.

SO THAT

IN ORDER THATIN ORDER THAT

SO THATSO THATIN ORDER THATIN ORDER THAT

CLICK WHEN READY

S V O …S V O … WILL WOULD CAN-COULD MAY-MIGHT ETC.

CLICK WHEN READY

M A I N C L A U S E P U R P O S E

They are still searching they willwill find some evidence.

She wore a false disguise she wouldwould hide from them.

ADVANCE TO THE NEXT SLIDE

Click for a sentence transformation exercise. Use the key word that appears on the right to complete the sentence with a maximum of 4 other words.

He wore gloves, as he didn’t want to leave his fingerprints.He wore gloves, as he didn’t want to leave his fingerprints.

not leave his fingerprints.not leave his fingerprints.He wore glovesHe wore glovesSO

so that he would

There was too little evidence, so the case dropped.There was too little evidence, so the case dropped.

There wasThere wasSO

so little evidence that

She wore a man’s disguise to slink unnoticed.She wore a man’s disguise to slink unnoticed.

SheShe wore a man’s disguisewore a man’s disguise

THAT

in order that she would

As there was no one looking , he slipped the camera in his pocket.As there was no one looking , he slipped the camera in his pocket.

Nobody was looking,Nobody was looking,SO

so he slipped the camera

When he was a boy, he was so delinquent that everyone avoided him.When he was a boy, he was so delinquent that everyone avoided him.

He was He was THATsuch a delinquent boy that

in his pocket.in his pocket.

people avoided him.people avoided him.

SENTENCE TRANSFORMATIONSENTENCE TRANSFORMATIONPURPOSE vs. CAUSE & EFFECTPURPOSE vs. CAUSE & EFFECT

the case dropped.the case dropped.

slink unnoticed.slink unnoticed.

ADVANCE TO THE NEXT SLIDE

The crime rate in the city is too high to feel safe.The crime rate in the city is too high to feel safe.

crime rate that you feel unsafe.crime rate that you feel unsafe.The cityThe cityHAS

has such a high

The vandals did everything at night, as they didn’t want to be seen. The vandals did everything at night, as they didn’t want to be seen. The vandals chose the The vandals chose the

nightnightSOso that they wouldn’t

The police rendered him harmless by handcuffs. The police rendered him harmless by handcuffs.

The police handcuffed himThe police handcuffed himSO

so as to render him

The evidence against him was very strong, and he had no chance.The evidence against him was very strong, and he had no chance.

The evidence against himThe evidence against himSO

was so strong that

His character made it hard for me to believe he was a thief.His character made it hard for me to believe he was a thief.

He He

THAT

had such a good character that

he stood no chance.he stood no chance.

I couldn’t believe he was a thief.I couldn’t believe he was a thief.

SENTENCE TRANSFORMATIONSENTENCE TRANSFORMATIONPURPOSE vs. CAUSE & EFFECTPURPOSE vs. CAUSE & EFFECT

be seen.be seen.

harmless.harmless.

ADVANCE TO THE NEXT SLIDE

CAUSE AND EFFECT + PARALLEL CONTRAST + ADDITION + PURPOSECAUSE AND EFFECT + PARALLEL CONTRAST + ADDITION + PURPOSE

P R A C T I C EP R A C T I C E

Capital punishment is practised in the USACapital punishment is practised in the USA,,

it has long been abolished in the EUit has long been abolished in the EU..

WHILEWHILE

WHEREASWHEREAS

ABOLISH:ABOLISH: To officially end a law

CAUSE AND EFFECT + PARALLEL CONTRAST + ADDITION + PURPOSECAUSE AND EFFECT + PARALLEL CONTRAST + ADDITION + PURPOSE

P R A C T I C EP R A C T I C E

Capital punishment is practised in the USACapital punishment is practised in the USA..

,, it is supported by the majority of Americans it is supported by the majority of Americans..

FURTHERFURTHERMMOREORE

IN ADDITIONIN ADDITION

MOREOVERMOREOVER

CAUSE AND EFFECT + PARALLEL CONTRAST + ADDITION + PURPOSECAUSE AND EFFECT + PARALLEL CONTRAST + ADDITION + PURPOSE

P R A C T I C EP R A C T I C E

Capital punishment is practised in the USACapital punishment is practised in the USA

deter people from committing felonydeter people from committing felony..

IN ORDER TOIN ORDER TO

SO AS TOSO AS TO

FELONY:FELONY: A serious crime

DETERDETER:: To scare and stop someone from doing something

C A U S E A N D E F F E C T C A U S E A N D E F F E C T + + C O N T R A S TC O N T R A S T

P R A C T I C EP R A C T I C E

abolishing capital abolishing capital

punishmentpunishment,,

the EU is pressurizing some non member states the EU is pressurizing some non member states

to do the sameto do the same..

IN ADDITION TOIN ADDITION TO

BESIDESBESIDES

ABOLISH:ABOLISH: To officially end a law

The EU:The EU: The European Union

CAUSE AND EFFECT + PARALLEL CONTRAST + ADDITION + PURPOSECAUSE AND EFFECT + PARALLEL CONTRAST + ADDITION + PURPOSE

P R A C T I C EP R A C T I C E

Capital punishment is practised in the USACapital punishment is practised in the USA

people will be deterred from committing people will be deterred from committing

serious offencesserious offences..

IN ORDER IN ORDER THATTHAT

SO SO THATTHAT

CAUSE AND EFFECT + PARALLEL CONTRAST + ADDITION + PURPOSECAUSE AND EFFECT + PARALLEL CONTRAST + ADDITION + PURPOSE

P R A C T I C EP R A C T I C E

Capital punishment isCapital punishment is

important for mostimportant for most Americans that policies upon it Americans that policies upon it

have to be weighed very carefullyhave to be weighed very carefully..

SOSO

CAUSE AND EFFECT + PARALLEL CONTRAST + ADDITION + PURPOSECAUSE AND EFFECT + PARALLEL CONTRAST + ADDITION + PURPOSE

P R A C T I C EP R A C T I C E

Capital punishment hasCapital punishment has

an important role in combating crime that an important role in combating crime that it saves hundreds of innocent people every yearit saves hundreds of innocent people every year

with its deterrent powerwith its deterrent power..

SUCHSUCH

DETERRENTDETERRENT:: Having the characteristic to prevent people from doing something

CAUSE AND EFFECT + PARALLEL CONTRAST + ADDITION + PURPOSECAUSE AND EFFECT + PARALLEL CONTRAST + ADDITION + PURPOSE

P R A C T I C EP R A C T I C E

Frank defrauded the company of a million dollarsFrank defrauded the company of a million dollars..

,, he disappeared into thin air he disappeared into thin air..

THEREFORETHEREFORE

CONSEQUENTLYCONSEQUENTLY

CAUSE AND EFFECT + PARALLEL CONTRAST + ADDITION + PURPOSECAUSE AND EFFECT + PARALLEL CONTRAST + ADDITION + PURPOSE

P R A C T I C EP R A C T I C E

Frank has disappeared into thin airFrank has disappeared into thin air,,

he is wanted for defrauding the companyhe is wanted for defrauding the company

of a million dollarsof a million dollars..

ASAS

FORFOR

CAUSE AND EFFECT + PARALLEL CONTRAST + ADDITION + PURPOSECAUSE AND EFFECT + PARALLEL CONTRAST + ADDITION + PURPOSE

P R A C T I C EP R A C T I C E

Frank has disappeared into thin airFrank has disappeared into thin air

the police will not find himthe police will not find him..

SO THATSO THAT

IN ORDER THATIN ORDER THAT

CAUSE AND EFFECT + PARALLEL CONTRAST + ADDITION + PURPOSECAUSE AND EFFECT + PARALLEL CONTRAST + ADDITION + PURPOSE

P R A C T I C EP R A C T I C E

Frank has disappeared into thin airFrank has disappeared into thin air,,

the police are questioning all his acquaintances to the police are questioning all his acquaintances to

find a clue about where he could have gonefind a clue about where he could have gone..

SOSO

ACQUAINTANCEACQUAINTANCE:: Somebody you know, but who is not a good friend

C A U S E A N D E F F E C T C A U S E A N D E F F E C T + + C O N T R A S TC O N T R A S T

P R A C T I C EP R A C T I C E

defrauding the company ofdefrauding the company of

a million dollarsa million dollars,,

he took with him all secret fileshe took with him all secret files..

IN ADDITION TOIN ADDITION TO

BESIDESBESIDES

CAUSE AND EFFECT + PARALLEL CONTRAST + ADDITION + PURPOSECAUSE AND EFFECT + PARALLEL CONTRAST + ADDITION + PURPOSE

P R A C T I C EP R A C T I C E

Frank disappeared into thin airFrank disappeared into thin air..

,, he took with him all secret files he took with him all secret files..

FURTHERMOREFURTHERMORE

IN ADDITIONIN ADDITION

MOREOVERMOREOVER