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This book treats diverse areas of Applied Linguistics in a consistently clear fashion. It will allow students to see the scope and value of Applied Linguistics in human life.

Vivian Cook, Newcastle University

Under the expert stewardship of Li Wei, this text provides an excellent introduction to the field of Applied Linguistics and serves as a guide that stimulates interest in the field by demonstrating what Applied Linguistics can contribute to other disciplines.

Terrence G. Wiley, President, Center for Applied Linguistics

Sharp insights, absorbing examples, practical advice and clear explanations characterise this excellent introduction by the Birkbeck (London) team to the fascinating, diverse world of Applied Linguistics. Strongly recommended for newcomers to the field; it looks set to become the standard introduction.

Tim McNamara, The University of Melbourne

Applied Linguistics provides a complete survey of the core areas of Applied Linguistics, covering its theories, methods and key findings. The volume adopts a problem-solving approach, introducing students to key research questions raised by applied linguists, and guiding them through the various approaches to tackling these. This method enables students to identify everyday language and communication issues, and to draw on their own personal experiences when considering the application of theory and methodology to real-life scenarios.

The book offers a wide and in-depth coverage of major topics in the field of Applied Linguistics, including first and second language acquisition, normal and atypical language development, literacy, language assessment, language and identity, language and gender, language contact, language policy and language planning, intercultural communication, language and the professions and translation. Students will also benefit from the study aids featured throughout the book, including chapter outlines, learning objectives, key terms, case studies, study activities, study questions and recommended reading. Heading up a vastly experienced and interdisciplinary team of contributors from the renowned Department of Applied Linguistics and Communication at Birkbeck College, University of London, editor Li Wei has created an enjoyable, informative and balanced introduction to the multi-faceted field of Applied Linguistics.

Li Wei is Professor of Applied Linguistics at Birkbeck College, University of London, and Chair of University Council of General and Applied Linguistics (UCGAL), UK. He is Principal Editor of the International Journal of Bilingualism, and author and editor of numerous books and articles, including The Routledge Applied Linguistics Reader (2011), the award-winning The Blackwell Guide to Research Methods in Bilingualism and Multilingualism (ed. with Melissa Moyer, Wiley Blackwell, 2008) and Contemporary Applied Linguistics (2 volumes, ed. with Vivian Cook, 2009).

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Applied Linguistics

Introducing Linguistics

This outstanding series is an indispensable resource for students and teachers a concise and engaging introduction to the central subjects of contemporary linguistics. Presupposing no prior knowledge on the part of the reader, each volume sets out the fundamental skills and knowledge of the field, and so provides the ideal educational platform for further study in linguistics.

1. Andrew Spencer Phonology

2. John I. Saeed Semantics, Third Edition

3. Barbara Johnstone Discourse Analysis, Second Edition

4. Andrew Carnie Syntax, Third Edition

5. Anne Baker and Kees Hengeveld Linguistics

6. Li Wei, editor Applied Linguistics

Applied Linguistics

Edited by

Li Wei

This edition first published 2014 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

Registered OfficeJohn Wiley & Sons, Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK

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All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher.

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Applied linguistics / Edited by Li Wei. pages cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4051-9359-7 (cloth) ISBN 978-1-4051-9358-0 (pbk.)1. Applied linguistics. I. Li, Wei P129.A665 2014 418dc23

2013021026

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

Cover image: Wu Guanzhong, The Easterly Breeze Blows Open the Wisteria (detail), 2009, ink and colour on paper. Hong Kong Museum of Art CollectionCover design by Nicki Averill Design.

Set in 9.5/11.5pt Palatino SPi Publisher Services, Pondicherry, India

1 2014

Contents

Notes on Contributors viiAcknowledgements ix

1 Introducing Applied Linguistics 1Li Wei

Part I Language in Development 27

2 First Language Acquisition 29Zhu Hua

3 Second and Additional Language Acquisition 46Jean-Marc Dewaele

4 Language and the Brain 69Marjorie Lorch

Part II Language in Use 89

5 Language in Interaction 91Mara Elena Placencia

6 Intercultural Communication 112Zhu Hua

7 Literacy and Multimodality 130Li Wei, Lisa J. McEntee-Atalianis and Marjorie Lorch

Part III Language in Society 149

8 Language Diversity and Contact 151Penelope Gardner-Chloros

9 Language, Identity and Power 172Lisa J. McEntee-Atalianis

10 Language Planning and Language Policy 191Li Wei

vi Contents

Part IV Language in Public Life 211

11 Language Assessment 213Li Wei

12 Language in Media, Health and Law 228Malcolm Edwards

13 Translation and Interpreting 245Malcolm Edwards

Glossary 262Resources List 270 Li Wei and Zhu HuaReferences 285Index 303

Notes on Contributors

Editor

Li Wei is Chair of Applied Linguistics at Birkbeck College, University of London, UK, where he is also Pro-Vice-Master and Director of the Birkbeck Graduate Research School. His research interests are primarily in bilingualism and multilingualism. He is the Principal Editor of the International Journal of Bilingualism. Among his many publications is the award-winning Blackwell Guide to Research Methods in Bilingualism and Multilingualism (co-edited by Melissa Moyer). He is Chair of the University Council of General and Applied Linguistics (UCGAL), UK and an Academician of the Academy of Social Sciences, UK.

Contributors

Jean-Marc Dewaele is Professor of Applied Linguistics and Multilingualism at Birkbeck College, University of London, UK. His research interests cover a wide range including multilingualism, multiculturalism, and psycholinguistic, sociolinguistic, pragmatic and psychological aspects of second/foreign language acquisition and production. He is specifically interested in individual differences in foreign language acquisition and multilingualism. He has published numerous books and articles, including the mono-graphEmotions in Multilingual Languages. He is a former President of the European Second Language Association (EUROSLA) and is currently Editor of the International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism.

Malcolm Edwards is Senior Lecturer in Applied Linguistics at Birkbeck College, University of London, UK. His research interests cover descriptive and theoretical syntax as well as Discourse Analysis and translation studies. He has published on the syntax of spoken Egyptian Arabic, grammatical issues in the analysis of code-switching, and semantic and pragmatic issues in film translation.

Penelope Gardner-Chloros is Professor of Sociolinguistics and Language Contact at Birkbeck College, University of London, UK. Her research interests include code-switch-ing, pronouns of address, minority languages in Europe and bilingual arts and artists. She is author of Language Selection and Switching in Strasbourg and Code-Switching. She is currently carrying out a large comparative study of the influence of multilingualism on Parisian French and London English.

Marjorie Lorch is Professor of Neurolinguistics at Birkbeck College, University of London, UK. Her main research interest is in understanding how language is organized in the brain through the investigation of neurogenic language and communication disor-ders, with a specific interest in cross-linguistic comparisons and bilingual speakers. In addition, she carries out theoretical work in neurolinguistics from a historical perspective, focusing on the nineteenth-century history of ideas about language and communication.

viii Notes on Contributors

Lisa J. McEntee-Atalianis is Lecturer in Applied Linguistics and Communication at Birkbeck College, University of London, UK. Her research interests include language and identity, Deaf Studies and psycholinguistics. She has published on agrammatism, sign language, language attitude and ethnolinguistic vitality, and is currently researching the globalization of English and its impact on issues of language planning, policy and practice at an organizational level.

Mara Elena Placencia is Reader in Spanish Linguistics at Birkbeck College, University of London, UK. She is co-founder of the International Association for the Study of Spanish in Society (SIS). Her main research interests lie in socio- and variational pragmatics, Discourse Analysis and Intercultural Communication. She has published extensively on (im)politeness in familial and institutional contexts, cultural styles of rapport manage-ment, forms and functions of small talk, the language of service encounters, address forms and discursive racism in interethnic communication, as well as Spanish as a foreign language.

Zhu Hua is Professor of Applied Linguistics and Communication at Birkbeck College, University of London, UK. Her research interests span across Intercultural Communication and child language development. She is author of Exploring Intercultural Communication: Language in Action and Phonological Development in Specific Contexts, and editor of The Language and Intercultural Communication Reader and Phonological Development and Disorders (with Barbara Dodd).

Acknowledgements

This book has truly been a long time coming! It started as a team project, with a genuine belief that a multi-voiced volume would be more appropriate for an introductory text on a field as diverse as Applied Linguistics than a single-authored one. We still believe it, although we are not 100 % sure if the end result is discord or harmony. We certainly have tried our best to achieve an acceptable level of consistency in the text, but individuality definitely shines through.

The assignment of the chapters was not based entirely on the authors proven expertise. Indeed, some of us are writing for the first time on the assigned topics. The nature of the introductory textbook means that we have to draw on a huge amount of work done by colleagues in the field other than ourselves. We have tried to acknowledge this fact through the references, but it is inevitable that not every single source of information is completely acknowledged. We hereby ask for your understanding and forgiveness.

We are most grateful to Danielle Descoteaux for her faith in us in commissioning this volume, and to Julia Kirk for her patience and support throughout the project. Too many people have been involved in various aspects of the project to be named here. Our stu-dents over the last three years have used draft versions of parts of the text, probably without fully realizing it. Colleagues from other institutions have contributed to the volume by discussing various issues with us and providing crucial information and references.

Contributors to the volume are all members of the Applied Linguistics team at Birkbeck College, University of London. Three people spent a considerable amount of time helping the editor with copy-editing, checking references, formatting and proofreading the drafts. They are Rosemary Wilson, Jennifer Watson and Brigid OConnor. The project could not have been completed without their help.

The diagrams in Chapter 1 were drawn by Steve Stamp, who also helped with other technical issues. Part of the text in Chapter 1, Section 1.2 is taken from the introduction written by Vivian Cook and Li Wei in their edited volume Contemporary Applied Linguistics (2009), and part of Section 1.3 taken from the chapter Doing Applied Linguistics, in LiWeis The Routledge Applied Linguistics Reader (2011: 497514), co-authored with Zhu Hua. The contributions of Vivian Cook and Zhu Hua are gratefully acknowledged.

The Resources List is based on the list in Li Weis The Routledge Applied Linguistics Reader (2011: 515526), updated by Zhu Hua.

Copyright permission for the two figures in Chapter 4 is as follows:

The Cookie Theft picture, from Goodglass, Harold and Edith Kaplan. 1983. The Assessment of Aphasia and Related Disorders. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger. Permission granted by Pro-Ed, Inc., Texas.

x Acknowledgements

Examples of paraphasias in deaf left-hemisphere damaged (LHD) signers, from Hickok, Gregory, Ursula Bellugi and Edward Klima. 1998. The neural organization of language: Evidence from sign language aphasia. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 2 (4), 129136. Permission granted by Elsevier.

Permission to reproduce the image in Chapter 8, Sri Lankan Brit shows true grit by Carole Malone, News of the World, 22 March 2009, granted by The Newspaper Marketing Agency, www.nmauk.co.uk.

http://www.nmauk.co.uk

Applied Linguistics, First Edition. Edited by Li Wei. 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Introducing Applied LinguisticsLi Wei

chap

ter

1

Learning Outcomes

After reading this chapter, you should

have an understanding of the different approaches to language; be able to appreciate the connections between different branches of linguistics; be able to appreciate the scope of Applied Linguistics as a problem-solving

approach tolanguage; have an understanding of the process of doing Applied Linguistics research; have an understanding of the different research designs.

1.1 What is Language and What is Linguistics?1.2 Applied Linguistics as a Problem-solving Approach1.3 Doing Applied Linguistics: Methodological Considerations1.4 Structure and Content of this Volume

Chapter Outline

2 Introducing Applied Linguistics

If you describe yourself as a linguist to other people outside the discipline, chances are that they will ask you, How many languages do you speak? But if you describe yourself as an Applied Linguist, they may well go silent completely, wondering what they should say to you next. If you are lucky, you might get asked, Is that how to teach languages? or Is that translation? These questions are not entirely unreasonable, as Applied Linguistics can mean different things to different people, even among those who would describe themselves as Applied Linguists.

The International Association of Applied Linguistics (AILA) proclaims:

Applied Linguistics is an interdisciplinary field of research and practice dealing with practical problems of language and communication that can be identified, analysed or solved by applying available theories, methods or results of Linguistics or by developing new theoretical and methodological frameworks in linguistics to work on these problems

The AILA definition is both broad in including, potentially, many different areas such as child language acquisition, language and communication disorders, multilingualism, language testing, communication in the workplace, and so on, and narrow in relating Applied Linguistics to linguistics proper. The latter has caused a perpetual controversy, not least because linguistics has also been conceptualized in many different ways to pro-duce a unified theory. In this introductory chapter, we begin with a discussion of what linguistics is, focusing, in particular, on the differences as well as the similarities between the different approaches to language. The main objective is to highlight the connections between the various branches and sub-branches of linguistics, as Applied Linguists may apply one specific approach or a combination of several different ones to the problems that they wish to solve. We then go on to describe Applied Linguistics as a problem-solving approach, outlining its key elements and characteristics. A substantial part of the chapter, Section 1.3, is on the methodological considerations in doing Applied Linguistics, covering all the main stages of doing a research project. The last section outlines the structure and content of the book.

1.1 What is Language and What is Linguistics?

All linguistics work, whatever specific perspective one may adopt, should ultimately have something to say about the question, What is this thing called language? (Nunan, 2013). Ron Macaulay (2011) presents Seven Ways of Looking at Language:

Key Terms

Applied Linguistics Bilingualism Language Linguistics

Methodology Research design Sociolinguistics

Introducing Applied Linguistics 3

language as meaning language as sound language as form language as communication language as identity language as history language as symbol.

These can be summarized in three rather different conceptualizations of language:

as a particular representational system based on the biologically rooted language faculty; as complex and historically evolved patterns of structures; as a social practice and a culturally loaded value system.

The different conceptualizations of language lead to very different methodological perspectives which together constitute the field of linguistics today. The following is a list of some of the commonly occurring terms for different branches of linguistics:

theoretical linguistics formal linguistics descriptive linguistics historical linguistics sociolinguistics psycholinguistics neurolinguistics clinical linguistics cognitive linguistics forensic linguistics educational linguistics computational linguistics corpus linguistics geolinguistics.

To these we can add sub-branches:

phonetics phonology morphology syntax semantics pragmatics dialectology Discourse Analysis Critical Discourse Analysis stylistics genre analysis second language acquisition language pathology.